to auditory integration training, in which a person with autism listens to a selection of music which has been modified. total communicaton - approach that makes use of a number of modes of communication such as signed, oral, auditory, written and visual aids, depending on the particular needs and abilities of the individual tourette ’ s syndrome - condition characterized by multiple tics characteristically involving the face and head. transfer factor - polypeptide secreted by lymphocytes that is capable of transferring immunity from one cell or individual to another trichuris suis ova ( pig whipworm larvae ) - sometimes used as a treatment for gastro - intestinal and immune problems. triglycerides - the main form of fat found in foods and the human body. containing three fatty acids and one unit of glycerol, triglycerides are stored in adipose cells in the body, which, when broken down, release fatty acids into the blood. triglycerides are fat storage molecules and are the major lipid component of the diet. tuberous sclerosis - rare genetic disease that causes benign tumors to grow on vital organs. it commonly affects the central nervous system. turner ' s syndrome - rare chromosomal condition affecting girls where the second x chromosome is absent or abnormal. more common in girls with autism. sources : canadian autism intervention research network


materials. add a / c to the house, and the floor above the crawl space becomes even cooler — and any ductwork in the crawl space creates an added risk of condensation. in closed conditioned crawl spaces, insulation is normally placed around the perimeter and not in the floor. with perimeter insulation, the house is coupled to the cooler temperatures of the ground, and this can reduce the overall amount of a / c needed to cool the house. when closed conditioned crawls are used in heating - dominated climates, this same ground coupling can actually increase the heating load of a house, but that may cost very little compared to the cost of damage done by moisture brought in by venting. crawl spaces can be vented or closed. crawl spaces without venting are usually referred to as unvented, closed, or sealed. in this article i use “ closed ” to refer to any crawl space without passive vents from the crawl to the exterior. vented crawl spaces have the air and vapor barriers and the thermal boundary of the house in the floor assembly above the crawl space and provide passive venting from the crawl to the exterior. most codes require a minimum of 1 square foot of net free vent area for each 150 square feet of crawl space ; they also require that vents be placed to provide cross - ventilation. closed ( unvented ) crawl spaces come in a variety of configurations. some are actively conditioned ; some have an intentional passive connection to the conditioned part of the house ; and in extreme cases, some have an active dehumidification system ( see “ dehumidifier metering study, ” p. 44 ). insulation is normally at the perimeter of the crawl with a continuous air and vapor barrier on the ground and running up the perimeter wall to the sill plate or to a termite inspection strip, where required. closed power - vented crawl spaces generally look like closed unconditioned crawl spaces but include an exhaust fan to draw air from the crawl space to the exterior. the primary advantage of this system is its ability to reverse the stack effect and decouple the air in the house from the crawl — especially during the heating season. codes generally require 1 cfm of power venting for every 50 square feet of crawl space area. in the drier regions of the west, and even — surprisingly — in the marine climates of the northwest, vented crawl spaces work acceptably most of the time. the hot - dry conditions in summer and the cold - moist conditions in winter do not cause the same problems that


to the interior of the crawl space, but this may also allow additional condensation on the cold surfaces of the perimeter wall. the best solution in the figure 1 example is to use rigid - foam insulation with sealed seams, or to use spray foam. this provides a continuous air and vapor barrier with a material that isn ’ t susceptible to moisture damage. the insulation thickness should be determined by the amount of insulation required for thermal performance. do vented crawl spaces ever really work? the results of tests conducted in cold - dry west and northwest marine climates suggest that vented crawl spaces can work. the washington state university extension energy program ( wsu - eep ), as part of its work for building america, monitored four test houses in vancouver and moses lake, washington, for over a year and found that the vented crawls rarely, if ever, reached dew point and that they remained above 80 % rh only for brief periods of time. monitoring of wood moisture content in the crawls showed no moisture buildup, and while the vented crawl spaces in the test houses did maintain higher rh levels on average than found in closed crawl spaces, the rh levels were not a problem. see figures 2 and 3. in any crawl space, site water must be properly managed. vented crawls should be considered only where there is little risk of condensation and no prolonged periods of high rh. where the average ground temperature is above the average seasonal outdoor dew point, crawl temperatures should be above dew point most of the time, and moisture introduced by venting shouldn ’ t be a major problem ( see figure 5 ). risks in closed crawl spaces wsu - eep conducted tracer gas testing in vented and closed power - vented crawl spaces in a marine climate ( vancouver, washington ) in december 2006. the results showed that vented crawls provide a significantly higher air change rate with the exterior than closed crawls. vented crawls averaged about 3. 5 ach, while the closed power - vented crawls averaged about 1 ach. additional radon testing showed that radon levels in the closed crawls — with a relatively low dilution rate — were roughly 10 times the levels measured in the vented crawls. the tracer gas testing also showed that roughly 40 % of the air in the homes with vented crawl spaces that we tested originated in the crawl space. in the closed power - vented crawls that we tested, the stack effect was substantially offset by the venting —


a very early conception of a solid state device invented at bell telephone laboratories between 1945 and 1948, many consider the transistor to be one of the most important inventions in 20th century technology. the story of the first working transistor underscores the power modern industrial laboratories have had to coordinate scientific discovery in the pursuit of technological breakthroughs. it is about great intellectual leaps and driving ambition. but while the story has been told and retold to scientists and engineers for years, only a small circle of history buffs and scholars know that the pursuit of the solid - state amplifier has an even longer history than the transistor. this quest dates back to 1924 – 1925, and the work of julius edgar lilienfeld. the dawn of the electronics age though karl braun ’ s cathode ray tube ( 1897 ) and ambrose fleming ’ s vacuum tube rectifier ( 1904 ) marked the beginning of the electronics age, lee de forest ’ s triode actually propelled electronics forward. by placing a wire “ grid ” between the cathode and anode, de forest transformed fleming ’ s rectifier into an amplifier. with amplification, radio communications blossomed and long - distance telephony became a reality. the very success of the triode, however, brought out its long - term limitations. it was a fragile device that consumed a lot of power. and so in the mid - 1920s, with an eye on radio technology, julius edgar lilienfeld set out to find a solid - state replacement for the thermionic triode. lilienfeld follows his intuition in patent applications to canada in 1925 and to the united states in 1926, lilienfeld claimed that his solid - state amplifier “ relates to a method of and apparatus for controlling the flow of an electrical current between two terminals of an electrically conducting solid by establishing a third potential between said terminals. ” he filed two more u. s. patent applications in 1928. in his 28 march u. s. patent application, lilienfeld was more explicit about what he was after : “ the provision of a simple, compact and substantial device which withal shall be inexpensive to construct. ” offering an alternative to thermionic principles, lilienfeld argued that his novel device “ [ could ] be operated under much lower voltage conditions than heretofore. ” no one really knows whether lilienfeld ever tried to build his device. even if he did, the device would not have worked well, if at all, since the production of high -


under much lower voltage conditions than heretofore. ” no one really knows whether lilienfeld ever tried to build his device. even if he did, the device would not have worked well, if at all, since the production of high - quality semiconductor materials was still decades away. thus, in the 1920s and 1930s, lilienfeld ’ s solid - state amplifier ideas had no practical value to the radio industry. like so many patents, lilienfeld ’ s went into obscurity. nevertheless, his ideas embody the principles of the modern - day, field - effect transistor ( fet ). history is sketchy little is known of the intellectual journey that led lilienfeld to his field - effect approach to solid - state amplification. even the details of his life are sketchy. like so many pioneers in solid - state electronics, lilienfeld was an accomplished physicist. born in poland in 1881, he obtained his ph. d. in 1905 at the university of berlin. in 1910, he became a physics professor at the university of leipzig. his early interests seem to have focused on cryogenics. in 1911, lilienfeld filed a u. s. patent for separating gas mixtures. he also worked with count ferdinand von zeppelin on designing hydrogen - filled dirigibles. from 1914 through the early 1920s, lilienfeld made important contributions to x - ray tube design, receiving six u. s. patents. in 1927, lilienfeld left germany to escape the rising tide of anti - semitism, immigrating to the united states. here, while head of an industrial research laboratory, he patented several contributions to capacitor technology, including the first solid - state electrolytic capacitor. it could be that work on capacitors led him to conceive of the solid - state amplifier through the framework of electric field effects. from the grave to the forefront for nearly two decades, lilienfeld ’ s field - effect approach lay buried and forgotten. then, in 1947, it reached out from the grave to shape bell telephone laboratories ’ ( btl ) patent strategy on the transistor. in the process, it frustrated william shockley ’ s grand ambition. although the vacuum tube had made long distance telephony possible, bell telephone was keenly aware of the tube ’ s limitations. in the late 1930s, shockley began looking for a solid - state version of the triode, but with little success. at the end of world war ii,


##een and brattain ’ s invention of the bipolar, point - contact transistor took many unexpected twists and turns. shockley did not put all his eggs in the field - effect basket. not to be outdone by bardeen and brattain, shockley secretly worked on a different bipolar device. within a short time, his patent for the bipolar junction transistor had wiped out all commercial interest in the point - contact transistor. shockley remained committed to the value of his field - effect theory, but was unable to make a go of it. more than 15 years of material technology advances would be needed before the first practical fet appeared. today, 75 years after lilienfeld ’ s work, metal - oxide silicon ( mos ) transistors, which are built around field - effect principles, dominate semiconductor electronics. lilienfield acknowledged as pioneer in an address to the american institute of physics in 1988, bardeen acknowledged the great credit due lilienfeld for his pioneering efforts to make the semiconductor amplifier. in the 1920s, lilienfeld could not have understood the physics of the field - effect semiconductor amplifier, as the quantum theory of solids was still several years away. nevertheless, he had a good intuitive feel for a new approach to electronics. in bardeen ’ s own words, “ lilienfeld had the basic concept of controlling the flow of current in a semiconductor to make an amplifying device. it took many years of theory development and material technology to make his dream a reality. ”


early applications of electricity early applications of electricity - page created by shh, 9 september 2008 - contributors : shh x3, nbrewer x10, nmolnar x1, administrator1 x4, rnarayan x5 - last modified by administrator1, 11 january 2012 making electricity work : putting theory into practice when people realized what electricity and magnetism were they took the first steps towards putting them to work. the very first machines hardly seem useful compared to the stuff we use today, but 200 years ago, when the industrial revolution was getting under way in europe, they were major breakthroughs. in the 19th century inventors began looking for ways to use electromagnetism to run machines, which was being done at that time by steam engines, water wheels, horses, or even people. one of the first to think about using electricity for practical purposes was the american joseph henry. in 1829 he used a large battery to build a powerful electromagnet. it was not just a scientific instrument — it could do heavy work, such as lifting hundreds of pounds of metal. with his demonstration, henry really began to transform electricity into something that people could use every day. those interested in using electricity also found new ways to produce electric current. inventors tried to improve the basic idea of electromagnetic induction and used magnets to create a flow of current in wires. one of the first to invent such a machine was frenchman hippolyte pixii in 1832. pixii ’ s machine generated what would today be called an alternating current. it flowed first in one direction and then in the opposite direction. belgian floris nollet improved pixii ’ s electromagnetic generator around 1850, and his design was capable of producing about 50 volts. the nollet generator was the first to be produced in large numbers by a manufacturing firm. they were used in electroplating, the first industrial operation to employ electricity. the electrical age was truly under way. along with the generator came much more powerful ways to put electricity to work. a key technology was the electric motor. by the 1800 inventors had already harnessed the power of steam to run locomotives and factory machines. many thought that electricity could be tapped to do the same kind of work, especially after michael faraday demonstrated a tiny electric motor. in 1834 thomas davenport designed a motor that was strong enough to run a small printing press. he patented the motor in 1837. but progress was slow — it wasn ’ t until almost 50 years later that electric motors were used commercially.


tiny electric motor. in 1834 thomas davenport designed a motor that was strong enough to run a small printing press. he patented the motor in 1837. but progress was slow — it wasn ’ t until almost 50 years later that electric motors were used commercially. davenport also used his motor ( which was powered by batteries ) to move a small railroad car around a track. unfortunately, commercial railroad cars were large, and so many batteries were needed that an electric railroad was not practical. but inventors used batteries and motors to power small automobiles beginning in the 1880s. in fact, in 1900 electric automobiles outsold gasoline - powered cars. today, of course, most cars use gas, but electric cars continue to be developed. since they do not produce exhaust gas and are easier on the environment than gasoline, they continue to attract interest. electricity was also put to work at an early age in the field of medicine. just three years after the invention of the leyden jar in 1745, doctors in geneva began to treat patients with electric shocks. a swiss physician reported that victims of paralysis could sometimes be cured by repeated shocks to their muscles. when luigi galvani announced the discovery of “ animal electricity, ” doctors were encouraged to continue their experiments. doctors such as guillaume - benjamin duchenne, the “ father of electrotherapy, ” believed that shocking people with electricity might even cure their ailments. unfortunately, this type of medicine did not prove effective and became much less common by the early 20th century. but there were many other uses of electricity in medicine that succeeded. the first detection of the electric currents emanating from the brain was made in 1875, and the x - ray machine was introduced in 1895. however, the most successful practical early use of electricity in the 19th century was the telegraph. this new form of communication ushered in the era of electrical communication and brought electricity to the forefront of the public ’ s attention. < rating comment = " false " > well written? 1 ( no ) 2 3 4 5 ( yes ) < / rating > < rating comment = " false " > informative? 1 ( no ) 2 3 4 5 ( yes ) < / rating > < rating comment = " false " > accurate? 1 ( no ) 2 3 4 5 ( yes ) < / rating >


for immediate release, april 1, 2010 for information : alice tibbetts, 612 - 625 - 3889 the chocolate headline appeared in a newspaper in 2005 and was based on a study involving only 14 people. results from more current studies are in the news again, just in time for the easter candy season. how do we determine if such health claims are credible? how do we interpret the statistics behind headlines? when are statistics manipulated to further an agenda? nancy reid, a professor of statistics at the university of toronto, will speak to these questions at a public lecture, thursday, april 22, 2010 in 175 willey hall, 225 19th avenue south at the university of minnesota. she is the final speaker in this season ' s free lecture series sponsored by the institute for mathematics and its applications ( ima ). when the media presents findings as definitive, the public is misinformed, she said. " statistics are not black and white. in reality, there is a lot of nuance, and in the most complex problems, there is ambiguity. one number won ' t tell you anything important about climate change or cancer. instead, we have to ask : where did the number come from? how can we find more data to better inform us? what could have gone wrong? data is just the beginning of the conversation. " reid will discuss the statistics behind current news stories, including : chocolate ' s impact on health, whether girls are really less capable in math than boys, the netflix grand prize for movie recommendations, and the use of new on - line visuals to explain large data sets, such as how stimulus money is being spent. for updates on future public lectures : http : / / www. ima. umn. edu / public - lecture. the ima brings together the best minds in math and the sciences to solve pressing problems facing our society, our industries, and our planet. it receives major funding from the national science foundation and the university of minnesota.


| | | medical myths | | | sleep : what ' s going on behind that shut - eye? last reviewed on january 13, 2011 by robert h. shmerling, m. d. beth israel deaconess medical center have you ever watched someone sleep and wondered what he or she was dreaming? the persons outward appearance would never give it away : slow breathing, eyes occasionally fluttering, but mostly the very picture of peace and stillness. but, appearances can be deceiving. when people sleep, theres a lot more going on than meets the eye. the notion of sleep as the bodys ultimate down time has some truth to it, but sleep is also an active process, in which the brain can be remarkably busy, even if the body remains ( mostly ) immobile. whats going on during sleep? there is much about sleep that remains mysterious, but experts divide it into two main categories, based on observations of sleeping persons and recordings of the brains electrical activity during sleep : - non - rem sleep this is divided into four stages, with stage 1 the lightest and stage 4 the deepest. - rapid - eye movement ( rem ) sleep during rem sleep, dreaming is common, muscles ( other than the eyes ) are inactive, and electrical activity in the brain is similar to that of an awake person. the blood pressure and heart and breathing rates may suddenly increase for short periods of time, just as they do during wakefulness during a typical eight - hour period of sleep, a person drifts from wakefulness to stage 1 non - rem sleep, through stages 2, 3 and 4 and finally rem sleep over the first several hours. during the last half of the night, rem sleep and stage 2 sleep alternate for 90 to 120 minutes each. as we age, brief awakenings increase in frequency, while deeper stages of non - rem sleep decrease. back to top why do we sleep? the function of sleep is not entirely clear, but researchers believe that rem sleep is important for solidifying memories, and perhaps for even more critical functions. rodents completely deprived of rem sleep die after a few weeks. non - rem sleep, meanwhile, seems to be important in providing a sense of restored energy and ability to concentrate during the day. a number of theories about sleep attempt to explain its role or roles : a restorative for the mind and body in preparation for the day ahead ; or a way of reducing energy consumption, to save energy for activities occurring during the day. some scientists believe that


of theories about sleep attempt to explain its role or roles : a restorative for the mind and body in preparation for the day ahead ; or a way of reducing energy consumption, to save energy for activities occurring during the day. some scientists believe that sleep is evolutions way of improving survival by preventing animals from preying on each other 24 hours a day. back to top consequence of sleep deprivation it is hard to define just how much sleep is normal ; different people seem to need different amounts. sleep experts define enough sleep as how long a person would sleep if there were no alarm clocks ; that is, left to decide entirely on your own, how long would you sleep? the other way to define it is how long one needs to sleep in order to feel alert and rested the next day. however, duration of sleep is not the only thing that matters the quality of sleep also matters. too little sleep or poor - quality sleep can cause a number of problems, including difficulty with short - term memory, concentration, depression, anxiety, irritability, poor energy and reduced libido. in short, quality of life at work and at home may suffer terribly due to insufficient or poor sleep. all of these problems may resolve when sleep duration increases or sleep quality improves. one problem related to sleep deprivation deserves particular emphasis : automobile and truck accidents attributed to sleepy drivers account for thousands of deaths each year. although the impact is uncertain in humans, sleep - deprived rodents have reduced immune function and higher susceptibility to infection. back to top there are more than 80 individual sleep disorders, but they are divided into 4 main categories : - dyssomnias, in which there is insomnia ( difficulty initiating or maintaining sleep ), sleepiness during the day, and abnormal sleep - wake timing ; examples include sleep apnea and the effects of medications or alcohol. - parasomnias, in which there is abnormal behavior around sleep, but without excessive sleepiness or insomnia ; examples include sleepwalking or night terrors. - medical - psychiatric sleep disorders, in which a condition that causes other problems disrupts or impairs sleep ; examples include anxiety, depression, parkinsons disease, dementia or gastroesophageal reflux disease ( gerd ). - sleep problems that cannot be clearly separated from normal variation, or for which there is no consensus among experts ; examples include pregnancy - associated sleep disorder and sleep hyperhidrosis ( excessive and unexplained sweating during sleep ). back to top getting a


though apple designed the iphone, ipod and ipad to be very user friendly and intuitive devices, they do take some adjusting to especially as they move further into roles computers have held - email, word processing, spread sheet, powerpoint, etc and are becoming more common in business, and educational functions. analogies are comparisons that point out relationships between two or more different things. for example : cat : kitten as dog : puppy. by providing your child with practice in correctly identifying analogies, you ’ ll not only help him improve his iq and placement test scores, but you ' ll also improve his analytical thinking, problem solving, perception, spatial skills, memory and creativity. go grab istart spanish now ( deadline sep 30, 2010 ) - - you can learn spanish, and enter to win a 16gb apple ipad!! contest terms and conditions are clearly explained in the app, and the winner will be announced on 3 oct, 2010. this contest is not related in any way to iphonelife. com promotions or giveaways. as a dabbler of a few languages, i admit that i am not a natural learner. my english is not that good, and it ' s my native tongue! anyhoo, i took spanish in high school, but never could quite get the hang of the tricky rolling r sounds, the masculine and feminine forms, etc. with istart spanish on my ipod, i may finally be able to make some progress, and understand some of my wife ' s favorite tv shows. charles peattie ' s animal alphabet is bound to be a favorite with young and old alike. are you looking for a way to entertain your preschooler? teach him or her the letters of the alphabet? either way, here ’ s an app to do it, and you ’ ll discover that you ’ ll be entertained as well! for you history buffs, check out the history apps available from … making learning fun again! last year our school district was fortunate to receive a $ 12, 000 grant to fund a handheld computing project. we chose the ipod touch ( a. k. a., " itouch " ) as our handheld solution for a variety of reasons. the itouch is fast and portable. the students stay on task because we can control the apps they are using. there are apps available in all subject areas that focus on specific classroom objectives. we purchased 18 itouch units for our high school and 30 units for our middle school, grades 5 - 8. they were implemented as " portable labs " (