can tell if a lens is polarized by rotating the glasses ( or tilting your head when you are wearing them ). you will find that they reduce glare better in some positions than others. by blocking out only the polarized glare, the intensity of the light reaching your eyes is not reduced, so objects retain their definition and visual detail. this effect, combined with a tinted lens, makes it much easier to see and identify things both on and below the water like fish, buoys, skiers, wind zephyrs and underwater hazards. some manufacturers use polarized lenses to reduce glare on lcd instruments, fishfinders, etc. when viewed through sunglasses that are polarized differently than the instrument lens, no light is transmitted and the instrument face appears black. the only solution is to remove the glasses. visible light transmission and lens color lenses of different densities absorb different amounts of light. the amount of light passing through the lens is called visible light transmission, expressed as a percentage of total available light. for boating, visible light transmission should fall in the 15 - 30 percent range. on the brightest days, you want the lowest visible light transmission ( darkest ) lenses. lenses are available in a bunch of different colors, and lens color is more than a fashion or attitude question. the technology behind the colors : - gray : a neutral all - purpose color that reduces glare, provides good contrast and no color distortion. ideal for use on both water and land, especially for driving. - brown / amber : increases contrast in most light conditions. in addition to bright sun, amber offers excellent light management properties on cloudy or rainy days, and filters high - frequency near - uv light. good for general purpose, high contrast light situations. - purple / rose : heightens visual acuity and enhances color ( especially with objects against a blue or green background ). delivers brightest field of vision and is applicable for sight fishing, bass fishing, inshore fishing, sport shooting, extreme sports and skiing. - yellow : reduces the blue part of the spectrum. blue light causes a scattering type of glare known as " blue haze. " best color for snow. cuts through fog or haze, but has the worst distortion of colors. - green : offers enhanced visual acuity for specific light situations such as sight fishing, but is worn by many for everyday use. optically speaking, the flatter the lens, the less distortion. curved lenses refract, or bend, the light rays as they pass through, so light doesn ' t enter your eye in a


but is worn by many for everyday use. optically speaking, the flatter the lens, the less distortion. curved lenses refract, or bend, the light rays as they pass through, so light doesn ' t enter your eye in a straight line. your eyes are forced to work overtime to process and correct the visual information, which may cause eye fatigue and headaches. this distortion can be eliminated with corrected prismatics ; check the label for distortion - free prismatics before purchasing curved sunglasses. lenses of good sunglasses are complex, and are constructed from several layers. the inside has an antireflective coating to reduce " bounce - back " on the inside of the lens and a water - repellant coating to shed water and make cleaning easy. an ultraviolet coating protects your eyes from uva and uvb radiation. lenses made of polycarbonate are extremely tough, yet lighter than glass, and can be made oversized to wrap around the face and block entry of light, wind and dirt from the sides, top and bottom. polycarbonate lenses are impact - resistant and shatterproof, an important safety feature, especially for sailors, who may be at risk of being struck in the face. they naturally block 100 percent of the sun ' s harmful uv rays. trivex and kaenon ' s similar proprietary sr - 91 have been available for about the past ten years, with uv - blocking and shatterproofness similar to polycarbonate, but they are stronger, clearer and lighter, with better chromatic distortion performance ( less distortion as you look away from the center of the lens ). sr - 91 has better scratch resistance than polycarbonate. optically ground glass lenses provide the best quality and vision and are more scratch resistant, but they are also heavier. a " compromise " lens material is cr - 39, a plastic polymer with optics superior to polycarbonate, but with similar impact resistance and the best scratch resistance of all plastic lenses. the best materials for boating sunglass frames are lightweight, flexible, durable materials such as nylon, propionate or acetate ( also called zyl ). metal frames may be stylish, but they will quickly corrode to a ghastly green in a saltwater environment. some manufacturers, such as costa del mar, use corrosion - resistant monel in their frames. frame hardware is made with either strong, maintenance - free pressed - in pin hinges, or with spring hinges for a snug, comfortable fit. frame hardware should be corrosion - proof. most


same age group ( 0 – 59 months ), allowing for the inclusion of a greater number of studies in the analysis. proportional mortality model a traditional approach to estimating cause - specific mortality is to model mortality rates. instead, we have decided to model proportional mortality as this is the measure of interest when assessing causes of death by country. moreover, as the who process for estimating causes of death is based on the estimation of under - 5 mortality level, followed by the allocation of the causes of under - 5 mortality, 6 proportional mortality is a more pertinent outcome that can be used in the completion of the estimation process. we employed a weighted regression model to assess the relationship between the observed proportion of deaths from diarrhoea and potential explanatory variables, in an approach similar to those previously used for estimating proportion of deaths from pneumonia. 6, 10, 17 covariates included in the final model were those available from the studies selected, so that the model could reflect the relationship more accurately than in the conventional approach of using national averages. the variables included were : under - 5 all - cause mortality and dummy variables for mid - year of study and for nine who subregions. 18 all - cause under - 5 mortality was obtained for the same ( or comparable ) site from which the proportional diarrhoea mortality information was derived, as follows : ( i ) directly abstracted or calculated from available data in the study ( 30 studies ) ; ( ii ) obtained from the authors when not possible to calculate from published data ( three studies ) ; ( iii ) obtained from dhs data ( 11 studies ) ; or ( iv ) obtained using a method similar to that used for the adjustment of age groups ( three studies ). as under - 5 mortality rates were reported in different measures ( rates, risks or ratios ) in the publications, we have transformed those provided as mortality rates ( 5m0 ) into a single metric – the probability ( risk ) of a child dying before reaching the age of 5 years ( 5q0 ). who subregions are defined on the basis of levels of child and adult mortality : a, very low child and very low adult mortality ; b, low child and low adult mortality ; c, low child and high adult mortality ; d, high child and high adult mortality ; e, high child and very high adult mortality. 18 the nine low - and middle - income subregions included in the model are : african region ( afr ) d and e ; region of the americas (


where are we now? climate " today " before we move on to projections of future state of our planet ' s climate, let ' s take a few looks at the current state of earth ' s climate. these graphs show how carbon emissions, atmospheric concentrations of carbon dioxide, and global average temperatures have changed in recent times. this image shows sea surface temperatures ( sst ) averaged over a whole year ( in this case, 2001 ). notice how temperatures range from freezing ( 0° c or 32° f ) near the poles to around 30° c ( about 86° f ) in the tropics. credits : image courtesy of plumbago via wikipedia, using data from the world ocean atlas 2001. here is earth ' s surface air temperature in recent times. this image shows average temperatures for the period from 1961 to 1990. credits : image courtesy of robert a. rhohde and the global warming art project. average global temperature 1940 - 2005 | all values are in comparison to 1940 - 1980 average ( green shading ). map at left shows 1995 - 2005 averages ( the orange shaded region on the graph above ). blue points and lines on the graph are annual values ; the red line is the 5 - year smoothed average. this map ( above ) shows recent changes in earth ' s surface air temperatures. the colors indicate the temperatures in the decade around 2000 as compared to average values from about 40 years earlier. specifically, the colors compare average temperatures during the years 1995 through 2004 versus the averages from 1940 through 1980. the global averge temperature increased about 0. 42° c during this time. credits : map image courtesy of robert a. rohde and the global warming art project. graph is original artwork by windows to the universe staff ( randy russell ) using data from noaa. use the popup menu in the upper left corner of the interactive below to select a map to view. choices include contemporary global surface air temperature and sea surface temperature, changes in temperature by 2000, and four climate model projections for possible future climate in 2025 and 2095. compare maps side - by - side using the viewer below. shop windows to the universe science store! cool it! is the new card game from the union of concerned scientists that teaches kids about the choices we have when it comes to climate change — and how policy and technology decisions made today will matter. cool it! is available in our online store you might also be interested in : leaders from 192 nations of the world are trying to make an agreement about how to limit


it comes to climate change — and how policy and technology decisions made today will matter. cool it! is available in our online store you might also be interested in : leaders from 192 nations of the world are trying to make an agreement about how to limit emissions of heat - trapping greenhouse gases, mitigate climate change, and adapt to changing environmental conditions.... more climate in your place on the globe is called regional climate. it is the average weather pattern in a place over more than thirty years, including the variations in seasons. to describe the regional climate... more less than 1 % of the gases in earth ' s atmosphere are called greenhouse gases. even though they are not very abundant, these greenhouse gases have a major effect. carbon dioxide ( co2 ), water vapor ( h2o ),... more television weather forecasts in the space age routinely feature satellite views of cloud cover. cameras and other instruments on spacecraft provide many types of valuable data about earth ' s atmosphere... more predicting how our climate will change in the next century or beyond requires tools for assessing how planet responds to change. global climate models, which are run on some of the world ' s fastest supercomputers,... more the world ' s surface air temperature increased an average of 0. 6° celsius ( 1. 1°f ) during the last century according to the intergovernmental panel on climate change ( ipcc ). this may not sound like very... more a factor that has an affect on climate is called a “ forcing. ” some forcings, like volcanic eruptions and changes in the amount of solar energy, are natural. others, like the addition of greenhouse gases... more


learn something new every day more info... by email dark energy is a very sparse, uniform negative pressure that permeates the entire observable universe. it accounts for 70 % of the mass / energy in the universe and is responsible for its accelerating rate of expansion. dark energy is unlike the energy we are familiar with because it is not concentrated locally, as is the case with stars and galaxies, manifestations of conventional matter and energy. there are many other important differences between conventional energy and dark energy, which physicists continue to investigate. the exact form or mechanism of operation of dark energy is unknown. in this respect, it is similar to its cousin, dark matter, which can only be observed by the influence it has on normal matter and energy. there are two major theories for the form of dark energy, although one is more prominent than the other. the first theory, quintessence, describes the dark energy as a fluctuating field that changes its intensity based on location. the second theory, that of a cosmological constant, describes dark energy as constant and uniform. it is this second theory that is believed by most physicists and forms the basis of the lambda - cdm model, the prevailing model of the structure of the cosmos. the negative pressure of the cosmological constant is thought to originate from vacuum fluctuations at extremely small scales in all space. so - called virtual particles are continuously created and destroyed in this vacuum, creating a quantum foam that itself has energy. the existence of dark energy has implications for the ultimate fate of the universe. if dark energy is an intrinsic property of space, as it looks to be, then it will continue to be exist indefinitely. if dark energy is the cause of the universe ’ s accelerating expansion, then it will also be the cause of reducing the average density of any parcel of space in the long run. as the universe grows more and more sparse, it will also grow more cold and hostile to life. therefore, dark energy can justifiably be blamed for bringing on the “ heat death ” of the universe. is europe using some type of dark energy device to power the earth?? my dad read it to me from a news paper. i just could not find anything about it


this item is in : food science > nestle functional foods and nutrition series > nestle nutrition workshop : pediatric programmicrobial host - interaction : tolerance versus allergy edited by p brandtzaeg, e isolauri and s l prescott nestle nutrition workshop series : pediatric program series no. 64 most indigenous microbes occur in the intestinal tract, and their interactions with the host are largely unknown. current understanding of host - microbe interactions links early microbial contact to the origin of disease, a theory that has its roots in the hygiene hypothesis. modern life style appears to deprive the infant of conditions that provide adequate anti - inflammatory or tolerogenic stimuli upon antigen encounter. thus, maturational signals from the environment and the diet are insufficient to adequately shape the immune system. microbial host - interaction deals with the relationship between the gut microbiota as well as altered pattern of early microbial contact and the origin of human disease. new aspects of the original hygiene hypothesis are discussed in relation to disorders spanning from allergy and autoimmunity to obesity. the results presented suggest that all these disorders may be linked to aberrant antigen absorption and immune responses associated with dysfunction of mucosal defense. researchers, clinicians and students interested in the interaction of the host with indigenous gut bacteria and the consequences for human health will find this publication of utmost interest. isbn 3 8055 9167 5 isbn - 13 : 978 3 8055 9167 6 272 pages 234 x 156mm hardback £165. 00 / us $ 280. 00 / €200. 00 usually dispatched within 1 – 2 weeks titles which may also be of interest : milk and milk products in human nutrition drivers of innovation in pediatric nutrition importance of growth for health and development emerging societies - coexistence of childhood malnutrition and obesity a paradigm for commensalism : the role of a specific microbial polysaccharide in health and disease ; the hygiene hypothesis : do we still believe in it? ‘ abc ’ of mucosal immunology ; innate and adaptive immune pathways to tolerance ; hitting the mucosal road in tolerance induction ; obesity – extending the hygiene hypothesis ; autoimmunity and diet ; eosinophilic esophagitis : example of an emerging allergic manifestation? microbial – host interactions in inflammatory bowel diseases and experimental colitis ; development and regulation of immune responses to food antigens in pre - and postnatal life ; novel approaches in treating food allergy using allergens


microsoft word styles are powerful tools included in all versions of word. if you are a new user, you may not know what styles are or how to apply them to format your documents. whether you own word 2007 or 2010, this article will help you understand the basics of microsoft word styles. it shows you how to find the predefined styles, and includes a tutorial that shows you how to change the style set and easily format your document by applying styles. it also briefly covers the topic of custom styles. a style is a definition that determines the document formatting options that are applied to characters or paragraphs. note : sometimes styles are referred to as tags. however, in microsoft word, styles is the correct term. how many times have you gone through a lengthy document and manually reformatted the same text over and over again to get it right? it can waste hours of your time and all of that clicking can give you a nasty case of carpal tunnel syndrome. using styles helps you use consistent formatting throughout your document. applying a style only takes a click or two so it is much faster than manually formatting block after block of text. styles can contain definitions for fonts, paragraph spacing, line height, hyphenation, tabs, page breaks, indentation, and more! as you can see from the list, styles can become quite complex. but don ' t worry, microsoft word contains many predefined styles. that means you can use them even if you don ' t know how to create your own styles from scratch. there are different ways to access the predefined microsoft word styles, but the easiest way in word 2007 or 2010 is to select one from the quick style gallery. quick styles were introduced in word 2007 and are located on the home tab. there are 11 style sets to choose from, 14 style sets in word 2010. each set can be altered by selecting different theme colors or fonts, resulting in thousands of unique styles available for document formatting. for the following tutorial, open word 2007 and start a new document. ( these instructions also work for microsoft word 2010. ) let ' s begin by entering some dummy text so you can see how changing the style set affects the document formatting. here is how to enter random text into a document : entering this code inserts three paragraphs of text into your document. now let ' s see how easy it is to change the look and feel of the document just by changing the style set. follow these steps


american heritage® dictionary of the english language, fourth edition - n. a device, such as a fuse or percussion cap, used to set off an explosive charge. - n. an explosive. century dictionary and cyclopedia - n. that which detonates ; it detonating preparation ; a percussion - cap. - n. a device used to detonate an explosive device etc. - n. rail transport, uk a small explosive device attached to the railhead to provide an audible warning when a train passes over it. gnu webster ' s 1913 - n. obsolete, obsolete an explosive whose action is practically instantaneous. - n. obsolete, obsolete something used to detonate a charge, as a detonating fuse. - n. obsolete, obsolete a case containing detonating powder, the explosion of which serves as a signal, as on railroads. - n. obsolete a gun fired by a percussion cap. - n. a mechanical or electrical explosive device or a small amount of explosive ; can be used to initiate the reaction of a disrupting explosive - detonate + - or ( wiktionary ) “ and interestingly, a similar detonator is connected to a massive nuclear device under the city of munich, set to ignite in eighty hours. ” “ besides, the detonator is not yet manufactured that will explode that charge. ” “ but suffice it to say that it is concentrated hydrogen peroxide mixed with flour, attached to a very crude detonator, which is, again, a very crude about four gallon plastic container. ” “ a “ nano detonator ”, that is, a detonator roughly smaller than an electron. ” “ you know, your cell phone now is called a detonator and simple things like gatorade apparently can be used as a component of a bomb that could take your plane down, so i think people are very weary and they want to know that we ' re doing things. ” “ and i would raise a concern about the fact that even though there were no detonators, the detonator is the easy part of the explosive. ” “ the detonator was a remote car starter purchased over the internet. ” “ american airlines spokesman tim smith called the detonator holder " nothing threatening. ” “ in all of this cases, the detonator was a mishandled of the well perforator ( made in china ). ” “ the detonator is a rifle cartridge with a nail on the prime


american heritage® dictionary of the english language, fourth edition - n. the income of a government from all sources appropriated for the payment of the public expenses. - n. yield from property or investment ; income. - n. all the income produced by a particular source. - n. a governmental department set up to collect public funds. century dictionary and cyclopedia - n. the annual rents, profits, interest, or issues of any kind of property, real or personal ; income. - n. the annual income of a state, derived from the taxation, customs, excise, or other sources, and appropriated to the payment of the national expenses. - n. return ; reward. - n. synonyms profit, etc. see income. - n. the income returned by an investment - n. the total income received from a given source - n. all income generated for some political entity ' s treasury by taxation and other means - n. accounting the total sales ; turnover. - n. accounting the net revenue, net sales. gnu webster ' s 1913 - n. that which returns, or comes back, from an investment ; the annual rents, profits, interest, or issues of any species of property, real or personal ; income. - n. hence, return ; reward. - n. the annual yield of taxes, excise, customs, duties, rents, etc., which a nation, state, or municipality collects and receives into the treasury for public use. - n. the entire amount of income before any deductions are made - n. government income due to taxation - recorded in english from 1433, " income from property or possessions ", from middle french revenue, from old french " a return " ( modern french ' revenu ' ), the prop. feminine past participle of revenir ( " come back " ) ( = modern french ), from latin revenire ( " to return, come back " ), from re - ( " back " ) + venire ( " to come " ) ( wiktionary ) - middle english, from old french, from feminine past participle of revenir, to return, from latin revenire : re -, re - + venire, to come ; see gwa - in indo - european roots. ( american heritage® dictionary of the english language, fourth edition ) “ the comments seem to be suggesting why not tax capital if the reduction in revenue is made up by increased taxes on


experts please comment and expand. heading, across - the - board..., emergency reserve, frontload, mopping - up, performance reserve, positive margin, negative margin, public finances, structural operat..., administrative ex..., management of eu... and 657 more... aams countries, access to communi..., access to informa..., accession criteria, accession negotia..., accession to an a..., accession to the..., accession to the..., acp countries, acp - ec committee..., acp - ec convention, acp - ec council and 1088 more... a combined list of 1. eu buzz - single words 2. eu buzz - collocations 3. eu buzz - the 100 most active absorption capacity, absorption rate, acceding country, accession candidate, accession countries, accession country, accession criteria, accession cycle, accession negotia..., accession partner..., accession priorities, accession treaty and 2650 more... some of the catchwords of several presidential debates ( obama - romney 2012 denver debate ' s transcript fully included ) additionality, audit trail, accounting standards, auditing standards, general audit obj..., a posteriori audit, a priori audit, above board, acceptable error..., access rights, accountability, accountable entities and 1283 more... use these and get promoted words from work basic prices, buying - in price, agricultural levies, agricultural prices, intervention / tr..., intervention stocks, intervention system, interprofessional..., area aid / payment, area - based subsidy, community financing, direct assistance and 217 more... all words of the lisbon treaty ( persons ' names, foreign and grammatical words have been eliminated, mwes have been split up into individual words. capitalization has been retained if r... 1. strictly eu terms with special european meaning used only in the eu 2. keywords central to the understanding of the eu ( people working for the eu are usually able to give thematic... words for currency the new favourite words of people on twitter. a script searches twitter for " x is my new favorite word " and adds it to this list. grabbable, retuiteando, leaving, fantastic, absolutely, kurwa, hella, ridic, underpass,


featuring winston shrout there are several forms of the latin term habeas corpus. in this dvd we are going to make its meaning simple and understandable. habeas corpus was a privilege guaranteed by the magna carta of 1215 ad. it is an extremely important legal instrument that safeguards individual freedom against arbitrary state action. in today ’ s world, we can appropriately use habeas in a number of situations. for a long time i have advocated that habeas should precede any suit, because its primary use is to determine whether or not there is even subject matter to discuss. keep in mind that many attorneys tend to “ rush to court ” without any established facts. since that is often the case, it is our responsibility to slow the process down so that we can ask some crucial questions. first of all, let ’ s see if there are any material facts upon which the suit is based. since we are going into admiralty law, let ’ s determine if there is in fact any valid, certified claim to talk about. let ’ s do a habeas corpus so that you, mr. attorney, can produce a certified claim. oops, you don ’ t have one? “ your honor, we have a rule 12b6 problem here … failure to state a claim upon which relief can be granted. ” in other words, there is no subject matter jurisdiction here, because … there isn ’ t any subject matter. habeas corpus is a powerful tool that we explore in this dvd. this dvd is an important single topic that is based on information discussed at the recent los angeles event.


galaxy cluster takes it to the extreme marshall space flight center, huntsville, ala. chandra x - ray center, cambridge, mass. news release : 07 - 065 evidence for an awesome upheaval in a massive galaxy cluster was discovered in an image made by nasa ' s chandra x - ray observatory. the origin of a bright arc of ferociously hot gas extending over two million light years requires one of the most energetic events ever detected. the cluster of galaxies is filled with tenuous gas at 170 million degree celsius that is bound by the mass equivalent of a quadrillion, or 1, 000 trillion, suns. the temperature and mass make this cluster a giant among giants. " the huge feature detected in the cluster, combined with the high temperature, points to an exceptionally dramatic event in the nearby universe, " said ralph kraft of the harvard - smithsonian center for astrophysics ( cfa ) in cambridge, mass., and leader of a team of astronomers involved in this research. " while we ’ re not sure what caused it, we ' ve narrowed it down to a couple of exciting possibilities. " the favored explanation for the bright x - ray arc is that two massive galaxy clusters are undergoing a collision at about 4 million miles per hour. shock waves generated by the violent encounter of the clusters ' hot gas clouds could produce a sharp change in pressure along the boundary where the collision is occurring, giving rise to the observed arc - shaped structure which resembles a titanic weather front. " although this would be an extreme collision, one of the most powerful ever seen, we think this may be what is going on, ” said team member martin hardcastle, of the university of hertfordshire, united kingdom. a problem with the collision theory is that only one peak in the x - ray emission is seen, whereas two are expected. longer observations with chandra and the xmm - newton x - ray observatories should help determine how serious this problem is for the collision hypothesis. another possible explanation is that the disturbance was caused by an outburst generated by the infall of matter into a supermassive black hole located in a central galaxy. the black hole inhales much of the matter but expels some of it outward in a pair of high - speed jets, heating and pushing aside the surrounding gas. such events are known to occur in this cluster. the galaxy 3c438 in the central region of the cluster is known to be a powerful source of explosive activity, which is presumably due to a central supermassive black hole. but the


more information will come soon. welcome to the international youth climate policy working group we ’ ll be using this as our primary means of communication as we discuss and develop policy positions leading up to ( and beyond ) copenhagen! role of the youth climate policy group : 1. to discuss and keep up to date with policy developments in the international political realm. 2. to inform the rest of the international youth network of current policies and to make policy documents more accessible. 3. to draft policies and briefing documents to be used by the international youth network in our activities ( ie lobbying, outreach, education, media, etc ). for any questions please feel free to contact our coordinators. kyle gracey firstname. lastname @ example. org marcie smith email @ example. com the policy wg coordinates the overall policy activities and objectives of the youth. it oversees the activities of the policy affinity groups. it ’ s objectives are to track policy developments in the negotiations, summarize these for other youth to learn from, and inform actions and communications about policy developments. forest policy affinity group gemma tillack firstname. lastname @ example. org gemma can provide a description of our actions, but we have a side event on youth voices on redd organized for young and future generations day, as well as forest - specific actions on redd and lulucf policy principles, our guiding principles – international youth delegation – click here to access the poilyc page. youth envision a world with a safe and stable climate. in this world, unmitigated pollution of the shared atmosphere is no longer acceptable. developed countries have paid the full debt of their historical emissions burden on the climate by facilitating and financing necessary adaptation measures in developing countries. also financed by developed countries, global innovation has been harnessed, and effective renewable and energy efficient technologies have been developed and equitably distributed throughout the world. having addressed climate change through a strong global agreement, and free from the added pressure of a more dangerous climate, we are now able to turn our full attention to the world ’ s other pressing issues including food security, water & sanitation, health care, education and freedom. the lessons that we learned from climate change will allow us to work effectively on these issues. reducing emissions from deforestation and degradation ( redd ) land use, land use change and forestry global financial crisis youth involvement in cop emissions targets - cut the crap temperature increase due to global warming must be kept as far below 2°c as possible. in order to minimize the risk of climate


by gregory mcnamee talk about your worm ’ s - eye view of the world. from time to time, i am pleased in this column to announce the discovery of some hitherto unknown species, or the rediscovery of one thought to have disappeared. an international team of scientists has done this one better, announcing the discovery of an entirely new phylum comprising an ocean - dwelling flatworm called xenoturbella and its kin, collectively the acoelomorphs. interestingly, these creatures seem to be backward - evolving : their ancestors had gill slits and guts, but the current acoelomorphic configuration lacks them. as researcher maximilian telford of university college london puts it, “ we ’ ve got these very simple worms nested right in the middle of the complex animals. how did they end up so simple? they must have lost a lot of complexity. ” * * * if in the course of evolution you decided to lose your ears, you would have good reason. the world is a noisy place, thanks to ever - busy humans, and it ’ s getting noisier. in response, many species of animals are getting noisier themselves in an effort to be heard, a process, notes rose eveleth in scientific american, called the lombard effect. right whales and house finches, for their parts, are calling in at different frequencies to get around shipping and urban noise. as eveleth writes of animals in her provocative piece, “ many of them are doing the vocal equivalent of wandering around asking, ‘ can you hear me now? ’ and increasingly, the answer is no. ” * * * gibbons make a fair amount of noise themselves — and perhaps that stands to reason, given that, next to the great apes, they ’ re our closest living relatives. that noise is more complex than you might think. indeed, report researchers from the german primate center in gottingen, the crested gibbons of southeast asia have distinctive regional accents. these accents suggest both familial typings, as well as the ancient migration of the species from a location to the north of their current range to points farther south. * * * a new phylum is discovered, but a current species declines. that, sadly, is the way of this noisy world. scottish scientists, reports the bbc ’ s highlands and islands service, are documenting the decline of the common scoter, a kind of duck, in the islands to the north of the country. the scientists are now studying the effects of climate


chronometric techniques – part ii most of the chronometric dating methods in use today are radiometric. that is to say, they are based on knowledge of the rate at which certain radioactive isotopes within dating samples decay or the rate of other cumulative changes in atoms resulting from radioactivity. isotopes are specific forms of elements. the various isotopes of the same element differ in terms of atomic mass but have the same atomic number. in other words, they differ in the number of neutrons in their nuclei but have the same number of protons. the spontaneous decay of radioactive elements occurs at different rates, depending on the specific isotope. these rates are stated in terms of half - lives. one half - life is the amount of time required for ½ of the original atoms in a sample to decay. over the second half - life, ½ of the atoms remaining decay, which leaves ¼ of the original quantity, and so on. in other words, the change in numbers of atoms follows a geometric scale as illustrated by the graph below. the red curve line shows the of atomic decay the decay of atomic nuclei provides us with a reliable clock that is unaffected by normal forces in nature. the rate will not be changed by intense heat, cold, pressure, or moisture. the most commonly used radiometric dating method is radiocarbon dating. it is also called carbon - 14 and c - 14 dating. this technique is used to date the remains of organic materials. dating samples are usually charcoal, wood, bone, or shell, but any tissue that was ever alive can be dated. radiocarbon dating is based on the fact that cosmic radiation from space constantly bombards our planet. as cosmic rays pass through the atmosphere, they occasionally collide with gas atoms resulting in the release of neutrons. when the nucleus of a nitrogen ( 14n ) atom in the atmosphere captures one of these neutrons, the atom subsequently changes into carbon - 14 ( 14c ) after the release of a proton. the carbon - 14 quickly bonds chemically with atmospheric oxygen to form carbon dioxide gas. carbon - 14 is a rare, unstable form of carbon. only one in a trillion carbon atoms in the atmosphere is carbon - 14. the majority are carbon - 12 ( 98. 99 % ) and carbon - 13 ( 1. 1 % ). from a chemical standpoint, all of these isotopes of carbon behave exactly the same. carbon dioxide in the atmosphere drifts down to the earth ' s surface where much of it is taken in by green growing plants, and


age of a sample is determined by the number of decays recorded over a set period of time. older samples have less carbon - 14 remaining and, consequentially, less frequent decays. knowing the half - life of carbon - 14 allows the calculation of a sample ' s age. a radiocarbon sample being prepared for dating with the ams technique a relatively new variation of the radiocarbon dating method utilizes an accelerator mass spectrometer, which is a device usually used by physicists to measure the abundance of very rare radioactive isotopes. when used for dating, this ams method involves actually counting individual carbon - 14 atoms. this allows the dating of much older and smaller samples but at a far higher cost. although, organic materials as old as 100, 000 years potentially can be dated with ams, dates older than 60, 000 years are still rare. radiocarbon and tree - ring date comparisons made by hans suess provide needed data to make radiocarbon dates more reliable paleoanthropologists and archaeologists must always be aware of possible radiocarbon sample contamination that could result in inaccurate dates. such contamination can occur if a sample is exposed to carbon compounds in exhaust gasses produced by factories and motor vehicles burning fossil fuels such as coal or gasoline. the result is radiocarbon dates that are too old. this has been called the autobahn effect, named after the german high speed roadway system. archaeologists in that country first noted this source of contamination when samples found near the autobahn were dated. the effect of global burning of fossil fuels on radiocarbon dates was verified and calibrated by hans suess of the university of california, san diego when he radiocarbon dated bristlecone pine tree growth rings that were of known chronometric ages. subsequently, it is also called the suess effect. other kinds of sample contamination can cause carbon - 14 dates to be too young. this can occur if the sample is impregnated with tobacco smoke or oils from a careless researcher ' s hands. this is now well known and is easily avoided during excavation. still another potential source of error in radiocarbon dating that is adjusted for stems from the assumption that cosmic radiation enters our planet ' s atmosphere at a constant rate. in fact, the rate changes slightly through time, resulting in varying amounts of carbon - 14 being created. this has become known as the de vries effect because of its discovery by the dutch physicist hessel de vries. all of these potential sources of error in radiocarbon dating are now well understood and


in varying amounts of carbon - 14 being created. this has become known as the de vries effect because of its discovery by the dutch physicist hessel de vries. all of these potential sources of error in radiocarbon dating are now well understood and compensating corrections are made so that the dates are reliable. there are a number of other radiometric dating systems in use today that can provide dates for much older sites than those datable by radiocarbon dating. potassium - argon ( k - ar ) dating is one of them. it is based on the fact that potassium - 40 ( 40k ) decays into the gas argon - 40 ( 40ar ) and calcium - 40 ( 40ca ) at a known rate. the half - life of potassium - 40 is approximately 1. 25 billion years. measurement of the amount of argon - 40 in a sample is the basis for age determination. dating samples for this technique are geological strata of volcanic origin. while potassium is a very common element in the earth ' s crust, potassium - 40 is a relatively rare isotope of it. however, potassium - 40 is usually found in significant amounts in volcanic rock and ash. in addition, any argon that existed prior to the last time the rock was molten will have been driven off by the intense heat. as a result, all of the argon - 40 in a volcanic rock sample is assumed to date from that time. when a fossil is sandwiched between two such volcanic deposits, their potassium - argon dates provide a minimum and maximum age. in the example below, the bone must date to sometime between 1. 75 and 1. 5 million years ago. using the potassium - argon method to date volcanic ash strata above and below a bone sample in order to determine a minimum and a maximum age potassium - argon dates usually have comparatively large statistical plus or minus factors. they can be on the order of plus or minus 1 / 4 million years for a 2 million year old date. this is still acceptable because these dates help us narrow down the time range for a fossil. the use of additional dating methods at the same site allow us to refine it even more. note : the plus or minus number following radiometric dates is not an error factor. rather, it is a probability statement. for instance, a date of 100, 000 ± 5, 000 years ago means that there is a high probability the date is in the range of 95, 000 and 105, 000 years ago and most likely is around 100, 000.


probability statement. for instance, a date of 100, 000 ± 5, 000 years ago means that there is a high probability the date is in the range of 95, 000 and 105, 000 years ago and most likely is around 100, 000. radiometric dates, like all measurements in science, are close statistical approximations rather than absolutes. this will always be true due to the finite limits of measuring equipment. this does not mean that radiometric dates or any other scientific measurements are unreliable. potassium - argon dating has become a valuable tool for human fossil hunters, especially those working in east africa. theoretically it can be used for samples that date from the beginning of the earth ( 4. 54 billion years ) down to 100, 000 years ago or even more recently. paleoanthropologists use it mostly to date sites in the 1 to 5 million year old range. this is the critical time period during which humans evolved from their ape ancestors. a relatively new technique related to potassium - argon dating compares the ratios of argon - 40 to argon - 39 in volcanic rock. this provides more accurate dates for volcanic deposits and allows the use of smaller samples. fission track dating another radiometric method that is used for samples from early human sites is fission track dating. this is based on the fact that a number of crystalline or glass - like minerals, such as obsidian, mica, and zircon crystals, contain trace amounts of uranium - 238 ( 238u ), which is an unstable isotope. when atoms of uranium - 238 decay, there is a release of energy - charged alpha particles which burn narrow fission tracks, or damage trails, through the glassy material. these can be seen and counted with an optical microscope. fission tracks in obsidian as they would appear with an optical microscope the number of fission tracks is directly proportional to the amount of time since the glassy material cooled from a molten state. since the half - life of uranium - 238 is known to be approximately 4. 5 billion years, the chronometric age of a sample can be calculated. this dating method can be used with samples that are as young as a few decades to as old as the earth and beyond. however, paleoanthropologists rarely use it to date sites more than several million years old. with the exception of early historic human made glass artifacts, the fission track method is usually only employed to date geological strata. artifacts made out of obsidian and mica are not fission track dated because it would only tell us when the rocks cooled


years old. with the exception of early historic human made glass artifacts, the fission track method is usually only employed to date geological strata. artifacts made out of obsidian and mica are not fission track dated because it would only tell us when the rocks cooled from a molten state, not when they were made into artifacts by our early human ancestors. thermoluminescence ( tl ) dating is a radiometric method based on the fact that trace amounts of radioactive atoms, such as uranium and thorium, in some kinds of rock, soil, and clay produce constant low amounts of background ionizing radiation. the atoms of crystalline solids, such as pottery and rock, can be altered by this radiation. specifically, the electrons of quartz, feldspar, diamond, or calcite crystals can become displaced from their normal positions in atoms and trapped in imperfections in the crystal lattice of the rock or clay molecules. these energy charged electrons progressively accumulate over time. when a sample is heated to high temperatures in a laboratory, the trapped electrons are released and return to their normal positions in their atoms. this causes them to give off their stored energy in the form of light impulses ( photons ). this light is referred to as thermoluminescence ( literally " heat light " ). a similar effect can be brought about by stimulating the sample with infrared light. the intensity of thermoluminescence is directly related to the amount of accumulated changes produced by background radiation, which, in turn, varies with the age of the sample and the amount of trace radioactive elements it contains. a ground up placed in a heat is raised in an energy from the sample thermoluminescence release resulting from rapidly heating a crushed clay sample what is actually determined is the amount of elapsed time since the sample had previously been exposed to high temperatures. in the case of a pottery vessel, usually it is the time since it was fired in a kiln. for the clay or rock lining of a hearth or oven, it is the time since the last intense fire burned there. for burned flint, it is the time since it had been heated in a fire to improve its flaking qualities for stone tool making. the effective time range for tl dating is from a few decades back to about 300, 000 years, but it is most often used to date things from the last 100, 000 years. theoretically, this technique could date samples as old as the solar system if we could find them. however, the accuracy of tl dating is


300, 000 years, but it is most often used to date things from the last 100, 000 years. theoretically, this technique could date samples as old as the solar system if we could find them. however, the accuracy of tl dating is generally lower than most other radiometric techniques. electron spin resonance dating another relatively new radiometric dating method related to thermoluminescence is electron spin resonance ( esr ). it is also based on the fact that background radiation causes electrons to dislodge from their normal positions in atoms and become trapped in the crystalline lattice of the material. when odd numbers of electrons are separated, there is a measurable change in the magnetic field ( or spin ) of the atoms. since the magnetic field progressively changes with time in a predictable way as a result of this process, it provides another atomic clock, or calendar, that can be used for dating purposes. unlike thermoluminescence dating, however, the sample is not destroyed with the esr method. this allows samples to be dated more than once. esr is used mostly to date calcium carbonate in limestone, coral, fossil teeth, mollusks, and egg shells. it also can date quartz and flint. paleoanthropologists have used esr mostly to date samples from the last 300, 000 years. however, it potentially could be used for much older samples. comparison of the time ranges for dating methods whenever possible, paleoanthropologists collect as many dating samples from an ancient human occupation site as possible and employ a variety of chronometric dating methods. in this way, the confidence level of the dating is significantly increased. the methods that are used depend on the presumed age of the site from which they were excavated. for instance, if a site is believed to be over 100, 000 years old, dendrochronology and radiocarbon dating could not be used. however, potassium - argon, fission track, amino acid racemization, thermoluminescence, electron spin resonance, and paleomagnetic dating methods would be considered. effective time range of the major chronometric dating methods in addition to the likely time range, paleoanthropologists must select dating techniques based on the kinds of datable materials available. dendrochronology can only date tree - rings. any organic substances can be used for radiocarbon and amino acid racemization dating. calcium rich parts of animals such as coral, bones, teeth, mollusks, and egg shells can


discover the cosmos! each day a different image or photograph of our fascinating universe is featured, along with a brief explanation written by a professional astronomer. march 11, 1996 hubble telescope maps pluto credit : a. stern ( swri ), m. buie ( lowell observatory ), nasa, esa, explanation : no spacecraft from earth has yet explored pluto but astronomers have found ways of mapping its surface. a stunning map of this distant, diminutive planet, the first based on direct images, was revealed late last week in a hubble space telescope press release. above are two opposite hemisphere views of the computer constructed map of pluto ' s surface ( north is up ). the grid pattern is due to the computer technique used where each grid element is over 100 miles across. the map is based on hubble images made when pluto was a mere 3 billion miles distant. it shows strong brightness variations - confirming and substantially improving upon ground based observations. while the brightness variations may be due to surface features like craters and basins they are more likely caused by regions of nitrogen and methane frost. the frost regions should show " seasonal " changes which can be tracked in future hubble observations. yes, pluto is a planet even though it is only 2 / 3 the size of earth ' s moon! authors & editors : nasa technical rep. : sherri calvo. specific rights apply. a service of : lhea at nasa / gsfc


[ updated ] the “ object ” that was found in bermuda waters yesterday [ aug 12 ] is a scientific glider used to collect marine data which was recently deployed by scientists from the bermuda institute of ocean sciences [ bios ]. the harbour radio duty officer said, “ bermuda radio can confirm that the suspected missile spotted on the crown of challenger bank is in fact a scientific glider used to collect marine data. the unit was recently deployed by scientists from bios in conjunction with woods hole oceanographic institution. “ the instrument stopped transmitting data around 48 hours ago and was considered lost. bios and woods hole are keen to recover the unit. any sighting of the glider should be reported to bermuda radio so that retrieval can be arranged, ” concluded the duty officer. the glider had caused great interest last night, with many people trying their hand and guessing what it might be. some people did guess correctly that it was a scientific object used by bios, while many others thought it may have been some form of missile / drone / torpedo / bomb. update 9. 15am : larry george from the woods hole oceanographic institution in massachusetts [ website ] confirmed that the object is a spray glider / autonomous underwater vehicle which is used to collect information about the ocean and is controlled remotely. the glider was deployed in bermuda waters on august 10th, and they lost all contact with it on august 11th, and assumed it was lost until they received a phone call late last night. the glider was deployed to record data such as fine ocean currents, with dr jong jin park and dr breck owens from woods hole the scientists in charge of the research. asked how many of these gliders are in our waters, mr george confirmed that this is the only one. he explained the glider was marked, however it was upside down in the water hence the marking was not visible. he also the fact the glider was upside down indicated that something had gone wrong with it. as of this writing the glider is still in the waters, but a team from bios is heading out this morning to try and recover it. - bios appoints interim director - ocean rendezvous rescues research project - bios research : impacts of ocean acidification - bios study : climate change, ocean bacteria - the search for bermuda ’ s deep water caves - bios scientist part of global ocean study articles that link to this one : - unidentified floating object in bermuda ’ s waters | bernews. com | august 13, 2012


not stolen. these individuals may feel that they made the effort to gather information and make it available on their websites only to have it copied to other sites. are individuals justified in feeling that they have been taken advantage of, even if their websites are posted publicly? interpretation of what exactly “ republish ” means is widely disputed. one of the most authoritative explanations may be found in the 1991 supreme - court case of feist publications v. rural telephone service. this case involved rural telephone service suing feist publications for copyright infringement when feist copied telephone listings after rural denied feist ’ s request to license the information. while information has never been copyrightable under u. s. law, a collection of information, defined mostly in terms of creative arrangement or original ideas, can be copyrighted. the supreme court ’ s ruling in feist publications v. rural telephone service stated that “ information contained in rural ’ s phone directory was not copyrightable, and that therefore no infringement existed. ” justice o ’ conner focused on the need for information to have a “ creative ” element in order to be termed a “ collection ” ( 1 ). similarly, information, taken from publicly available websites should not be considered plagiarism or even theft if only the information ( numbers, statistics, etc. ) is reposted to new sites or used for other purposes. scraped websites also experience an increase in used bandwidth as a result of being scraped. some scrapes take place once, but many scrapes must be performed over and over to achieve the desired results. in such cases, the servers that host the pages being scraped inevitably experience an increased load. site owners may not wish to have the increased bandwidth, but more importantly, excessive page requests can cause a web server to function slowly or even fail. rarely, however, do most scrapes cause such strain on a server on their own. accessing a page through scraping is no different from visiting a page manually, except that scraping allows more pages to be visited over a shorter period. additionally, scrapes can be adjusted to run more slowly, so as to minimize the strain on the server. scraping is usually slowed when more than a few scraping sessions are being run against a single server at one time. interestingly, having one ’ s website scraped can have positive effects. of course the recipient of the scraped data is pleased to have desired data, but owners of scraped sites may also benefit. think of the case mentioned above in which home listings are scraped from a site. whether the information is repost


the sulfur particles scattered around the globe, deflected sunlight, and cooled earth by 0. 4 to 0. c. solar radiation management would recreate this effect by using balloons, aircraft or cannons to shoot tiny reflective particles like sulfates into the stratosphere to temporarily block sunlight. the 1992 panel on policy implications of greenhouse warming calculated that this strategy would cost just pennies per ton of carbon dioxide mitigated. it would also be fast - acting, capable of quickly reducing the impacts of heat stress on crops, resulting in increased productivity since carbon dioxide levels, which boost growth, would remain high. other solar radiation management ideas include the use of engineered nanoparticles, which could be constructed to ascend high into the atmosphere and keep their shiny side to the sun, and sunshades in space made of mirrors. solar radiation management would do nothing to address the root cause of global warming — carbon dioxide emissions — or ocean acidification caused by the sea ’ s absorption of excess carbon dioxide. and while stratospheric aerosols could theoretically produce cooling on a local or global level, they might also create regional problems by affecting rain and snowfall patterns and causing drought. according to caldeira, a year or two after mt. pinatubo, when aerosols dropped from the stratosphere, both the amazon river and the ganges had very low flows and droughts occurred. a 2010 study by etc ( erosion, technology and concentration ), an international group that opposes geoengineering, states that solar radiation management climate models show a risk of increased drought over africa, asia and the amazon jungle. putting sulfate particles into the stratosphere could also damage the ozone layer, lead to acid rain and increased ocean acidification, and interfere with solar cells, astronomy and satellites. in addition, solar radiation management techniques carry the risk of a rapid rise in temperature if the program were started then stopped, which would be more dangerous to life on earth than a gradual temperature rise. carbon dioxide removal strategies reduce greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, or attempt to manipulate natural processes to remove greenhouse gases indirectly. while they tackle the fundamental problem of carbon emissions, and address ocean acidification, they would require many years to fully take effect. carbon dioxide removal techniques include tree planting, creating biochar ( charcoal ) and burying it to increase carbon sequestration, carbon capture and storage, adding carbonate to the ocean to increase carbon dioxide uptake, and capturing carbon from the air. klaus lackner, director of the earth institute


formaldehyde is a type of chemical compound that is of essential use to many manufacturing sectors and other industries. when talking of formaldehyde, most people will be more familiar with one of its forms – formalin. formalin is a solution of formaldehyde that is famous for being used as an embalming fluid. formaldehyde is quite toxic and it is known to cause cancer and also other health disorders. formaldehyde is classified as one of the simplest forms of aldehydes, which are chemical compounds that possess a terminal carbonyl group. a carbonyl group is an atom grouping that has, within it, a carbon atom that is double bonded to an oxygen atom. hcho is the chemical formula for this chemical compound. the unique chemical formula of formaldehyde makes it a very versatile foundation or base for creating more complex aldehydes. formaldehyde, in its pure form, is a colorless and gaseous compound. it is also quite reactive. because of these properties, it is usually mixed in with other chemical compounds in order to create a more stable substance. formaldehyde has many industrial and manufacturing applications. it is an important ingredient in the manufacturing of glue, antiseptics, preservatives, resins, paints, embalming and film processing. formaldehyde is actually quite abundant in the atmosphere because it is one of the byproducts of combustion. it is also naturally formed through atmospheric reactions. it is actually a major element that makes up smog. frequent and high exposure to formaldehyde can lead to cancer, as well as respiratory problems. skin problems and inflammation of the mucus membrane are some of the short term effects of formaldehyde exposure.


as broadcast equipment becomes more sophisticated, especially in the digital domains, the speed at which information is transferred, processed, etc., through the equipment itself, becomes a very important factor. with computer processors that drive broadcast equipment today operating in the gigahertz range, what good does it do if the remainder of the infrastructure works considerably slower? superconductors will go a long way in resolving this issue. earlier this year, researchers led by dr. jun akimitsu of aoyama gakuin university in tokyo achieved a significant milestone when they announced that magnesium boride, a readily available metal compound known since the 1950s, has unexpectedly turned into the latest breakthrough in superconductors technology. magnesium boride is commonly used in some chemical reactions, but no one had ever tested its worth as a superconductor at low temperatures, where it demonstrates properties of moving electrons with virtually no resistance. after hearing about dr. akimitsu ' s discovery and working with the substance, dr. paul c. canfield, a professor of physics at iowa state university and a researcher at ames laboratory said : “ it ' s a fantastic discovery! we ' ve been able to do a lot of neat stuff with it in the past month. ” the material is very light and, from reports, is easier to work with as compared with the more complex superconducting materials such as the copper oxides, a so - called high - temperature superconductor. the more complex superconducting materials work at higher temperatures, but magnesium boride is comparatively inexpensive, selling for about $ 175 per 100 - gram bottle. dr. canfield said he and his colleagues at iowa state and ames laboratory have worked extensively investigating magnesium boride and have already fashioned superconducting wires by exposing fibers of boron to magnesium vapors. at present, though, the wires are short ; only couple of inches long, and brittle. dr. canfield said : “ it ' s not something you can curl around your finger. ” but then, who ' d want to curl it around their finger? magnesium boride, as a superconductor, is such only at temperatures up to minus 389 degrees, or about 29 degrees higher than any other simple metallic compound. although not the solution, it is being hailed as a significant step in that direction, so stay tuned. send questions and comments to : firstname. lastname @ example. org


slower but steady discharge. storage at higher - than - normal room temperatures will degrade internal resistance and accelerate self - discharge on any battery. a significant specification is the maintenance requirement. this typically refers to how often an equalizing or topping charge should be applied. in the case of nickel - based batteries, the maintenance requirement will include “ exercising ” the battery by running it down to its end - of - discharge voltage and then fully recharging to combat the infamous memory effect in nicd batteries. the c - rate is a measurement of the charge and discharge current of the battery. a discharge of 1c will equal the published current capacity of the battery. a battery rated at 500 mah ( milliamp hours ) will discharge at 1c to deliver that current for one hour. if discharged at 2c, the same battery should provide 1000 milliamps for a half hour. note that the measurement is made from maximum capacity to the end - of - discharge level, not to 0v. on nicds, for instance, the typical end - of - discharge level is 1v per cell. li - ions generally discharge to 3v. while there are many other battery specs, such as load current, cost - per - cycle, overcharge tolerance and cycle life, the specs mentioned above will form the basic stepping stones to a good battery - to - application match. let ’ s see how the various battery chemistries compare on these main specs. despite the emergence of new battery types, the nickel - cadmium or nicd batteries maintain a prominent place in powering professional camcorders, batt - lights and portable comm radios. this is due to their exceptional performance in high - current applications. nicds also accept fast charges quite well compared to the other battery chemistries. typical fast - charge time on nicd units is one hour, while nimh batteries will fast - charge in two to four hours and deliver about one - fourth the load current. cameras have shrunk while lenses and batteries have kept their size and weight, allowing each to balance the other. without rear - mount batteries, smaller cameras would be front - heavy, and on shoulder - mounted cameras, balance rather than weight is the critical factor. nicd batteries will self - discharge slightly faster than nimh and much faster than li - ion types. the big edge that the nimh and li - ion batteries have over nicd is in energy density. in applications that require a high power - to - weight ratio,


slightly faster than nimh and much faster than li - ion types. the big edge that the nimh and li - ion batteries have over nicd is in energy density. in applications that require a high power - to - weight ratio, the li - ion is the king of these beasts, with a typical spec of 100wh / kg to 130wh / kg. by comparison, nimhs offer a power - to - weight ratio ranging from 60wh / kg to 120wh / kg, while nicds range from 45wh / kg to 80wh / kg. the achilles heel of nicd batteries is their maintenance requirement. they must be regularly exercised ( some harried shooters might say exorcised ) to avoid the formation of crystals inside the battery and the resulting tendency to discharge only as far as the minimum voltage level to which they have been frequently run. also, since cadmium is an environmentally toxic metal, nicd batteries are increasingly seen as a liability. some countries now severely limit their use due to disposal problems. memory or mismatch? frequently, what appears to be a memory effect may be a mismatch between the cutoff voltage level of the device and that of the battery. to get the full capacity of the battery, its end - of - discharge voltage must be higher than the cutoff voltage for the camcorder or other device being powered. a mismatch in these values will cause the device to quit while the battery still has power. mimicking the memory effect, this will cause a nickel - based battery to be repeatedly recharged before reaching its own end - of - discharge voltage and eventually develop a real memory. getting simpler again the latest “ smart ” batteries, chargers and cameras can communicate digitally. the battery can control the smart charger for the perfect charge cycle and the cameras can display all the needed power parameters right in the viewfinder. just when the mix of battery chemistries and their characteristics was becoming increasingly complex, the advent of digital communication between the central components promises to make things a good bit easier. bennett liles is a writer and tv production engineer in the atlanta area.


visual models of morphogenesis ( przemyslaw prusinkiewicz et al. ) grow more plants with algorithm - a population of 1000 ; [ think about local maximum - could be a problem for sparse samples across the set ] - some evaluation to score each individual / fitness function. s - kill the ones underscore certain threshold ; - the survivor breed offspring. how? - the likely hood of mutation m, say 3 % - crossover c, 5 % - parametric representation of the individuals. 0000 01110 | 0000 0011 - repopulate the died portion book an introduction to genetic algorithms ( complex adaptive systems ) brian scaz lecture outline of the basic genetic algorithm 1. [ start ] generate random population of n chromosomes 2. [ fitness ] evaluate the fitness of each chromosome 3. [ new population ] create a new population by repeating : a. [ selection ] select two parent chromosomes based on their fitness b. [ crossover ] with a crossover probability cross over the parents to form new offspring ( children ). if no crossover was performed, offspring is an exact copy of parents. c. [ mutation ] with a mutation probability mutate new offspring at each locus ( position in chromosome ). d. [ accepting ] place new offspring in a new population 4. [ replace ] use new generated population for a further run of algorithm 5. [ test ] if the end condition is satisfied, stop, and return the best solution in current population 6. [ loop ] go to step 2 “ evolving 3d morphology and behavior by competition “ - evolving morphology with control, i. e. body and brain - evolution at times involves more than competition with the environment


this case study was developed for a lower - division lecture class on “ world history 1400 - 1870 ” with the goal of creating an opportunity for students to “ discover ” gender. we used a central primary source, “ the history of mary prince, a west indian slave related by herself. ” 1 this first - person account was written by british abolitionists and disseminated through the london society for the abolition of slavery in 1831. we chose “ the history of mary prince ” because the types of labor that prince performed as a slave cover the three areas of slave work that we specifically ask students to explore : plantation work ; housework ; and work for other slaves. we departed from the traditional lecture format and pursued a pedagogical method known as “ problem - based learning ” ( pbl ). pbl takes a particular “ problem ” ( instead of the more conventional “ topic ” ) as its point of departure, and asks students to generate a collective “ solution ” by working in research teams. students develop the skills and acquire the content knowledge needed to solve the issue at hand. our pbl asked students to produce a mock “ script ” for a documentary film to be shown on hbo during women ’ s history month. the film explains how and why male and female slaves in the americas and / or africa come to have distinct ( or similar ) labor responsibilities within local economies and what impact such gender divisions of labor have on women ’ s and men ’ s experience of slavery. students were divided into collaborative teams and presented with a timetable for the completion of the task as well as guidelines for group work. the actual process included the following steps : brain - storming research questions and ranking the questions in order of importance ; dividing up the questions ; carrying out the research and reporting the findings back to the group ; reviewing all findings and generating larger arguments as a group ; and finally, writing up project reports and preparing an oral presentation. students were graded on the basis of their individual project component ( submitted in essay form ), their collaborative work ( such as intermittent electronic reports ), and their group participation ( including peer evaluation ). we provided students with a list of primary and secondary sources for their research and a set of questions to focus their efforts. 2 a. different types of work involved in producing an export commodity under this rubric we asked students to consider how and why labor for the production of an export commodity was distributed among men and women, female and male children and how authority was maintained at the work site. mary prince is mainly involved in making salt


. she is reportedly most successful when she converts to christianity, marries, repents past sins, and seeks out an alliance with white abolitionists. beyond encouraging students to recognize this sequence as reflecting the moral agenda of white abolitionists, we also urge them to think about the differences between collective and more individualized forms of “ labor on one ’ s own behalf ” and to make explicit arguments about where they see work connected to “ resistance. ” our pbl exercise was an experiment, and we were very pleased with its results. although students at first expressed some skepticism about the place of collaborative work in a large lecture course, their presentations and papers indicated that we had won them over by the end of the term. many presentations involved dramatic enactments, multimedia displays or mock pitches to the hbo film board. we apparently struck a real chord with these students and inspired them to be creative. a sizeable group produced some of the best historical writing either one of us had ever seen in an undergraduate setting. their analysis was simply superb, and the presentation of the material highly imaginative. they had come to understand the meaning of gender as a “ category of historical analysis ” without us ever introducing the term. this was particularly gratifying. 1 “ the history of mary prince, a west indian slave, related by herself, ” in henry louis gates, jr., ed. six women ’ s slave narratives, ( oxford, 1988 ). full text available online as part of the “ documenting the american south ” project at the university of north carolina at chapel hill. 2 in order to explore these questions and prepare the final movie script, students read mary prince ’ s story alongside the following secondary sources. secondary historical literature allows students to generate answers. claire robertson and martin klein, for example, argue that american plantation slavery ’ s preference for employing men in agricultural labor represented a sharp reversal of many west african societies ’ custom of entrusting agriculture and marketing exclusively to women. hilary beckles and jacqueline jones contend in their work on life in the slave barracks that strict sexual divisions of labor were employed as a counter to white efforts to dehumanize slaves by treating men and women as interchangeable. beckles ’ work, which also has chapters on slave women obtaining freedom through their sexual relationships with men, is also of use in getting students to consider mary prince ’ s mention of her connection to “ captain abbot. ” to what extent did “ sex ” constitute a realm of work that ( largely ) slave women performed? could these relationships afford some women limited forms of bargaining power


’ s very much a patchwork quilt, and no two circuits are the same. ” the first step in assessing the risk posed by rooftop solar is to gather more data. utilities up and down the state are beginning to install devices on distribution circuits that record information about how much power is flowing and in which direction. smart meters can serve a similar purpose. before they were implemented across california over the past few years, utilities had so little information about local circuits that they didn ’ t know a neighborhood had lost power until irate customers called to complain ; even then they couldn ’ t remotely pinpoint the source of the problem. now smart meters, although controversial among some privacy and health advocates, are one component of an evolving “ smart grid ” that can provide real - time data on the flow of electricity through local circuits. “ you need to have a good understanding of what ’ s happening before you take action, ” von meier says. once that ’ s accomplished, the next move toward ensuring reliability — the true gold standard for power within the industry — could be to install state - of - the - art voltage regulation devices on local circuits, which can smooth out the peaks and valleys resulting from intermittent sunshine feeding rooftop panels. such localized disruptions are nothing compared to the risk of remote solar and wind plants potentially triggering blackouts or brownouts due to unexpected fluctuations in output. “ what happens when 30 percent of our power comes from solar or wind, and a cloud goes over or it doesn ’ t blow? ” asks tim woodward, ’ 82, managing director for nth power, a san francisco – based energy - technology venture capital firm. “ how do we deal with that? ” the most commonly prescribed solution is massive batteries that can store and distribute energy as needed, increasing the buffer between supply and demand. yet affordable, cost - effective batteries remain at least five to ten years away, says woodward. until we experience an actual grid failure or similar event triggered by renewables, he predicts, a market for the batteries is unlikely to materialize. in the near term, a complementary — and increasingly popular — approach is to focus on accommodating variability at the other end of the system : inside the homes and businesses where we actually consume the power. duncan callaway, an assistant professor of energy and resources, is a believer. he spends much of his time studying what ’ s known as demand response, or load flexibility, in which users adjust their demand according to supply. “ ultimately, all we care about is making power in equal power


energy and resources, is a believer. he spends much of his time studying what ’ s known as demand response, or load flexibility, in which users adjust their demand according to supply. “ ultimately, all we care about is making power in equal power out, ” he says. “ if you can accomplish that by encouraging electricity consumption at different times, you can do it without having to build more storage infrastructure. ” manual demand response — where utilities phone their customers and ask them to please ease back on the air conditioning — has been around for decades, but the new wave is automated, continuous, and sufficiently seamless that most people won ’ t even notice. it works by sending wireless signals to smart appliances and other devices — again with the help of smart meters — about how much energy to use within a set of consumer - determined performance parameters that could potentially be programmed, like a thermostat or light timer. the aim isn ’ t just to use less energy, callaway says, but to use it at the right times. such a fine - toothed approach, which will require both technological advances and regulatory work to become feasible, would help the grid adapt to the uneven profile of renewables on an ongoing basis, as well as avoid outages during peak events. sometimes energy draw can even be nudged upward to account for renewables. in 2010, a storm caused a field of wind turbines in oregon ’ s columbia river gorge to nearly overwhelm the grid with power, prompting local agencies to pilot a new method of storing excess electricity : remotely cranking up the dial on special water and space heaters inside participating customers ’ homes. information is power successfully adopting both batteries and demand response will take an intimate understanding of how california ’ s grid functions on a real - time basis. that ’ s precisely the goal of a powerful new model out of uc berkeley, developed first for california by matthias fripp, m. s. ’ 03, ph. d. ’ 08, erg, while completing his dissertation and later expanded to all of western north america and then overseas by dan kammen and his students. kammen is the director of the renewable and appropriate energy laboratory, an erg and goldman school of public policy professor who was fripp ’ s faculty advisor. california ’ s energy commission and air resources board have already begun to employ the model to calculate carbon emissions caused by electricity generation, kammen says. but it can also be used to solve for both cost and reliability, especially in regard to the intermittent output of most renewable


i was reminded this morning of why twitter can be so useful – i usually check the latest # mathchat tweets and saw richard wade ’ s tweet with a link to the latest teach maths newsletter, on ‘ ten great ideas ’. the first item includes this wonderful composite number tree by jeffrey ventrella – i ’ m looking forward to trying that with students after half term. i think it would make a great starter. students could work out themselves how the tree is being formed and comment on any patterns they notice. also included in the first newsletter item is the excellent primitives application by alec mceachran, i included this myself with some resources for looking at prime factors in an earlier post. it ’ s a small world! i see the second item is on craig barton ’ s web whizz video on teachmathematics. you can see all craig ’ s videos here on tes resources. on wolframalpha, if you query on a word you can see a word frequency history, see this on mathematics for example ( the history is based on a google books sample of one million books ). an opportunity for some cross curricular work perhaps? wolframalpha is still free to check working for as many queries as you want making it very useful for students but now step by step solutions are limited to three a day unless you sign up to wolframalpha pro, so choose your three carefully! the new style step by step solutions are clearly presented – see this integration by parts for example : ( see this page for wolframalpha examples showing the syntax for many different queries. i have added a couple of new slideshows for older students recently, on set theory & logic and differential equations ). finally, still on the subject of reading, i enjoyed andrew old ’ s post on ‘ what ofsted say they want ’. just what is good teaching all about? this is so sensible! for uk teachers i hope you enjoyed half term last week or like me are looking forward to a week off this coming week!


economics model answers two introductory : 1. in a free market, the price and quantity at which goods are sold are where _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ equals _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _. supply equals demand 2. suppose the price demand curve is p = $ 20 - q, where p is price and q is quantity. also suppose the price supply curve is p = $ 4 + q. at what price and quantity will the good be sold? the good is sold where supply equals demand. that means the supply p must equal the demand p, and the supply q must equal the demand q. this can be found by graphing the above two equations and seeing where they intersect, or by solving them by setting p to the same value in both : - p = $ 20 − q - p = $ 4 + q - 20 − q = 4 + q - 20 = 4 + 2q - 4 + 2q = 20 - 2q = 16 - q = 8 plugging this back into the first equation gives p : - p = $ 20 − q = $ 20 − 8 = $ 12 checking our work, we plug this p and q into the second equation : - 12 = 4 + 8 = 12 answer : q = 8, p = $ 12 intermediate : 3. draw the supply and demand for air. in addition, draw the supply and demand for a good that costs $ 10000000000000000000000000 trillion dollars. the demand curve for air must be at a zero price, which is the x - axis ( p = 0 everywhere, although note that if the quantity of air ever approached zero then the demand price would sharply increase as people would pay to survive ). the supply curve for air must be at fixed quantity, and hence a vertical line. they must intersect at p = 0, q = amount of air in the atmosphere : note, however, that air is not a scarce good, and that is why its supply and demand curves are so unusual and nonsensical. the point where supply equals demand for an extremely expensive good must be at low quantity q. from there the supply curve would slope upwards, and the demand curve would slope downwards : ( thanks to kevin for both graphs above ) 4. suppose 1000 persons in a town each have the following weekly demands for gas, and the gas stations have the following weekly supplies : gallons demand price / gallon supply price / gallon 10 $ 2. 50 $. 50 20 $ 2 $.


) 4. suppose 1000 persons in a town each have the following weekly demands for gas, and the gas stations have the following weekly supplies : gallons demand price / gallon supply price / gallon 10 $ 2. 50 $. 50 20 $ 2 $. 75 30 $ 1 $ 1 40 $. 75 $ 1. 50 ( a ) what is the price and overall quantity of gas sold each week? the price and quantity at which the good ( gas ) is sold is where supply equals demand. that means that the p for supply equals the p for demand, and the q for supply equals the q for demand. looking at the above table, where do both the p and q for supply equal the corresponding p and q for demand? that occurs on the third line above : q equals 30 for both supply and demand, and p equals $ 1 for both supply and demand. the answer is there : p = $ 1, q = 30. ( b ) suppose congress declares war and imposes a price control of $. 75 per gallon. at what price and overall quantity will gas sell each week? when price p is fixed by the government at $. 75, then what is the corresponding q supply and demand? looking at the table, the corresponding q in the supply column is 20 gallons, and the corresponding q in the demand column is 40 gallons. the lower number is what matters, because nothing can be bought unless it is both supplied and demanded. so the supply is 20 gallons and that is what is sold at $. 75 per gallon. that is 20 times 0. 75 = $ 15 per person, or $ 15, 000 for the whole town. some may try to buy and sell gas illegally at a higher price, as illegal markets often develop when there are price controls. 5. suppose the government limits the supply of toyota cars that can be imported in 2008 to a certain quota. what effect does this have on the supply curve, and on the equilibrium price? who is helped by this import quota, and who is hurt? be as specific as possible. import quotas cause the supply curve to shift upward, and for the equilibrium where supply meets demand to shift to less quantity at a greater price. the consumers are hurt by import quotas, and everyone pays more for the cars and some people who wanted the car at its lower, free market price, cannot buy it at the higher price. sellers of toyota cars are helped because they make bigger profits per car sold, although they cannot sell as many as before. 6. suppose you


b2 : a mixture of 2 % biodiesel and 98 % petroleum diesel based on volume. b20 : a mixture of 20 % biodiesel and 80 % petroleum diesel based on volume. b100 : 100 % biodiesel, also known as “ neat ” biodiesel. biodiesel : a biodegradable transportation fuel for use in diesel engines that is produced through the transesterfication of organically - derived oils or fats. it may be used either as a replacement for or as a component of diesel fuel. carbon dioxide ( co2 ) : a colorless, odorless gas produced by respiration and combustion of carbon - containing fuels. plants use it as a food. e10 : a mixture of 10 % ethanol and 90 % gasoline based on volume. e85 : a mixture of 85 % ethanol and 15 % gasoline based on volume. ethanol ( ch3ch2oh ) : a colorless, flammable liquid produced by fermentation of sugars. used as a fuel oxygenate and found in alcoholic beverages. fermentation : a biochemical reaction that breaks down complex organic molecules ( such as carbohydrates ) into simpler materials ( such as ethanol, carbon dioxide and water ). bacteria or yeasts can ferment sugars to ethanol. glycerin ( c3h8o3 ) : a liquid by - product of biodiesel production. glycerin is used in the manufacture of dynamite, cosmetics, liquid soaps, inks and lubricants. hydrocarbon ( hc ) : an organic compound that contains only hydrogen and carbon. in vehicle emissions, these are usually vapors created from incomplete combustion or from vaporization of liquid gasoline. emissions of hydrocarbons contribute to ground level ozone. methyl - tertiary butyl ester ( mtbe ) : a fuel oxygenate made from petroleum. it does not biodegrade and can contaminate groundwater. nitrogen oxides ( nox ) : a product of photochemical reactions of nitric oxide in ambient air, and the major component of photochemical smog. oxygenate : a compound which contains oxygen in its molecular structure. ethanol and biodiesel act as oxygenates when they are blended with conventional fuels. oxygenated fuel improves combustion efficiency and reduces tailpipe emissions of co. ozone : a compound that is formed when oxygen and other compounds react in sunlight. in the upper atmosphere, ozone protects the earth from the sun ' s ultraviolet rays. though beneficial in the upper atmosphere,


combustion efficiency and reduces tailpipe emissions of co. ozone : a compound that is formed when oxygen and other compounds react in sunlight. in the upper atmosphere, ozone protects the earth from the sun ' s ultraviolet rays. though beneficial in the upper atmosphere, at ground level, ozone is called photochemical smog, and is a respiratory irritant and considered a pollutant. particulates : a fine liquid or solid particle such as dust, smoke, fumes, or smog, found in air or emissions. petroleum : any petroleum - based substance comprising a complex blend of hydrocarbons derived from crude oil through the process of separation, conversion, upgrading, and finishing, including motor fuel, jet oil, lubricants, petroleum solvents, and used oil. sulfur : a natural part of petroleum diesel fuel that is reduced during refining due to an epa mandate. sulfur increases petroleum diesel ' s lubricity and therefore engine life. sulfur oxides and sulfides in exhaust emissions are major components of acid rain. transesterfication : a chemical process which reacts an alcohol with the triglycerides contained in vegetable oils and animal fats to produce biodiesel and glycerin. source : department of energy, national biodiesel board and renewable fuels association. information at your fingertips industry association web sites are primed with information on biodiesel and ethanol. visit the following sites to learn more on both topics, including locations on where to purchase biodiesel in your area :


weeds that survive an initial herbicide application are often re - sprayed later in the season. however, according to university of illinois associate professor of weed science aaron hager, the likelihood of controlling larger, moisture - stressed weeds continues to decline. moreover, herbicides applied late in the season are more likely to persist long enough to injure sensitive rotational crops. nearly all herbicide labels ( soil - applied or post - emergence ) specify the interval between herbicide application and planting a rotational crop. some of these restrictions are based solely on time, while others take into account factors such as soil ph and the amount of precipitation received after herbicide application when determining interval length. “ soil moisture is often the most critical factor governing the efficacy and persistence of soil - residual herbicides, ” hager says. “ many herbicides are degraded in soil by the activity of soil microorganisms, and populations of these microorganisms can be greatly depressed when soil moisture is limited. ” dry soils can also enhance herbicide adsorption to soil colloids, thus rendering the herbicide unavailable for plant uptake and degradation by soil microbial populations. some herbicide rotational intervals are increased if a specified amount of precipitation is not received by a certain calendar date. the intervals are established to prevent herbicide residues from reaching levels that will adversely affect the rotational crop. respecting these intervals becomes particularly important with late - season herbicide applications and when soil moisture is limited. “ please keep in mind that the labels of almost all post - emergence soybean herbicides indicate a pre - harvest interval or a soybean developmental stage beyond which applications cannot be made, ” says hager. labels of some products may indicate both a developmental stage ( before soybean bloom, for example ) and a pre - harvest interval. preharvest intervals indicate the amount of time that must elapse between the herbicide application and crop harvest. failure to observe the preharvest interval may result in herbicide residue levels in the harvested portion of the crop in excess of established limits. moreover, labels on many postemergence soybean herbicides specify that foraging of, or grazing livestock on, treated soybean is not allowed.


as d. w. notes, the distinction made between " bit - based " and " word - based " stream ciphers in the source you cite is irrelevant to the end - user. for both kinds of stream ciphers ( as well as for block ciphers in streaming modes like ctr or ofb ), the manner in which the keystream is combined with the plaintext is always the same : bitwise xor, which operates at the bit level but is easily parallelized both in hardware and in software. in any case, the actual distinction they seem to be making is between lfsr - based stream ciphers, which sequentially output one bit per iteration, and ciphers such as rc4 ( and, presumably, block ciphers in streaming modes ) which generate their output bitstream in larger chunks. lfsr - based stream ciphers have generally been designed for direct hardware implementation, where they have the advantage of simplicity, but they ' ve traditionally suffered from poor performance in software ; whereas in hardware it ' s easy to shuffle single bits around and combine them using simple logic gates, typical cpus are designed for carrying out higher - level operations on chunks of 8, 16, 32, 64 or 128 bits in parallel. running a cipher that operates on single bits in software thus wastes most of the cpu ' s power, unless the algorithm can be reformulated to operate on many bits in parallel, something that many older lfsr - based cipher designs haven ' t been very well suited for. on the other hand, ciphers like rc4 were designed for software implementation from the beginning, and do very well there. ( although rc4 itself operates on 8 - bit bytes, which is arguably suboptimal for modern high - end cpus, its simplicity still keeps is competitive there. besides, there are still plenty of 8 - bit processors around in embedded devices and such. ) however, they often make use of features that are difficult and costly to implement in hardware, such as access to relatively large amounts of ram ( e. g. 258 bytes for rc4, accessed in an essentially random order ). in recent years, though, the trend in stream cipher design has been towards ciphers that blur these lines, being efficient to implement in both hardware and software. good examples can be found e. g. in the estream portfolio : the trivium cipher, for example, is fundamentally a " bit - based " shift register design, and can indeed be implemented as such if desired ; however


linear regression using numpy a linear regression line is of the form w1x + w2 = y and it is the line that minimizes the sum of the squares of the distance from each data point to the line. so, given n pairs of data ( xi, yi ), the parameters that we are looking for are w1 and w2 which minimize the error and we can compute the parameter vector w = ( w1, w2 ) t as the least - squares solution of the following over - determined system let ' s use numpy to compute the regression line : from numpy import arange, array, ones, random, linalg from pylab import plot, show xi = arange ( 0, 9 ) a = array ( [ xi, ones ( 9 ) ] ) # linearly generated sequence y = [ 19, 20, 20. 5, 21. 5, 22, 23, 23, 25. 5, 24 ] w = linalg. lstsq ( a. t, y ) # obtaining the parameters # plotting the line line = w * xi + w # regression line plot ( xi, line, ' r - ', xi, y, ' o ' ) show ( ) we can see the result in the plot below. you can find more about data fitting using numpy in the following posts : ( note : opinions expressed in this article and its replies are the opinions of their respective authors and not those of dzone, inc. )


as religious people, we have a strong allegiance to certain moral and ethical principles, and our allegiance to those moral and ethical principles can be stronger than our allegiance to our nation. for example, as unitarian universalists we say that one of our ethical principles is that we affirm the inherent worth and dignity of all persons. we adopted that particular principle in 1985, but it has roots going back much further than that. that particular ethical principle can trace its roots back to the golden rule, a far older ethical principle that states that we shall do unto others as we would have them do unto us. unitarians and universalists got the golden rule from the ethical teachings of jesus of nazareth, who was reported to have told his followers a form of the golden rule some two thousand years ago. but jesus did not make up the golden rule ; he was restating an even older ethical precept that he got from his jewish upbringing. in the torah, those jewish books traditionally supposed to have been written by moses, in the book of leviticus, chapter 19, verse 18, it states : “ thou shalt not avenge, nor bear any grudge against the children of thy people, but thou shalt love thy neighbor as thyself. ” the book of leviticus is at least two thousand five hundred years old, in its present form, though it is made up of even older material ; and surely the golden rule is among the older material in the book. suffice it to say that we are the inheritors of a religious tradition that has affirmed the ideal of this ethical precept for thousands of years. obviously, then, our ethical tradition can trace its roots back to well before the founding of the united states. in fact, some of us would say that our ethical principles transcend any one people or nation or moment in history. the golden rule has been worded differently at different times, and we further know that there are examples of ethical principles in other cultures that sound a good deal like our golden rule. all these are specific manifestations of a general transcendent principle ; as a religious people, we owe our allegiance to this transcendent, eternally true ethical principle ; and as a religious people, we owe a greater allegiance to this transcendent ethical principle than we do to the relatively short - lived american nation. our adherence to such transcendent ethical principles leads us to what i ’ m calling “ critical patriotism. ” we do owe patriotic feelings towards the united states ; but our patriotic feelings will never