is defined as heading in the opposite direction of the flow of electrons, thus we get an electric current in which the p - type silicon is an anode and the n - type silicon a cathode. mechanism by which application of a current produces light since exposing a pn junction diode to light produces an electric current just like a solar battery, the reverse should also hold true, i. e. applying an external electric current in the opposite direction should cause light to emit from the pn junction. this phenomenon does in fact occur. making the n - type silicon the cathode and the p - type silicon the anode produces light. this is known as a light - emitting diode ( led ). however, light emission from such rudimentary leds is inefficient, making them ill suited for practical applications. only after creating pn junctions using semiconductor materials made of the compounds gallium arsenide, gallium phosphide, and gallium arsenide phosphide did leds become practical. semiconductor lasers also use pn junctions the semiconductor laser is another technology that uses pn junctions. creating a pn junction within a semiconductor brings about " population inversion " by means of the electrons that flow into n - type silicon and the electron holes in p - type silicon. by skillfully placing two perpendicular mirrors with cleavage planes of semiconductor crystal on either end of the pn junction, we can intensify light by making it bounce back and forth between the planes, thus producing a laser beam comprising light with uniform phase and direction. such semiconductor lasers are also called laser diodes. these devices are only about 300 micrometers square and 80 micrometers thick. laser diodes using gallium arsenide phosphide, which emit a laser beam with a wavelength of 700 nanometers, are being mass produced for use in compact disc ( cd ) players and laser beam printers.


hydraulic fracking is a process of injecting proprietary chemicals into the ground in order to fracture rock and release natural gas. many parts of north carolina, mostly outside the catawba basin, are considered to have good potential for " fracking " to release natural gas deposits. overview of fracking - hydraulic fracturing, also known as hydrofracking ( or " fracking " ), is a process of extracting natural gas in gas shale deposits by drilling horizontally. - the process of fracking involves injecting ( with high pressure ) sand, hundreds of chemicals and millions of gallons of water into a well. - the pressure fractures the shale and props open fissures that enable natural gas to flow more freely out of the well. - for a quick visual presentation of how this happens watch the video to the left or click here for an interactive demonstration. potential problems from fracking fracking has the potential to pollute the air, groundwater, and surface waters. potential devestating impacts include : - pollution of surface waters ( from drilling fluids and other wastes that are brought to the surface in the drilling process ) ; - groundwater contamination ( from bad well construction and the fracking process ) ; - air pollution ( from the wells and related truck traffic ) ; - strain on water supplies ( fracking requires large quantities of water ) ; - hazardous material spills ( fracking fluids and fracking wastes ) ; - heavy truck traffic ; - and disruption of local economies. reports on fracking and its wastewater disposal have caused some distressing problems in other states : a duke university study in dimock, pa found that some residents ’ water wells exploded or their water could be lit on fire. - the epa scientifically linked fracking as the cause of water contamination in pavillion, wyoming. the following videos contain additional information about fracking : - for our library of information about hydraulic fracking, click here - for information about other issues, click here - for even more information, go to :


building responsibly for future generations. sustainable building design. discover how respecting nature, preserving resources and building habitats with sensitivity to the world around us is actually good business. certainteed building science supports sustainable design in an effort to minimize the negative impact humans have on our natural surroundings, materials, and resources. it also ensures consistent high performance over the full lifecycle of the building. the overall objective of sustainability is to provide for the needs of the present without detracting from the needs of the future. sustainable building projects should result in an optimal balance of cost, environmental, societal, and human benefits, while meeting the mission and function of the intended facility. the sustainable building portion of the certainteed website is a robust resource covering the roots of sustainable design as well as the latest understandings in high performance products and solutions that deliver sustainability over the full lifecycle of the building. certainteed supports the leed ( leadership in energy and environmental design ) and nahb national green building standard. our resources provide information and insight into how to design and build with the standards and sustainability in mind. our goal is to provide the science and material solutions you need to reduce the consumption of non - renewable resources and energy, minimize waste, conserve water, and create productive, healthy environments for the future. get more information on how certainteed is sustainable by visiting the certainteed building responsibly sitelette. building science home


dose comparison of amino acids on growth in premature neonates malnutrition is a common problem in the neonatal intensive care unit. recent studies indicate that prematurely born neonates commonly develop a severe nutritional deficit during the first weeks after birth, referred to as extrauterine growth restriction. despite an increase in growth during the second month of hospitalization, many neonates are ultimately discharged home having grown inadequately. the early nutritional deficit affects weight gain as well as growth in length and head circumference. growth measurements such as weight, length, and head circumference, however, are macroscopic measures of nutritional status and underestimate the physiologic consequences of prolonged nutritional deprivation. energy and micronutrient deficiencies alter growth at a cellular and tissue level before macroscopic measures are altered. in the brain, for instance, energy is required for cell division and neuronal growth, glial cell function, and myelination. energy deprivation may consequently alter neuronal function and growth, resulting in adverse neurodevelopmental outcomes. immunocompetence also appears to be sensitive to the untoward effects of energy and nutritional deficiency. malnourished neonates often exhibit immune deficiencies related to inadequate protein intake that compound an already immature immune system. such immunodeficiency results in susceptibility to infectious agents that creates substantial morbidity and mortality to the course of intensive care for premature infants. a recent study suggests that postnatal malnutrition and growth restriction are inevitable if current recommended dietary intakes are followed. multicenter studies show that variation in dietary intake accounts for 45 % of the variation in growth. hence, efforts have focused on determining whether nutritional deficiency and the observed growth restriction of premature infants can be prevented through the use of more optimal nutritional intake. in addition, inadequate protein support may be a primary cause for growth failure. based on animal studies showing high in utero amino acid flux observed during the latter phase of gestation, thureen et al have suggested the use of higher doses of amino acid supplementation in order to minimize growth restriction and improve outcomes of premature infants. however there are no large human trials that demonstrate that this approach promotes better growth or that it is safe. while small doses of amino acids may be inadequate to promote normal growth, high doses may lead to elevated serum amino acid levels and increase the occurrence of toxicity. through the implementation of a multicenter, randomized trial and tandem mass spectrometry, the


1. the unit of frequency. 4. ( zoology ) lacking a tail or taillike appendage. 12. piece of solid food for dipping in a liquid. 15. resinlike substance secreted by certain lac insects. 16. ornamental objects of no great value. 17. any of various primates with short tails or no tail at all. 18. to make a mistake or be incorrect. 19. third month of the revolutionary calendar ( november and december ). 20. god of the earth. 21. ( anatomy ) of or relating to the fauces. 23. ( norse mythology ) one of the aesir known for his beauty and skill with bow and skis. 24. type genus of the phocidae. 26. the jewish rite of circumcision performed on a male child on the eighth day of his life. 27. a state in new england. 29. become imbued. 31. a state in east central united states. 32. port city of denmark in eastern jutland. 36. a white soft metallic element that tarnishes readily. 37. a soft white precious univalent metallic element having the highest electrical and thermal conductivity of any metal. 39. a rare silvery ( usually trivalent ) metallic element. 41. an island republic on nauru island. 42. a family of birds of the suborder oscines. 46. a ballplayer who is batting. 48. an informal term for a father. 49. the seventh month of the moslem calendar. 51. any of various young herrings ( other than brislings ) canned as sardines in norway. 52. jordan ' s port. 54. a city in northwestern turkey. 55. small cubes with 1 to 6 spots on the faces. 56. fallow deer. 60. a hard brittle blue - white multivalent metallic element. 61. a loloish language. 62. a fraudulent business scheme. 64. indonesian statesman who obtained the independence of indonesia from the netherlands in 1949 and served as president until ousted by suharto in a coup d ' etat ( 1901 - 1970 ). 69. ( akkadian ) god of wisdom. 71. small terrestrial lizard of warm regions of the old world. 74. title for a civil or military leader ( especially in turkey ). 75. ( used especially of glances ) directed to one side with or as if with doubt or suspicion or envy. 78. toward the mouth or oral region. 79. an advanced law


title for a civil or military leader ( especially in turkey ). 75. ( used especially of glances ) directed to one side with or as if with doubt or suspicion or envy. 78. toward the mouth or oral region. 79. an advanced law degree. 80. a man who serves as a sailor. 81. portuguese explorer who in 1488 was the first european to get round the cape of good hope ( thus establishing a sea route from the atlantic to asia ) ( 1450 - 1500 ). 82. perennial herb of east india to polynesia and australia cultivated for its large edible root yielding otaheite arrowroot starch. 83. a deciduous tree of the family ulmaceae that grows in the southeastern united states. 84. a river in north central switzerland that runs northeast into the rhine. 1. a musical notation written on a staff indicating the pitch of the notes following it. 2. ( obstetrics ) the number of live - born children a woman has delivered. 3. protective garment worn by surgeons during operations. 4. a vaguely specified concern. 5. a town in southeastern new mexico on the pecos river near the mexican border. 6. american prizefighter who won the world heavyweight championship three times ( born in 1942 ). 7. a member of the finno - ugric - speaking people living in eastern european russia. 8. method or manner of conduct in relation to others. 9. fleshy and usually brightly colored cover of some seeds that develops from the ovule stalk and partially or entirely envelopes the seed. 10. any of various dark heavy viscid substances obtained as a residue. 11. five - toed pachyderm. 12. powdery starch from certain sago palms. 13. an organization of countries formed in 1961 to agree on a common policy for the sale of petroleum. 14. having nine hinged bands of bony plates. 22. united states physician who specialized in diseases of the intestines. 25. cause to suffer. 28. the syllable naming the fourth ( subdominant ) note of the diatonic scale in solmization. 30. united states writer of poems and plays about racial conflict ( born in 1934 ). 33. containing or characterized by a great deal of water vapor. 34. a family of ural - altaic languages. 35. break apart or in two, using violence. 38. united states film actress ( born in sweden ) known for her reclusiveness ( 1905 - 1990 ).


water vapor. 34. a family of ural - altaic languages. 35. break apart or in two, using violence. 38. united states film actress ( born in sweden ) known for her reclusiveness ( 1905 - 1990 ). 40. lower in esteem. 43. mild yellow dutch cheese made in balls. 44. an agency of the united nations affiliated with the world bank. 45. at or near the beginning of a period of time or course of events or before the usual or expected time. 47. a loose sleeveless outer garment made from aba cloth. 50. cut into long thin strips. 53. a small cake leavened with yeast. 57. used at the dining table. 58. aircraft landing in bad weather in which the pilot is talked down by ground control using precision approach radar. 59. an asian temple. 63. a dark region of considerable extent on the surface of the moon. 65. large sweet juicy hybrid between tangerine and grapefruit having a thick wrinkled skin. 66. god of love and erotic desire. 67. an inclined surface or roadway that moves traffic from one level to another. 68. long green edible beaked pods of the okra plant. 70. type genus of the aceraceae. 72. a flat - bottomed volcanic crater that was formed by an explosion. 73. an edge tool used to cut and shape wood. 76. belonging to or on behalf of a specified person ( especially yourself ). 77. a period marked by distinctive character or reckoned from a fixed point or event.


while it can ' t change such opinions overnight, aerovironment is looking to slowly warm people to wind power by providing direct solutions to the frequent criticisms. and in the process, it hopes to transform the face of modern cities around the world. aerovironment produces building - mounted turbines, smaller than those typically seen on wind farms. by mounting the turbine structure to the tops of buildings, the benefits are twofold. first, the cost in resources of building a pole to support the turbine is eliminated. secondly, the turbines can be elevated much higher, exposing them to stronger winds. the nearly silent turbines snap onto the parapet of urban structures, forming a design that aerovironment calls ‘ architectural wind ’. the rows of turbines not only catch cross currents, but also the frequent currents that develop up the side of buildings. the result is a 30 percent increase in energy production and even better, a great savings in hassle, in that the turbines are quick to snap in. while the system is extremely well designed and efficient, many will be drawn to its style. the system ' s curvy design looks more like a modern art sculpture than a cutting edge alternative energy design. this in turn adds to the urban appeal. part of the structure even serves another utilitarian use - - the large metal plate over the turbine acts as a bird shield, in an effort to minimize avian casualties. aerovironment describes their product stating, " architectural wind is designed to install easily onto the building parapet, operating in plain sight as an attractive complement to the building ’ s architecture. additionally, based on its proprietary system design, architectural wind turbines rotate at low wind speeds, resulting in a form of ‘ kinetic architecture ’ that communicates clearly the generation of clean energy. working alone or in tandem with other renewable energy technologies, architectural wind is designed to offer an attractive roi and cost per kw of installed capacity. " a module weighs 200 lbs, allowing relatively easy installation, but also ensuring that it won ' t blow away. they measure 4 feet tall by 4 feet wide. installations start at 6 kw of power production and can be scaled up to produce much more. almost any rooftop is suitable to the nonintrusive installation. the product is in development, but the company hopes to mass produce the new turbines on a large scale, making them relatively affordable, and ensuring the systems turn a profit in energy costs. while wind farms leave some with little to be excited about, aerovironment ' s new approach seems an intriguing fit to


may 24, 2012 currently, there are increasing suggestions that the lower levels of governments should issue joint bonds in cooperation with the central government. in spain, so - called “ hispanobonos ” have been discussed for quite some time. representatives of some – mainly fiscally weaker – german federal states have lately suggested so - called “ deutschlandbonds ”. what is the main idea behind them? the two concepts have two elements in common : on the one hand, the lower levels of government of the federation ( germany : lander, spain : regions ) are to be jointly liable for their debt ( i. e. : jointly issued bonds ). on the other, the superior government level ( germany : federal government, spain : central government ) would additionally cover this liability with explicit guarantees or even issue the total volumes of the bonds themselves. on the basis of this concept, deutschlandbonds must therefore not be mixed up with joint lander bonds ( jumbos ) : here, a number of federal states join forces and issue a joint bond with liability on a pro rata basis and one federal state functioning as paying agent. the arguments put forward are ultimately based on the consideration that the central government may usually borrow money at lower costs ( interest rates ) in the capital market : the credit standing of central government is better, and the marketability should increase due to higher market liquidity. it is foreseeable that the explicit credit guarantee on bonds of subordinate levels of government would also reduce the risk premium on these bonds required by investors. an interest saving for subordinate levels of government and ultimately also the entire government thus seems possible. the motivation for such joint borrowing in the examples available varies, however : while in germany individual federal states are promoting the idea, central government is the decisive driver in spain. it hopes to get better control of the budgets of subordinate levels of government, as central bank borrowing is to be linked with conditions for the regions and more influence of the central government on the budget policy of the regions. the idea of “ deutschlandbonds ” and “ hispanobonos ” is often compared with the concept of eurobonds. however, this comparison holds true only at first sight. euroland is not a fiscal federation ( yet ). there is no superior political governance level which by analogy to the central government could interfere in the policy and budgetary sovereignty of the euroland countries. this is not changed by the latest bills from the european commission ( “ two pack ” ), which allow closer scrutiny but no direct interference, though.


analogy to the central government could interfere in the policy and budgetary sovereignty of the euroland countries. this is not changed by the latest bills from the european commission ( “ two pack ” ), which allow closer scrutiny but no direct interference, though. irrespective of this, it cannot be ruled out that advocates of euro bonds disregard this specification and interpret “ deutschlandbonds ” as a precedent in their interest. how is the suggestion of joint bonds and especially “ deutschlandbonds ” to be assessed? indeed there is a lot to suggest that a pool would make possible higher issue volumes. germany ’ s lander and spain ’ s regions would probably no longer have to contend with liquidity premiums ( currently up to 100 bp for the german federal states and several hundred basis points in spain ). at the same time, ( remaining or new ) bonds without assumptions of liability would only be traded at a premium. in an environment where investors show a risk - averse attitude such a market segmentation could have the effect that bonds with assumed liability could crowd out other bonds. this would have the side effect that the possibility for subordinate levels of government to borrow on their own would be severely restricted. the influence of the central government would be increased successfully – but the budgetary autonomy of the subordinate government level would be reduced. especially this restriction would call into question the legal admissability of lander borrowing in germany. for this reason, at best a voluntary participation in the model would be a solution. due to the mentioned crowding - out effect of fiscally weaker federal states, this would automatically have the consequence that federal states under market pressure as a result of weak economic governance would have no alternative but to choose the “ deutschlandbond “ model. their financial independence would be reduced. a low level of interest rates for central government cannot be taken for granted, though. an explicit liability does not necessarily bring more certainty from the investor point of view. a bailout of lower levels of government – especially in germany – was often implicitly assumed by investors, with the consequence of quite low yield premiums. structural problems as the reason for the debt of lower levels of government would not be solved via an assumption of liability, however : the key to the solution of structural budget problems at lower government levels would probably be the potential conditionality which could be set in the framework of an explicit assumption of liability by the central government. but it is not as simple as that : the argument that the central government, securing the financing of the lander, controls the


probably be the potential conditionality which could be set in the framework of an explicit assumption of liability by the central government. but it is not as simple as that : the argument that the central government, securing the financing of the lander, controls the landers ’ finances is not totally convincing. in the federal system, superior and lower levels of government are interdependent not only in the field of fiscal policy. they depend on each other in other fields as well ; for example when a central government bill requires the support of the bundesrat. this could result in horsetrading and dampens the optimism that the greater scope for central government control will also be perceived and exercised. the german bundesrat provides a clear demonstration of the conflicts between the central government and lower levels of government that does not stop at party boundaries. irrespective of this, there are funding options for the lander and the spanish regions besides the capital market. they may also borrow via loans of their landesbanks or financial institutions. currently, loans ( still ) account for roughly 50 % of the borrowing of the lander. this compares to roughly 55 % in spain. these arguments suggest that “ deutschlandbonds ” and “ hispanobonos ” are not a lasting solution to the problem of ballooning debt for sub - national levels of government but – depending on their structure – may even have a negative effect on budget discipline. for the more reliable the joint liability system, the fewer the incentives that the lower level of government has to economise. at least in this respect, the german lander and the spanish regions are more european than quite a few people would like. © copyright 2013. deutsche bank ag, db research, d - 60262 frankfurt am main, germany. all rights reserved. when quoting please cite “ deutsche bank research ”. the above information does not constitute the provision of investment, legal or tax advice. any views expressed reflect the current views of the author, which do not necessarily correspond to the opinions of deutsche bank ag or its affiliates. opinions expressed may change without notice. opinions expressed may differ from views set out in other documents, including research, published by deutsche bank. the above information is provided for informational purposes only and without any obligation, whether contractual or otherwise. no warranty or representation is made as to the correctness, completeness and accuracy of the information given or the assessments made. in germany this information is approved and / or communicated by deutsche bank ag frankfurt, authorised by bundesanstal


there are no facts, only interpretations. - frederich nietzsche when the allegation lacks substance or reality, nothing is required in response. – commission of national inquiry ( coni ) by azra naseem the idea that an objective truth can exist independent of political power is a myth dating back to plato. on the contrary, truth and political power are intricately woven together — one cannot exist without the other. instead of an ‘ objective truth ’, what becomes accepted as ‘ reality ’ is based on what those in power are willing to include as ‘ true ’ and what they exclude as ‘ false ’ in what they say and do about a given issue. while such power / truth relations are normally hidden from surface observations and casual scrutiny, the report of the commission of national inquiry, maldives is a document that blatantly demonstrates how ‘ truth ’ is produced in this manner and how the truth so constructed is used to exercise power and control over society. it is coni ’ s conclusion that there was “ no coup, no duress, no mutiny ” in the maldives on 7 february 2012. to arrive at this ‘ truth ’, the coni report excludes all information it regards as false and includes only what it deems true according to preconceived notions and beliefs. “ when the allegation lacks substance or reality ”, it states, “ nothing is required in response. ” how coni decided what ‘ lacks substance or reality ’ and, therefore, can be dismissed as not worthy of a response, is not explained. it is an arbitrary measurement, composed and set up by the commission according to a standard that itself decided on, and which it decided not to make public. some statements contained in the report, however, do provide an indication as to the criteria used by coni to decide which of the 293 witnesses it interviewed were telling the truth, and which of them were judged as simply repeating ‘ hearsay ’ or enthusiastically relaying fantasies of a confused mind susceptible to suggestion. take, for example, the following statement : just as a question has no evidential value unless the person answering accepts or adopts the fact contained in the question, allegations have no evidential value just because someone has articulated them repeatedly. what does this confused and confusing statement mean? if a question is being asked in order to establish the facts of an event, why then does the question itself contain a fact that the answer must first accept for it to be considered valid? is coni saying that a decision was made from the very beginning to exclude


##i claims it to be. it is a ‘ truth ’ that coni constructed by excluding what it arbitrarily deemed irrelevant and / or false, and including what it, in the same manner, deemed relevant and factual. given the relations between political power and truth — a truth cannot be accepted as such until those in power validate it through their words and actions — those who refuse to believe coni ’ s version of the truth are automatically labelled ‘ delusional ’, ‘ mad ’, or ‘ fantasists. ’ the coni report did not heal any rifts, it did not answer the questions that mattered, it did not provide the maldivian people with the information they need to see the ‘ truth ’ on their own. instead, it constructed an official version of events that everyone must accept as the truth or be themselves regarded as false. - the review also highlights how much evidence regarding the mutiny of a group of police and military personnel on 7 february — without which the change of government would not have been made possible — is missing from the coni report. given the importance of their role in the ending of the country ’ s first democratic government, and the increasingly powerful role that they have assumed in the maldivian society since, coni ’ s investigation into the police and military roles deserves a separate analysis. this will be published shortly as part of this series.


networked together, allowing them to share sensor information between them. if an enemy target enters the field the mines will determine which one has the best possible intercept solution ; this mine will activate its micro impulse drive at the appropriate moment and track in on the target, detonating its warhead at the moment of closest approach. the type 19 mine operates in a similar manner but the mines are fitted with a small warp engine to allow them to engage targets using warp drive. at this level the mine is essentially a photon torpedo capable of lying dormant for long periods. the most recent development in federation mine technology is the model developed by an engineering team on deep space nine under chief miles o ' brien. barely a metre in diameter this is one of the smallest mines in use by the federation. 5 it contains a photonic charge equal to several hundred grenades rather than a matter / antimatter charge, along with a micro impulse system and sensor system capable of scanning out to a radius of two thousand kilometres. the limited range and destructive capability is more than offset by the use of both a cloaking device and a replicator system on the mines ; when a target is detected the mines swarm it, overwhelming the defences. once the target is destroyed the mines in that area can replicate replacements to quickly bring the field back up to strength. this type of minefield is exceptionally difficult to clear ; the use of a cloaking system on the mines means that an enemy can never be sure that every mine has been destroyed in a weapons barrage. should only a handful survive to destroy another target, hundreds or even thousands more mines are quickly replicated and the field can be back up to full strength within hours. such a minefield was deployed at the bajoran wormhole to block access by dominion forces, triggering the federation - dominion war. 5 the dominion forces which captured ds9 at the outbreak of the war struggled several months to disable the minefield without success before finally managing it just before the station was retaken by allied forces. 6


since 2000, the folks at realtime embedded have concentrated on helping companies develop embedded systems used in advanced products. their four primary focus areas are fpga, linux, virtual hardware, and multicore processing systems. realtime embedded is involved in customer and financed research projects, in house and on site, spanning a wide range of industries. many of you may have already read my blog called how to design an fpga from scratch, which i started to write 2006 and which max maxfield wrote about in ee times for the first time in 2007. my latest blog describes the work i have performed at realtime embedded over the course of the past year. in this blog, i investigate four soft - core processors and use the same setup as in my first blog called “ learning by doing. ” this means that each soft processor will be implemented in an fpga and the whole design process will be documented. click here to visit my blog. why use soft - core processors? when designing an embedded system in a fpga, we will most likely need some form of “ controller ” in our system. this controller can be a simple microcontroller or a fully - fledged microprocessor running the linux operating system. but before we make this decision, let ’ s first consider the various options that are available to us. one solution is to use an off - the - shelf ( ots ) microprocessor mounted on the board and connecting to the fpga using a standard bus like amba. in fact, this still appears to be the most commonly - used solution. there are times, however, where an ots processor - based approach will not meet our requirements. an example would be an application that requires peripheral functionality that is not available in a discrete solution, or where board real estate is limited. another option is to embed a “ hard ” processor core on the chip. a hard processor core has dedicated silicon area on the fpga. this allows it to operate with a core frequency similar to that of a discrete microprocessor. examples of hard processor cores used in fpgas are the powerpc used in virtex - 4 / 5 and the arm cortex - a9 dual - core mcu used in the new zynq - 7000 all programmable soc from xilinx unfortunately, a hard processor core does not provide the ability to adjust it to better meet the needs of the application, nor does it allow for the flexibility of adding a processor to an existing fpga


tim turner, the reliability center business development manager at the college of nanoscale science and engineering ( cnse ), albany, ny, blogs about the potential of resistive memory and the reliability challenges the must be overcome. resistive memory, rram or memristors is a hot topic right now. rram has the potential for single digit nano parameters ( speed as fast as 1 ns, area per bit as small as 5 square nm ) and is non - volatile. the technology is based on the formation of a small conductive filament inside an insulator. the filament is formed the first time using a high voltage. after that, set or reset transformation ( conductive to non - conductive or visa versa ) is accomplished by moving one or a few atoms an atomic scale distance. this can be done with a low voltage ( less than a volt ). this small movement gives a repeatable set or reset that can withstand many cycles. conduction in the filament appears to be due to oxygen vacancies existing in a percolation path through the insulator. a small electric field in the reverse direction causes the migration of these oxygen vacancies in a mechanism similar to electromigration of al or cu atoms in a metal line. momentum exchange between electrons and the vacancies appears to be the driving force. the vacancies do not have to move far to open the small filament. an oxygen vacancy moves an atomic scale distance and the tiny filament opens, allowing an insulator to exist between points in the filament. forcing a forward voltage can move the oxygen vacancy back into the area where the filament is conductive. this small movement can give a 100x change in the conduction through the dielectric. this is the state change that can be interpreted as the digital signal stored on the memory cell. the material set used for rram is cmos compatible. rram cells have been made out of cu / hfox, al / alox / pt, tin / alox / pt or even al / alox / cnt ( carbon nano tubes ). most of the work reported to date has been on arrays where the cell is similar to a dram, using one transistor and one capacitor. the rram cell starts with a capacitor, then forms the filament in the capacitor dielectric. the advantage this technology has is the smaller size of the capacitor. there is


scaled. originally, this was thought to be just the larger impact of a single trap on a smaller area gate, but realov and shepard showed that shorter l transistors show a greater noise than longer transistors with the same total area ( below 40nm ). thus, this is a problem that will increase as the technology is scaled. there is also a chance that rtn will be generated by the movement of oxygen vacancies in the filament itself. degraeve et. al. reported a highly voltage sensitive disturb in the reset state. their rram cell could withstand 100 thousand disturb pulses ( 100ns ) at - 0. 5 volts, but at - 0. 6 volts the cell could only withstand a little over 100 pulses. they also showed that the sensitivity to disturb could be reduced significantly by balancing and optimizing the set and reset pulses. | figure 2 : disturb in reset state | optimization of the set and reset pulses also has a strong impact on the set / reset cycling endurance of the cell. degraeve was able to show up to 10 g set / reset pulses after optimization. wu et. al showed the impact of scaling on a cross - point array. according to their model, scaling the technology from 22nm to 5 nm resulted in an increase for the parasitic word and bit line resistance from under 10 ohms to almost 100, 000 ohms as the lines width and thickness are reduced. adding to the significance of this is the variation in resistance between the closest cell in the array and the furthest call in the array. this variation could be over 4 orders of magnitude while the difference between the set and reset resistance is only 2 orders of magnitude. this issue could restrict the size of sub arrays, compromising the potential area savings using this technology. as the metal lines are scaled to obtain higher memory densities, the filament that generates the conduction in the cell does not scale. that means the set and reset pulse currents remain about the same as the array is scaled. this results in an electromigration issue in the scaled metal lines. | figure 3 : oxygen vacancy filament determines set or reset state of rram memory cell | rram is certainly an appealing technology with its ability to scale the cell to tiny dimensions, good speed, cmos compatible material set and the possibility of mounting the technology above a logic array. unfortunately, the devil is in the details and the list of advantages is balanced by a list of problems that must be overcome before this technology


tiny dimensions, good speed, cmos compatible material set and the possibility of mounting the technology above a logic array. unfortunately, the devil is in the details and the list of advantages is balanced by a list of problems that must be overcome before this technology can carve out a space as a memory solution. 1 ] jihan capulong, benjamin briggs, seann bishop, michael hovish, richard matyi, nathaniel cady, college of nanoscale science and engineering, “ effect of crystallinity on endurance and switching behavior of hfox based resistive memory devices ”, proceedings of the international integrated reliability workshop 2012 2 ] yi wu, jiale liang, shimeng yu, ximeng guan and h. s. philip wong, stanford university, “ resistive switching random access memory – materials, device, interconnects and scaling considerations ”, proceedings of the international integrated reliability workshop, 2012 3 ] nirmal ramaswamy, micron, “ challenges in engineering rram technology for high density applications ”, proceedings of the international integrated reliability workshop, 2012 4 ] k. k. hong, p. k ko, chemming hu and yiu cheng, random telegraph noise of deep sub - micrometer mosfets, 1990 ieee 1741 - 3106 / 90 / 0200 - 0090 http : / / www. eecs. berkeley. edu / ~ hu / publications / hu _ papers / hu _ jnl / huc _ jnl _ 167. pdf 5 ] simeon realov and kenneth l. shepard, “ random telegraph noise in 45nm cmos : analysis using an on - chip test and measurement system, iedm10 - 624, 978 - 1 - 4244 - 7419 - 6 / 10 / $ 26. 00 ©2010 ieee, http : / / bioee. ee. columbia. edu / downloads / 2010 / s28p02. pdf 6 ] r. degraeve, a. fantini, s. clima, b. guvoreanu, l. goux, y. y. chen, d. j. wouters, ph. rousset, g. s. kar, g. pourtois, s. cosemans, j. a. kittl, g. groeseneken, m. jurczak, l. altimime, imec, “ reliability of low current filamentary hfo2 rram discussed in the framework of


offshore wind projects off the coast of england and wales. the third step, changing attitudes and behaviour is fundamental and is at different stages in globally. designing a national electricity system to export renewable energy requires a fundamental shift in approach. an inter - agency and leadership focus is required to procure and fund renewable energy projects to facilitate exports or national retrofitting initiatives. utilising state lands, assets, marine waters and entities in a centralised and co - ordinated manner is central to achieving this. labelling product energy consumption and emissions standards informs customers and allows them to make a decision based on this information thus changing behaviour. manufacturers and retailers have become increasingly sensitive to the energy consumed and emissions produced, resulting in changes to operational procedures. lastly, innovation is a consequence of the three previous steps. in 2010, $ 243 billion was invested in the clean energy sector, 30 % higher than 2009. this trajectory is expected to continue upwards. investment levels in innovation in the cleantech sector are at their highest levels ever. energy security and environmental protection are the two major global issues facing every country in the world, irrespective of location, culture and size. funds, venture capitalists and companies around the world have responded to this, investing and helping to build companies in this sector, with a rapid rise in innovation as a consequence. private capital and the private sector as a whole are ready and waiting. an appropriate regulatory environment, a highly co - ordinated government - led plan and full support from policy - makers will unleash this capital and generate significant growth across the island. achieving the triple benefits of economic development, energy security and emission reductions are entirely achievable with the right focus, plan and leadership. tel : + 353 87 6777 665 tags : energy security


a holocaust glossary anschluss, " joining together, " annexation. on march 12, 1938, hitler annexed austria to germany antisemitism, systematic prejudice against jews. notice the absence of a hyphen ( - ) ; there has never been any such thing as " semitism. " the term " antisemitism " is, properly one word. aryan, in the nazi ideology, the pure, superior germanic ( nordic, caucasian ) race. auschwitz, the city of auschwitz, poland, located in southwestern poland, was the site of one of the largest of the nazi extermination camps. the camp was expanded in august, 1942. camp ii was named auschwitz - birkenau. babi yar, a deep ravine outsize the ukrainian city of kiev, on the dnieper river where the einsatzgruppen killed and buried 34, 000 jews in one or two days ( september 29 - 30, 1941 ). belzek, death camp located in the lublin district of poland. more than 600, 000 jews were gassed at belzek between 1941 and 1943. blitzkrieg, " lightning war, " used to describe the speed, efficiency and intensity of germany ' s military attack against their opponents. buchenwald, concentration camp established in 1937 between frankfurt and leipzig in germany. while it was not a major extermination center, it was equipped with gas chambers and crematoria. more than 100, 000 prisoners died there. bund, a socialist movement among jews in the pale of settlement in western russia in the late 1800 ' s. the bundists supported jewish linguistic and political autonomy. their nationalism was cultural rather than territorial and, thus, they were at odds with much of the zionist movement. capo, jews who worked inside the death camps. their tasks including transporting victims of gassing to the ovens, cleaning the gas chambers of human excrement and blood, removal of gold from the teeth of the victims, shaving the heads of those going to the gas chambers. chelmo, generally thought to be the first of the six death camps in poland to become operational. at the beginning, the camp was under the direction of ss major, christian wirth, formerly administrative head of the euthanasie programme. located in the wartheland. between december 1941 and fall 1942 and again from may until august 1944 gassings by means of carbon monoxide from motor exhaust gas took place. altogether more than 150, 000 jews as


euthanasie programme. located in the wartheland. between december 1941 and fall 1942 and again from may until august 1944 gassings by means of carbon monoxide from motor exhaust gas took place. altogether more than 150, 000 jews as well as 5000 gypsies died at chelmo. concentration camp, any internment camp for holding " enemies of the third reich. " the construction of concentration camps began almost immediately after hitler gained power in germany. there were several kinds : labor camps, prison camps and death camps. dachau, a concentration camp located in upper bavaria, northeast of munich. in 1942 a gas chamber was established at in connection with the medical experiments of the chief company commander of ss dr. rascher also a few experimental gassings were undertaken. death camps, or killing centers, a concentration camp the distinct purpose of which was the extermination of its inmates. almost all of the german death camps were located in poland : auschwitz - birkenau, belzek, chelmo, madjanek, sobibor, treblinka. death marches, at the end of the war when it became obvious that the german army was trapped between the soviets to the east and the advancing allied troops from the west, the nazis, in an attempt to prevent the liberation of camp inmates, forced them to march westward. thousands died in these marches. deportation, the removal of people from their areas of residency for purposes of resettlement elsewhere. with regard to the jews of europe, deportation meant removal either to a ghetto or a concentration camp in preparation for yet another removal to an extermination center. einsatzgruppen, mobile killing units ( " task groups " ) under the command of reinhard heydrich which accompanied german troops when they invaded russia. their task was to dispose of, liquidate, undesirables who posed a threat to the reich. final solution, euphemism for the extermination of european jewry. fuhrerprinzip, see " leadership principle. " general government the nazi - ruled state in central and eastern poland. headed by governor hans frank. genocide, the systematic annihilation of a whole people or nation. german military rank provided by richard breitman in the architect of genocide : himmler and the final solution. new york : alfred a. knopf, 1991 gestapo, the german internal security police - secret police. the gestapo was organized in 1933 to protect the regime from political opposition. under him


the architect of genocide : himmler and the final solution. new york : alfred a. knopf, 1991 gestapo, the german internal security police - secret police. the gestapo was organized in 1933 to protect the regime from political opposition. under himmler ' s command after 1936. ghetto, a yiddish word referring to a walled section of a city in which jews were required to live during the middle ages. the concept was revived by the nazi regime as part of the final solution to the jewish question. holocaust, a hebrew word ( olah ) meaning " burnt offering. in the septuagint version ( translated hebrew bible into greek during the reign of ptolemy ii, 3rd century b. c. ), the word, olah, is consistently translated by the greek word, holokauston, " an offering consumed by fire. " juden, the german word for jew. judenrat, jewish community authority, appointed by the nazis for administration within the ghetto. kristallnacht, " night of broken glass, " november 9, 1938, pogrom against german jews, jewish businesses and synagogues orchestrated by the gestapo in retaliation for the assassination of a minor german embassy official in paris by a 17 year - old jewish youth named herchel grynzspan. 7, 500 businesses and 101 synagogues were destroyed, almost 100 jews were killed and several thousand were arrested and sent to concentration camps. the beginning of the holocaust. leadership principle, ger. fuhrerprinzip, the ideological and administrative principle established by hitler early in his rise to power of one vital party controlled by one, and only one, leader to whom all subjects owed absolute and unquestioning obedience. lebensraum, one of hitler ' s motivations for invading poland and, later, the soviet union, was to acquire lebensraum, or additional " living space, " to be colonized by german people. madagascar plan, in 1940, before the invasion of the soviet union, the nazis seriously considered moving all jews under their authority to the island of madagascar, a french possession off the east coast of africa. majdanek, located in the lublin district, general government of poland. the concentration camp existing since september 1941 turned into an extermination camp when between april 1942 and november 1943 mass shootings took place to which 24, 000 jews fell victim. in october 1942 also two, later three gas chambers were built. in the beginning the killings in these were done by means of carbon


charge of the death camps. shoah, a hebrew word meaning " desolation. " shoah has come to be the preferred term for the holocaust by jewish scholars who feel that " holocaust " has lost much of its significance through overuse. sobibor, located in the lublin district, general government where at least 200, 000 jews were murdered through carbon monoxide gas. third reich, nazi germany from the end of the weimar republic to the end of world war ii. treblinka, located in the warschau district of the general government in eastern poland. from the end of july, 1942 on, treblinka had three gas chambers and at the beginning of september, 1942, installed ten larger gas chambers. up to the dissolution of the camp in november 1943 altogether 700, 000 jews were killed there by carbon monoxide. vichy, france, after the nazis conquered france, a puppet government was set up here. wannsee ( conference, a conference held on january 20, 1942 beside lake wannsee in berlin. at this conference it was decided and made official nazi policy that the total annihilation of european jews was the only rational means of a " final solution " to the jewish question. yad vashem, a museum in jerusalem dedicated to the memory of holocaust victims. the name of the museum is taken from an old testament passage in isaiah : " i will build for them a name and a memorial. " ( isiah 56 : 5 ). zionism, the fervent desire of jews of the diaspora to return to their ancestral homeland of palestine. this ideal is at least 2, 500 years old, dating to the babylonian captivity. its first statement is found in psalm 137 : 1, " by the waters of babylon, there we sat down and wept as we remembered zion. " political zionism which emerged in the 19th century and ultimately resulted in the creation of the modern state of israel in 1948 is an outgrowth of spiritual zionism. zyklon b, hydrogen cyanide, a poisonous gas originally developed as a fumigation agent to remove pesticides. in october, 1941, it was used experimentally on soviet prisoners of war. the success of these experiments had devastating consequences for millions of jews who were gassed in the nazi death camps. return to about the holocaust


example : “ the little boy was carrying on : shouting and kicking all day long ” 6. come across a - to seem to have a particular quality or character : to make a particular impression. example : “ julia came across as a bit bossy ” b - to be expressed to someone. example : “ i tried to sound happy but it came across as over - excited ” c - to meet or find ( something or someone ) by chance. example : “ luis was leaving the fruit shop and he came across tom, what a coincidence ” 7. come up with a - to get or think of ( something that is needed or wanted ). example : “ we finally came up with a solution to the problem! ” 8. fall apart ( oh, listen to the song " emotions " by bee gees & samantha sang ) a - to break into parts in usually a sudden and unexpected way, example : “ my cake fell apart when i tried to cut it ” b - to become unable to live in a normal way because you are experiencing a lot of confusion or emotional pain example : “ after the divorce, she fell apart ” 9. get along a - to be or remain friendly example : “ we ’ re not together anymore, but we get along great ” b - to make progress while doing something. example : “ how are you getting along at playing the guitar? ” c - to leave a place example : “ it was lovely to see you, but my friend has to get along, she has class ” d - to become old. example : “ her grandma is getting along ; she ’ s almost 99 ″ 10. get away a - to go away from a place. example : “ i can0t wait to get away from the city ” b - to avoid being caught : to escape example : “ the thieves managed to get away in a stolen car ” c - to not be criticized or punished for ( something ). example : “ yvonne is always lying, i can ’ t understand how she gets away with it ” to be continued


title text : i tell my children ' it ' s not whether you win or lose, it ' s how you play the game. ' i ' m trying to take the edge off their competitive drive to ensure that i can always beat them. this comic is a reference to ibm ' s computer watson that beat humans at jeopardy. the ibm team created a computer that could formulate a response to a jeopardy - style question. in case you are not familiar, jeopardy is a game played where the contestants are given the answer to a question, and must devise the question. a question might be " the united states joined this war in 1941 " to which the contestant must answer " what is world war ii? ". when going up against two jeopardy champions, watson was able to beat them both. megan chimes in that we are " pretty awesome at teaching " which is very true. humans are the best ( on this planet ) at teaching other things to do a set of tasks. we train dogs, cats, lizards, birds, other people, and now we are getting quite good at getting a computer, a simple machine completely of our own design, to mimic our own thought patterns and make decisions similar to what we would make. the title text makes fun of teaching our children values by suggesting we are just trying to hold on to our ability to beat them in something. - [ cueball sits at a computer ; megan stands behind him. ] - cueball : wow — researchers taught a computer to beat the world ' s best humans at yet another task. does our species have anything left to be proud of? - megan : well, it sounds like we ' re pretty awesome at teaching. - cueball : huh? what good is that?


the finance project is one of more than 100 organizations and thought leaders featured in expanding minds and opportunities : leveraging the power of afterschool and summer learning for student success, edited by terry k. peterson, ph. d., this first of its kind compendium of studies, reports and commentaries provides seminal resources for policy makers, program leadership, practitioners, researchers and stakeholders. the value of partnerships in afterschool and summer learning : a national case study of 21st century community learning centers by shawn stelow griffin and laura martinez provides concrete evidence of the important role partnerships play in leveraging cash and in - kind resources to sustain 21st cclc wisconsin, vermont, florida and oregon. expanding minds and opportunities is now available online at www. expandinglearning. org / expandingminds and through amazon. com. dc education adequacy study overview the finance project ( tfp ), in september 2012, the district of columbia government contracted with the finance project ( tfp ) to undertake a rigorous study of the costs of providing an " adequate " pre - k through 12 education to students in dc ' s traditional public schools and public charter schools. over a 12 - month period, the finance project, in partnership with augenblick, palaich and associates ( apa ), a denver - based education research firm, will : 1. develop a data - driven estimate of the cost of an " adequate " pre - k through 12 education in the district of columbia ; 2. recommend changes to the structure and level of foundation funding in the uniform per student funding formula ( upsff ), as well as the weightings for students with special learning needs that require services which entail additional costs ; 3. recommend changes to the way in which capital investments, maintenance, utilities and custodial services for school buildings and facilities are financed and managed ; and 4. develop guidance for updating the study ' s basic elements on a continuing periodic basis. using a blend of professional judgment panel and successful schools study methods for analyzing the costs of an adequate education, the tfp / apa study team will examine the cost of resources required for public schools and public charter schools to meet dc academic standards, including the common core state standards, once they are implemented. for more information, please read an overview of the study at : www. financeproject. org / publications / summarydceducation adequacystudy. pdf. for more information about the study, please contact cara patrick at firstname. lastname @ example


an overview of the study at : www. financeproject. org / publications / summarydceducation adequacystudy. pdf. for more information about the study, please contact cara patrick at firstname. lastname @ example. org.. this brief aims to help policymakers, community leaders, private investors, and other stakeholders understand what is known about the opportunities and conditions for success in designing and implementing incentive - based financing strategies to take innovative evidence - based social solutions to scale. it describes the design and implementation of three broad types of innovative financing strategies that make funding contingent on specific benchmarks for success. the brief also includes examples of how state and local leaders are designing and implementing these financing strategies to respond to demands for improved outcomes. it offers considerations for stakeholders to address when determining whether, and how, these strategies could work for a community or state seeking to link funding to achievable outcomes.. this fiscal mapping study helps hawaiian state leaders identify the public and private funding sources available to support programs and services for at - risk hawaiian youth, ages 13 - 24. the study also evaluates hawaii ' s effectiveness at using funding to sustain the seventy - two state administered programs for at - risk youth in fiscal year 2011. network of independent charter schools the network of independent charter schools is designed to support teachers, administrators and trustees develop best practices and collaborate with one another and to help independent " mom and pop " charter schools succeed. funded by the u. s. department of education, it delivers a comprehensive and integrated array of services and resources - - free of charge - - to help improve the capacity of teachers, administrators and trustees at independent charter schools. the finance project helps develop content for the network of independent charter schools website in the areas of charter school management, financing and governance. online hotline blog. the following fiscal mapping tool will help leaders identify funding resources in their communities to help build a stable base of support for their work.. a first of its kind, this guide helps state and local officials, leaders of community - based and national organizations, school leaders, and private investors find funding to strengthen and sustain grade - level reading programs and services for children from birth through third grade. it identifies more than 100 federal funding sources that can be used to address the root causes of failing to read, to help fund remediation strategies, and to build cohesive infrastructure and systems necessary to effectively train and guide professionals. it also offers users “ best bet ” funding sources, on - the - ground examples and allows users


aerobic exercise requires the body to utilize oxygen to create energy. with anaerobic exercise, the body creates energy without extra oxygen — your body relies on its natural chemicals to create energy. learn the benefits of each, after the break! benefits of aerobic activity when you are engaged in aerobic activities ( walking, running, swimming, canoeing ), you breathe heavier and use more oxygen. when this happens, your heart beats faster, and your blood flow increases, which means the oxygen going to and from your muscles increases as well. your capillaries are what bring the oxygen to your muscles and take away the waste ( carbon dioxide, lactic acid ), essentially “ cleaning ” your muscles. also through this process, you help build up your immune system and rid your body of toxins, which will help you ward off illnesses. aerobic activity three to five times a week will help strengthen your heart and help it pump blood more efficiently and help it get to and from your muscles more efficiently and effectively. aerobic exercise is a key component in losing weight and keeping it off and reducing heart disease, high blood pressure, and type 2 diabetes — just to name a few. your body also releases endorphins, which are a natural painkiller and " mood enhancer. " the release of endorphins helps reduce anxiety and stress, helps you sleep better, and can also help ward off depression. so get movin '! benefits of anaerobic activity anaerobic means " without oxygen, " and strength training is the most effective method of anaerobic exercise. loss of lean muscle mass can begin in your early 20s if you ' re not careful. when you lose lean muscle mass, your metabolism slows down, your strength weakens, and your " functional fitness " can decrease, which can lead to you getting hurt while engaging in everyday activities like taking the stairs. but guess what? you can also gain the muscle back! introduce strength training. it helps rebuild that muscle mass, strengthen not only your muscles but also your bones, increase your metabolism, and lower your body fat. the more lean muscle mass you have, the higher your metabolism, which means the more calories you burn ( when you are resting and when you ’ re working out! ) strength training at least twice a week also helps prevent cardiovascular disease, obesity, arthritis, lower - back pain, and type 2 diabetes. " strength training " is often an intimidating term, but it doesn ’ t necessarily translate into " heavy lifting.


in the 20th century, this would have been a job for james bond. the mission : infiltrate the highly advanced, securely guarded enemy headquarters where scientists in the clutches of an evil master are secretly building a weapon that can destroy the world. then render that weapon harmless and escape undetected. but in the 21st century, bond doesn ' t get the call. instead, the job is handled by a suave and very sophisticated secret computer worm, a jumble of code called stuxnet, which in the last year has not only crippled iran ' s nuclear program but has caused a major rethinking of computer security around the globe. intelligence agencies, computer security companies and the nuclear industry have been trying to analyze the worm since it was discovered in june by a belarus - based company that was doing business in iran. and what they ' ve all found, says sean mcgurk, the homeland security department ' s acting director of national cyber security and communications integration, is a “ game changer. ” the construction of the worm was so advanced, it was “ like the arrival of an f - 35 into a world war i battlefield, ” says ralph langner, the computer expert who was the first to sound the alarm about stuxnet. others have called it the first “ weaponized ” computer virus. simply put, stuxnet is an incredibly advanced, undetectable computer worm that took years to construct and was designed to jump from computer to computer until it found the specific, protected control system that it aimed to destroy : iran ’ s nuclear enrichment program. the target was seemingly impenetrable ; for security reasons, it lay several stories underground and was not connected to the world wide web. and that meant stuxnet had to act as sort of a computer cruise missile : as it made its passage through a set of unconnected computers, it had to grow and adapt to security measures and other changes until it reached one that could bring it into the nuclear facility. when it ultimately found its target, it would have to secretly manipulate it until it was so compromised it ceased normal functions. and finally, after the job was done, the worm would have to destroy itself without leaving a trace. that is what we are learning happened at iran ' s nuclear facilities - - both at natanz, which houses the centrifuge arrays used for processing uranium into nuclear fuel, and, to a lesser extent, at bushehr, iran ' s nuclear power plant. at natanz, for almost 17 months, stu


natanz, which houses the centrifuge arrays used for processing uranium into nuclear fuel, and, to a lesser extent, at bushehr, iran ' s nuclear power plant. at natanz, for almost 17 months, stuxnet quietly worked its way into the system and targeted a specific component - - the frequency converters made by the german equipment manufacturer siemens that regulated the speed of the spinning centrifuges used to create nuclear fuel. the worm then took control of the speed at which the centrifuges spun, making them turn so fast in a quick burst that they would be damaged but not destroyed. and at the same time, the worm masked that change in speed from being discovered at the centrifuges ' control panel. at bushehr, meanwhile, a second secret set of codes, which langner called “ digital warheads, ” targeted the russian - built power plant ' s massive steam turbine. here ' s how it worked, according to experts who have examined the worm : - - the nuclear facility in iran runs an “ air gap ” security system, meaning it has no connections to the web, making it secure from outside penetration. stuxnet was designed and sent into the area around iran ' s natanz nuclear power plant - - just how may never be known - - to infect a number of computers on the assumption that someone working in the plant would take work home on a flash drive, acquire the worm and then bring it back to the plant. - - once the worm was inside the plant, the next step was to get the computer system there to trust it and allow it into the system. that was accomplished because the worm contained a “ digital certificate ” stolen from jmicron, a large company in an industrial park in taiwan. ( when the worm was later discovered it quickly replaced the original digital certificate with another certificate, also stolen from another company, realtek, a few doors down in the same industrial park in taiwan. ) - - once allowed entry, the worm contained four “ zero day ” elements in its first target, the windows 7 operating system that controlled the overall operation of the plant. zero day elements are rare and extremely valuable vulnerabilities in a computer system that can be exploited only once. two of the vulnerabilities were known, but the other two had never been discovered. experts say no hacker would waste zero days in that manner. - - after penetrating the windows operating system, the code then targeted the siemens operating system that controlled


two of the vulnerabilities were known, but the other two had never been discovered. experts say no hacker would waste zero days in that manner. - - after penetrating the windows operating system, the code then targeted the siemens operating system that controlled the plant. once that was in its grip it then took over the “ frequency converters ” that ran the centrifuges. to do that it used specifications from the manufacturers of the converters. one was vacon, a finnish company, and the other fararo paya, an iranian company. what surprises experts at this step is that the iranian company was so secret that not even the iaea knew about it. - - the worm also knew that the complex control system that ran the centrifuges was built by siemens, the german manufacturer, and - - remarkably - - how that system worked as well and how to mask its activities from it. - - masking itself from the plant ' s security and other systems, the worm then ordered the centrifuges to rotate extremely fast, and then to slow down precipitously. this damaged the converter, the centrifuges and the bearings, and it corrupted the uranium in the tubes. it also left iranian nuclear engineers wondering what was wrong, as computer checks showed no malfunctions in the operating system. estimates are that this went on for more than a year, leaving the iranian program in chaos. and as it did, the worm grew and adapted throughout the system. as new worms entered the system, they would meet and adapt and become increasingly sophisticated. during this time the worms reported back to two mysterious servers that had to be run by intelligence agencies, one in denmark and one in malaysia. the servers monitored the worms as they infiltrated natanz. efforts to find those servers since then have yielded no results. this went on until june of last year, when a belarusan company working on the iranian power plant in beshehr discovered it in one of its machines. it quickly put out a notice on a web network monitored by computer security experts around the world. ordinarily these experts would immediately begin tracing the worm and dissecting it, looking for clues about its origin and other details. but that didn ’ t happen, because within minutes all the alert sites came under attack and were inoperative for 24 hours. “ i had to use e - mail to send notices but i couldn ’ t reach everyone. whoever made the worm had a full day to eliminate all traces of


scientists at the nuclear facilities. experts say that natanz and bushehr could not have escaped the worm if it was in their engineers ’ computers. “ we brought it into our lab to study it and even with precautions it spread everywhere at incredible speed, ” byres said. “ the worm was designed not to destroy the plants but to make them ineffective. by changing the rotation speeds, the bearings quickly wear out and the equipment has to be replaced and repaired. the speed changes also impact the quality of the uranium processed in the centrifuges creating technical problems that make the plant ineffective, ” he explained. in other words the worm was designed to allow the iranian program to continue but never succeed, and never to know why. one additional impact that can be attributed to the worm, according to david albright of the institute for science and international studies, is that “ the lives of the scientists working in the facility have become a living hell because of counter - intelligence agents brought into the plant ” to battle the breach. ironically, even after its discovery, the worm has succeeded in slowing down iran ' s reputed effort to build an atomic weapon. and langer says that the efforts by the iranians to cleanse stuxnet from their system “ will probably take another year to complete, ” and during that time the plant will not be able to function anywhere normally. but as the extent of the worm ’ s capabilities is being understood, its genius and complexity has created another perplexing question : who did it? speculation on the worm ’ s origin initially focused on hackers or even companies trying to disrupt competitors. but as engineers tore apart the virus they learned not only the depth of the code, its complex targeting mechanism, ( despite infecting more than 100, 000 computers it has only done damage at natanz, ) the enormous amount of work that went into it — microsoft estimated that it consumed 10, 000 man days of labor - - and about what the worm knew, the clues narrowed the number of players that have the capabilities to create it to a handful. “ this is what nation - states build, if their only other option would be to go to war, ” joseph wouk, an israeli security expert wrote. byres is more certain. “ it is a military weapon, ” he said. and much of what the worm “ knew ” could only have come from a consortium of western intelligence agencies, experts who have examined the code now believe. originally, all eyes turned toward israel ’ s intelligence agencies. engineers examining


weapon, ” he said. and much of what the worm “ knew ” could only have come from a consortium of western intelligence agencies, experts who have examined the code now believe. originally, all eyes turned toward israel ’ s intelligence agencies. engineers examining the worm found “ clues ” that hinted at israel ’ s involvement. in one case they found the word “ myrtus ” embedded in the code and argued that it was a reference to esther, the biblical figure who saved the ancient jewish state from the persians. but computer experts say " myrtus " is more likely a common reference to “ my rtus, ” or remote terminal units. langer argues that no single western intelligence agency had the skills to pull this off alone. the most likely answer, he says, is that a consortium of intelligence agencies worked together to build the cyber bomb. and he says the most likely confederates are the united states, because it has the technical skills to make the virus, germany, because reverse - engineering siemen ’ s product would have taken years without it, and russia, because of its familiarity with both the iranian nuclear plant and siemen ’ s systems. there is one clue that was left in the code that may tell us all we need to know. embedded in different section of the code is another common computer language reference, but this one is misspelled. instead of saying “ deadfoot, ” a term stolen from pilots meaning a failed engine, this one reads “ deadfoo7. ” yes, oo7 has returned - - as a computer worm. stuxnet. shaken, not stirred.


rocky mountain research station publications rmrs online publication - journal articles, external publications, and special reports trace gas and particle emissions from domestic and industrial biofuel use and garbage burning in central mexico christian, t. j. ; yokelson, r. j. ; cardenas, b. ; molina, l. t. ; engling, g. ; hsu, s. - c. 2010. trace gas and particle emissions from domestic and industrial biofuel use and garbage burning in central mexico. atmospheric chemistry and physics. 10 : 565 - 584. in central mexico during the spring of 2007 we measured the initial emissions of 12 gases and the aerosol speciation for elemental and organic carbon ( ec, oc ), anhydrosugars, cl -, no - 3, and 20 metals from 10 cooking fires, four garbage fires, three brick making kilns, three charcoal making kilns, and two crop residue fires. global biofuel use has been estimated at over 2600 tg / y. with several simple case studies we show that cooking fires can be a major, or the major, source of several gases and fine particles in developing countries. insulated cook stoves with chimneys were earlier shown to reduce indoor air pollution and the fuel use per cooking task. we confirm that they also reduce the emissions of voc pollutants per mass of fuel burned by about half. we did not detect hcn emissions from cooking fires in mexico or africa. thus, if regional source attribution is based on hcn emissions typical for other types of biomass burning ( bb ), then biofuel use and total bb will be underestimated in much of the developing world. this is also significant because cooking fires are not detected from space. keywords : trace gas, particle emissions, biofuel, mexico about pdfs : for best results, do not open the pdf in your web browser. right - click on the pdf link to download the pdf file directly to your computer. click here for more pdf help. pdf file size : 440 k title : rmrs other publications : trace gas and particle emissions from domestic and industrial biofuel use and garbage burning in central mexico electronic publish date : march 23, 2010 last update : march 23, 2010 rmrs publications | order a publication | contact us


the activities in the gaps related to area of assitive technologies are focused on the development of software ( applications ) and hardware ( devices and gadgets ) which could be useful for assisting teachers related to special education. in order to get our objectives we have the valuable advise of several specialized centers as : if you are interested in our work or you want to collaborate with us, please, contact with luis hernandez gomez in our research group we have been developing an educational application called " aprendiendo " ( " learning " in spanish ). this application was implemented with the advising of colegio publico de educacion especial infanta elena de madrid and thanks to the work of several students through their master thesis projects. currently we are preparing different researches and evaluations about this application. our objective is find out the benefits that " aprendiendo " could have in the learning process of the children. for knowing more detaisl about this project you could read this article ( in spanish ) " aprendiendo ” : uso de la tecnologia de agentes conversacionales personificados en el ambito de la educacion especial which was presented in the simposio nacional de tecnologias de la informacion y las comunicaciones en la educacion in 2007. if you are interested in and you don ' t know spanish, please, contact with us. - building of push buttons ( in spanish ) : - push button and connection box : pdf - how to build a switchboard pdf


systems, “ single - use ” may not mean intended for disposal after a single run. “ we like to call it ‘ single - use, batch - dedicated, ’ or ‘ single - batch, ’ ” explained makowiecki. “ prepacked does not mean single - use, ” emphasized paul lynch, production manager for life technologies ' prepacked poros® chromatography resins. the main advantage of prepacked columns is time savings, as they are ready to be dropped into a process without the need for validation. “ they save about 80 % of the set - up time, ” lynch said, as well as the associated overhead of personnel needed to pack and validate the column. at the june conference in san francisco, richard garretson, business development manager at life technologies, led a workshop in which he described the advantages of the company ’ s gopure™ columns prepacked with poros chromatography resins. garretson compared prepacked columns to disposable membrane absorbers, which can be used in place of anion exchange chromatography, for flow - through polishing of monoclonal antibody preparations to remove dna, viruses, and host - cell proteins. the high mass transfer capability of the poros prepacked resin allows for high flow rates, short bed lengths, and small column sizes. “ the resin has the same sort of mass transfer profile as a membrane absorber, ” said garretson. once users have selected the ideal column bed length for the separation they want to achieve, they can then increase or decrease the diameter of the column as desired for scale - up or scale - down, garretson explained. in contrast, scale - down — for process modeling, process characterization, and viral clearance studies, for example — is “ problematic with filters, ” he added, due to more limited availability of membrane sizes. in terms of single - use capability, the prepacked chromatography resin, like a traditional self - packed column, can be re - used multiple times or replaced after a single use. it would typically be used for a single production campaign. in contrast, a functionalized filter is a consummable product intended to be disposed of after one use. producing relatively small drug batches or material for toxicology studies or clinical trials can mean switching product streams, and thus chromatography columns, more frequently. in this scenario, the use of prepacked columns can save time and money, contend


the 3d scientific graph control is capable of producing a wide variety of charts. these include surfaces ( wireframe, solid, shaded solid, contoured solid, and pixel ), 3d bar ( wireframe, solid, and shaded solid ), 3d scatter ( points, lines, points + lines, and area layers producing a waterfall chart ), and 3d object ( via a polygon data interface in wireframe, solid, and shaded solid styles ). the property polymode is used to control which type of image you need to produce. all types support rotation and viewing height adjustment. there is also an automatic rotation feature which will animate the rotation of an image. there are two shading algorithms, one shades to white and the other shades to the objects color. 3d surface charts can have a bottom or top 2d contour included in the image. this contour can be in lines or colors. see showcontour. within the demo, see example 400 which shows how to create a simple 3d wireframe. 3d surface charts are produced from xdata, ydata, and zdata. generally, x - data and z - data are equally spaced but this is not mandatory. once you supply this data, the component will construct a list of polygons which will produce a surface plot of the data. the process of creating 3d charts is further discussed in chapter 4 as well as in the included example code. within the demo, see example 402. the 3d bar chart is generally used to show categorized data along 2 axes. where a 2d bar chart places multiple subsets next to each other, the 3d bar places multiple subsets at different z locations. similar to the graph component, the 3d bar chart only needs ydata. xdata and zdata are not used in this mode. subsets defines how many rows are along z axis and points defines how many columns are along x axis. subsetlabels and pointlabels are used to label rows and columns. subsetcolors is used to control colors of subset bars. within the demo, see example the 3d scatter chart is much like a 2d scatter chart with the addition of zdata. each data point thus has its own xdata, ydata, and zdata coordinates. possible plotting methods are points, lines, and points plus lines. theres also an area plotting method which will produce area layers along the z axis. this can be used to construct a waterfall chart. comparison subsets are supported in this mode to allow


together random chord progressions and random sentences off the internet, automatically play them with a synthesizer, and send them into the copyright office as quickly as they could record the vocals. in other words, such an incentive would not result in more entertainment : it would result in a tsunami of unlistenable crap. commoditization : what does “ fungible ” mean? the definition of a commodity is “ a good supplied without qualitative differentiation across a market. ” this property is called “ fungibility ”. sadly, the term “ fungible ” has nothing to do with either fungi or dirigibles. a fungible good is capable of mutual substitution : one unit is defined to be just as good as any other. we can see that fungibility is a necessary property of money. if i loan you 100 dollars, i don ’ t expect to get the same $ 100 back i loaned to you … any $ 100 will do, because dollars are fungible. similarly, we can see that fungibility is a necessary property of commodities. if i contract to deliver you 1000 pounds of copper in march of next year, you shouldn ’ t have to care where the copper comes from. fungibility also applies to agricultural commodities : if i contract to deliver 100 bushels of corn in september of next year for a set price, it ’ s clearly impossible for you to inspect or evaluate corn that i haven ’ t even grown yet! so certain minimum standards for delivery are defined — and beyond that, all corn is the same. like most commodities, grains are mixed without regard to source : the producers sell their corn, whereupon it ’ s transferred via an elevator to a silo and mingled with all the other corn from the area, and anyone who buys corn simply gets whatever comes out of the elevator first. we can see that an attempt to make non - fungible creations ( songs ) into a fungible commodity, as in the silly example above, would result in both an oversupply of unlistenable songs and an economic catastrophe. problem # 1 : real food is not fungible the alert reader will see several problems with this “ fungible food ” scenario right away. the first problem is that real food is not fungible. for instance, when we go to buy onions, tomatoes, melons, or other produce, we don ’ t just choose them at random. we choose the variety that will taste best in our recipe, and from that, we choose the ripest, least damaged, best - looking, best


dementia may be defined as a progressive and largely irreversible clinical syndrome that is characterized by global deterioration in intellectual function, behaviour and personality in the presence of normal consciousness and perception ( 1 ). many patients have preserved positive personality traits and personal attributes but the following features may become evident as the disease progresses : - memory loss, language impairment, disorientation, changes in personality, difficulty in carrying out daily activities, self - neglect - psychiatric symptoms - apathy, depression or psychosis - unusual behaviour - aggression, sleep disturbance or disinhibited sexual behaviour ( 1 ) dementia can be divided into : - young - onset dementia – formerly known as “ pre - senile dementia ”, refers to patients who develop dementia before the age of 65 years - late - onset dementia – previously known as “ senile dementia ”, refers to patients who develop dementia after the age of 65 years ( 1 ) several risk factors responsible for the development of dementia have been recognized ( 1 ). - non modifiable risk factors - age – advancing age is the most important risk factor in developing dementia - learning disabilities – in people with down ’ s syndrome, dementia develops 30 – 40 years earlier than in a normal person - gender – rate of dementia is higher in women than in men ( specially for alzheimers disease ) - genetic factors - modifiable risk factors - alcohol consumption - smoking – particulary for alzheimers - head injury - education and mental stimulation ( 1 ) the most common causes of dementia are age - related neurodegenerative processes. dementia is becoming an increasing problem as the population ages.


the use of simplified small sided games in training. posted by chris on 01 april, 2011 players love playing football. take any group of players, the first thing they will do is make two goals, select sides and have a game. football is fun, the concept of using simplified small sided games as an integral aspect of training is to provide players with an opportunity to do what they enjoy doing the most, playing a game. during the process of playing a game players are constantly faced with observing, analysing and solving a succession of quick moving problems. as the game ebbs and flows, their ability to react and deal with constantly changing situations is always being tested. whilst technical and skill practices have their role to play in training players, with an emphasis on their “ how things are done ” repetitive mantra, they don ’ t always take into account the “ when to ” and “ why ” of playing football. simplified small sided games challenge players to make decisions on the “ when to ” and “ why ”. the decisions players are forced to make in simplified small sided games develop improved technical performance in all aspects of the game, players having lots more touches of the ball and greater participation in the game, a better understanding of working and co – operating in units of players, quick transition between attacking to defending and defending to attacking, an appreciation of finding and creating space for themselves and others, vital communication skills, greater fitness and most importantly of all fun. what are simplified small sided games? - invasion games. games that have goals or targets, objectives and outcomes - games that have a reduced number of players, 2 v 2, 3 v 3, 4 v 4 etc - smaller playing areas - simple and flexible rules that are adaptable to the structure of the game - fewer structured stops and starts, free kicks, corners, throw ins etc - opportunities for players to have a greater participation and to have more touches of the ball. - lots of opportunities to repeatedly practice a range of technical skills - less reliance on players playing in specific positions. - lots of opportunities for players to be exposed to game situations that involve the ball, opponents and team mates. which will improve their decision making process as they progress to more complex games, 7 v 7 upwards. - greater communication and co – operation between players. - greater freedom of play, more rotation of positions, developing more complete and intelligent players from a coaching perspective, simplified smaller sided games can be structured or conditioned to achieve a specific training objective, for example passing and support, running with the ball, recovery runs when


and sense of independence. kids who struggle in school are often overly dependent on parents, siblings, friends and teachers for help with assignments. by using at, kids can experience success with working independently. what types of learning problems does assistive technology address? at can address many types of learning difficulties. a student who has difficulty writing can compose a school report by dictating it and having it converted to text by special software. a child who struggles with math can use a hand - held calculator to keep score while playing a game with a friend. and a teenager with dyslexia may benefit from at that will read aloud his employer ' s online training manual. there are at tools to help students who struggle with : what kinds of assistive technology tools are available? the term " assistive technology " has usually been applied to computer hardware and software and electronic devices. however, many at tools are now available on the internet. at tools that support kids with ld include : - abbreviation expanders - alternative keyboards - audio books and publications - electronic math work sheets - freeform database software - graphic organizers and outlining - information / data managers - optical character recognition - personal fm listening systems - portable word processors - proofreading programs - speech - recognition programs - speech synthesizers / screen readers - talking calculators - talking spell checkers and electronic dictionaries - variable - speed tape recorders - word - prediction programs


relationship development intervention ( rdi ) - an intervention which aims to develop an individual ’ s ability to participate in authentic emotional relationships by exposing the individual to those relationships in a gradual, systematic way. regression - process in which children appear to develop normal language and social skills but then lose these. regressive autism - form of autism in which children appear to develop normal language and social skills but then lose these with the onset of autism before age 3. some forms of regressive autism are severe enough to be classed as childhood disintegrative disorder. receptive language delay - difficulty understanding language. symptoms may include difficulty following directions, decreased comprehension of " yes / no " and " wh " questions, limited vocabulary, poor understanding of grammatical markers ( i. e. verb tenses, possessives ) and syntax and difficulty attending to spoken language. rett syndrome - a complex neurological disorder which is genetic in origin. it affects mainly girls. although present at birth, it becomes more evident during the second year. rotation diet - diet which involves eating different things at different times. salicylates - a plant hormone found in leafy vegetables and fruit. some people advocate a low salicylate diet. sara ’ s diet - a lutein - free, soy - protein free and casein / gluten - restricted diet which also restricts or removes some artificial additives. secretin - gastrointestinal hormone that helps promote digestion of food. seizures - sudden changes in behavior due to an excessive electrical activity in the brain. selective serotonin reuptake enhancer - a class of anti - depressant drugs that enhance the reuptake of serotonin instead of inhibiting it. selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors ( ssri ) - a class of drugs that works by stopping ( inhibiting ) the uptake ( loss ) of serotonin, which means that more serotonin is available to help pass on messages between nerve cells. ssris are used to treat a variety of conditions including depression and anxiety. some people believe that they can also be used to treat people with autism who have other problems, such as repetitive behaviors or social deficits. semantic - pragmatic disorder - condition characterized by good grammatical language but lack of ability to use language in a socially appropriate manner. sensory deprivation therapy - an intervention based around sensory deprivation i. e. minimizing sensory inputs such as sound, lights and smells. sensory integration - the capacity of an individual to receive and process information provided


to use language in a socially appropriate manner. sensory deprivation therapy - an intervention based around sensory deprivation i. e. minimizing sensory inputs such as sound, lights and smells. sensory integration - the capacity of an individual to receive and process information provided by the senses. sensory integration therapy - intervention that is designed to mitigate abnormal behaviors caused by sensory sensitivity. sensory integrative function - condition characterized by unusual reactions or sensitivity to sensations such as sound, light or touch. sensory processing disorder - disorder of the brain which makes people misinterpret everyday sensory information, such as touch, sound, and movement. this can lead to behavioral problems, difficulties with coordination, and many other issues. small intestine ( small bowel ) - its primary function is to digest ( break down ) food and absorb nutrients ( vitamins, minerals, proteins, carbohydrates, and fats ). smith magenis syndrome - a genetic disorder where common characteristics include some degree of self - injury, sleep, disturbance, developmental delay, short stature, decreased sensitivity to pain, hyperactivity and destructive or aggressive behavior. social skills groups - social skills groups provide an opportunity for individuals with autism to practice and improve their social skills in a safe, supportive environment. social stories™ - short stories for children on the autism spectrum designed to aid their understanding of social situations. son - rise program® - an intensive training program based on the idea that the best way to help a child with autism is to follow the child ’ s lead. the program is a home - based, one - to - one approach, typically implemented by the parents, often with the assistance of a team of volunteers. specific carbohydrate diet ( scd ) - a strict, complex and restrictive diet which excludes complex carbohydrates, such as those found in rice and potatoes. these carbohydrates are replaced with simple carbohydrates. speech and language therapy - an intervention in which a therapist works with individuals to help them develop their communication skills using a range of techniques. steatorrhea - stool that is frothy, foul - smelling and floats because of a high fat content. it is common in malabsorption syndromes. this may be the result of the lower small intestine unable to absorb fats, or simply too much fat for even normal digestion to handle. sometimes this can indicate liver, gall bladder or lipid metabolism diseases. stimming - any kind of repetitive or stereotypic behavior


lower small intestine unable to absorb fats, or simply too much fat for even normal digestion to handle. sometimes this can indicate liver, gall bladder or lipid metabolism diseases. stimming - any kind of repetitive or stereotypic behavior. stomach - the function of the stomach is to begin digestion by physically breaking down food received from the esophagus. the stomach mucosa contains cells which secrete hydrochloric acid and this in turn activates the other gastric enzymes pepsin and rennin. sulfation - the process of adding sulphate to the body. t cells - control the b cells. when a harmless substance enters the body, the t cells signal the b cells to suppress antibody production, yet when a dangerous substance enters and must be eliminated, the t cells allow antibody production at a controlled rate and only until no more are needed. t cells can be programmed through vaccination or immunization to allow antibody production to previously unfamiliar but harmful antigens such as smallpox or polio. conversely, allergy shots or other immunostimulation techniques can program t cells to recognize harmless antigens and to suppress production of their antibodies. ( act like soldiers on the front line of the body ’ s defense against disease. ) teaching interaction - 10 - step procedure designed to help students learn appropriate social and school - related behaviors. testosterone - main male sex hormone, a steroid which controls the growth and functioning of the male sex organs. believed by some to reduce the effectiveness of chelation, a chemical intervention used to treat autism. therapeutic listening program - training program which includes a form of auditory integration training therapy dog - a dog that has been specially trained to act as a companion to the person with autism. thimerasol - a mercury - containing preservative. widely used as a preservative in a number of biological and drug products, including many vaccines. tic - condition in which a part of the body moves repeatedly, quickly, suddenly and uncontrollably. tics can occur in any body part, such as the face, shoulders, hands or legs. toe walking - walking on toes, a common symptomatic problem in some children with autism tomatis method - auditory training method, similar to auditory integration training, in which a person with autism listens to a selection of music which has been modified. total communicaton - approach that makes use of a number of modes of communication such as signed, oral, auditory, written and