languages generated by a regular grammar can be recognized in linear time by a finite state machine. although, in practice, regular grammars are commonly expressed using regular expressions, some forms of regular expression used in practice do not strictly generate the regular languages and do not show linear recognitional performance due to those deviations. other forms of generative grammars many extensions and variations on chomsky ' s original hierarchy of formal grammars have been developed, both by linguists and by computer scientists, usually either in order to increase their expressive power or in order to make them easier to analyze or parse. some forms of grammars developed include : - tree - adjoining grammars increase the expressiveness of conventional generative grammars by allowing rewrite rules to operate on parse trees instead of just strings. - affix grammars and attribute grammars allow rewrite rules to be augmented with semantic attributes and operations, useful both for increasing grammar expressiveness and for constructing practical language translation tools. recursive grammars a recursive grammar is a grammar which contains production rules that are recursive. for example, a grammar for a context - free language is left - recursive if there exists a non - terminal symbol a that can be put through the production rules to produce a string with a as the leftmost symbol. all types of grammars in the chomsky hierarchy can be recursive. analytic grammars though there is a tremendous body of literature on parsing algorithms, most of these algorithms assume that the language to be parsed is initially described by means of a generative formal grammar, and that the goal is to transform this generative grammar into a working parser. strictly speaking, a generative grammar does not in any way correspond to the algorithm used to parse a language, and various algorithms have different restrictions on the form of production rules that are considered well - formed. an alternative approach is to formalize the language in terms of an analytic grammar in the first place, which more directly corresponds to the structure and semantics of a parser for the language. examples of analytic grammar formalisms include the following : - the language machine directly implements unrestricted analytic grammars. substitution rules are used to transform an input to produce outputs and behaviour. the system can also produce the lm - diagram which shows what happens when the rules of an unrestricted analytic grammar are being applied. - top - down parsing language ( tdpl ) : a highly minimalist analytic grammar formalism developed in the early 1970s to study the behavior


lm - diagram which shows what happens when the rules of an unrestricted analytic grammar are being applied. - top - down parsing language ( tdpl ) : a highly minimalist analytic grammar formalism developed in the early 1970s to study the behavior of top - down parsers. - link grammars : a form of analytic grammar designed for linguistics, which derives syntactic structure by examining the positional relationships between pairs of words. - parsing expression grammars ( pegs ) : a more recent generalization of tdpl designed around the practical expressiveness needs of programming language and compiler writers. see also - chomsky, noam ( 1956 ). " three models for the description of language ". ire transactions on information theory 2 ( 2 ) : 113 – 123. doi : 10. 1109 / tit. 1956. 1056813. - chomsky, noam ( 1957 ). syntactic structures. the hague : mouton. - ginsburg, seymour ( 1975 ). algebraic and automata theoretic properties of formal languages. north - holland. pp. 8 – 9. isbn 0 - 7204 - 2506 - 9. - harrison, michael a. ( 1978 ). introduction to formal language theory. reading, mass. : addison - wesley publishing company. p. 13. isbn 0 - 201 - 02955 - 3. - sentential forms, context - free grammars, david matuszek - grune, dick & jacobs, ceriel h., parsing techniques – a practical guide, ellis horwood, england, 1990. - earley, jay, " an efficient context - free parsing algorithm, " communications of the acm, vol. 13 no. 2, pp. 94 - 102, february 1970. - knuth, donald ( july 1965 ). " on the translation of languages from left to right ". information and control 8 : 707 – 639. retrieved 29 may 2011. - joshi, aravind k., et al., " tree adjunct grammars, " journal of computer systems science, vol. 10 no. 1, pp. 136 - 163, 1975. - koster, cornelis h. a., " affix grammars, " in algol 68 implementation, north holland publishing company, amsterdam, p. 95 - 109, 1971. - knuth, donald e., " semantics of context - free languages, " mathematical systems theory, vol. 2 no


grammars, " in algol 68 implementation, north holland publishing company, amsterdam, p. 95 - 109, 1971. - knuth, donald e., " semantics of context - free languages, " mathematical systems theory, vol. 2 no. 2, pp. 127 - 145, 1968. - knuth, donald e., " semantics of context - free languages ( correction ), " mathematical systems theory, vol. 5 no. 1, pp 95 - 96, 1971. - notes on formal language theory and parsing, james power, department of computer science national university of ireland, maynooth maynooth, co. kildare, ireland. jpr02 - birman, alexander, the tmg recognition schema, doctoral thesis, princeton university, dept. of electrical engineering, february 1970. - sleator, daniel d. & temperly, davy, " parsing english with a link grammar, " technical report cmu - cs - 91 - 196, carnegie mellon university computer science, 1991. - sleator, daniel d. & temperly, davy, " parsing english with a link grammar, " third international workshop on parsing technologies, 1993. ( revised version of above report. ) - ford, bryan, packrat parsing : a practical linear - time algorithm with backtracking, master ’ s thesis, massachusetts institute of technology, sept. 2002.


| look up gable in wiktionary, the free dictionary. | a gable is the generally triangular portion of a wall between the edges of a sloping roof. the shape of the gable and how it is detailed depends on the structural system being used ( which is often related to climate and availability of materials ) and aesthetic concerns. thus the type of roof enclosing the volume dictates the shape of the gable. a gable wall or gable end more commonly refers to the entire wall, including the gable and the wall below it. a variation of the gable is a crow - stepped gable, which has a stair - step design to accomplish the sloping portion. crow - stepped gables were used in scotland and england as early as the seventeenth century. examples of the crow - stepped gable can be seen at muchalls castle and monboddo house, both 17th century scottish buildings. other early examples are found in parts of denmark and sweden. gable ends of more recent buildings are often treated in the same way as the classic pediment form. but unlike classical structures, which operate through trabeation, the gable ends of many buildings are actually bearing - wall structures. thus, the detailing tends to be ambiguous, misleading, and to some architects " deceitful ". [ why? ] see : john ruskin and the seven lamps of architecture. gable end roofs are among the worst roof designs for hurricane regions. not only do gable roofs easily peel off in hurricane winds, but according to one hurricane survival guide book, a gable end " catches wind like a sail. " [ this quote needs a citation ] when wind flows over a gable roof it behaves much like a wing. lift is created on the leeward side of the roof. the flatter the roof the more likely this will happen. steep roofs tend to cause the wind to " stall " as it goes over the roof and breaks up the effect. the addition of a " vertical fin " to low pitched roofs will also help. see also - bell - gable – espadana - crow - stepped gable - dutch gable - gablet roof - hip roof - cape dutch architecture - roof damage by hurricane force winds in bermuda the fabian experience, september 2003, page 5, mark rowe, department of environmental protection, government of bermuda | wikimedia commons has media related to : gables |


| part of a series on | terminology mining, term extraction, term recognition, or glossary extraction, is a subtask of information extraction. the goal of terminology extraction is to automatically extract relevant terms from a given corpus. in the semantic web era, a growing number of communities and networked enterprises started to access and interoperate through the internet. modeling these communities and their information needs is important for several web applications, like topic - driven web crawlers, web services, recommender systems, etc. the development of terminology extraction is essential to the language industry. one of the first steps to model the knowledge domain of a virtual community is to collect a vocabulary of domain - relevant terms, constituting the linguistic surface manifestation of domain concepts. several methods to automatically extract technical terms from domain - specific document warehouses have been described in the literature. typically, approaches to automatic term extraction make use of linguistic processors ( part of speech tagging, phrase chunking ) to extract terminological candidates, i. e. syntactically plausible terminological noun phrases, nps ( e. g. compounds " credit card ", adjective - nps " local tourist information office ", and prepositional - nps " board of directors " - in english, the first two constructs are the most frequent ). terminological entries are then filtered from the candidate list using statistical and machine learning methods. once filtered, because of their low ambiguity and high specificity, these terms are particularly useful for conceptualizing a knowledge domain or for supporting the creation of a domain ontology. furthermore, terminology extraction is a very useful starting point for semantic similarity, knowledge management, human translation and machine translation, etc. see also - computational linguistics - natural language processing - domain ontology - subject indexing - taxanomy ( general ) - text mining - text simplification - menczer f., pant g. and srinivasan p. topic - driven crawlers : machine learning issues. - fan j. and kambhampati s. a snapshot of public web services, in acm sigmod record archive volume 34, issue 1 ( march 2005 ). - yan zheng wei, luc moreau, nicholas r. jennings. a market - based approach to recommender systems, in acm transactions on information systems ( tois ), 23 ( 3 ), 2005. - bourigault d. and jacquemin c. term extraction + term clustering : an integrated platform for computer - aided terminology


systems, in acm transactions on information systems ( tois ), 23 ( 3 ), 2005. - bourigault d. and jacquemin c. term extraction + term clustering : an integrated platform for computer - aided terminology, in proc. of eacl, 1999. - collier n., nobata c. and tsujii j. automatic acquisition and classification of terminology using a tagged corpus in the molecular biology domain, terminology, 7 ( 2 ). 239 - 257, 2002 - k. frantzi, s. ananiadou and h. mima. ( 2000 ). automatic recognition of multi - word terms : the c - value / nc - value method. in : c. nikolau and c. stephanidis ( eds. ) international journal on digital libraries, vol. 3, no. 2., pp. 115 - 130. - k. frantzi, s. ananiadou and j. tsujii. ( 1998 ) the c - value / nc - value method of automatic recognition of multi - word terms, in : ecdl ' 98 proceedings of the second european conference on research and advanced technology for digital libraries, pp. 585 - 604. [ isbn : 3 - 540 - 65101 - 2 ] - l. kozakov, y. park, t. fin, y. drissi, y. doganata, and t. cofino. " glossary extraction and utilization in the information search and delivery system for ibm technical support ", ibm system journal, volume 43, number 3, 2004 - navigli r. and velardi, p. learning domain ontologies from document warehouses and dedicated web sites. computational linguistics. 30 ( 2 ), mit press, 2004, pp. 151 - 179 - y. park, r. j. byrd, b. boguraev. " automatic glossary extraction : beyond terminology identification ", international conference on computational linguistics, proceedings of the 19th international conference on computational linguistics - taipei, taiwan, 2002. - sclano, f. and velardi, p.. termextractor : a web application to learn the shared terminology of emergent web communities. to appear in proc. of the 3rd international conference on interoperability for enterprise software and applications ( i - esa 2007 ). funchal ( madeira island ), portugal, march 28 – 30th, 2007. - p. velardi, r. navigli, p


the 3rd international conference on interoperability for enterprise software and applications ( i - esa 2007 ). funchal ( madeira island ), portugal, march 28 – 30th, 2007. - p. velardi, r. navigli, p. d ' amadio. mining the web to create specialized glossaries, ieee intelligent systems, 23 ( 5 ), ieee press, 2008, pp. 18 - 25. - wermter j. and hahn u. finding new terminology in very large corpora, in proc. of k - cap ' 05, october 2 – 5, 2005, banff, alberta, canada - wong, w., liu, w. & bennamoun, m. ( 2007 ) determining termhood for learning domain ontologies using domain prevalence and tendency. in : 6th australasian conference on data mining ( ausdm ) ; gold coast. [ isbn : 978 - 1 - 920682 - 51 - 4 ] - wong, w., liu, w. & bennamoun, m. ( 2007 ) determining termhood for learning domain ontologies in a probabilistic framework. in : 6th australasian conference on data mining ( ausdm ) ; gold coast. [ isbn : 978 - 1 - 920682 - 51 - 4 ] - wong, w., liu, w. & bennamoun, m. ( 2008 ) determination of unithood and termhood for term recognition. in : m. song and y. wu ; handbook of research on text and web mining technologies ; igi global. [ isbn : 978 - 1 - 59904 - 990 - 8 ] - texlexan - an open - source text summarizer and keyword extractor. - anchovy anchovy is a free multilingual cross - platform glossary editor and term extraction tool based on the open glossary markup language ( glossml ) format. - lexterm, a free / open - source lexical extractor for terminology and translation ( mono - and bilingual extraction ). - sematext key phrase extractor, a package for extraction of collocations, statistically improbable phrases ( sips ), etc. by sematext - five filters term extraction, a free software term extraction service web application - alchemyapi, a web - based multi - lingual keyword / terminology extraction api web application - zemanta api, a web - based keyword extraction and


five filters term extraction, a free software term extraction service web application - alchemyapi, a web - based multi - lingual keyword / terminology extraction api web application - zemanta api, a web - based keyword extraction and disambiguation api by zemanta - yahoo term extraction api web application - introduction to terminology management, by ibm - termine, a term management system by the uk ' s national centre for text mining. web application - termextractor, a free terminology extraction web application - termfinder, free online terminology extractor web application - trm extractor, experimental terminology extractor web application that can process english and hungarian texts - statistical bilingual terminology extractor, online terminology extractor web application - ngram statistics package, open source package for identifying collocations - heartsome araya bilingual terminology extractor for tmx files, by heartsome europe - english phrases extractor, by the blogscope team at the university of toronto, extracted terms are used to search for conceptually related blogs over the web rather than for linguistic analysis purpose web application - a demo of document skimming and scanning using domain - related terms extracted from news articles. the domain terms are organised into ' term clouds ' for visualising key concepts in the news. - an interface for extracting domain - relevant terms from documents using the ot and th measures. a list of documents together with their automatically extracted domain - relevant terms are available for browsing here. - gabor melli ' s info page on terminology extraction - yahoo! quest demo exploiting term extraction for browsing the yahoo! answers q & a collection - ultimate research assistant, a free online literacy tool with strong multi - lingual terminology extraction capabilities and visualizations including bar charts, mind maps, and taxonomies. includes xml web services for term extraction, text summarization, and taxonomy generation / clustering.


be owing to the veneration i have for antiquity, but more to observing that some fables discover a great and evident similitude, relation, and connection with the thing they signify, as well in the structure of the fable as in the propriety of the names whereby the persons or actors are characterized ; insomuch, that no one could positively deny a sense and meaning to be from the first intended, and purposely shadowed out in them. for who can hear that fame, after the giants were destroyed, sprung up as their posthumous sister, and not apply it to the clamour of parties and the seditious rumours which commonly fly about for a time upon the quelling of insurrections? or who can read how the giant typhon cut out and carried away jupiter ' s sinews - which mercury afterwards stole and again restored to jupiter - and not presently observe that this allegory denotes strong and powerful rebellions, which cut away from kings their sinews, both of money and authority ; and that the way to have them restored is by lenity, affability, and prudent edicts, which soon reconcile, and as it were steal upon the affections of the subject? or who, upon hearing that memorable expedition of the gods against the giants, when the braying of silenus ' s ass greatly contributed in putting the giants to flight, does not clearly conceive that this directly points at the monstrous enterprises of rebellious subjects, which are frequently frustrated and disappointed by vain fears and empty rumours? again, the conformity and purport of the names is frequently manifest and self - evident. thus metis the wife of jupiter, plainly signifies counsel ; typhon, swelling ; pan, universality ; nemesis, revenge, & c. nor is it a wonder, if sometimes a piece of history or other things are introduced, by way of ornament ; or if the times of the action are confounded ; or if part of one fable be tacked to another ; or if the allegory be new turned ; for all this must necessarily happen, as the fables were the inventions of men who lived in different ages and had different views ; some of them being ancient, others more modern ; some having an eye to natural philosophy, and others to morality or civil policy. it may pass for a farther indication of a concealed and secret meaning, that some of these fables are so absurd and idle in their narration as to show and proclaim an allegory, even


philosophy, and others to morality or civil policy. it may pass for a farther indication of a concealed and secret meaning, that some of these fables are so absurd and idle in their narration as to show and proclaim an allegory, even afar off. a fable that carries probability with it may be supposed invented for pleasure, or in imitation of history ; but those that could never be conceived or related in this way must surely have a different use. for example, what a monstrous fiction is this, that jupiter should take metis to wife, and as soon as he found her pregnant eat her up, whereby he also conceived, and out of his head brought forth pallas armed. certainly no mortal could, but for the sake of the moral it couches, invent such an absurd dream as this, so much out of the road of thought! but the argument of most weight with me is this, that many of these fables by no means appear to have been invented by the persons who relate and divulge them, whether homer, hesiod, or others ; for if i were assured they first flowed from those later times and authors that transmit them to us, i should never expect anything singularly great or noble from such an origin. but who - ever attentively considers the thing, will find that these fables are delivered down and related by those writers, not as matters then first invented and proposed, but as things received and embraced in earlier ages. besides, as they are differently related by writers nearly of the same ages, it is easily perceived that the relators drew from the common stock of ancient tradition, and varied but in point of embellishment, which is their own. and this principally raises my esteem of these fables, which i receive, not as the product of the age, or invention of the poets, but as sacred relics, gentle whispers, and the breath of better times, that from the traditions of more ancient nations came, at length, into the flutes and trumpets of the greeks. but if any one shall, notwithstanding this, contend that allegories are always adventitious, or imposed upon the ancient fables, and no way native or genuinely contained in them, we might here leave him undisturbed in that gravity of judgment he affects ( though we cannot help accounting it somewhat dull and phlegmatic ), and if it were worth the trouble, proceed to another kind of argument. men have proposed to answer two different and contrary ends by the use of parable ;


judgment he affects ( though we cannot help accounting it somewhat dull and phlegmatic ), and if it were worth the trouble, proceed to another kind of argument. men have proposed to answer two different and contrary ends by the use of parable ; for parables serve as well to instruct or illustrate as to wrap up and envelop, so that though, for the present, we drop the concealed use, and suppose the ancient fables to be vague, undeterminate things, formed for amusement, still the other use must remain, and can never be given up. and every man, of any learning, must readily allow that this method of instructing is grave, sober, or exceedingly useful, and sometimes necessary in the sciences, as it opens an easy and familiar passage to the human understanding, in all new discoveries that are abstruse and out of the road of vulgar opinions. hence, in the first ages, when such inventions and conclusions of the human reason as are now trite and common were new and little known, all things abounded with fables, parables, similes, comparisons and allusions, which were not intended to conceal, but to inform and teach, whilst the minds of men continued rude and unpractised in matters of subtilty and speculation, or even impatient, and in a manner uncapable of receiving such things as did not directly fall under and strike the senses. for as hieroglyphics were in use before writing, so were parables in use before arguments. and even to this day, if any man would let new light in upon the human understanding, and conquer prejudice, without raising contests, animosities, opposition, or disturbance, he must still go in the same path, and have recourse to the like method of allegory, metaphor, and allusion. to conclude, the knowledge of the early ages was either great or happy ; great, if they by design made this use of trope and figure ; happy, if, whilst they had other views, they afforded matter and occasion to such noble contemplations. let either be the case, our pains, perhaps, will not be misemployed, whether we illustrate antiquity or things themselves. the like indeed has been attempted by others ; but to speak ingenuously, their great and voluminous labours have almost destroyed the energy, the efficacy, and grace of the thing, whilst being unskilled in nature, and their learning no more than that


" there may indeed, my friends, be one bond and means of security between us ; and that is, for you to demonstrate you have delivered into our hands, such things as that if you had the greatest desire to hurt us you could not be able. " therefore, if the power of offending be taken away, or if by a breach of compact there be danger of destruction or diminution to the state or tribute, then it is that covenants will be ratified, and confirmed, as it were by the stygian oath, whilst there remains an impending danger of being prohibited and excluded the banquet of the gods ; by which expression the ancients denoted the rights and prerogatives, the affluence and the felicities, of empire and dominion. - ^ varro distributes the ages of the world into three periods ; viz. the unknown, the fabulous, and the historical. of the former we have no accounts but in scripture ; for the second we must consult the ancient poets, such as hesiod, homer, or those who wrote still earlier, and then again come back to ovid, who in his metamorphoses, seems, in imitation perhaps of some ancient greek poet, to have intended a complete collection, or a kind of continued and connected history of the fabulous age, especially with regard to changes, revolutions, or transformations.


a stock character is a fictional character that relies heavily on cultural types for its personality, manner of speech, and other characteristics. stock characters are instantly recognizable to members of a given culture. stock characters in the western tradition originate from the theatres of ancient greece and rome. some examples of stock characters are : - the hero - the villain, evil personified, be it the duke of gloucester in william shakespeare ' s richard iii or prince john in the robin hood stories. - the damsel in distress, the young, beautiful, virginal woman who must be rescued from some cruel fate by the hero, a la penelope pitstop [? ]. - the femme fatale, la belle dame sans merci, the black widow, the beautiful, but evil woman who leads the hero to his doom. - the fop : the fop is a man attempting but failing to rise into fashionable aristocratic culture. he is typically overdressed and his speech is characterized by over - use or misuse of popular phrases ( often french phrases ) or various forms of hypercorrection [? ]. the fop is never intelligent and always talkative. zorro hid behind the image of the fop, don diego. the scarlet pimpernel hid behind the persona of sir percy blakeney. - the fool : the fool is a clown or joker who speaks in riddles and puns. often, the fool is intelligent and witty and reveals key truths about the characters he fools with ( shakespeare ' s fools, such as the ones in twelfth night and king lear, are well - known examples ). - the mad scientist : the insane man of science, who either accidentally or intentionally " meddles with the forces of nature " and causes the trouble which the hero must correct. - the revenger : the revenger is a hot - blooded young man who has had a loved one ( ideally a fiance ) cruelly murdered and / or raped and seeks his revenge outside the law. ( laertes in hamlet and hamlet himself are examples of revengers. ) - the sidekick - the hero ' s helper, sancho panza in don quixote, dr. watson in sherlock holmes. the sidekick is often a figure of fun, but is trustworthy and sometimes shows surprising resourcefulness and bravery. in whodunnits and secondary literature on detective fiction in general, the sidekick is often referred to as the watson - - slightly dumber than the average reader, time and again overlooking decisive clues, occasionally drawing the wrong conclusions ( such as


energy in agriculture resources energy in agriculture program - food and fiber processing technologies read about california food and fiber processing facilities participating in research, development, and demonstration projects to advance the adoption of energy and resource efficient technologies. process energy videos food processing video : steam system best practices are used to optimize system performance. basic management principles and maintenance proceedures are described that will enhance steam system efficiencies. - california ' s food processing industry energy efficiency initiative : adoption of industrial best practices, january 2008, cec publication # cec - 400 - 2008 - 006, posted : january 31, 2008. ( pdf file, 35 pgs., 2. 3 mb research and demonstration projects - fetzer case study # 1 - heat exchange system improvement saves energy and improves production at a winery. - fetzer case study # 2 - controls upgrade at a winery saves energy and increases equipment life. electricity peak load reduction - pacific coast producers - tomato - processing company moves facility location to upgrade equipment, increase production, improve efficiency, and be closer to where the tomatoes are grown. pacific coast producers - measurement and verification report, energy commission publication # cec - 400 - 2003 - 902, march 2003. ( pdf file, 19 pages, 702 kilobytes ) - campbell soup company - waste heat driven turbines - valley fig growers - variable speed controlled refrigeration system benchmarking, power quality & market studies - technology roadmap : energy efficiency in california ' s food industry - the california institute of food and agricultural research formed a food industry advisory council of industry and technology experts. this group prioritized research that would help the industry meet their objectives, and developed a vision and plan for the future. their findings, bolstered by input from public forums, are presented in this roadmap, along with recommendations for the future. - dynamic characterization of process power quality for the california food processing industry - in - line - monitoring systems were installed to collect real time performance data from plant equipment while the food production was in process. using this monitoring data, plant process equipment schematics and historical plant process performance data, overall process sensitivities to different power quality disturbances were defined. - california institute of food and agricultural research survey on energy management in the food industry


ananyo writes " rappers making up rhymes on the fly while in a brain scanner have provided an insight into the creative process. freestyle rapping — in which a performer improvises a song by stringing together unrehearsed lyrics — is a highly prized skill in hip hop. but instead of watching a performance in a club, siyuan liu and allen braun, neuroscientists at the u. s. national institute on deafness and other communication disorders in bethesda, maryland, and their colleagues had 12 rappers freestyle in a functional magnetic resonance imaging ( fmri ) machine. the artists also recited a set of memorized lyrics chosen by the researchers. by comparing the brain scans from rappers taken during freestyling to those taken during the rote recitation, they were able to see which areas of the brain are used during improvisation. the rappers showed lower activity in part of their frontal lobes called the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex during improvisation, and increased activity in another area, called the medial prefrontal cortex. the areas that were found to be ' deactivated ' are associated with regulating other brain functions. the results echo an earlier study of jazz musicians. the findings also suggest an explanation for why new music might seem to the artist to be created of its own accord. with less involvement by the lateral prefrontal regions of the brain, the performance could seem to its creator to have ' occurred outside of conscious awareness, ' the authors write in the paper. " bonus points for science rhymes ; for anyone who has the time.


normal left eardrum ( tympanic membrane ) the eardrum is a paper - thin membrane, shaped like a miniature satellite dish, 8 - 10 mm diameter. the tympanic membrane forms the boundary between outer and middle ear. the eardrum vibrates when sounds arrive through the external ear canal. the vibrations are transmitted to the inner ear via three small bones ( ossicles ) suspended in the middle ear. abnormally thin right eardrum damaged by glue ear and showing ossicles - malleus incus and stapes the three little bones ( oss - i - culls ) are - malleus ( mal - ee - us ) shaped like a hammer - incus ( ink - us ) shaped like an anvil - stapes ( stay - peas ) shaped like a stirrup their job is to concentrate the sound energy, collected by the relatively large area of the eardrum, onto the tiny footplate of the stapes. the outer and middle ear work like an old mechanical gramophone in reverse. the gramophone needle picks up vibrations from the grooves in the record, passes them to a vibrating membrane, then into the large horn, and so to the outside world. the outer and middle ear collect sound from the outside world and concentrate it down to the stapes footplate. the footplate moves like a piston in the oval window, the opening of the inner ear. the inner ear has two parts, the cochlea and the vestibular labyrinth. cochleathe cochlea is the hearing part of the inner ear. it is a biological microphone. sound vibrations are turned into electrical signals and sent to the brain in the nerve of hearing. the vestibular labyrinth of the inner ear is concerned with balance. disturbance of the balance organ of the inner ear can cause vertigo. the eustachian tube connects the middle ear with the back of the nose. to hear normally, the eardrum and ossicles must be able to move easily. for this to occur, the middle ear must contain air at the same atmospheric pressure as the outer ear. air in the middle ear comes from the back of the nose, via the eustachian tube. the job of the eustachian tube is to ventilate the middle ear, keeping the pressure in the middle ear the same as in the outer ear. most middle ear diseases, including glue ear, are associated with poor eustachian tube function. the health of the middle ear depends on the eustachian tube


recourse to grommets. sometimes, if glue ear has persisted a long time, the eardrum may become permanently damaged and will not hold a grommet. in such cases, a hearing aid may be the only way of restoring hearing. what is a grommet / ventilation tube - how does it work? shah grommet held between forefinger and thumb shah grommet in position right eardrum - abnormally thin due to longstanding retraction prior to fitting grommet. head of stapes visible, long process of incus partially eroded long term shah ventilation tube in position right ear eac = external ear canal vt = ventilation tube tm = tympanic membrane ( eardrum ) the long term ventilation tube is larger than the standard grommet. a grommet is a tiny plastic tube, shaped like a miniature cotton reel, about 2mm diameter. it is fitted through a small cut in the eardrum ( myringotomy ). the tension of the eardrum grips the grommet around its waist. the cotton - reel shape stops it falling in or out, like a shirt stud in a button hole. the grommet allows air from the outer ear directly into the middle ear. provided the grommet remains in position and is not blocked, the hearing returns to normal almost immediately. a grommet does not drain, it ventilates - lets air in the grommet does not drain fluid out, it lets air into the middle ear. another name for a grommet is a ventilation tube, sometimes abbreviated to tube or vt. they can also be called tympanostomy tubes or tt ' s. short term and long term grommets the standard shah grommet is designed to stay in position for about nine months. then the opening in the eardrum heals over, and the grommet is pushed out. longer term ventilation tubes are sometimes fitted, which can last for several years. but long term grommets are more likely to leave a perforation which may need repair later. grommets don ' t treat underlying cause of glue ear it is important to understand that a grommet does not cure the underlying cause of glue ear. grommets do help relieve deafness and earache - for a while a grommet does provide highly effective and immediate relief of deafness and earaches. the grommet only works while it is - in the right position ( in the


[ erlang - questions ] design methodology going from object oriented to functional programming? tue oct 23 04 : 41 : 26 cest 2007 actually, at the level you are describing, there should be no difference between fp and oop. while oop definitely emphasize data and relations, it is not the only paradigm that does so - and given your background you should be experienced with the relational paradigm, which has even heavier emphasis on data and relations, but is not oop. to leverage your knowledge on relations - you can pretend sql queries are functions, i. e. select is a function, update is a function, and insert is a function. then instead of writing insert ( object ) - which looks a lot like the sql query insert into table... that ' s it. in the java style oop the head of the statement is an object, and in fp the head of the statement is a function name. but in either case you need to model the same world. an extremely crude way of thinking about fp is that it decouples the data from the function ( or vice versa, that oop couples functions and data ). that means some facilities that you ' ve taken for granted in oop, such as inheritance, polymorphism, etc., will no longer be available. but fp have a different approaches to address these problems, and that ' s where the rubber meet the road. erlang ' s process model is basically the actor model - the idea of everything is an actor feels similar to everything is an object in oop. so as others have alluded to instead of thinking in objects you can think in processes. but actor model is independent of fp or oop, so you would still have to get used to the fp part in erlang. you might want to check out http : / / www. math. chalmers. se / ~ rjmh / papers / whyfp. html < http : / / www. math. chalmers. se / % 7erjmh / papers / whyfp. html >. a higher level introduction is http : / / www. defmacro. org / ramblings / fp. html. on 10 / 22 / 07, alexander lamb < > wrote : > hello list, > i am trying to understand what is the design process ( intellectual, that > is ) when building a program in erlang. > indeed, in the object oriented world, i would start by finding what my > classes might be


> hello list, > i am trying to understand what is the design process ( intellectual, that > is ) when building a program in erlang. > indeed, in the object oriented world, i would start by finding what my > classes might be and the relationship between them. gradually i would add > functions ( class or instance methods ) to the classes in order to provide > solid foundations on top of which i can write an application. > for example, i could have person, profile, role, feature, etc... and > decide a profile is a collection of features. a person can have 0 or many > roles. a role is a profile on a given area ( a department for example ) for a > given time. i would then add functions such as " give all the active roles > for the user " or " what features give that profile " or " does the user have a > given feature for that department ". > i admit it is more complexe than that, but you get the idea. > obviously, this doesn ' t seem to be the way to go with erlang. intuitively, > i would start making a list of all the functions which will allow me to > interract with my application. in that case i could have " give me all users > with an active role on that department ", etc... then by implementing those > high level functions i would split them into pieces by calling smaller > simpler functions. the underlying data structure will " just follow " or > " appear " naturally. > hence : object oriented design is " data structure and relationships first, > functions second " and functional design is " functions first, data structure > am i being over simplistic here. are there some guidelines as to how one > can approach a problem when creating a new program? especially programs > which deal with persistent data, not protocole analysers or socket servers! > alexander lamb > founding associate > rodanotech sarl > 4 ch. de la tour de champel > 1206 geneva > tel : 022 347 77 37 > fax : 022 347 77 38 > erlang - questions mailing list - - - - - - - - - - - - - - next part - - - - - - - - - - - - - - an html attachment was scrubbed... more information about the erlang - questions


cori spezzati ( kor ' ee spetz ah ' tee ), italian for " separated choirs, " is the term used to describe a musical composition that uses spatial effects to emphasize the interplay between its various voices. typically, this means placing two or more choirs or groups of instruments in various places around a performance space. music that is intended to be performed cori spezatti is by nature antiphonal ; in fact, some consider these two terms to be synonymous, at least when they refer to instrumental music. cori spezzati isn ' t a particularly common form of music, and for obvious reasons. in order for it to work out right, it must be performed in a specific type of space ; namely, one which is both big enough to accomodate the separation of the instrumental / vocal groups and acoustically suited to the kind of call and answer phrasing that characterizes antiphonal music. ( if the space is too echoey, the interplay among the groups just becomes muddled. if it ' s just moderately echoey, though, it sounds great. ) and even in concert halls which meet these specifications, there ' s a certain awkwardness to the idea of putting half the ensemble onstage and sending the rest up to the balcony or ( as i have seen done ) forsaking the stage altogether and having half the group stand in the left - hand balcony and the other half in the right - hand one. the type of performance space which is most obviously suited to cori spezzati is the cathedral ; in churches, the problem of the stage is eliminated, and there are generally balconies and nooks and crannies galore in renaissance - style basilicas. unsurprisingly, a renaissance basilica was the formal birthplace of cori spezzati : in the late 1500 ' s, giovanni gabrieli, the music director, organist, and composer - in - residence at st. mark ' s basilica in venice, began experimenting with the idea of separating his choirs and putting them in different places around the church. gabrieli is considered to be the father of cori spezzati, and probably the only composer to write a serious volume of work in this style. he wrote both choral and instrumental pieces ( mostly sacred, because of the nature of his job ), some of which are still performed today and shouldn ' t be too hard to find recordings of. ( i, unfortunately, do not own recordings of any of gabriel


i have taught this introductory survey course to large groups ranging from 75 to 120 students. in the classroom, i use structured class discussions to promote student engagement, assign in - class writing on weekly readings, utilize small groups to involve even the most reserved students in class activities, and bring research and media familiar to students ' lives as a way of illustrating key sociological concepts. i often incorporate my own research on collegiate cultures to demonstrate both how to do research and ways that sociology intersects with their own worlds.. in this introductory course, we will explore what it means to do sociology. one of the most exciting things about sociology is that you can study anything from a sociological perspective. therefore, this class will cover a variety of diverse issues including but not limited to race, class, gender, deviance, religion, and politics. throughout the semester we will look at how these topics relate to current social issues. most importantly, students will learn to apply a sociological lens to the topics that most interest them. this upper - level course is designed for between 50 - 75 students. the class provides the students with empirical evidence and theoretical frameworks necessary to understand the k - 12 and postsecondary educational systems in the united states. the class is discussion based, and focused on honing students ’ critical thinking skills. students must complete two mini - paper assignments designed to build their writing skills. in this class we explore how external forces ( like politics, financial support, and demographics of the population ) shape how schools work, how internal institutional arrangements sort and channel students in different directions, what factors shape student achievement and behavior, and how schooling influences where individuals end up in society. we start with a case study of how gender, race, and class shape students ’ experiences in urban schools. we then move to examination of key theories in the sociology of education, and analyze their utility for understanding today ’ s educational issues. the class also includes a second case study that helps us to look across and within schools as institutions. finally, we end with a closer look at how social class, race, gender, and sexuality both organize and are organized by educational environments. this upper - level course is designed for a small group of students, up to 35. in the class, i seek to build studentsi knowledge of sociological perspectives on the family while strengthening their written and oral communication skills. the class is discussion based, and driven by student participation. i encourage critical thinking about how data on the family are collected, analyzed, and presented as " fact. " students also employ critical thinking


france, officially the french republic is a unitary semi - presidential republic in western europe with several overseas territories and islands located on other continents and in the indian, pacific, and atlantic oceans. metropolitan france extends from the mediterranean sea to the english channel and the north sea, and from the rhine to the atlantic ocean. it is often referred to as l ’ hexagone because of the geometric shape of its territory. it is the largest western european country and it possesses the second - largest exclusive economic zone in the world, just behind that of the united states. over the past 500 years france has been a major power with strong cultural, economic, military and political influence in europe and around the world. during the 17th and 18th centuries, france colonised great parts of north america and southeast asia ; during the 19th and early 20th centuries, france built the second largest colonial empire of the time, including large portions of north, west and central africa, southeast asia, and many caribbean and pacific islands. france has its main ideals expressed in the declaration of the rights of man and of the citizen. the french republic is defined as indivisible, secular, democratic and social by its constitution. france is one of the world ' s most developed countries, it possesses the world ' s fifth largest economy measured by gdp, the ninth - largest economy measured by purchasing power parity and is europe ' s second largest economy by nominal gdp. france is the wealthiest nation in europe – and the fourth wealthiest in the world – in aggregate household wealth. france enjoys a high standard of living as well as a high public education level, and has also one of the world ' s longest life expectancies. france has been listed as the world ' s " best overall health care " provider by the world health organization. it is the most visited country in the world, receiving 82 million foreign tourists annually. france has the world ' s fourth largest nominal military budget, the third largest military in nato and eu ' s largest army. france also possesses the third largest nuclear weapons stockpile in the world – with around 300 active warheads as of 25 may 2010 – and the world ' s second largest diplomatic corps. france is a founding member of the united nations, one of the five permanent members of the un security council, and a member of the francophonie, the g8, g20, nato, oecd, wto, and the latin union. it is also a founding and leading member state of the european union and the largest eu state by area. in


step 2 is difficult. chapter 5 of " the book of genesis " ( " the bog " ), which was assigned as reading for this lecture, gives some useful information for answering the two questions. this chapter ( segev, 2005 ) is also very mathematical, and it is easy to get lost in the equations and forget what they are used for. i wanted you to read it in order to get an overview of the theory of passive propagation in dendrites. now, i ' ll list what i think is important for you to remember. there are three things that can be measured experimentally and are related to the parameters that we need for a model : - the attentuation of voltage with distance, and the " space constant " or - the membrane time constant. - the input resistance of the cell, measured at the soma. this slide gives a summary of the electrical properties of a uniform section of passive dendrite having length l and diameter d. the conducting cytoplasm inside the neuron, the insulating neural membrane, and the liquid ( similar to salt water ) surrounding the neuron form a cable with a capacitance cm. the inner conductor, the cytoplasm, is a poorer conductor than the copper wire used in an undersea cable, and it has an resistance along the length of the cable ra, the " axial resistance ". the membrane in not a perfect insulator due to the ion - conducting channels that pass through it. it is convenient to make a distinction between the " passive channels " that do not vary in conductance, and the " active channels " that have conductances varying with voltage, calcium concentration, or synaptic input. the passive channels account for the membrane resistance rm and the associated leakage current ileak. the active channels are represented by the various variable conductances that are labeled as gk in the neural compartment diagram and the differential equation for vm that we described in the previous section on compartments.


write with a style and clarity that students will appreciate. this full - color book is organized into four parts that reflect the presence of sports around us. part i sets the stage for studying sport in society. part ii examines the scope and effect of sport on society. part iii explores sport as an institution and how it functions within other institutions such as schools, colleges, and the olympic movement. part ivfocuses on the interaction between our society ’ s culture and sports. in 19 chapters, the book enthusiastically invites students to explore many issues, such as how a participant, spectator, coach, and administrator may have differing views of sports ; how to distinguish between different levels of play, games, and sport when assessing the role of sport ; and what trends to expect in the future and how to be part of a positive development of sporting structures. social issues in sports contains the following features that encourage learning : - an engaging writing style, rich with examples and pedagogical aids, gets students excited about and invested in the sporting world around them. - interesting sidebars include up - close profiles of significant people and organizations ( in the arena with ), examples of how sport is viewed in the public ( pop culture ), and insights from those who study the subject extensively ( expert ’ s view ). - activity time - outs, nicely integrated with the text, invite readers to recognize and assess the sociocultural issues that sport raises and apply the book ’ s concepts to their own lives. - an instructor guide, test package, and presentation package provide instructors with tools and assignment ideas to ensure that students remain engaged. social issues in sport is an engaging, in - depth, and inspiring resource that will help students understand the value of sport and its limitations and equip them to make choices about the role sports will play in their lives. about the author : ron woods, ph. d is a performance coach at the human performance institute in orlando, florida and an adjunct professor at the university of tampa and the university of south florida. ron formerly worked for the united states tennis association for twenty years as director of player development and community tennis. formerly, a professor at west chester university of pennsylvania in exercise science and coach of men ’ s tennis. he has been honored by the international tennis hall of fame, national coach of the year for united states professional tennis association and was inducted into the athletic hall of fame at both east stroudsburg university and west chester university.


bisphenol a, or bpa, is a chemical compound used in the production of polycarbonate plastics and epoxy resins. bpa has been in use for over 50 years, and is often used to make plastics hard and shatter - resistant. it ' s also used to coat metal items like the inside of food cans, bottle caps and canned drinks. you can find bpa in plastic baby bottles, sports equipment, compact discs, water bottles, medical equipment, dental sealants, eyeglass lenses, electronic devices, paints, and countless other consumer products. even cash register receipts can be coated with bpa. health effects of bisphenol a bpa has come under increased scrutiny in recent years for its possible connection to birth defects and reproductive problems. studies have shown that bpa mimics the hormone estrogen, and it might be linked to problems like lower sperm counts, hormonal changes, enlarged prostate glands, brain and behavioral abnormalities, early onset of puberty, obesity and a host of other health problems. ( it shares many of these problems with another plastic additive, phthalates. ) it ' s unclear at what levels bpa will health problems, or if bpa studies in animals can be applied to humans. people can be exposed to bpa through many sources, though food and drink account for most exposures. the recycling symbol " 7 " indicates a polycarbonate plastic containing bpa. metal cans, however, will usually not indicate whether they contain a bpa lining or not. if you ' re concerned about exposure to bpa, follow these simple suggestions from the national institute of environmental health sciences : - don ’ t microwave polycarbonate plastic food containers. ( look for the recycling symbol # 7 on the bottom. ) - reduce your use of canned foods. - when possible, opt for glass, porcelain or stainless steel containers, particularly for hot food or liquids. - use baby bottles and toys that are bpa - free.


| version 5 ( modified by simonmar, 3 years ago ) | the garbage collector gc algorithms supported : - copying gc - parallel gc? - marking? ( for compaction or sweeping ) - sweeping? ( for mark - region gc ) the gc is designed to be flexible, supporting lots of ways to tune its behaviour. here ' s an overview of the techniques we use : - generational gc, with a runtime - selectable number of generations ( + rts - g < n > - rts, where n > = 1 ). currently it is a traditional generational collector where each collection collects a particular generation and all younger generations. generalizing this such that any subset of generations can be collected is a possible future extension. - the heap grows on demand. this is straightforwardly implemented by basing the whole storage manager on a block allocator. - aging : objects can be aged within a generation, to avoid premature promotion. see commentary / rts / storage / gc / aging. - the heap collection policy is runtime - tunable. you select how large a generation gets before it is collected using the + rts - f < n > - rts option, where < n > is a factor of the generation ' s size the last time it was collected. the default value is 2, that is a generation is allowed to double in size before being collected. gc data structures the main data structure is generation, which contains : - a pointer to a list of blocks - a pointer to a list of blocks containing large objects - a list of threads in this generation - the " remembered set ", a list of blocks containing pointers to objects in this generation that point to objects in younger generations and various other administrative fields ( see includes / rts / storage / gc. h for the details ). generations are kept in the array generations, indexed by the generation number. a nursery is a list of blocks into which the mutator allocates new ( small ) objects. for resaons of locality, we want to re - use the list of blocks for the nursery after each gc, so we keep the nursery blocks rather than freeing and re - allocating a new nursery after gc. the struct nursery contains only two fields - the list of blocks in this nursery - the number of blocks in the above list in the threaded rts, there is one nursery per capability, as each capability allocates independently into its own allocation area.


a splendrous lotus with four superb petals for over 200 years, western scholars have struggled to understand hinduism, a faith whose followers seemed ( to outsiders ) to arbitrarily worship any one of a dozen gods as the supreme, a religion vastly diverse in its beliefs, practices and ways of worship. some indologists labeled the hinduism they encountered polytheistic ; others even coined new terms, like henotheism, to describe this baffling array of spiritual traditions. few, however, have realized, and fewer still have written, that india ' s sanatana dharma, or " eternal faith, " known today as hinduism and comprising nearly a billion followers, is a family of religions with four principal denominations saivism, shaktism, vaishnavism and smartism. this single perception is essential for understanding hinduisim and explaining it accurately to others. contrary to prevailing misconceptions, hindus all worship a one supreme being, though by different names. for vaishnavites, lord vishnu is god. for saivites, god is siva. for shaktas, goddess shakti is supreme. for smartas, liberal hindus, the choice of deity is left to the devotee. each has a multitude of guru lineages, religious leaders, priesthoods, sacred literature, monastic communities, schools, pilgrimage centers and tens of thousands of temples. they possess a wealth of art and architecture, philosophy and scholarship. these four sects hold such divergent beliefs that each is a complete and independent religion. yet, they share a vast heritage of culture and belief karma, dharma, reincarnation, all - pervasive divinity, temple worship, sacraments, manifold deities, the guru - shishya tradition and the vedas as scriptural authority. in this eight - page insight, drawn from satguru sivaya subramuniyaswami ' s dancing with siva, we offer a synopsis of these four denominations, followed by a point - by - point comparison. each of hinduism ' s philosophies, schools and lineages shares a common purpose : to further the soul ' s unfoldment to its divine destiny. nowhere is this process better represented than in the growth of the renowned lotus, which, seeking the sun, arises from the mud to become a magnificent flower. its blossom is a promise of purity and perfection. saivite hindus worship the supreme god as siva, the compassionate one. saivites esteem self discipline and philosophy and follow


which appears to our ignorance as a manifold universe of names and forms and changes. like the gold of which many ornaments are made, it remains in itself unchanged. such is brahman, and that art thou. " aum namah sivaya. comparing the four major denominations as just seen, the spectrum of hindu religiousness is found within four major sects or denominations : saivism, shaktism, vaishnavism and smartism. among these four streams, there are certainly more similarities than differences. all four believe in karma and reincarnation and in a supreme being who is both form and pervades form, who creates, sustains and destroys the universe only to create it again in unending cycles. they strongly declare the validity and importance of temple worship, in the three worlds of existence and the myriad gods and devas residing in them. they concur that there is no intrinsic evil, that the cosmos is created out of god and is permeated by him. they each believe in maya ( though their definitions differ somewhat ), and in the liberation of the soul from rebirth, called moksha, as the goal of human existence. they believe in dharma and in ahimsa, noninjury, and in the need for a satguru to lead the soul toward self realization. they wear the sacred marks, tilaka, on their foreheads as sacred symbols, though each wears a distinct mark. finally, they prefer cremation of the body upon death, believing that the soul will inhabit another body in the next life. while hinduism has many sacred scriptures, all sects ascribe the highest authority to the vedas and agamas, though their agamas differ somewhat. here, now, is a brief comparison of these four denominations. on the personal god / goddess saivism : personal god and temple deity is siva, neither male nor female. lords ganesha and karttikeya are also worshiped. shaktism : personal goddess and temple deity is shri devi or shakti, female, worshiped as rajarajeshvari, parvati, lakshmi, sarasvati, kali, amman, etc. the divine mother. vaishnavism : personal god and temple deity is vishnu, male. his incarnations as rama and krishna are also worshiped, as well as his divine consort, radharani. smartism : personal god and temple deity is ishvara, male or female, worshiped as vishnu, si


devotion, followed by internalized worship, or yoga, and its meditative disciplines. union with god siva comes through the grace of the satguru and culminates in the soul ' s maturity in the state of jnana, or wisdom. saivism values both bhakti and yoga, devotional and contemplative sadhanas, or disciplines. shaktism : the spiritual practices in shaktism are similar to those in saivism, though there is more emphasis in saktism on god ' s power as opposed to being, on mantras and yantras, and on embracing apparent opposites : male - female, absolute - relative, pleasure - pain, cause - effect, mind - body. certain sects within shaktism undertake " left - hand " tantric rites, consciously using the world of form to transmute and eventually transcend that world. the " left - hand " approach is somewhat occult in nature ; it is considered a path for the few, not the many. the " right - hand " path is more conservative in nature. vaishnavism : most vaishnavites believe that religion is the performance of bhakti sadhanas, devotional disciplines, and that man can communicate with and receive the grace of the gods and goddesses through the darshan ( sight ) of their icons. the paths of karma yoga and jnana yoga lead to bhakti yoga. among the foremost practices of vaishnavites is chanting the holy names of the avataras, vishnu ' s incarnations, especially rama and krishna. through total self - surrender, prapatti, to vishnu, to krishna or to his beloved consort radharani, liberation from samsara ( the cycle of reincarnation ) is attained. smartism : smartas, the most eclectic of hindus, believe that moksha is achieved through jnana yoga alone defined as an intellectual and meditative but non - kundalini - yoga path. jnana yoga ' s progressive stages are scriptural study ( shravana ), reflection ( manana ) and sustained meditation ( dhyana ). guided by a realized guru and avowed to the unreality of the world, the initiate meditates on himself as brahman, absolute reality, to break through the illusion of maya. devotees may also choose from three other non - successive paths to cultivate devotion, accrue good karma and purify the mind. these are bhakti yoga


others say a peaceful protest will cause the king to change his mind on the tax increase. how would you respond to the tax increase? why? building background : from its beginnings, hinduism has been an open - minded religion. it is a basic hindu belief that there are many ways to approach god. hinduism does not dictate one way as the only way. hindus believe " truth is one, paths are many " and that every person eventually finds spiritual salvation. religion permeates the hindu ' s daily life hindus base their way of life upon their religion. the hindu culture comes from hindu beliefs. the key beliefs are in a one supreme god, subordinate gods and goddesses, heaven worlds, the divinity of the soul, dharma, karma, reincarnation, god realization and liberation from rebirth. god realization means the direct and personal experience of the divine within oneself. the original sanskrit name for hinduism is sanatana dharma, meaning " eternal religion. " belief in god and the gods and goddesses hindus believe in and worship a one supreme god. in the scriptures, the supreme god is called brahman or bhagavan, worshiped as both male and female. brahman is all - powerful, all - knowing, all - loving and present in all things. god created everything in the universe out of himself. this creation is not separate from him. he guides the evolution of everything over vast spans of time. ultimately, he absorbs the universe back into himself. this cycle of creation, preservation and absorption repeats without end. the supreme god is both transcendent and immanent. these are two key philosophical concepts. as transcendent, god exists beyond the physical universe. as immanent, his divine form pervades all nature and humanity. in hinduism, the soul is called atman. god exists within each soul. the chandogya upanishad explains it like this : " what you see when you look into another person ' s eyes, that is atman, immortal, beyond fear ; that is god. " hinduism has different branches with varying beliefs and practices. the four major branches are saiva, shakta, vaishnava and smarta. saivas and shaktas call the supreme god siva, though shaktas worship the female aspect of god. vaishnavas call him vishnu. smartas may choose one of six deities to worship as the supreme. by whichever name or form, he is the same, one supreme god. the rig veda says


are many ways to worship the divine. dharma, karma and reincarnation dharma means righteousness, divine law, ethics, religion, duty, justice and truth. dharma means the proper way one should live one ' s life. to follow dharma, one should be religious, truthful, kind, honest and generous. dharma includes the practice of nonviolence, called ahimsa in sanskrit. it is the ideal of not injuring others in thought, word or action. karma, a central hindu belief, is the law of cause and effect. it means that anything you do will eventually return to you in this or future lives. if we do something selfish or hateful, we will in time experience the same pain and suffering we caused to others. if our acts are good and kind, we will receive goodness and kindness. reincarnation means literally to " re - enter the flesh. " it is the belief that the soul, atman, is reborn in a new body, experiencing many lifetimes. the purpose of rebirth is to progressively achieve spiritual maturity and god realization. eventually each soul learns to live by religious principles and avoid creating negative karma. the process of reincarnation continues through many lives until the soul achieves liberation. hinduism ' s sacred scriptures the four vedas are the holiest scriptures for all hindus. the upanishads, an important part of the vedas, explain the hindu philosophy. the next most important scriptures, also in sanskrit, are the agamas. there are specific agamas for each major tradition in hinduism - - saiva, shakta and vaishnava. the agamas explain philosophy, personal conduct, worship and temple construction. there are hundreds of other scriptural texts dealing with religious and secular law, government, social order, economics, ecology, health, architecture, science, music, astronomy and many other subjects. the puranas are encyclopedic accounts of the forms and avatars of god, the many subordinate gods and divine beings, creation, spiritual teachings, historical traditions, geography and culture. the tirukural is a tamil masterpiece on ethics and moral living. the yoga sutras of patanjali explore yoga and meditation. the ramayana and mahabharata are two sacred epic histories of india. the ramayana is the story of lord rama, who is the seventh incarnation of lord vishnu, and his divine wife sita. this 24, 000 - verse poem describes prince rama ' s birth, his banishment to a forest for 14


military dictatorship. another example is cesar chavez, who won rights for california farm workers using nonviolent methods. analysis skill : what are the advantages of nonviolence over violence in bringing about social change? subordinate : lower in rank, less important pervade : to be present throughout encompass : to surround and hold within consecrated : made sacred through ceremony invoke : summon a deity ; appeal to secular : activities or things not related to religion section 2 assessment reviewing ideas, terms and people 1. a. define : what is sanatana dharma? b. explain : what is a deva? c. elaborate : what are the two key terms used by hindus to describe the supreme god? 2. categorize : what are the four main branches of hinduism? 3. a. recall : why do hindus pray first to lord ganesha? b. identify : what are the two most popular incarnations of lord vishnu? c. explain : what is the purpose of the hindu puja? 4. a. explain : what is karma? b. illustrate : what are some examples of following dharma? c. explain : what is the purpose of reincarnation? 5. summarize : make a list of hindu scriptures, starting with the vedas. 6. evaluate : why do hindus believe that there are many ways to approach the supreme god? 7. understanding nonviolence : write a paragraph explaining your way to deal with the tax increase example given on page six. do you think a nonviolent approach would succeed? sacred texts : an excerpt from the upanishads translated by swami prabhavananda and frederick manchester the upanishads are the part of the vedas that teach philosophy. the word upanishad means " sitting by devotedly, " as a student sits near his guru to learn. this excerpt is taken from the kena upanishad. it explains the nature of the supreme god, called brahman in sanskrit. try to sum up the meaning of each sentence in your own words. once the gods won a victory over the demons, and though they had done so only through the power of brahman, they were exceedingly vain. they thought to themselves, " it was we who beat our enemies, and the glory is ours. " brahman saw their vanity and appeared before them as a nature spirit. but they did not recognize him. then the other gods said to the god of fire, " fire, find out for us who this mysterious nature spirit is. "


of wind, come to recognize brahman, the supreme god. philosophy : a theory or attitude that guides behavior vain : excessively proud consume : to destroy completely, as by fire adorned : beautifully dressed beholding : looking at something remarkable attained : won ; achieved understanding sacred texts 1. analyzing : hindus believe that the supreme god is immanent. that means he exists everywhere in the universe, in everyone and everything. how does this belief appear in the story? 2. comparing : what is the difference between brahman, the supreme god, and the other gods introduced here - - indra, the god of fire and the god of wind? 3. one verse says that the gods were vain. what test did the supreme god put them through? 4. indra took a different approach to finding out who the spirit was. why did he succeed when the others failed? section three : hinduism in practice hinduism today ' s teaching standards 8. describe the spread of hinduism outside of india in ancient and modern times. 9. describe the daily observances of hindus, home and temple worship, religious teachers and the major festivals. 10. explain how hinduism has survived over the last 5, 000 years. what you will learn... 1. hinduism has spread outside of india several times. 2. hinduism is the third largest religion in the world. 3. hindus practice religion at home and in temples and through the many festivals. the big idea : hinduism is the oldest world religion flourishing today. key terms : samskara, bindi, puja, swami, kumbha mela if you lived then... you are born in fiji in 1910. your parents were brought from india by the british to work in the sugarcane fields as indentured laborers. now they are free of debt and own farmland. the public school is ok, but your parents want you to go to the best private school. the principal there says you must leave hinduism and convert to his religion before you can enroll. what do you think your parents would do? building background : hinduism is the only major religion from the distant past that is still vibrant today. it survived because of its tradition of home - centered worship, because of its rich teachings and many religious leaders, and because it is not merely tolerant of other religions but respects the validity of all spiritual paths. traditions and holy days hinduism is the oldest living religion in the world. there are today nearly a billion hindus worldwide, 95 percent of whom live on the indian subcontinent. hinduism continues to thrive for many


" analysis skill : how do festivals help remind people to be more kind and generous to one another? the impact today : there are hindu temples in nearly every country of the world indentured : under contract to work for a certain number of years austerity : a difficult practice of self - denial and discipline meditate : think deeply about, go within yourself or seek god within mendicant : a holy person who lives by begging auspicious : a favorable time - - for the mela, as determined by the hindu calendar section 3 assessment reviewing ideas, terms and people 1. a. list : what are the five basic practices of hinduism? b. define : what does the bindi, red dot, signify? c. explain : how do hindus use their home shrine room? 2. list : what are the various kinds of priests and holy men and women in hinduism? 3. a. explain : what is the year ' s biggest hindu festival? b. define : what is the meaning of the rakhi bracelet? c. recall : what is special about the kumbha mela? d. elaborate : why has hinduism lasted so long? 4. list : make a list of three columns. in the first column write the name of a major hindu festival. in the second, put the time of year it occurs. in the third list what it celebrates. 5. understanding hindu practices : why do you think hindus want to live near a temple? chapter one standards assessment directions : read each question and circle the letter of the best response 1. evidence for what form of worship in the vedas was found by archaeologists in the ruins of the indus - 2. the indus - sarasvati civilization ended because : 3. the aryan invasion theory was based upon : 4. which discovery was not made in ancient india? 5. evidence of hindu temple worship can be as early as : 6. which of these descriptions does not apply to women in ancient india? 7. which of these words does not describe the hindu concept of the supreme god? 8. hindus believe that the devas, such as lord ganesha or goddess lakshmi, are like : 9. which of the following is not used in nonviolent protests? 10. the hindu scriptures include : 11. hindus believe that every other religion : 12. how many countries do hindus live in today? 13. the saints of hinduism are : 14. the biggest religious event in the world is : internet resources : go to http : / / www. hinduismto


good answer by fishtoaster. the science is ancient, discovered by archimedes. 1 : any object, wholly or partially immersed in a fluid, is buoyed up by a force equal to the weight of the fluid displaced by the object. in other words, if you put a ball, with volume 1 litre completely under water, there is an upwards force on the ball ( buoyancy or flotation ) equal to the weight of 1 litre of water. ( i. e. 1 kilogram - force or 9. 81 newtons ) 2 : ( corollary ) any floating object displaces its own weight of fluid. if we place a floating object of mass 1 kilo, it will displace exactly 1 kilo of water, or 1 litre of water. if the volume of our object is less than 1 litre, it will float. so, with a hydrometer, it is weighted such that the submerged volume at the 1. 000 reading is exactly equal to the weight of the hydrometer. if we dissolve solids into the water ( sugar ) that volume of water is heavier, and less of it needs to be displaced in order for the hydrometer ' s weight to be matched, and the hydrometer floats higher.


steel is one of the world ’ s most important engineering and construction materials, and increasingly a material of choice in commercial and residential applications. although no one is certain when it was first used, a british inventor named henry bessemer is credited with creating the first technique by which steel could be mass - produced. today, the metal is produced by adding a small amount of carbon to iron ore, and removing impurities, such as sulfur and phosphorous. small amounts of alloying metals, such as nickel, manganese, chromium and vanadium may also be added. facts about steel - there are currently more than 3, 500 different grades, most of which have been developed within the last few decades. the eiffel tower, if it were built using modern varieties of steel, would require only one - third as much steel as was used in 1889 when it was constructed. - the recent economic boom in china and india has caused a massive increase in it ’ s demand. - china is the world ’ s top producer, followed by japan, russia, and the united states, respectively. the physical properties of steel offer significant advantages over concrete, wood, and other building materials. here are some of these advantages : - it is highly recyclable. in the united states, more steel is recycled than plastic, glass and aluminum combined, making it the most recycled material nationally. the reason for this is threefold : first, by virtue of its magnetic properties, steel can be easily separated from the waste stream. second, recycling saves the steel industry an enormous amount of energy — enough to power 18 million homes for one year, according to the steel recycling institute. third, recycled steel loses none of its properties, making the recycling process simple and efficient. - it ’ s use saves trees. a typical 2, 000 - square - foot house, which requires 26, 700 board feet to build, would require the use of 102 trees, according to the the idaho forest products commission. - more windows can be integrated in structures of steel construction, due to elevated mechanical properties of the metal. windows reduce energy consumption and increase the comfort of building occupants. - steel has the highest strength - to - weight ratio of any comparable construction material, making it among the most durable. - steel conforms to any aesthetic. the availability of finishes, facades and other wall claddings allows builders to craft steel structures in any fashion. - there is an unlimited production capacity. steel ’ s main ingredient – iron – is one of the most


robots game activity bring the stack of crc index cards you developed in lab yesterday to lecture, one for each class you hope to design in your robots program. this activity will involve elaboration of these cards, giving greater specificity to responsibilities and describing each class ' s attributes. your task in class is to embellish these cards as follows : - each card should list of member functions and instance variables of the class. ( instance variables are the private variables. ) insofar as possible, you should give the type / class of all parameters and return values of the member functions, and the types of the instance variables. - one additional card lists non - member functions ( if any ) along with the purpose of each. again, give the type / class of all parameters and return values. - number all member functions and procedures in the order you intend to code and test them. you ' ll put the number ( 1 ) in front of all methods and procedures you can test on their own without writing any others. put a ( 2 ) in front of procedures you can ' t write until you ' ve written procedures from ( 1 ), and so forth. - identify with a ( * ) all methods which appear challenging to write. these are ones which you hope you can break up later into smaller procedures once you ' ve thought about the robots program more.


| digital evidence - science insider reported january 2009 what is cyber forensics? the subset of forensic science concerned with interpreting evidence contained in computers and digital media is called cyber forensics. the field is concerned with issues such as recovering lost data and revealing and decrypting data hidden on a suspect ' s computer. in addition to computers, cyber forensics specialists can also recover information from cellular phones, mp3 players, cds, dvds and more. approximately 80 to 90 percent of legal cases today involve some sort of digital evidence. what ' s a flasher box? a flasher box is a device that transfers data from a cell phone to a computer, where people unfamiliar with the device in question can examine files for evidence. with one of these devices, non - experts are able to check for clues that may help them solve cases, even if they have never before seen a similar device. the institute of electrical and electronics engineers, inc., contributed to the information contained in the tv portion of this report. if you would like more information, please contact : richard p. mislan purdue university, cyber forensics lab west lafayette, in 47907 - 2021 institute of electrical and electronics engineers, inc. ieee - usa washington, dc 20036 - 5104 on the web... cyber forensics lab - purdue university


from mozillazine knowledge base about : config is a feature of mozilla applications which lists application settings ( known as preferences ) that are read from the profile files prefs. js and user. js, and from application defaults. many of these preferences are not present in the options or preferences dialog. using about : config is one of several methods of modifying preferences and adding other " hidden " ones. this article is a companion article for about : config entries where the most important about : config variables are described. warning : modifying preferences can, in rare circumstances, break firefox, thunderbird or the mozilla suite, or can cause strange behavior. only do so if you know what you are doing or are following trustworthy advice. adding modifying and resetting preferences to add a new preference, context - click ( right - click ) anywhere in the list of preferences. in the context menu, select new then select the type of preference you are adding. to modify an existing preference, context - click ( right - click ) on the preference, select modify and type in the new value. in some cases, toggle will be the selection offered for boolean ( true - false ) preferences. to reset a preference to its default value or to remove an added preference, context - click ( right - click ) on the preference and select reset. if you added the entry via about : config, the preference will no longer be listed after restarting the program. ( for more information about resetting preferences, see this article ). you can use the " search " bar at the top of the about : config page ( " filter " bar in older versions ) to filter the preferences that you want to inspect. the search bar is case - insensitive, unlike the actual configuration variables. some examples to filter results : some examples of regular expressions ( regexp ) to filter results


the milky way, especially in the southern hemisphere. it ' s very, very obvious actually compared to the northern hemisphere. and it ' s this broad and rather dim stripe of light which they ' re able to detect and to orient with respect to. flatow : how do you craft an experiment to discover this? warrant : yes. well, the first clue we got was that we covered their heads with little tiny cardboard hats, which we cut out of black card and then taped onto the back of their bodies so that they - the view of the night sky was removed. and when we did that, they were no longer able to orient. and the way they normally orient is that they roll balls of dung in straight lines directly away from the dung pad. they have to do this because if they don ' t do this, they end up rolling back into the dung pad. and there ' s a lot of beetles there, all competing for this very valuable resource, and it ' s very likely that they get their dung ball stolen after quite a fight often. so they must get away from the dung pad in a straight line. that ' s the quickest and the most efficient way of leaving the dung pad, and so it ' s critically important for them that they do this. and so the stripe of light in the sky helps them to do this. they can actually orient with respect to it and orient in straight line away. flatow : so what happens when it ' s a cloudy night and they can ' t see the sky? they just don ' t go out that night? warrant : no, they do but they roll in circles. so it ' s actually a very dangerous night indeed for dung beetles. warrant : but thankfully, in south africa where we were working, cloudy nights are not all that common. flatow : wow. and so they must have developed this over the millennia, this ability to do this? warrant : well, we ' re not absolutely sure when and how and for how long it ' s evolved. but certainly, i daresay, it been around for a while because, as i say, it ' s a very important behavior that they have. everything that they live for really has to do with dung. so - and the dung ball is incredibly important to them because they have to find a mate and lay their eggs in this ball. so it ' s a very valuable thing, this ball. so rolling away from the dung pile in a straight line with the help of the moon and - if it


de minimis is a latin expression that means “ the law does not concern itself with trifles ”. the law will not resolve petty or unimportant disputes. courts have held that trifling may include minor legal violations and would fall under the category of non - actionable items and thereby it would serve as a good ground for defence. there have been many instances when the courts have dismissed the copyright infringement cases based on the principle of de minimis that the alleged infringer ’ s use of the copyrighted work is too insignificant. the violation of the law may not be considered as a sufficient cause of action if the effect is too small to be of much consequence. it is important to remember that a patent application should consist of only one invention. however, a person may file a group of inventions which are claimed in one patent application, but the inventions so linked should form a single inventive concept. the application for patent shall be filed at the patent office along with the respective forms. the forms include form1, form2, form 3, form 5 and form 26. according to the indian patent act, a patent application may be filed by any of following persons including true and first inventor, assignee of the true and first inventor or the legal representative of the true and first inventor. 1. true and first inventor of the invention may apply for the patent. the person who invents a new product or a process has the right to file a patent application. true and first inventor means the person who is the first to invent and also the first in filing the patent application. thus, a person who first invents a product or a process and also, first files the patent application is the true and first inventor. according to the indian patent act, the following are the inventions that are not patentable. a. frivolous inventions or inventions that are against the laws of nature are not patentable. for example an invention comprising machines that have 120 % efficiency is against the natural laws and hence, non - patentable. b. any use of an invention that is against the public order or public morality or which endangers human or plant or animal life or health is non - patentable. for example an invention of a gambling machine is not patentable. another example would include an invention of a weapon that may cause mass destruction. in simple terms invention means an act of inventing either a product or a process for producing the product. technically, invention is defined as a new product or process involving an in


posted by denis borris on november 11, 2002 at 15 : 37 : 10 : in reply to : insect word problem posted by sheila on november 10, 2002 at 17 : 46 : 30 : : help, please. i have a word problem concerning insect larvae survival. soon after they hatch, they must search for food. the survival rate depends on many things and environmental temperature is one of them. for a certain speces of insect, a model of the number of larvae n ( t ) that survive the searching period is given by n ( t ) = - 0. 6t ^ 2 + 32. 1t - 350 where t is the temperature in degrees celsius. i have to answer the following questions : : a. at what temperature will the maximum number of larvae survive and round my answer to the nearest degree. : b. what is the maximum number of surviving larvae and round my answer to the nearest whole number. : c. find the x - intercepts to the nearest whole number, for the graph of this function. : d. write a sentence that describes the meaning of the x - intercept in the context of this problem. : i am totally clueless as to how to work this in order to answer these questions. any help would be appreciated. post a followup


creating a forum blackboard allows instructors to set up multiple, threaded, asynchronous discussions from the control panel, or from any content area. the discussion board is broken down into forums : each forum represents a particular broad subject of discussion, week of class, or group of users. forums are further broken down into threads : each thread is a collection of messages constituting a conversation about a more particular subject. for example, a forum about the united states constitution may contain a thread about the pursuit of happiness, another thread about the first amendment, and a third about current proposed constitutional amendments. create a discussion forum - click on control panel > course tools > discussion board to see all of your discussion boards ; click on the discussion board where you want to add a forum. - click on the create forum button. - fill in the forum title and description. - decide on availability of the forum and choose forum settings. if allow post tagging is enabled, instructors can create and apply text labels, after they have collected thread messages, to allow for grouping of message independent of thread or thread status. other discussion board users can read, filter, and search messages using the tags, but cannot create new ones. note : if you are using tagging and you notice it ' s taking a long time for discussion board pages to load, turn tagging off. if you use tagging at the beginning of a term, and then turn it off during times of heavy forum usage, you can re - enable tagging later in the term, which will restore all previous tag data. if allow members to rate posts is enabled, students can rate each others ' posts on a five point scale. the overall rating shown is an average of all rates given. if allow members to subscribe to threads is enabled, a student can click on the thread to subscribe to, then click the subscribe button. this provides an e - mail alert whenever the thread is updated or replied to ; if you select " include body of post in the email " under " subscribe, " students will also see the content of posts in their e - mail alert. students can unsubscribe in the same way, but the button will be labeled unsubscribe. if allow members to subscribe to forum is enabled, then you and your students will see a subscribe button at the top of the page when you enter your discussion forum. note that if you choose " allow members to subscribe to threads, " students will have to subscribe to each


inductively coupled plasma - mass spectrometry inductively coupled plasma - mass spectrometry ( icp ) is a powerful technique of chemical characterization capable of simultaneously measuring up to 50 different trace elements, sometimes at concentrations as low as several parts per billion. the icp - ms functions by passing small amounts of material into a plasma, a super - heated gas, which ionizes the sample material. the plasma itself operates at around 8000 degrees c, a temperature greater than the surface of the sun. this ionized sample is then sent through a series of powerful magnets called a mass spectrometer, which separates sample ions on the basis of their mass / charge ratio. these ions are then measured by a detector to establish sample composition. sample can be introduced into the icp - ms either as a vaporized solid, or as a liquid. one such method is laser ablation, in which a pulsed laser is used to remove small amounts of sample material, which is then swept into the plasma via a helium carrier gas. alternatively, samples can be dissolved in solution and sent into the plasma in liquid form. depending on sample composition, this may involve dissolving the sample in strong acids, assited by high heat and pressure produced by bombarding the sample with microwaves. our inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry ( icp - ms ) laboratory operates around a high sensitivity varian quadrupole icp - ms and a new wave up213 laser ablation system for solid sample introduction. additionally, the icp - ms laboratory houses a milestone microwave digestion system for sample dissolution and liquid sample introduction. the eaf icp - ms laboratory. the varian icp - ms is connected to our adaptable chamber up266 laser ablation system, with a ceramic vessel from the north coast of papua new guinea positioned for analysis. laser ablation is particularly valuable due to its ability to target specific components of samples. for ceramics, it is possible to target paste, paints, temper, slips, and glazes separately. in one study performed by museum scientists, the glazes on chinese blue and white porcelains and celadon wares were analyzed chemically by la - icp - ms. this study demonstrated that the majority of such ceramics found at archaeological sites in western india and eastern africa were produced by chinese kilns, and were not imitation wares produced at middle eastern or southeast asian kilns. other projects have studied production and exchange of ceramics from belgian neolithic


of such ceramics found at archaeological sites in western india and eastern africa were produced by chinese kilns, and were not imitation wares produced at middle eastern or southeast asian kilns. other projects have studied production and exchange of ceramics from belgian neolithic sites, proto - historical and historical archaeological sites in the phillippines, chinese neolithic sites, ceramics on the northern coast of papua new guinea, and archaeological ceramics from throughout the central andes. likewise, la - icp - ms can be used to analyze metal and corrosion products separately on metal artifacts, eliminating problems that have plagued bulk characterization studies of archaeological metals. la - icp - ms is also highly useful for rapidly characterzing obsidian and artificial glasses. the eaf has large ongoing projects applying la - icp - ms to characterize glass beads traded in the indian ocean, and obsidian from archaeological sites in the western pacific, andes, and belize. the eaf also houses a modified adaptable chamber new wave up266 laser ablation system developed in collaboration with dr. richard cox at the university of quebec at chicoutimi, canada. this adaptable chamber laser ablation system is the first of its kind applied in a museum setting, having only been employed in experimental industrial systems previously. as such, it equips the field museum with unique, virtually non - destructive, high precision, multi - element analysis for large objects that cannot be destructively subsampled, such as complete ceramic vessels. ongoing projects using the adaptable chamber to analyze collections objects include analysis of glass objects from the sumerian city of kish, and analysis of ceramics from the western pacific.


/ 2003 ] is there a mathematical formula to determine the length of material on a roll, given the outside diameter of the core, the outside diameter of the whole roll, and the thickness of the material ( determined by a - earth ' s curvature [ 01 / 27 / 1997 ] how do you figure out the degree of curvature of the earth ' s surface? - ellipse geometry [ 08 / 09 / 1998 ] i wish to draw a line departing at a given angle from the long axis of an ellipse and bisecting the perimeter of the ellipse at right angles to the tangent at that point... - elliptical orbits in the solar system [ 05 / 22 / 2005 ] i want to have my students draw a scale model of the solar system that shows the orbits of the planets. assuming i have the apogee and perigee of each planet ' s orbit about the sun, they need to construct 9 ellipses with some degree of accuracy. what ' s the best way to go about - equation for an arch [ 09 / 09 / 1997 ] i am trying to draw an arch that will go in the ceiling of a building. the arch will be at a maximum height of 28 inches... - fabric left on a roll [ 03 / 15 / 2001 ] i am going to write a program for my ti - 83 + to calculate how many feet of material are left on a roll. - filling a garden with topsoil [ 2 / 5 / 1996 ] i have a garden that is 10 ' x 10 ' ( 100 square feet ). i want to add 6 " of topsoil to my garden. topsoil is sold by the cubic yard. how many cubic yards of topsoil will i need for my project? - filling cylindrical holes [ 05 / 18 / 1999 ] what volume of cement, in cubic yards, will fill 42 holes that have a 9 " diameter and are 4 ' deep? - finding a plane shape for a truncated cone [ 05 / 10 / 2000 ] what is the best way to cut a flat two - dimensional piece of sheet metal into a three - dimensional truncated cone? - finding miles per hour [ 03 / 06 / 2002 ] if a wheel is making 64. 2 revolutions per minute, how many miles per hour is it going? - finding the angle of solar collectors on a sloped roof [ 08 / 30 / 2008 ] i have solar collectors on my roof. they are mounted so that the base of each panel runs up the slope of the