a visual poem, which illustrates something which is very important to them. 4. a piece of plain white paper will be passed out, along with a box of crayons. watercolors will be available at the art table if children elect to use them. 5. soft instrumental music will be played in the background, as the students create their visual poems. 6. students will be paired up with a partner to share their visual poem. they will be instructed to tell the person at least 1 thing they liked about the visual poem. have the students do a poetry reading ( on a volunteer basis ), which gives them the opportunity to share their creations in front of an audience. collect the visual poems and put them together into a book. here is an example title of a book, ms. hiltel ' s 3rd grade classes ' wonderful creations! teacher collects the visual poems, and checks for visual evidence of completion of the assignment including use of color and connection to important event or aspect of students ' lives. after poems are shared in partners, each student critiques peer ' s visual poem, by stating one aspect which is particularly liked. teacher also listens to students ' comments during sharing. 1. overhead projector 2. copies of 3 - 4 poems on transparencies 3. 1 poem to read aloud 4. 1 box of crayons ( per student ) 5. watercolors, paintbrushes, plastic cups, paper towels ( for optional use ) 6. white paper ( 1 sheet per student ) 7. large piece of white butcher paper 8. soft instrumental music assigned students will collect crayons and return them to the proper place. students who used the watercolors at the art table will be responsible for cleaning up that area and putting away the watercolor boxes.


schizophrenia is a mental illness characterized by disturbances in mood, behavior and thinking ( psychosis ). the thinking disturbance shows up as a distortion of reality, sometimes with delusions and hallucinations, and fragmented thinking that results in disturbances of speech. the mood disturbance includes ambivalence and inappropriate or constricted display of emotions. the behavior disturbance may show up as apathetic withdrawal or bizarre activity. schizophrenia is not the same thing as ‘ split or multiple personalities ’ which is dissociative identity disorder ( did ). types of schizophrenia disorganized characterized by wild or silly behavior or mannerisms, inappropriate display of emotions, frequent hypochondriacal complaints and delusions and hallucinations that are transient and unorganized. catatonic typically a state of stupor, usually characterized by muscular rigidity, resistance to movement or opposite behavior to what is being asked. occasionally catatonic excitement occurs which is excited, uncontrollable motor activity. paranoid characterized by unwarranted suspicion and thinking that others have evil motives, and / or an exaggerated sense of self - importance ( delusions of grandeur ). undifferentiated psychotic symptoms are prominent but do not fall into any other subtype. residual no longer psychotic but still shows some symptoms of the disorder. typically, schizophrenia is treated with antipsychotic medications. when the older medications such as mellaril, prolizin, trilafon and thorazine are used for an extended period of time a sometimes - permanent condition called tardive dyskinesia can result. symptoms may include involuntary movements of face, mouth, tongue or limbs. stopping the medication may cause the symptoms to disappear in some but not all. medications can treat the side effects but not the tardive dyskinesia. there is a new generation of antipsychotic medications which have very little risk of tardive dyskinesia including seroquel, zyprexa, risperdal and clozaril.


this week intel privately shared parts of its roadmap for memory technologies through 2008. intel ’ s progress on phase - change memory, pcm or pram, will soon be sampled to customers with mass production possible before the end of the year. phase - change memory is positioned as a replacement for flash memory, as it has non - volatile characteristics, but is faster and can be scaled to smaller dimensions. flash memory cells can degrade and become unreliable after as few as 10, 000 writes, but pcm is much more resilient at more than 100 million write cycles. for these reasons, intel believes that phase - change memory could one day replace dram. “ the phase - change memory gets pretty close to nirvana, ” said ed doller, cto of intel ’ s flash memory group. “ it will start to displace some of the ram in the system. ” for its implementation of phase - change memory, intel has since 2000 licensed technology from ovonyx inc.. the ovonyx technology uses the properties of chalcogenide glass, the same material found in cd - rw and dvd - rw, which can be switched between crystalline and amorphous states for binary functions. every potential pcram memory maker thus far licenses ovonyx technology. according to ovonyx ’ s web site, the first licensee of the technology was lockheed martin in 1999, with intel and stmicroelectronics in the following year. four years after that, nanochip signed an agreement. elpida and samsung were the next two in 2005, and qimonda marks the latest with a signing this year. ibm, macronix and qimonda detailed last december its recent developments on phase - change memory. researchers at ibm ’ s labs demonstrated a prototype phase - change memory device that switched more than 500 times faster than flash while using less than one - half the power to write data into a cell. the ibm device ’ s cross - section is a minuscule 3 by 20 nanometers in size, far smaller than flash can be built today and equivalent to the industry ’ s chip - making capabilities targeted for 2015. intel ’ s initial phase - change technology, however, is already a reality, as the chipmaker revealed that it has produced a 90 nanometer phase - change memory wafer. at the 90 nanometer process size, the power requirements to write are approximate to that required for flash. intel said that its early test work shows data retention abilities of greater than 10


types of resist such as rice paste and wax are also used to protect areas of the fabric to create intricate patterns. indigo was also be used for printing and painting with use of different chemicals like arsenic trisulfide, or iron sulfate and thickeners. when indigo is in solution it is a yellow green color but often the top layer of the vat is blue because it is exposed to the air. indigo is sometimes called a magic dye because of the way the fabric changes color from a yellow green to the deep blues as the air oxidizes the dye. as the dye molecules oxidize they become insoluble in water again so they don ' t wash out of the fabric. the fabric is dipped in the indigo vat to soak up some dye, and then hung in the air to oxidize where it turns blue. another feature of indigo is the ability to build up the depth of color by repeated dippings into the bath. successive dippings and airings give you darker and darker blues. shades can thus range from pale sky blue to deepest dark navy indigo. we are all familiar with the characteristic way in which indigo fades as the fabric is used and worn, such as the fade lines on your favorite jeans. this is because indigo does not actually chemically bond to the fabric. instead it becomes insoluble in water again when it reacts with the air and becomes lodged in the small spaces with the fiber. over time as the fibers are rubbed with wear it rubs out some of the dye creating faded lines. indigo dyed fabric can also do something called crocking where it rubs off on things, and you, if not properly laundered before use. if you dont want to try out for the blue man group, be sure and wash newly dyed or store bought indigo dyed fabric and clothing with hot water and synthrapol. our dharma dye fixative or retayne in a hot soak can cause the fabric to retain more of the indigo before washing, so you will get less fade on the first washing, and still no crocking after. since indigo was one of the only natural blue dyes, and the best, it was often used to over dye yellow fabrics to make greens. in museum tapestries you will often see that many plants are very bluish, this is because natural yellow dyes are more sensitive to fading from uv light than indigo and over time the indigo has become the predominate color in the fibers. these days most indigo dye in commercial use is made synthetic


a waxy substance found in all of the body ’ s cells. the body uses cholesterol for a number of important functions, such as manufacturing certain hormones. as most people know, however, too much cholesterol in the blood can be damaging to the heart and blood vessels. the liver manufactures most of the body ’ s cholesterol, but we also get it directly from the foods we eat. cholesterol travels through the bloodstream in the form of complex molecules called lipoproteins. there are several varieties of lipoproteins, including low - density lipoproteins ( ldl ’ s ) and high - density lipoproteins ( hdl ’ s ). ldl cholesterol, nicknamed the “ bad ” cholesterol, tends to mix with other substances in the blood and form buildups called plaques on the inner walls of blood vessels. these blood vessels can become hard and narrowed, decreasing blood flow, a condition known as atherosclerosis. plaques can also break off, form clots, and block key blood vessels, causing heart attacks and strokes. hdl ’ s carry cholesterol away from the arteries to the liver, where it can be removed from the body. this keeps cholesterol from building up inside blood vessels, earning hdl cholesterol the nickname “ good ” cholesterol. doctors use the levels of hdl and ldl cholesterol to help determine a person ’ s risk of heart disease. the more ldl cholesterol and less hdl cholesterol a person has, the greater his risk of developing heart disease. according to the cholesterol guidelines of the american diabetes association ( ada ), adults with diabetes who have ldl cholesterol levels of 130 mg / dl or greater are at high risk of heart disease, those with levels of 100 - 129 mg / dl are at borderline risk, and those with levels below 100 mg / dl are at low risk. men with hdl cholesterol levels under 35 mg / dl are at high risk, those with levels of 35 - 45 mg / dl are at borderline risk, and those with levels over 45 mg / dl are at low risk. women with hdl levels under 45 mg / dl are at high risk, those with levels of 45 - 55 mg / dl are at borderline risk, and those with levels greater than 55 mg / dl are at low risk. even small improvements in blood cholesterol levels have been shown to


the common loon ( gavia immer ) is a highly aquatic, migratory bird distributed across north america, greenland, and iceland. the common loon is 66 cm to 91 cm in length and weighs between 2. 5 kg and 6. 1 kg. they have an average wingspan of 130 cm to 140 cm ( mcintyre and barr, 1997 ). the geographic location of the common loon during the breeding season is in forested areas surrounding freshwater, oligotrophic lakes in the northern region of north america, greenland, and iceland. during the winter months, the common loon migrates to coastal marine habitats in the southern portion of north america. migration for the winter occurs between september and december and migration for the summer occurs between march and june. migration groups can be composed of thousands of irregularly spaced individuals, a small group of individuals, or a single individual ( mcintyre and barr, 1997 ). the common loon is high specialized for swimming and diving ( perrins and middleton, 1985 ; mcintyre and barr, 1997 ). individuals spend most of their lives in the air or in water and only come to land to copulate, nest, or when ill ( mcintyre and barr, 1997 ). although most dives underwater last under a minute, the common loon is capable of remaining underwater for several minutes ( perrins and middleton, 1985 ). the species diet primarily consists of live fish, although other aquatic vertebrates and vegetation are also consumed. predators of the common loon most commonly attack young and include crows, ravens, gulls, skunks, weasels, bald eagles, and snapping turtles ( mcintyre and barr, 1997 ). the common loon is monogamous and mates typically remain together throughout the breeding season. mate replacement occurs after the death of one individual. the age at first breeding varies between four and seven years of age and breeding is annual. adults are highly aggressive in territorial defense. both sexes are capable of severely injuring or even killing conspecifics that invade their territory ( mcintyre and barr, 1997 ). clutch size is two eggs and the incubation period is about 28 days ( mcintyre and barr, 1997 ). both parents participate in incubation of the eggs. young are precocial, or well - developed, after hatching. young eat fresh food caught by the parents as opposed to food that has been regurgitated. additionally, young are capable of leaving the nest and even diving the day after hatching ( perrins and middleton, 1985 )! additional information on


r. david lankes, ph. d. this paper examines the domain of digital reference services for and by the primary and secondary education community. data is provided to demonstrate the current understanding of education question types and education users in digital reference. it is believed this data will be of wide utility for digital library builders geared toward primary and secondary users ( k - 12 ) such as the international children ' s digital library and the national science digital library. digital reference and digital libraries for education digital reference refers to internet - based expert answering services [ lankes, 1999b ]. in such a service, a user typically poses a question to a digital reference service through a web form, e - mail or a chat interface. an expert ( such as a scientist or librarian ) uses this input to construct an answer that is both passed back to the user as well as used in some knowledge base or enhancement to a digital library collection. there is a growing body of research and development in digital reference [ janes, 2000 ; mardikian and kesselman, 1995 ; tyckoson, 2002 ; lagace and mcclennen, 1998 ; mon, 2000 ; ferguson and bunge, 1997 ], and digital reference services are being implemented within the context of digital libraries such as the national science foundation ( nsf ) national science digital library [ national research council, 1998 ]. much is known about use of digital reference in primary and secondary education ( in this article, the term " education " will refer simply to primary and secondary education ), and this knowledge has utility not only to digital reference services aimed at this population, but to the larger digital library community as well. specifically, the author argues that services aimed at primary and secondary users represent a revelatory case for digital reference for three reasons ; digital reference services for education are : current state of the art in order to present a picture of digital reference for education, the author first presents two major types of services in the education domain. each type is then illustrated with an exemplar service. types of digital reference services in education there are two obvious, though often overlapping, categories of digital reference services in education : library - based services, and aska services. aska services can be further divided into general services that may be of use to the education community as part of a more general mission ( such as ask joan of art®, an aska service that answers questions concerning american art for anyone who asks, but is particularly useful in art education ) and services targeted squarely at the education community


education community as part of a more general mission ( such as ask joan of art®, an aska service that answers questions concerning american art for anyone who asks, but is particularly useful in art education ) and services targeted squarely at the education community ( such as askeric ( sm ), though it covers all levels of education including higher and continuing education ). the author will concentrate on education aska services for this paper. for the purposes of this discussion, " library reference " refers to digital reference services either centered in a public, academic, school or special library, or with primary reliance on library programs. with the advent of digital reference, a great number of libraries are now offering reference service to remote patrons [ janes, 2000 ]. these services take a variety of forms, from e - mail systems, to real - time chat systems. in the library context, digital reference is referred to as virtual reference, e - reference, networked reference, live reference, online reference and even chat reference. while some in the community make a distinction in the mode of delivery and the synchronous nature of the service offered, most agree that these are all part of a single larger concept of digital reference. the library reference community also provides the most in - depth discussion of policy, evaluation [ mcclure and lankes, 2001 ] and the largest set of documented digital reference services ( as opposed to the body of systems and development work out of the aska community discussed later ). much of this work is encapsulated in the proceedings of the annual virtual reference desk ( vrd ) conferences [ virtual reference desk, 2002 ], which have a strong library emphasis. in fact, this article and the digital reference research symposium were outgrowths of the vrd conferences and other work. as a result of this intense interest in digital reference by the library community, several large - scale digital reference projects are available for use by the research and scholarly community. the collaborative digital reference service ( cdrs ) spearheaded by the library of congress and that has evolved into the questionpoint service run by oclc in cooperation with the library of congress, certainly demonstrates the breadth of library - based digital reference services spanning public, academic and international libraries. the national library of canada ' s recent introduction of virtual reference canada to work with canadian digital reference services also promises to be a major source of digital reference activity and development. other prominent digital reference efforts in the library world include knowitnow from the cleveland public library, the 24 / 7 reference service that acts as a


to work with canadian digital reference services also promises to be a major source of digital reference activity and development. other prominent digital reference efforts in the library world include knowitnow from the cleveland public library, the 24 / 7 reference service that acts as a statewide digital reference network for the state of california, and the recent efforts of the state library of washington. also of interest to researchers in digital reference are digital reference vendors in the library domain including lssi ' s virtual reference service. one special case that should not be overlooked is the internet public library, for while it is not based in a library setting ( it is part of the school of information at the university of michigan ), it has its roots and traditions firmly planted in the library community. library reference exemplar : kidsconnect while many library services support the education community ( of course, academic libraries serve a higher education population and public libraries answer questions of students ), few target primary and secondary education exclusively. one exception is the kidsconnect service. kidsconnect is a question - answering, help and referral service to k - 12 students on the internet [ kidsconnect, 2002 ; bennett, 1998 ]. it is a project of the american library association ' s american association of school librarians ( aasl ). kidsconnect has three missions : the first is to educate school library media specialists in the use of the internet and digital reference as part of the larger iconnect project. the second is to promote information literacy in students through digital reference [ mancall et al., 1999 ]. the third is to promote local school libraries ( and school library media specialists ) as valuable sources of information and instruction. the kidsconnect model uses a large number of volunteer school library media specialists ( primarily in the united states ). each volunteer is trained using an in - depth mentoring process, then answers questions ( ranging from one question a day to one a week ). the digital reference transaction is conducted through e - mail and web forms. data from the kidsconnect service provides valuable insight into the types of students using digital reference services as well as the types of questions they ask. the service has been widely advertised to schools, particularly to teachers and school library media specialists. this advertising has been done through the professional association for school library media specialists ( aasl ), as well as through the internet. the data presented in figures 1 - 5 are from 1996 - 1998 ; however, more recent data presented in figures 6 - 9 are


has been done through the professional association for school library media specialists ( aasl ), as well as through the internet. the data presented in figures 1 - 5 are from 1996 - 1998 ; however, more recent data presented in figures 6 - 9 are used to estimate the current validity of the earlier numbers. figure 1 shows the number of questions answered by kidsconnect for the years 1996 - 1998 : these numbers are very much in line, though on the high end, with current numbers of library - based digital reference services as reported at recent library meetings, including the 2002 american library association conference. figure 2 shows how these questions were distributed across differing student and adult populations : these figures demonstrate a rough equivalence between primary ( elementary and middle school ) and secondary education ( high school ). the low number of users identified as " adult " is explained by both the focus of the kidsconnect service ( k - 12 students ), but also that any questions kidsconnect received from teachers were routed ( sent to ) the askeric service. a more interesting finding, however, was the gender distribution of the questioners as seen in figure 3 : one interesting finding of the kidsconnect staff was the prominence of girls asking questions. while many hypotheses were put forward to explain this situation ( e - mail providing a " safer " environment to ask questions than the well documented male dominated classroom, for example ), no formal research was conducted to follow up on this finding. the other interesting finding from the kidsconnect data related to the topics or subjects of the questions asked of kidsconnect. the kidsconnect team utilized a " subject line analysis " technique whereby the subject lines of a random sample of questions were examined and classified inductively into a subject scheme. if the subject lines were felt to be uninformative ( they did not indicate topicality but instead were words or phrases like " hello " or " please help " ) the underlying question was examined. the results of this analysis are shown in figure 4 : it is clear from this figure that questions on the topic of science constituted the bulk of questions received. in order to provide a clearer picture of this category, the analysis was further refined by " type of science questions ", as shown in figure 5 : data such as this should prove of great use to new digital reference services geared towards education, most notably the nsf ' s national smete digital library [ nsdl, 2002 ]. as mentioned before, these statistics represent somewhat dated analysis (


5 : data such as this should prove of great use to new digital reference services geared towards education, most notably the nsf ' s national smete digital library [ nsdl, 2002 ]. as mentioned before, these statistics represent somewhat dated analysis ( 4 years old ). in 1999, operation of the kidsconnect service moved from syracuse university to drexel university ( the previous statistics are based on syracuse data ). syracuse then transferred much of the staff and processes of kidsconnect into the virtual reference desk learning center. this project had a slightly different aim ; it had a broader focus and also worked in a network of aska services with general foci. however, the main concentration of the service was still on school library media specialists answering questions from the education community. statistics from the vrd service show a strong correlation between older kidsconnect statistics and more recent vrd usage. for example, figure 6 shows the user populations of the vrd service : note the higher " adult " population ( as compared with figure 2 ) reflecting the broader focus of the vrd network members. however, with this result removed, the distribution in primary and secondary education remains roughly equivalent to the earlier data, with a greater number of " middle school " questions. also note in figure 7 that science questions still dominate the service : once again, figure 8 provides a more fine - grained analysis of science questions : this distributions seems to hold over the three most recent years of the vrd service ( as seen in figure 9 ) : from these more recent statistics, it seems difficult to argue that there has been a massive shift in the types of education users asking questions or in the types of questions they ask. what is also clear from analyzing these two services is that the library community has many contributions to make to the digital reference research agenda specifically with respect to education as well as to digital reference research in general. it is also clear the library community contains large - scale digital reference efforts that make excellent research environments capable of being utilized in the search for generalizable knowledge. education aska services the second progenitor of current digital reference systems is aska services. aska services take their name from expert question and answer services tending to adopt names such as " ask a scientist " and " ask a volcanologist " [ lankes, 1999b ]. these services tended to originate without interaction with formal library systems and emphasized topical expertise ( as opposed to process expertise such as a librarian ' s ability to search for information ). a fuller picture of


a volcanologist " [ lankes, 1999b ]. these services tended to originate without interaction with formal library systems and emphasized topical expertise ( as opposed to process expertise such as a librarian ' s ability to search for information ). a fuller picture of aska services can be drawn from two studies conducted by lankes and white [ lankes, 1999b ; lankes, 1999c ; and white, 1999 ]. lankes presents an in - depth analysis of the structure and commonalities of " exemplary k - 12 digital reference services. " specifically this study sought to : the outcome of this study included detailed " blueprints " and a tuned framework of aska services grounded in complexity theory, as seen in figure 10 : white developed an analytical framework based on systems for evaluating aska services. this framework was then applied to a variety of 11 services ( including library - based services ). unlike library digital reference services that to this point have seen modest usage, aska services, in general, have begun with large usage and have experienced continuing dramatic increases. the most recent virtual reference desk survey of aska services done in 1999 demonstrates this. survey results in table 1 show an average 44 % increase in use of these asynchronous services from 1997 to 1998, with an average answer rate of 77 % in 1998 [ lankes and shostack, forthcoming ]. table 1 : virtual reference desk survey of aska service usage compare these statistics to those of the libraries studied as part of mcclure and lankes quality study [ mcclure and lankes, 2001 ], " in all cases the volume of digital reference questions is low, ranging from 3 to 33 per day " [ gross et al., 2002 ]. this study covered a range of libraries in terms of size and scope ( academic, public, federal, state ). one result of the large volume encountered by aska services has been an emphasis on process, software development and automation. whereas many library services have quickly adopted real - time technologies in which one - to - one interactions require full human intervention, aska services have looked to asynchronous technologies. ( at least this has been so at their onset. see figure 11 for the distribution of questions received by askeric by mode of digital reference as an example of the predominance of asynchronous means. note that " web " and " e - mail " are both asynchronous modes. ) aska services have also looked for means of shunting users to


an example of the predominance of asynchronous means. note that " web " and " e - mail " are both asynchronous modes. ) aska services have also looked for means of shunting users to resources. ( see lankes for a more detailed discussion of aska services and their architectures [ lankes, 1999b ]. ) these run the gambit from sophisticated techniques such as automated searching of previously asked questions ( as in the madsci service ), to forcing users through a list of frequently asked questions before they are able to submit a question ( as in the ask a volcanologist service ). aska services have also tended to develop more in terms of software and systems. early examples include ask dr. math®, the madsci network, and how things work. though there are excellent examples of software development in the library arena [ meola and starmont, 2002 ], library services have by and large adopted software from the help desk and e - commerce community, such as lssi and 24 / 7 reference ' s use of egain® and the common use of liveperson® and netagent. while this may be changing, aska services still remain a hot bed of systems development. another common attribute with aska services is their attention to the primary and secondary education community. in the case of some services, this attention is part of a larger view of the general internet population, but in many cases, it is a special attention where education is foremost and the general population is welcome as well. this can be seen in dr. math and madsci networks. it can also be seen in services, such as askeric, which focus on education professionals. education aska service exemplar : askeric while the kidsconnect discussion sheds light on digital reference use by primary and secondary education students, askeric can shed light on use of digital reference by education professionals. askeric is a project of the u. s. department of education ' s eric program. it was initiated and is still operated by the eric clearinghouse on information & technology ( though nearly all eric components ( clearinghouses, access eric, the eric processing facility and even the parent institution of eric, the national library of education ) are involved in answering questions ). askeric has two primary components : a question / answering service staffed by eric library and education professionals ( see figure 12 for the volume of questions ), and a virtual library of lesson plans, which contains pointers


, eric citations, discussion groups and more, they are also finding new resources to add and old resources to delete. this means that it is the digital reference process itself that is used as collection development, annotation and expert review. askeric is only one example of aska services geared specifically to the education community. it does, however, serve as a revelatory case. in the askeric exemplar we see the predominance of asynchronous technologies, high - volume usage, and the interconnection of the reference process with systems and digital libraries. digital reference for primary and secondary education has a rich and well - documented tradition. it serves as a revelatory case for other digital reference research and provides valuable insight into digital libraries that serve the education community as well as other communities. what is apparent from this small examination of digital reference in the education context is that all levels of education use digital reference services and education questions, while covering a broad range of topics, concentrate most heavily on science ( in the case of students ) and language arts ( in the case of education professionals ). also apparent is the usefulness of education digital reference services as research environments. aska services and library reference services alike hold large data sets of question and answer transactions. these data sets can be used to evaluate how questions are asked, what topics are of interest to the education community, and what language is used by the education community, as well as used to examine myriad other facts. some of these data sets are publicly available on the internet, while others are proprietary due to privacy concerns. from this examination of digital reference services, some methodological techniques can be added to the digital reference research discussion. first among these is the concept of subject line analysis. this technique seems to provide excellent exploratory power and may provide a rapid way to compare question types across services. lastly, analysis of digital reference services targeted towards the primary and secondary education community ( or at least the study of these services ) provides a wealth of models, theories and frameworks that can be brought to bear in future research. from the lankes / sutton framework, the general digital reference model ( resulting from lankes ' complexity framework ) to white ' s evaluative framework, there are rich analytic tools that can be used in the broader digital reference and digital library domain. ask joan of art®, < http : / / americanart. si. edu / study / reference - main. html >. [ ala ] american library association


: the challenge of seamless access. " government information quarterly. 16 ( 2 ). [ lankes, 1999a ] lankes, r. d. ( 1999a ). " the virtual reference desk : question interchange profile. " white paper for the virtual reference desk. eric clearinghouse on information & technology ; syracuse, ny. [ lankes, 1999b ] lankes, r. ( 1999b ). dissertation : building & maintaining internet information services, syracuse university. [ lankes, 1999c ] lankes, r. d. ( 1999 ). " aska ' s lesson learned from k - 12 digital reference services. " reference & user services quarterly. 38 ( 1 ). [ lankes and shostack ] lankes, r. and shostack, p. ( forthcoming ) " the necessity of real - time : fact and fiction in digital reference systems. " reference and user services quarterly. [ lankes et al. ] lankes, r. david, collins, j. and kasowitz, a. s. ( eds. ). ( 2000 ). digital reference : models for the new millennium. new york : neal - schuman. [ lankes, 2001 ] lankes, r. d. ( 2001 ). " creating a new reference librarianship. " vrd proceedings. ( online ) < http : / / www. vrd. org / conferences / vrd2001 / proceedings / reinventing. shtml >. [ lewis ] lewis, m. ( 2001 ). " faking it. " the new york times magazine, new york ; july 15, 2001. [ lita ] lita ( 1999 ). top tech trends. ( online ) < http : / / www. lita. org / committe / toptech / trendsmw99. htm >. [ mancall et al. ] mancall, j. and stafford, b. and zanger, c. ( 1999 ). iconnect : a snapshot of the first three years. knowledge quest. 28 ( 1 ), p24 - 37. [ marchionini ] marchionini, g. ( 1999 ). augmenting library services : toward the sharium. proceedings of the international symposium on digital libraries 1999 ( tsukuba, japan, september 28 - 29, 1999 ). 40 - 47. < http : / / ils. unc. edu / ~ march / sharium / isdl.


of the international symposium on digital libraries 1999 ( tsukuba, japan, september 28 - 29, 1999 ). 40 - 47. < http : / / ils. unc. edu / ~ march / sharium / isdl. pdf >. [ mardikian and kesselman ] mardikian, j., and kesselman, m. ( 1995 ). beyond the desk : enhanced reference staffing for the electronic library. reference services review, 23 ( 1 ), p21 - 28. [ meola and starmont ] meola, m. and starmont, s. ( 2002 ). starting and operating live virtual reference services : a how - to - do - it manual for librarians. new york : neal - schuman. [ mon ] mon, l. ( 2000 ). " digital reference service. " government information quarterly, 17 ( 3 ) 309 - 318. [ nsdl ] nsdl ( 2002 ). national science, technology, engineering, and mathematics education digital library ( nsdl ) ( online ) < http : / / www. ehr. nsf. gov / ehr / due / programs / nsdl > < http : / / www. nsf. gov / search97cgi / vtopic >. [ national research council ] national research council ( 1998 ). developing a digital national library for undergraduate science, mathematics, engineering, and technology education. nrc workshop, august 7 - 8, 1997. ( online ). washington, d. c. : national academy press. < http : / / books. nap. edu / books / 0309059771 / html / r1. html > ( ed425928 ). [ still and campbell ] still, j., and campbell, f. ( 1993 ). librarian in a box : the use of electronic mail for reference. reference services review, 21 ( 1 ), pp 15 - 18. [ tyckoson ] tyckoson, d. ( 2002 ). on the desirableness of personal relations between librarians and readers : the past and future of reference service. the future of reference papers, ( online ) < http : / / www. ala. org / rusa / forums / tyckoson _ forum. html >. [ white ] white, m. d., ed. ( 1999 ). analyzing electronic question / answer services : framework and evaluations of selected services. eric document ed433019. [ virtual


tuesday may 11, 2004 hamerschlag hall d - 210 with each technology generation, we are experiencing an increased rate of cosmically - induced soft errors in our chips. in the past, the impact of such errors could be minimized through protection of large memory structures. unfortunately, such techniques alone are becoming insufficient to maintain adequately low error rates. although, to a very rough approximation, the fault rate per transistor is not changing much, the increasing number of transistors is resulting in an ever increasing raw rate of bit upsets. thus, we are starting to see a dark side to moore ' s law in which the increased functionality we get with our exponentially increasing number of transistors is being countered with a exponentially increasing soft error rate. this will take increasing effort and cost to cope with. in this talk i will describe the severity of the soft error problem as well as techniques to estimate a processor ' s soft error rate. these estimates should help designers choose appropriate error protection schemes for various structures within a microprocessor. a key aspect of our soft error analysis is that some single - bit faults ( such as those occurring in the branch predictor ) will not produce an error in a program ' s output. we define a structure ' s architectural vulnerability factor ( avf ) as the probability that a fault in that particular structure will result in an error in the final output of a program. a structure ' s error rate is the product of its raw error rate, as determined by process and circuit technology, and the avf. unfortunately, computing avfs of complex structures, such as the instruction queue, can be quite involved. to guide such complex avf calculation, we identify numerous cases, such as prefetches, dynamically dead code, and wrong - path instructions, in which a fault will not affect correct execution. our simulations using these techniques show that the avfs of a mckinley - like microprocessor ' s instruction queue and execution units are 29 % and 9 %, respectively. shubu mukherjee is the director of intel ' s fact group in hudson, massachusetts. the fault aware computing technology ( fact ) group is involved with various aspects of soft error measurement, detection, and recovery techniques in current and future machines. in the past, he worked for digital equipment corporation for ten days and compaq computer corporation for three years. in compaq, he worked on fault tolerance techniques for alpha processors and was one of the architects of the alpha 21364 interconnection network. he


reconnecting children and naturethink back to your favorite childhood experience. for many, it ’ s being outside on a quest to build a fort in the woods, ride your bike, or freely explore the neighborhood. by : amy reineke, public health educator, alexandria echo press think back to your favorite childhood experience. for many, it ’ s being outside on a quest to build a fort in the woods, ride your bike, or freely explore the neighborhood. today, instead of hiking, biking and climbing trees, children are more likely to have limited direct experience with the outdoors and nature. if they are outside, it is more likely to be in organized sports, on playground equipment or being shuttled from activity to activity. research indicates that one of the best medicines to a stressful lifestyle is to spend time in a natural setting outdoors. children who spend time outdoors are likely to be happier, healthier, smarter, more cooperative and more creative. children need leisurely, unscripted and exploratory hours to find the wonders in their own backyards and neighborhoods. children should be discovering the beauty of the stars in the night sky to watching bugs on a warm summer ’ s day. according to recent research, there is evidence to suggest that the disconnect from nature creates diminished health ; obesity ; reduced cognitive, creative and problem - solving capacities ; lower school achievement ; lower self esteem, less self discipline ; and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. i recently got ahold of a book called last child in the woods : saving our children from nature deficit disorder by richard louv. he writes about a phrase he coined, nature deficit disorder, which isn ’ t a medical term but a social phenomenon. in his book, he brings together a new and growing body of research indicating that direct exposure to nature is essential for healthy childhood development and for the physical and emotional health of children and adults. “ there is very little that children do in their lives that compares with their first experience in nature, ” louv says. children are the stewards of the future. it ’ s a simple solution. get kids outside more often so they can discover the adventure of the natural world. actions to reconnect children to nature • take a child outside and create the opportunity for children to have unstructured time to play outdoors every day. • create a nature club for families and plan monthly outings with other families in your community. • start a new kind of neighborhood watch so children can play within sight of adults while still experiencing the wonder


1 to take into account losses in the system. the number you have left is the size of the solar panel - in watts - which you need to buy. a 12v 80 amp / hour battery stores 960 watt - hours of electricity ( 12 x 80 = 960 ). 960 / 2 hours winter charge = 480 watt - hours 480 / 15 days = 32 watt - hours 32 x 1. 1 = 35 watt solar panel power inverters take the 12v voltage from your batteries and convert it to a 240v ac power supply. they are available in various different power outputs from 75 watts to 3kw and it is important to make sure you do not overload them. power inverters can get extremely hot in operation, so if you are planning to build them into a case, it is important to make sure they have adequate space around them so they do not over heat. when buying a power inverter, it is worth buying one that includes a low - voltage cut out. this means that when the batteries run low, the inverter switches off rather than totally draining the batteries. draining lead acid batteries completely can damage or destroy your batteries, so this is best avoided. power inverters are available from camping and caravan shops, car accessory outlets and most electrical wholesalers. they are commonly sold to motorists who want a 240v mains outlet in their car for running laptop computers. how do i measure how much power my appliances use? you can measure your power requirements using a plug - in energy monitor. these are plugged into a mains socket and the appliance you wish to measure is then plugged into the energy monitor. power drain is then monitored and shown as an average on the built - in display. if you don ' t have a plug - in energy monitor, you can find out how many watts many of your appliances use by reading the power information often printed on the back of them, or by checking the output on power adaptors. often these figures are shown in volts and amps. a transformer for a laptop pc, for instance, may have a power output of 19. 5v and a current of 4. 5 amps. multiplying these two figures together ( volts x amps ) will tell you how many watts are used per hour - in this case, my laptop consumes a maximum of 88 watts / hour of power. it is difficult to produce a table listing all the likely electrical items you will have in a home and provide an exact list


( apl ) is a subtype of aml that occurs when parts of two genes stick together. apl usually occurs in middle - aged adults. symptoms of apl may include both bleeding and forming blood clots. anything that increases your risk of getting a disease is called a risk factor. having a risk factor does not mean that you will get cancer ; not having risk factors doesn ' t mean that you will not get cancer. people who think they may be at risk should discuss this with their doctor. possible risk factors for aml include the following : possible signs of adult aml include fever, feeling tired, and easy bruising or bleeding. the early signs of aml may be like those caused by the flu or other common diseases. a doctor should be consulted if any of the following problems occur : tests that examine the blood and bone marrow are used to detect ( find ) and diagnose adult aml. the following tests and procedures may be used : certain factors affect prognosis ( chance of recovery ) and treatment options. the prognosis ( chance of recovery ) and treatment options depend on : it is important that acute leukemia be treated right away. emedicinehealth public information from the national cancer institute this information is produced and provided by the national cancer institute ( nci ). the information in this topic may have changed since it was written. for the most current information, contact the national cancer institute via the internet web site at http : / / cancer. gov or call 1 - 800 - 4 - cancer this information is not intended to replace the advice of a doctor. healthwise disclaims any liability for the decisions you make based on this information. some material in cancernet™ is from copyrighted publications of the respective copyright claimants. users of cancernet™ are referred to the publication data appearing in the bibliographic citations, as well as to the copyright notices appearing in the original publication, all of which are hereby incorporated by reference. find out what women really need. pill identifier on rxlist - quick, easy, find a local pharmacy - including 24 hour, pharmacies


she could never fully comprehend or follow. culture enters at every point of such a reading, controlling what it means to aspire, to be intellectual, to be displaced, to be female, to be declassed, to be applauded, to stage oneself. bacon ' s lifelong work of inventing and reinventing herself as a female intellectual celebrity, though a marginal episode in literary and cultural history, deserves attention for the ways in which it defines the center through the very forms of its marginality. in his shakespeare ' s lives, samuel schoenbaum, the eminent scholar of shakespeare biography, interprets all the anti - stratfordians as rebels against cultural and professional expertise whose invariable substitution of some high - ranking personage for the supposedly unlettered shakespeare paradoxically indexes " the heretic ' s revulsion against the provincial and lowly. " schoenbaum ' s use of " heretic " is metaphorical, but nathaniel hawthorne thought bacon understood herself quite literally as a heretic. when she realized that her readings of the plays ran counter to the " religious doctrines in which she had been educated, " he says, bacon was horrified at first ; but she chose her readings over her religion - - indeed, she made her readings into her religion. shakespeare ' s plays as she read them were nothing less than a new gospel, which she had been appointed to make known ; " she had faith that special interpositions of providence were forwarding her human efforts. " to bacon, hawthorne noted elsewhere, " every leaf and line " of her work " was sacred, for all had been written under so deep a conviction of truth as to assume, in her eyes, the aspect of inspiration. " it is not surprising that bacon fell into such a theological mode of self - understanding ; this was the psychological terminology her culture deployed. the motif of heresy was omnipresent in the calvinist historiography that had trained her, and her writings from the start luxuriated in metaphors of martyrdom. nor, in bacon ' s case, was rejecting authority along with the provincial and lowly a true paradox. it was precisely because authority was provincial and lowly that she rejected it. although of impeccable new england lineage on both sides, delia ' s family had slid far down the social scale. david, her father, was a visionary calvinist minister who failed first in a series of frontier ministries in michigan and then as founding patriarch of a utopian theocracy in tall


the quality in her description of the youthful poet lucretia davidson : " so vivid in my mind is the recollection of her animated and enthusiastic manner at that time, the bright flashing of her dark eye, and the glow of her brilliant complexion, that... it seems as if she now stood before me, the living image of youthful genius and sensibility. " catharine beecher, delia ' s former teacher, recalled her pupil in similar terms : " possessing an agreeable person, a pleasing and intelligent countenance, an eye of deep and earnest expression, a melodious voice, a fervid imagination, and the embryo of rare gifts of eloquence in thought and expression, she was pre - eminently one who would be pointed out as a genius. " the girl genius, at once admired and isolated, stood in complex relation to her classmates. often she came from a lower social class than they. since it was typical of genius to exceed boundaries, those ignorant of the boundaries were most likely to transgress ; moreover, those outside the genteel circle had an obvious need, which the well - positioned did not, to insist upon themselves. paradoxically and painfully for women in a sexually asymmetric society, female excess, even when inspired, was subject to discipline and censure. ultimately, as the tragic plot of corinne so clearly demonstrated, the world preferred ordinary women and aristocrats preferred their own kind. the plot of many an antebellum women ' s novel chronicles this poignant taming and normalizing of a genius who must subside ( or grow ) into conventional womanhood if she is to gain the approbation of society. the double bind of the girl genius in a culture dominated by a female pedagogy like catharine beecher ' s is cruelly obvious in the teacher ' s recollection. success in composition became " the highest object " of delia bacon ' s ambition, beecher reports, even as success continually eluded her : for beecher the genius is one who, by definition, cannot win the prize ; had she more discipline - - i. e., more class - - she might win but would be, then, less a genius. given such a context, one can easily imagine bacon attempting throughout her life to combine incompatibles : to operate in the social center while remaining the genius on the margins. these goals were further inflected by the theocentric vocabulary of a milieu where orthodoxy


ideas as a divine influx. she writes to beecher, a year after the public hearing, of newfound work for which she has been prepared by " all that i have suffered, " a " true and only vocation " making " the prospect of my future life not endurable merely, but more precious than it had ever been before. " " i have something to do yet before i die, " she continues, " and i would gladly suffer all that i have suffered, and think it little, if that were the cost of its accomplishment - l have work to do which is not my own, - ' day labor, ' and the night is at hand! i am tired of this mere suffering. " in elaborating and promulgating her anti - stratford theory, bacon was ultimately far less concerned to attack shakespeare the impostor than to promulgate the message she found in the plays. her incendiary essay attacking the bard, she told hawthorne, was meant merely " to send the old player about his business, to make way for this graver performance. " in this graver performance, bacon boldly theorized that the plays were republican polemics produced from within elizabeth ' s and james ' s court by a secret society founded by walter ralegh and headed in the next generation by francis bacon, who was chief if not sole author of the plays. extending the thesis, she argued that if the plays were not what they had been taken to be, then neither the elizabethan age nor history itself was what it had been taken to be. the heart of bacon ' s re - reading involved rewriting history itself. this fundamentally historicist approach to the plays developed from an intellectual. self - presentation that had always been grounded in a supposed mastery of history. but now, as she thoroughly revised a period of english history that was also foundational to united states history, bacon made herself an agent in history as well as a recounter of it. the influence of shakespeare had been obvious throughout in the construction and rhythms of the bride of fort edwards ; when bacon ventured into drama she worked from her culture ' s most revered model without seeming to question his authorship. but in composing a closet drama rather than a performance play, she worked with one of several possible shakespeares available to her. writing at length about the circulation of shakespeare ' s performed plays among all social levels in the antebellum united states, lawrence levine has argued that the bard ' s popularity reflects a scene where high and low culture were not


patiently collecting concrete, observable facts ; then developing successively broader generalizations from these facts ; and, ultimately, constructing a theory that accounted for every single one of them. this theory was called a law of nature ; it did not presume to explain how anything had come into being but only how it functioned. perfect functioning implied the perfection of the deity, who was the cause of it all. the emergence of baconian empiricism in england just as catholicism was being disestablished there was thought to be no historical coincidence ; rather, it was the express result of protestant ideology, according to which people looked at the world through their own eyes and saw it as the product of divine benevolence. the disciplines of science were in the process of organizing themselves throughout the northeastern united states during delia bacon ' s lifetime, and all the yale professors of chemistry, astronomy, geology, and " natural philosophy ' ( physics ) were advocates of bacon ' s system as they knew it through the mediation of scottish commonsense philosophy. delia bacon was well acquainted with these men, especially. benjamin silliman, yale ' s first professor of chemistry, and his son benjamin silliman, jr., who succeeded him in the same position. it was known that francis bacon had not fully carried out his plan of work ; delia bacon became convinced that some missing parts of the plan had been completed, specifically, the plays of " shakespeare, " a collection of human facts organized to display the laws of a human nature that was ineluctably progressing towards the worldwide institution of republican governments. these were heady ideas, and for some time delia bacon kept them to herself. in the meantime, she found a new field and many new admirers when she reinstituted her history classes in the - hberal precincts of unitarian boston and cambridge. eliza farrar, married to harvard ' s professor of mathematics and author of a best - selling advice book ( the young lady ' s friend, first published in 1836 ), provided here, parlor for one such course. she recalled that bacon " ended with a fine climax that was quite thrilling.... all who saw her then must remember how handsome she was, and how gracefully she used her wand in pointing to the illustrations of her subject. i used to be reminded by her of raphael ' s sibyls, and she often spoke like an oracle. " " even now, " ; her friend caroline dall remembered much later, " it is only necessary to close


before the insanity but its " criticism of those times is the most profound that has ever been written. some of the republicanism in the final formulation of the theory may well have come from peabody, just as some of its insistence on the divinity of human nature may have resulted from her exposure to local transcendentalism. but after a while, according to peabody, bacon became quite secretive about her ideas - not because she doubted them but because she was afraid of being scooped. although she used her attack on shakespeare to criticize the market mentality, she considered herself the owner as well as trustee of her theory and meant to get credit for it. she had no doubt that publication of the theory would make her world - famous. when bacon conceptualized the plays as a series of republican polemics authored chiefly by francis bacon, she did not claim kinship with him. yet the coincidence of names must have played a part in her thinking ; here was her unacknowledged forebear, an intellectual if not a blood relation. having affiliated with shakespeare in the bride of fort edward, she was now disavowing him for a far more attractive form of authority, replacing an untalented merchandiser of dramatic goods with a courtier and gentleman who was a great thinker and also, in her reading of him, a republican revolutionary. bacon ' s historicist focus, her insistence that no great literature could be merely entertaining or even purely aesthetic, in her mind privileged her reading above all others, a position that oddly adumbrates counter - aesthetic historicist criticism of the present day. she even went a step further to argue that bacon and his group would not have been content to limit their radical work to mere writing : " there was to have been a change in the government here at one time, very different from the one which afterwards occurred, if the original plans of these men had succeeded. the ciphered language she insisted was deployed in the plays - the discourse awaiting delia bacon ' s unsealing - had been developed originally as a way for the courtiers to communicate with each other without arousing the crown ' s suspicion. because, on the one hand, the crown was too vigilant and, on the other, the people were insufficiently trained in republican principles to be trustworthy citizens in a free state, the courtiers abandoned their planned revolution. only then did the frustrated elizabethan man of action become a man of letters, who " invented new letters in his need, letters that would go farther than the sword


be trustworthy citizens in a free state, the courtiers abandoned their planned revolution. only then did the frustrated elizabethan man of action become a man of letters, who " invented new letters in his need, letters that would go farther than the sword " ( p. xlix ). in short, the plays developed a sophisticated republican political theory in a coded language that conveyed it ( under the very nose of the queen, whose regime the theory sought to undermine ) to an unlettered public via the sensuous immediacy of dramatic performance. if examined closely, bacon ' s argument undermines the religion ' political origins of united states history according to which the puritans were embryonic republican anti - monarchists as well as protestant martyrs. if she was night, anti - monarchism was a courtly, not a puritan, credo ; providential history as it had long been understood and taught in new england, and was increasingly taught in schools throughout the nation, was wrong. yet, what new england had been in its founding was far less important to bacon than what it had become ; her reading of the plays attacks a contemporary mercantile and mercenary elite that sought to justify itself through sham appeals to patriotism, religiob, and high culture. only such a misguided elite could possibly be satisfied with, indeed promote, an idea of the plays as documents created for mere aesthetic pleasure or, worse still, for monetary gain in the artistic marketplace. for many reasons, and in a most un - baconian manner, bacon failed to recognize or even understand the need to corroborate her theory with extrinsic evidence, and it was due to this fundamental flaw that her entire project foundered. her view of history itself was purely textual ; she thought ( like many a literary scholar today ) that a good, convincing interpretation was the same as a proof. caroline dall remembered her saying that " she drew her evidences of francis bacon ' s authorship from two sources, the internal and the external. she found them in the plays themselves, and outside of the plays, in history. but for bacon " history " meant history books, and history books meant the compendium or compilation nearest to hand. for all the scholastic ingenuity she expended on interpretation, she was uninstructed in editorial procedures, naive about the material constitution of documentary evidence. bravely performative though she was, she lacked the mental furniture to live in a non - textual, material, world. she was completely


heard all her life. stripped of some of its interesting complexities, " william shakespeare and his plays " accomplishes its task through a series of arguments. first : shakespeare could not have written the plays attributed to him because they reflect a level of education and cosmopolitan sophistication he lacked. second : his failure to get them printed, or even to preserve the manuscripts, indicates complete ignorance of their true significance. the shakespeare known to history was a poorly educated theatrical hack who " exhibited these plays at his theatre in the way of his trade, and cared for them precisely as a tradesman would ; cared for them ; as he would have cared for tin kettles, or earthen pans and pots, if they had been in his line " ( p. 124 ). bacon intends her tradesman metaphor to be taken literally. especially important for the political argument she will develop in the philosophy of shakespeare ' s plays unfolded, bacon maintains that such a self - serving commercial mentality could not possibly have conceived of patriotically disinterested lines like these : third : despite the absurdity of imagining a person like the historical shakespeare as author of such work, the reverence in which the plays have been held testifies to the world ' s sense of their value. but over time the name ascribed to them has been partly detached from the man - " it is only the work itself that we now know by that name - the phenomenon and not its beginning ' ( p. 125 ). to square the plays ' felt experience with the man supposed to have authored them, critics have endorsed a pernicious theory of aberrant genius that obscures the plays ' complex historicity and is, as well, irrelevant to the historical shakespeare. " condemned to refer the origin of these works to the vulgar, illiterate man who kept the theatre where they were first exhibited, " asks bacon, " how could we, how could any one, dare to see what is really in them? " the only reasonable solution, again, is to dismiss shakespeare, for the plays are learned and scholarly in a way that genius is not ; this is no question of mere " lyric inspiration " or the merely " dramatic genius " of a " bunyan or a burns " ( pp. 131 - 32 ). the historical shakespeare was neither of the people nor of their rulers ; his was the rising spirit of market values, and so to imagine that he could have written the plays only exhibits one ' s own crass mercantilism. through this " shakespeare "


historical shakespeare was neither of the people nor of their rulers ; his was the rising spirit of market values, and so to imagine that he could have written the plays only exhibits one ' s own crass mercantilism. through this " shakespeare " she invents, then, bacon criticizes the prevalence of market values among those who should be instructing the populace in civic virtue. what the plays need at this juncture, bacon explains are " historical investigation and criticism " ( p. 154 ), which she plans to offer in her anticipated major study. her theory of an authorship by disinterested aristocratic proto - republican patriots working against absolute power and inherited rank obliterates all the crypto - royalist affiliations of her earlier writings, allowing her to embrace the court without embracing its ideology, to have her royals without royalism. " the fair puritan " had stated more or less outrightly that the high - ranking woman who abandoned her aristocratic privilege for the puritan cause was much more admirable than the more ordinary person who had much less to lose, materially and socially, by renouncing monarchist politics. bacon ' s theory of shakespearean authorship locates this self - sacrificing idealism within the heart of the court itself, among a group of worldly and educated men who alone had the privileges requisite for writing the plays. thus, the theory of coded discourse makes courtiers into patriots willing to face martyrdom for their cause. at the center of this group of courtiers is francis bacon. identifying shakespeare ' s plays as the missing practical applications of francis bacon ' s novum organum, delia hits upon a strategy that allows her to use the advancement of learning as a gloss on the plays - a substantial revision of bacon as well as shakespeare. she admits that her approach demands " a very different kind of study from any that we have naturally thought it worth while to spend on them, so long as we regarded them as works of pastime merely.... it is pastime no longer. it is a study, the most patient, the most profoundly earnest to which these works now invite us " ( philosophy, pp. 175 - 76 ). " of art as anything in itself, with an independent tribunal, and law with an ethic and ritual of its own, this inventor of the one art, that has for its end the relief of the human estate and the creator ' s glory, knows nothing " ( p. 303 ). in the plays, she insists,


an ethic and ritual of its own, this inventor of the one art, that has for its end the relief of the human estate and the creator ' s glory, knows nothing " ( p. 303 ). in the plays, she insists, we want to find - and we do - " the new method of scientific inquiry applied to the questions in which men are most deeply interested - questions which were then imperiously and instantly urged on the thoughtful mind. we want to see it applied to politics in the reign of james the first " ( p. 187 ). bacon ' s works of scientific intellection analyzed human nature ; his imaginative works - the plays - projected his philosophy in concrete examples. the scientific insistence that human nature is entirely lawful, that humans may be perfected by learning and applying the law, is an obvious contradiction of old - style calvinism, even of those forms of perfectionism involving actions of faith and free grace. a perfectionist credo of sorts was already present in the bridge of fort edward, where it manifests itself as routine patriotic enlightenment rationalism of a sort that had long since been reconciled with calvinism in the new england churches. the philosophy of shakespeare ' s plays unfolded goes far beyond the rational patriotism of the bride, however, to sketch out a new gnosis of revealed science, through which instructed individuals might align themselves with historical progress. bypassing the bible, the philosophy ( which includes some sarcastic references to puerile semitic achievements ) substitutes a hew occult corpus for interpretation. the plays become, literally, sacred writ. " great news for man he [ francis bacon ] brings ; the powers which are working in the human life, and not those which are working without it only, are working in obedience to laws.... good news for the state, good news for man ;... confirmations from the universal scriptures, of the revelation of the divine in the human " ( pp. 486 - 87 ). this statement rings with the democratic individualism and the protestant inventiveness of an age of numerous new breakaway sects, at least one of which ( mormonism ) was formed around a wholly new ' sacred scripture. the prominence of textual interpretation along with an intensely anti - individualist utopian ethos differentiate bacon ' s theory from the emersonian transcendentalism that it obviously resembles and at times seems to endorse. " good news, because that law of the greater whole, which is the worthier - that law of the common - weal


' s theory from the emersonian transcendentalism that it obviously resembles and at times seems to endorse. " good news, because that law of the greater whole, which is the worthier - that law of the common - weal, which is the human law - that law which in man is reason and conscience, is in the nature of things, and not in man only ' ( p. 487 ). man ' s " relation to the common - weal is essential to the perfection of his individual nature " ; " the highest good of the particular and private nature... comprehends necessarily the good of the whole in its intention " ( pp. 477 - 78 ). francis bacon ' s project aims to realize the highest form of the polity, the perfect, the truly republican, state. the core of the philosophy of shakespeare ' s plays unfolded is comprised of extended close readings of king lear, julius caesar, and coriolanus, in which the languages of new criticism and new historicism are anachronistically and startlingly foreshadowed. framed by historical material in a long reface preface and a shorter conclusion, the three plays are read as coded attacks on the tudor and stuart monarchies rooted in francis bacon ' s supposed science of human nature, reflecting republican ideals of government by self - governing individuals. in a sequence on presence and absence, bacon argues that though king lear stands for " pure will and tyranny in their most frantic form " ( p. 202 ), his presence on the stage as " insulted trampled outcast majesty ' also signifies what is absent - the people - reminding readers " that the state is composed throughout, down to its most loathsome unimaginable depths of neglect and misery, of individual men, social units, clothed of nature with the same faculties and essential human dignities and susceptibilities to good and evil, and crowned of nature with the common sovereignty of reason " ( pp. 204, 208 ). the emperor in julius caesar is " the most splendid and magnanimous representative of arbitrary power... so that here it is the mere abstract question as to the expediency and propriety of permitting any one man to impose his individual will on the nation " ( p. 326 ) ; the play ' s outcome, which dramatizes that principled patriots were " no more fit to be trusted with absolute power than he was, nor, in fact, half so fit " ( p


the vlt active optics system due to the low ratio between their thickness and their diameter, the vlt primary mirrors will be rather flexible and sensitive to various disturbances, requiring permanent control of their optical shape. active optics consists in applying controlled forces to the primary mirror and in moving the secondary mirror in order to cancel out the errors. the scheme was developped by eso for the 3. 5 - m new technology telescope ( ntt ) and is now applied to the vlt. the system must essentially compensate for static or slowly varying deformations such as manufacturing errors, thermal effects, low frequency components of wind buffeting, telescope inclination,... it is also used when changing between cassegrain and nasmyth foci. a schematic view of the system is shown below. ( drawing by ed janssen, eso ) descriptionthe different elements of the active optics system of the vlt are the primary mirror, with its active support system located within the m1 cell structure, the m2 unit, the ccd shack - hartmann wavefront sensor ( wfs ) located in the sensor arm of the adapter, and the computer analysing the wavefront sensor data. there are three modes of operation, that are described below baselinethe active optics baseline operation is the correction of wavefront aberrations generated by the optics of the telescope and by slowly varying temperature inhomogeneities in or near the building. the corrections are based on an image analysis. the active optics system constantly monitors the optical quality of the image using an offset reference star as it is picked up in the field by the wavefront sensor ccd in the adapter sensor arm. the same offset star is also used by the acquisition and autoguiding ccd. the system controls the relative position and the shape of the optical elements. the primary mirror shape can be actively controlled by varying the force pattern applied by means of its support system. the latter consists of 150 computer controlled axial actuators, applying a distribution of forces at the back of the mirror. periodically the image analyzer calculates the deviation of the image from the best quality. the image analysis typically requires about 30 seconds ( 1 / 30 hz ) in order to integrate out the effect of atmospheric seeing. the computer decomposes the deviation into single optical contributions ( defocus, astigmatism, coma etc... ) and calculates the force correction which each active element has to perform to achieve the optimal quality. the set of 150 correction forces, one for


deviation into single optical contributions ( defocus, astigmatism, coma etc... ) and calculates the force correction which each active element has to perform to achieve the optimal quality. the set of 150 correction forces, one for each axial actuator, is computed and transmitted to the local control of the m1 cell - m3 tower for execution. the focus and coma terms are corrected by displacements of the secondary mirror. fast correctionsthe feedback scheme is the same as above but here the maximum frequency for fast corrections is 1 hz. these shorter integration times reduce the signal to noise ratio of measurements and affect both the sky coverage ( requirement of brighter guide stars in the field ) and the number of aberrations which can be corrected ( only the lowest spatial frequency ones ). open loop corrections this mode does not use feedback information from the image analyser. the open loop mode is used in the absence of any sufficiently bright guide star, or in the case of image analysis failure, or as initialization for baseline operation after a new telescope preset. for this type of operation accurately predicted forces on m1 ( dependent on telescope tube inclination ) and predicted positions ( dependent also on temperature ) are required. more technical information on the principles of active optics can be obtained in the following publications : r. wilson, f. franza, l. noethe, journal of modern optics, vol. 34 / 4, 1987, p. 485 l. noethe et al., journal of modern optics, vol. 35 / 9, 1988, p. 1427


joint anglo - american working groups continue to be the focal points for technical exchanges under the 1958 mutual defence agreement for co - operation on the uses of atomic energy for defence purposes. radiation simulation and kinetic effects technology energetic materials test monitoring nuclear materials warhead electrical components and technologies non - nuclear materials nuclear counter - terrorism technology facilities nuclear weapons engineering nuclear warhead physics computational technology aircraft, missile and space system hardening laboratory plasma physics manufacturing practices nuclear weapon accident response technologyseparate arrangements exist for exchanges under the polaris sales agreement, as amended for trident. the working groups concerned are the trident working party group, the joint steering tasks group, the trident joint re - entry systems working group and the joint systems performance and assessment group. in the absence of hydronuclear and boosted - yield underground testing, a significant improvement in methodologies and experimental capabilities is needed to determine the nuclear parameters required to assess the performance and safety of stockpiled weapon systems. the united states department of energy established a committee consisting of sandia, los alamos, and lawrence livermore national laboratories and the atomic weapons establishment ( aldermasten, uk ) to determine the advanced capabilities needed to assess the nuclear primaries of strategic weapons and to define the technologies required to provide these capabilities. the nuclear weapons information project ( nwip ) is an archiving effort established in early 1993 to rescue at - risk weapon development and testing data and knowledge. the nuclear weapons information project will preserve preserve data for training future scientists, engineers, and technicians and will provide immediate critical information for emergency response to nuclear weapon incidents. the nuclear weapons information group ( nwig ) includes participants from doe sites, the department of defense ' s defense special weapons agency, and the united kingdom ' s atomic weapons establishment.


reverse osmosis, also known as hyper filtration, is the preferred method of seawater and brackish water purification. as the equipment needed to perform reverse osmosis is cost - effective, and the process requires little input energy compared to other methods of purification, reverse osmosis has become the worldwide leader among desalinization methods. developed at ucla, and used commercially since the 1970 ’ s, seawater reverse osmosis has served marine professionals for nearly 40 years. seawater reverse osmosis ( swro ) is used in a wide range of commercial applications. marine professionals such as commercial fisherman and offshore rig workers rely on swro to provide freshwater for routine daily tasks such as bathing, cleaning and of course, drinking. in larger applications, such as cruise ships, swro is sometimes also used. in such applications, it is necessary not only to desalinize water, but to provide quality freshwater. cruise liner restaurant professionals count on swro for water used for cooking, as well as making coffee, soda and other beverages. here, consistency is key. by way of its simple yet effective design, reverse osmosis is able to consistently satisfy the needs of those who count on it. the process itself is relatively simple and straightforward. in order to purify a liquid, the “ solvent ” ( in this case, water ) is put under pressure in excess of 250 psi for brackish water and 1000 psi for seawater, forcing it through a semi - permeable membrane. this application - specific membrane allows water molecules to pass through, but catches “ solutes, ” yielding purified water. when employed, reverse osmosis is capable of not only of de - salting water, but also removing other impurities such as bacteria, ions and particulates. if you ’ re considering using reverse osmosis to address your water purification needs, browse our inventory of everpure reverse osmosis filters.


the characteristics of plants give us clues as to how some plants are similar to and different from others. classification of plant species depends upon common and unique features that are used to identify plants by their characteristics. scientists and plant experts have collected data on numerous plant species from studying the plants in their natural habitats and recording information about their characteristics in scientific literature and databases for future reference. what are the plant ' s features? plant features include the color, shape, size and orientation of the plant ' s leaves on the stem and the color of its stem, branches and / or trunk. is the plant evergreen, or do its leaves change color in the fall? whether the plant ' s leaves fall or not identifies the plant as deciduous or evergreen. plants are also identified by the shape and color of their fruits and the seeds they contain. fruit and seed colors include black, brown, green, orange, yellow, red and white. how does the plant grow and change? plant types are identified by their active growth seasons, which vary at different times of the year and in different parts of the world. some actively grow during the spring and summer, while others grow during the winter months. the height of the plant is an identifying characteristic that defines its variety within a species. some plants grow to a minimum height in dry soils but to a towering height in moist soil conditions. what are its growth requirements? the types of soil and soil conditions that support a plant ' s growth are identifying characteristics that define where a plant will and will not grow. soil types include varying degrees and combinations of sand, loam, silt and clay. soil ph levels and levels of potassium, phosphorus, nitrogen and salt are also characteristics that help to identify a plant. how does the plant reproduce? plants are identified by their reproduction characteristics. plants naturally reproduce by seed, through the spreading of their roots or through their bulb or corm production. some plants are propagated through cuttings as well. flowering plants bloom before the formation of their fruits and seeds. plants are identified by the shapes of their flowers and their color, whether white, yellow, orange, red, purple, brown, green or blue. plant identification includes the times when the plants are in full bloom and for how long. the fruiting characteristics of plants - - the season when the fruits form, their shape, size, color and whether the fruit is edible or poisonous - - - describe and identify plants. observe and make notes about your plant. take measurements of its leaves, its height and spread, the circ


environment - search results articles about environment companies around the world are learning to embrace the environment, and the gear industry is no exception. this special section takes a look at how some gear manufacturers are doing their part to conserve resources, preserve and protect the environment, and give back to the land. what we ’ ve found is that adopting environmental measures is far more than just good corporate citizenship. for many gear industry companies, good environmental practices also turn out to be good for the bottom line. environmentally friendly cutting fluids aren ' t just good for the environment. they can also be good for performance. not long ago, many manufacturing managers thought sensitivity to environmental protection standards meant additional expenses, decreased productivity, and a plethora of headaches and hassles. okay, so you want to make some high quality gears for your customers, and you want to make a profit for your company, but you don ' t want to make a mess of the environment. what can you do? heat treatment industry reinforces environmental / energy conservation. design problem : develop a gear drive for a pedal - powered water craft that will be easy to manufacture, use and maintain ; that will be lightweight enough for the boat to be portable ; and that will eliminate the environmental risk of lubricants leaking into the water. one of the hot items on the public agenda these days is " the environment. " suddenly everyone wants to save the whales and the rain forest. politicians, rock stars, and big business have all discovered that you can ' t get anything but good press for saying that you ' re in favor of trees and marine mammals. for environmental and economic reasons, the use of coolant in machining processes is increasingly being questioned. rising coolant prices and disposal costs, as well as strains on workers and the environment, have fueled the debate. the use of coolant has given rise to a highly technical system for handling coolant in the machine ( cooling, filtering ) and protecting the environment ( filter, oil - mist collector ). in this area the latest cutting materials - used with or without coolant - have great potential for making the metal - removal process more economical. the natural progression to completely dry machining has decisive advantages for hobbing. a main limiting factor in extending the use of hard coatings to machine component application is the lack of knowledge about how these inert coatings perform under lubricated conditions using today ' s lubricants. nondestructive examination ( nde ) of ferrous and nonferrous materials has long proved


component application is the lack of knowledge about how these inert coatings perform under lubricated conditions using today ' s lubricants. nondestructive examination ( nde ) of ferrous and nonferrous materials has long proved an effective maintenance and anomaly characterization tool for many industries. recent research has expanded its applicability to include the inspection of large, open gear drives. difficulties inherent in other nde methods make them time - consuming and labor - intensive. they also present the user with the environmental problem of the disposal of used oil. the eddy current method addresses these problems. the trend toward moving coordinate measuring machines to the shop floor to become an integral part of the manufacturing operations brings real time process control within the reach of many companies. putting measuring machines on the shop floor, however, subjects them to harsh environmental conditions. like any measuring system, cmms are sensitive to any ambient condition that deviates from the " perfect " conditions of the metrology lab. the wind turbine industry has been plagued with gearbox failures, which cause repair costs, legal expenses, lost energy production and environmental pollution. it used to be that a shop with hustle and plenty of big, fast machines could thrive using a manual system. but no more. today ' s economic environment requires more and more in the way of topnotch service and quick turnaround - which frequently means a completely integrated shop floor control system. electroless nickel ( en ) plating, a process dating back to the 1940s, is one of the predominant metal finishing methods today. it is especially suitable for the gear industry, whose end uses span innumerable other industries, providing an endless assortment of requirements, environments, materials and specifications. en plating has a broad array of functional features, which include : several trends in mechanical engineering are leading to greater surface stress on components and thus to unacceptable wear. these trends include greater stresses due to increased power densities ; the need to maintain high precision of components throughout their service life ; and the environmental imperative to reduce use of lubricants and additives. top secret code name : ginger mission : design, prototype and test a transmission for a new device. the transmission must be compact and efficient. it should have almost no backlash, and it must be able to operate in both forward and reverse. most importantly, the transmission must be quiet. in fact, it shouldn ' t sound like a transmission at all. it should blend in with the environment and sound like music or the wind. this mission, should you choose to accept


forward and reverse. most importantly, the transmission must be quiet. in fact, it shouldn ' t sound like a transmission at all. it should blend in with the environment and sound like music or the wind. this mission, should you choose to accept it, is top secret. not even your employees can know what you ' re working on... why traditional lean manufacturing approaches need to be adapted for job shop environments. gearbox performance, reliability, total cost of ownership ( energy cost ), overall impact on the environment, and anticipation of additional future regulations are top - of - mind issues in the industry. optimization of the bearing set can significantly improve gearbox performance. this paper reviews the necessity for detailed specification, design and manufacture to achieve required performance in service. the precise definition of duty rating and a thorough understanding of the environmental conditions, whether it is in a marine or industrial application, is required to predict reliable performance of a gearbox through its service life. a case study relating to complex marine gears and other general practice is presented to review the techniques used by allen gears to design and develop a gearbox that integrates with the requirements of the whole machinery installation. allen gears has considerable experience in the design of a variety of industrial and marine gears ( ref. 1, 2 ). for a long time, relatively high noise levels have been generally accepted for industrial gear units in the 10 - 100 kw power range. however, due to changing environmental awareness - both in and around industrial sites - customers expectations have moved drastically towards low noise as a key differentiating factor. the cutting tool industry has undergone some serious changes in the last couple of years in both technology and the way the industry does business. the emerging technology today, as well as for the foreseeable future, is dry cutting, especially in high volume production settings. wet cutting continues to be as popular as ever with lubrication advances making it more economical and environmentally friendly. there has also developed a process called " near dry cutting. " this process offers many of the benefits of fluids while eliminating many of hte associated problems. three years ago, coated gears seemed to be the perfect solution for the micro marine corporation. the early designs for the gear drive of their microcat human - powered boat used a combination of thin - film dry gear coatings with lubrication and wear - resistance properties. these coatings simplified their design, provided corrosion resistance, made the gear drive environmentally safe and eliminated the need for gear drive lubrication and maintenance. it was a success story in the making. new innovations in


caused by churning, windage and mesh friction is important if plant operating costs and environmental impact are to be minimized. this paper concentrates on mesh friction losses and associated scuffing risk. it describes the preliminary results from using a validated, 3 - d finite element analysis ( fea ) and tooth contact analysis ( tca ) program to optimize cylindrical gears for low friction losses without compromising transmission error ( te ), noise and power density. some case studies and generic procedures for minimizing losses are presented. future development and further validation work is discussed. in today ’ s manufacturing environment, shorter and more efficient product development has become the norm. it is therefore important to consider every detail of the development process, with a particular emphasis on design. for green machining of gears, the most productive and important process is hobbing. in order to analyze process design for this paper, a manufacturing simulation was developed capable of calculating chip geometries and process forces based on different models. as an important tool for manufacturing technology engineers, an economic feasibility analysis is implemented as well. the aim of this paper is to show how an efficient process design — as well as an efficient process — can be designed. there are great advantages in dry hobbing, not only for friendliness toward the environment, but also for increasing productivity and for decreasing manufacturing cost. dry hobbing, however, often causes failures in hob cutting edges or problems with the surface quality of gear tooth flanks. these difficulties are not present when hobbing with cutting oil. pinching and crushing of generated chips between the hob cutting edge and the work gear tooth flank is considered a major cause of those problems. recent history has taught us that global competition has become tougher and is a major concern of american gear manufacturers from abroad have invaded american markets with products designed in an environment where management of technology has been practiced effectively. if american companies intend to compete in the changing world market, they must acquire the technologies that will allow them to do so. this article deals with certain item to be taken into consideration for gear grinding, common problems that arise in gear grinding and their solutions. the discussion will be limited to jobbing or low - batch production environments, where experimental setup and testing is not possible for economic and other reasons. in this issue of gear technology, we are focusing on using computers to their greatest advantage in gear design and manufacturing. in a sense, that ' s old news. it ' s a cliche to suggest that computers make our work life easier and more productive


this issue of gear technology, we are focusing on using computers to their greatest advantage in gear design and manufacturing. in a sense, that ' s old news. it ' s a cliche to suggest that computers make our work life easier and more productive. no company that wishes to remain competitive in today ' s global manufacturing environment can afford to be without computers in all their manifestations. we need them in the office ; we need them next to our desks in place of drafting boards ; we need them on the shop floor. this article discusses briefly some common manufacturing problems relating to coarse pitch gears and their suggested solutions. most of the discussion will be limited to a low - quality production environment using universal machine tools. 8 gear technology advertisers will have booths at imts 92, the largest trade show in the western hemisphere. the show opens in chicago on sept. 9 and runs through the 17th. more than 800 companies from around the world will cover some 931, 000 sq. ft. of exhibit space to show the latest manufacturing technology - everything from forming and fabrication products to environmental and plant safety equipment. dictatorships can be stifling. in an autocratic organization, employees seldom participate in decisions that affect them. by establishing a collaborative environment, you allow everyone to play a role in making your organization a success. this article discusses an application driven approach to the computer - aided sizing of spur gear teeth. the methodology is bases on the index of tooth loading and environment of application of the gear. it employs handbook knowledge and empirical information to facilitate the design process for a novice. results show that the approach is in agreement with the textbook data. however, this technique requires less expert knowledge to arrive at the conclusion. the methodology has been successfully implemented as a gear tooth sizing module of a parallel axis gear drive expert system. an investigation of transmission errors and bearing contact of spur, helical, and spiral bevel gears was performed. modified tooth surfaces for these gears have been proposed in order to absorb linear transmission errors caused by gear misalignment and to localize the bearing contact. numerical examples for spur, helical, and spiral bevel gears are presented to illustrate the behavior of the modified gear surfaces with respect to misalignment and errors of assembly. the numerical results indicate that the modified surfaces will perform with a low level of transmission error in non - ideal operating environments. the two reports referred to in this article, " the people wise organization " and " house divided : views on change from top management - and


view all by first five books explore the books that started a collection. explore the guggenheim ’ s 20th - century collection in this exhibition featuring 40 paintings, sculptures, and works on paper. preview the upcoming exhibition schedule. published in 2005 14 pages, fully illustrated providing an introduction to the exhibition catalogue russia!, james billington discusses the development and culture of russia, looking particularly at its geography, its religion, and its perplexing relationship with western europe. billington provides a background on russian icons, the orthodox church, the nation ' s architecture, the lineage of tsars, and the soviet era. between the birth of a popular national culture in the tsarist nineteenth century and its destruction in the soviet twentieth century, russia produced one of the world ' s most innovative explosions of artistic modernism. this extraordinarily creative period between the late 1890s and the outbreak of world war i is sometimes called the silver age, but is also more accurately described as the russian renaissance. like the earlier renaissance in the west, this belated " rebirth " in russia began with the rediscovery of a forgotten ancient culture. it was radically different from either the populist realism that came before or the socialist realism that came later. music looked back to real or imagined pre - christian antiquity for its leap into the pioneering, discordant modernism of igor stravinsky ' s rite of spring ( 1912 ) and sergei prokofiev ' s scythian suite ( 1914 – 15 ). painters were dazzled into pure abstraction by the restoration ( newly possible ) of icons that now revealed their pure lines and colors, long obscured from view by a dark overlay from candle smoke.