throw dice. " but as stephen hawking later remarked in terms that heisenberg would have recognised : " not only does god play dice, but … he sometimes throws them where they cannot be seen. " allusive and subtle, the power of inexactness draws on its metaphorical property which has allowed it to penetrate diverse fields such as art theory, financial economics and even popular culture. at one level, heisenberg ' s uncertainty principle is taken to mean the act of measuring something changes what is observed. but at another level, intentional or unintentionally, werner heisenberg is saying something about the nature of the entire system — the absence of absolute truths, the lack of certainty and the limits to our knowledge. inexactness is linked with different philosophical constructs. nineteenth - century danish philosopher søren kierkegaard differentiated between objective truths and subjective truths. objective truths are filtered and altered by our subjective truths, recalling the interaction between observer and event central to heisenberg ' s theorem. inexactness is related to linguistic philosophies. in the tractatus logico - philosophicus, ludwig wittgenstein anticipates inexactness arguing that the structure of language provides the limits of thought and what can be said meaningfully. the deep ambiguity of inexactness manifests itself in other ways : the controversy over the term itself and heisenberg ' s personal history. heisenberg ' s principle is various referred to as ungenauigkeit ( meaning inexactness ), unscharfe ( blurred or lacking clarity ) or unbestimmtheit ( indeterminate ). in translation, the ambiguity and differences in meaning are accentuated. playwright michael franyn suggested : indeterminability. it was not until the publication of the 1930 english - language version of heisenberg ' s textbook, the physical principles of the quantum theory that the term uncertainty ( unsicherheit ) was used and widely adopted. in 1941, during the second world war, werner heisenberg and niels bohr, the danish physicist and his former teacher, met in occupied denmark. in michael franyn ' s 1998 play copenhagen, margrethe, bohr ' s wife, poses the essential question, which is debated in the play : " why did he [ heisenberg ] come to copenhagen? " the play repeats their meeting three times, each with different outcomes. as heisenberg, the character


+ 47 67 57 21 00 + 46 21 470 35 50 cfd tutorial – rigid body modeling if you want to get started with the rigid body modeling you should be aware of that the modeling setup, mesh displacement and rigid body motions are depended on the complexity of your system. maybe a mesh displacement can be restricted to one domain, or a subdomain with sliding mesh is sufficient to model the rigid body? we will help you with these questions and will further recommend that you make a sketch of your system to decide which parts are needed to be moved, this will make the modeling of domains and interfaces in designmodeler easier. this tutorial will briefly show three different ways of how to use the rigid body 6dof solver in cfx v. 13. we hope this will be a good start if you want to begin using the final release of the cfx rigid body solver. a rigid body is a solid object that moves through a fluid without itself deforming. its motion is dictated by the fluid forces and torques acting upon it, plus any external forces as gravity and external torque. a rigid body is defined by a collection of 2d regions that form its faces. the rigid body itself does not need to be meshed. mesh motion is used to move the mesh on the rigid body faces in accordance with the solution of the rigid body equations of motion. 3 examples of the rigid body solver will be presented in the following tutorial. the tutorial is not described in detail and will only work as a guidance of how to set up a simulation that includes a rigid body. - introduction to cfd with cfx rigid body example 1 the first example shows a free drop of a thin plate or hatch. the hatch is fixed at one axis and will have a rotational motion. we have modeled a simple plate and generated a surrounding fluid domain. the hatch is enclosed in a cylindrical domain to allow rotational motion of model. see illustration of the domains in figure 1. the 2d wall boundaries which constitute the hatch surface define the rigid body. see close view in figure 2. figure 1. the computational domain consists of a box and a cylinder. the cylindrical domain encloses the rigid body, i. e. the hatch which is fixed at the x - axis. the walls, which constitute the hatch is visualized in green. a rotation of the modeled hatch will consequently rotate the cylinder. figure 2. the walls will define the rigid body. the hatch itself is not a domain. the first thing we will do is


walls, which constitute the hatch is visualized in green. a rotation of the modeled hatch will consequently rotate the cylinder. figure 2. the walls will define the rigid body. the hatch itself is not a domain. the first thing we will do is to insert a rigid body dialog box. to model the rigid body you need to specify the mass and the absolute values of the mass momentum of inertia for the rigid body with respect to a corresponding coordinate system - see figure 3. furthermore, you will need to define external force, torque or gravity if it is present. this can be set under the dynamic setting tab. mark of for the correct translational and rotational degree of freedom. a typical setup for a thin plate is shown in figure 3 and 4. you can read about the rigid body user interface and the definition of these settings in the ansys v. 13 help guide. figure 3. you need to set the total mass of the rigid body, and the location, in this case the plate walls named body. in addition you need to calculate the mass moment of inertia of the rigid body object. figure 4. define external forces. gravity force is always present in drop cases. for this case the thin plate will only have one degree of freedom, which is a rotational degree about the x - axis. when you have created your rigid body you can go on and define the fluid domain. in basic settings shown in figure 5 you will need to set mesh deformation to region of motion specified. this is needed only in domains where the motion of the rigid body will have an influence on the mesh boundaries. figure 5. in the basic settings tab of the rotating domain, region of motion specified needs to be activated. for this case we have divided the computational domain into two parts. the inner cylindrical domain will undergo mesh deformation when the rigid body moves, while the outer rectangular domain will remain steady, the cylindrical domain will therefore be defined as a subdomain, see figure 6 and figure 7. the remaining now is to define how the 2d boundaries shall act. figure 6. define the cylindrical domain as a subdomain. the interface between the rotating and stationary domain will be handled by the sliding mesh feature. figure 7. the subdomain will follow the rigid body motion. the modeling of mesh deformation is an important component for solving problems with moving boundaries or moving subdomains. the motion might be imposed, or might be an implicit part of a coupled fluid - structure simulation. for our case with a falling plate we want


the modeling of mesh deformation is an important component for solving problems with moving boundaries or moving subdomains. the motion might be imposed, or might be an implicit part of a coupled fluid - structure simulation. for our case with a falling plate we want the mesh interface of the subdomain to slide on the interface to the rectangular and steady domain. to prevent the nodes on the subdomain interface to move relative to the local boundary frame we need to set the mesh motion of the interface to stationary. see figure 8. figure 8. the interface nodes will move relative to the local boundary frame. the mesh motion of the 2d wall boundaries which form the hatch surface, i. e. the rigid body, will follow the rigid body solution. the same setting will be applied to the subdomain as well, refer to figure 7. no special action is needed to set up the stationary domain, i. e. the rectangular domain. this domain can be modeled as usual. no consideration to mesh motion or the rigid body solver is necessary. set a proper time step for the transient analysis and you can start solving a rigid body motion. a movie of the falling hatch is shown below. rigid body example 2 in the previous example we presented a very simple case to describe the rigid body solver ; one degree of freedom and mesh displacement with stationary nodes. the problem was solved by sliding mesh and ggi at the interfaces. in the next example we will model a buoy at the water surface by use of the rigid body solver. the modeling concept is shown in figure 9. figure 9. waves that are introduced in the domain will further influence the displacement of the buoy. as for the hatch you ’ ll need to insert a rigid body and define its dynamics. see example in figure 10. the buoy will have tree degrees of freedom, translation in x - and y direction and rotational about z - axis – see the dynamics definition in figure 11. figure 10. the mass and moment of inertia of the buoy needs to be defined. figure 11. definition of degrees of freedom of the buoy. for this case we have two distinct mesh domains, however, we will introduce only one fluid domain. in the domain basic setting tab the multiphase of water and air is created and mesh deformation is activated. the free surface multiphase is modeled as usual. the buoy will be moved in several directions which mean that the mesh nodes will be displaced. to allow mesh deformation you need to define the mesh motion on each


created and mesh deformation is activated. the free surface multiphase is modeled as usual. the buoy will be moved in several directions which mean that the mesh nodes will be displaced. to allow mesh deformation you need to define the mesh motion on each boundary. the modeled domain is shown in figure12. figure 12. mesh domains. the buoy surface is set to follow the rigid body motion, which means that the nodes will not be locally displaced. the mesh motion on the fluid fluid interfaces between the two mesh domains are set to conservative interface flux - by using this condition there is no constraint that attempts to keep the meshes on either side of the interface together. the motion of nodes in all domains adjacent to the interface influence, and are influenced by, the motion of the nodes on the interface. the definitions are shown in figure 13 and figure 14. figure 13. the 6dof solver will predict the buoy behavior. the nodes will not be locally displaced. figure 14. the nodes on the domain interface will be displaced, this will in term skew the elements. the mesh motion on the wall, symmetry and pressure outlets can be set to unspecified – no constraints on mesh motion are applied to nodes. their motion is determined by the motion set on other regions of the mesh. * a transient simulation is prescribed and the motion of the rigid body and the resulting mesh displacement is visualized in in the following movie. * a wave is introduced in the simulation – for this case the wave is induced by a specified displacement of walls. a description of how to model this displacement can be found in cfx v130 tutorial 32. rigid body example 3 a third example is to put constrain on the rigid body and mesh motion. as for the first example you may also here create a subdomain, see figure 15. the subdomain will in this case follow the rigid body motion. figure 15. the buoy domain is defined as a subdomain in this rigid body example. furthermore, we will have to change the setting of the fluid fluid interface to oppose sliding mesh between the interfaces. the mesh motion of the fluid interfaces are set as rigid body motion, thus the mesh nodes of the subdomain will not move relative to the rectangular domain. the motion constrains of the interfaces are defined in figure 16 and 17. figure 16. the motion constrains of the interface in the rectangular domain. figure 17. mesh motion and motion constraints of the interface of the subdomain. the resulting buoy


opposed by large sections of society. as the late christopher lasch pointed out in the true and only heaven, one of the early labor movement ' s goals was to stop and reverse the move toward " wage slavery ". karl marx is often quoted in that matter, but his archenemy, the anarchist proudhon held similar views, even if he favored a social organization based upon small property and cooperatives. both in europe and america, the abolition of the wage system was a major theme in early socialism. as the artisan model became restricted to a few professionals and farmers became a tiny minority, this theme lost its strength, however. union ' s focus shifted to getting higher wages, better career prospects and working conditions. with the sweeping reforms enacted by european governments after wwii, the status of wage laborer became more and more comfortable, since, along with a relatively high income, it offered some security and the ability to plan long term. it had indeed become costly for a company to fire somebody without a very good reasons – the unions were ever watchful – and in france at least lay offs were subject to a prior authorization from the state. the result was that wage labor became synonymous with job security and the ability to own a house and decently feed one ' s family. this system began to unravel after the first oil shock, as companies looked for workarounds, so they could dispose of unneeded workers. of course they found them – - ironically while in france a so - called socialist held the presidency. they began to resort to fixed term contracts and interim workers. large firms, such as my home town ' s shipyard shifted their manpower to contract manufacturers, retaining only core employees. ironically, but not without reason, this move out of " wage slavery " was, and is, as bitterly resisted by unions and left wing parties as the spread of the wage system had been in the xixth century. the ongoing collapse of the world economy has triggered a new step in this process. many small businesses have gone under and most large companies are struggling. my home town ' s shipyard, as a contractor for which my girlfriend worked, is starved for work and is down to laying off a significant part of its core employees. the result was that a lot of people found themselves jobless – less than in america since a large part of the french manpower works for the state or one of its subsidiaries and is essentially unfirable, but quite a lot nevertheless. those people – the majority of whom with very specialized skills – - turned


sea ice is frozen seawater that floats on the ocean surface. blanketing millions of square kilometers, sea ice forms and melts with the polar seasons, affecting both human activity and biological habitat. in the arctic, some sea ice persists year after year, whereas almost all southern ocean or antarctic sea ice is " seasonal ice, " meaning it melts away and reforms annually. while both arctic and antarctic ice are of vital importance to the marine mammals and birds for which they are habitats, sea ice in the arctic appears to play a more crucial role in regulating climate. because they are composed of ice originating from glaciers, icebergs are not considered sea ice. most of the icebergs infesting north atlantic shipping lanes originate from greenland glaciers. global sea ice extent and concentration : what sensors on satellites are telling us about sea ice sea ice regulates exchanges of heat, moisture and salinity in the polar oceans. it insulates the relatively warm ocean water from the cold polar atmosphere except where cracks, or leads, in the ice allow exchange of heat and water vapor from ocean to atmosphere in winter. the number of leads determines where and how much heat and water are lost to the atmosphere, which may affect local cloud cover and precipitation. the seasonal sea ice cycle affects both human activities and biological habitats. for example, companies shipping raw materials such as oil or coal out of the arctic must work quickly during periods of low ice concentration, navigating their ships towards openings in the ice and away from treacherous multi - year ice that has accumulated over several years. many arctic mammals, such as polar bears, seals, and walruses, depend on the sea ice for their habitat. these species hunt, feed, and breed on the ice. studies of polar bear populations indicate that declining sea ice is likely to decrease polar bear numbers, perhaps substantially ( stirling and parkinson 2006 ). ice thickness, its spatial extent, and the fraction of open water within the ice pack can vary rapidly and profoundly in response to weather and climate. sea ice typically covers about 14 to 16 million square kilometers in late winter in the arctic and 17 to 20 million square kilometers in the antarctic southern ocean. the seasonal decrease is much larger in the antarctic, with only about three to four million square kilometers remaining at summer ' s end, compared to approximately seven to nine million square kilometers in the arctic. these maps provide examples of late winter and late summer ice cover in the two hemispheres. monitoring sea ice passive microwave satellite data represent the best method to monitor sea ice because of the ability


compared to approximately seven to nine million square kilometers in the arctic. these maps provide examples of late winter and late summer ice cover in the two hemispheres. monitoring sea ice passive microwave satellite data represent the best method to monitor sea ice because of the ability to show data through most clouds and during darkness. passive microwave data allow scientists to monitor the inter - annual variations and trends in sea ice cover. observations of polar oceans derived from these instruments are essential for tracking the ice edge, estimating sea ice concentrations, and classifying sea ice types. in addition to the practical use of this information for shipping and transport, these data add to the meteorological knowledge base required for better understanding climate. decline in arctic sea ice extent passive microwave satellite data reveal that, since 1979, winter arctic ice extent has decreased about 3. 6 percent per decade ( meier et al. 2006 ). antarctic ice extent is increasing ( cavalieri et al. 2003 ), but the trend is small. satellite data from the smmr and ssm / i instruments have been combined with earlier observations from ice charts and other sources to yield a time series of arctic ice extent from the early 1900s onward. while the pre - satellite records are not as reliable, their trends are in good general agreement with the satellite record and indicate that arctic sea ice extent has been declining since at least the early 1950s. in recent years, satellite data have indicated an even more dramatic reduction in regional ice cover. in september 2002, sea ice in the arctic reached a record minimum ( serreze et al. 2003 ), 4 percent lower than any previous september since 1978, and 14 percent lower than the 1979 - 2000 mean. in the past, a low ice year would be followed by a rebound to near - normal conditions, but 2002 was followed by two more low - ice years, both of which almost matched the 2002 record. taking these three years into account, the september ice extent trend for 1979 - 2004 declined by 7. 7 percent per decade ( stroeve et al. 2005 ). the year 2005 set a new record, dropping the estimated decline in end - of - summer arctic sea ice to approximately 8 percent per decade. although sea ice did not set a new record low in 2006, it did fall below normal for the fifth consecutive year. in 2007, sea ice broke all prior satellite records, reaching a record low a month before the end of melt season. through 2007, the september decline trend is now over 10 percent per decade. ( for current sea ice trends, visit nsidc


the first 2 - 3 years of life are so formative that the most fundamental and elementary ways that someone experiences and interacts with the world are set. personality changes throughout life, but less and less so. how the child deals with separation from the mother and his or her own sense of self lays a foundation for all later development. what qualities of being are required to move through the stages of development for the first 2 - 3 years of life? and what happens when some of these qualities are not fully present? basically, according to depth psychology the infant starts on a ‘ merged with the mother state ’ for the first 6 months or so. from there the baby begins a process of separating and individuating from the mother until 2 - 3 years old. the merged state that the child starts with is like a childhood enlightenment. there is little sense of difference or separation. it has a blissful quality that is sometimes interrupted by physical and emotional needs. how these needs are dealt with sets an initial and immediate sense of how the world is basically or bodily. safe, nourishing or not, at a very basic or bodily level. the dominant quality and the quality required in this early stage is a type of blended merged love, where the mother ’ s psyche and body are shared with the infant. this makes entry into the world of conditions safe, gradual and generally pleasant. if this merged love is not present or infrequently present or somehow dimmed then the baby will experience and begin to perceive the world in a less safe and positive way at the deep level of the body. next the child begins to differentiate themselves from the mother. the quality of strength is key here because he / she is separating themselves from the merged mother. strength slowly begins to take over as the primary quality of experience, instead of the merged type of love. ideally this is not strength in a contracted form, rather it is a bright uplifting yet relaxed feeling of capability. if the merged state did not go well ( needs were not met ) then it is likely that ego has already taken on a more rigid and defensive structure. this naturally blocks out the natural feelings of goodness of reality because the child is more self focused toward a false self. it also sets the stage for the strength, which is needed to differentiate, to arise in an ‘ egoic condition ’. additionally, trauma at this differentiation stage can cause the more rigid, being - blocking form of ego. trauma at these early periods is particularly damaging for obvious reasons. fundamental issues ( around separation,


differentiate, to arise in an ‘ egoic condition ’. additionally, trauma at this differentiation stage can cause the more rigid, being - blocking form of ego. trauma at these early periods is particularly damaging for obvious reasons. fundamental issues ( around separation, survival, etc. ) can centralize themselves in the blueprint for living which is being formed! but let ’ s assume things go ideally in the merged state and differentiation happens ideally ; the baby feels strong, able and happy. the next stage involves experiencing limitation, the limitations of his / her little body in the conditional world. if the mother, and to a lesser degree the father ( most commonly ) deals with the child ’ s attempt to remerge in a healthy supportive way, that both loves the child but encourages them to venture out strongly, then a quality of strength and ability will be added to a quality of merged safe love at the deep level of body. if the attempt to remerge is not dealt with well the child will end up too merged with the parent or too separate and independent. if the parent clings to the child the child will stay more merged. if the parent rejects the child, then the child will be more separate. in either case the love quality of being or the strength quality of being is diminished to a type of enmeshment or separateness. in a typical “ softy ” or “ meany ” personality style. next the child individualizes and develops their own sense of individuality and personality. the primary quality here is individuality. this individuality is not based on egoic separateness ideally, but instead forms a unique personality that is fully connected to being. any number of things can happen in this stage and cause the personality to become more contracted and further away from being. the contracted form of the individuality quality is something like the personality of ego ( often called the false self ). around four years old the child enters an oedipal phase where each child develops a sense of their ‘ boyness ’ or ‘ girlness ’ and what this means. the child develops the ability to polarize love, and years later to romanticize love. this is furthered by the biological development. freud was absolutely correct that a sexual self sense begins to form when a child realizes their gender and begins to integrate it into their personality. this sexual self sense, unless addressed, will underlie all romantic connections to follow. of course, it will change and further events will influence one ’ s romantic ability, but one ’ s basic sense of


this release is available in french. your blood and the level of a hormone in your spit could reveal if you ' re on the point of burnout, according to research undertaken by dr. sonia lupien and robert - paul juster of the centre for studies on human stress of louis - h. lafontaine hospital and the university of montreal. in addition to professional and personal suffering, burnout puts distressed workers at further risk of physical and psychological problems if ignored. this is significant, as burnout, clinical depression, or anxiety related to the workplace affects at least 10 % of north americans and europeans, according to estimates prepared by the international labor organization. " we hypothesized that healthy workers with chronic stress and with mild burnout symptoms would have worse physiological dysregulations and lower cortisol levels – a profile consistent with burnout, " juster explained. cortisol is a stress hormone involved in our bodies stress response and naturally as part of our body ' s daily rhythm. cortisol levels are often high in people suffering from depression, while it tends to be low in cases of burnout. too much cortisol can be as bad as too little when it comes to both mental and physical health. chronic stress and misbalanced cortisol levels can exert a kind of domino effect on connected biological systems. the term " allostatic load " represents the physiological problems or ' wear and tear ' that ensue in these different systems related to risks for diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and immune problems. by looking at various factors such as insulin, sugar, cholesterol, blood pressure, and inflammation, an allostatic load index can be constructed and then used to detect problems before they occur. " the strength of the allostatic load model is its flexible inclusion of numerous biological systems that get strained by chronic stress. complementary use of saliva samples and validated questionnaires allows us to go beyond measuring susceptibilities to, say, metabolic syndromes or heart problems, but also into the realm of mental health, " juster said. the results of this first pilot study were obtained by testing thirty middle - aged participants. in addition to undergoing routine blood measures that assessed allostatic load, participants were instructed to collect saliva at home and during a laboratory paradigm. they also filled out questionnaires related to their current stress levels as well as symptoms of depression and burnout. this research is part of a greater effort to develop personalized medicine in this field


many flying fears stem from a lack of understanding of aerodynamics, and how the aircraft stays in the air. in this article i ’ m going to explain the basics for you, to help you gain more knowledge on the subject and overcome your fear of flying. it ’ s a common misconception that the aircraft ’ s engines keep the plane in the air, whereas it ’ s actually simple aerodynamics at work. a huge jet aircraft ( such as a 435ton boeing 747 ) can glide to safety with no engine power. the probability of losing all engines on a commercial aeroplane is minuscule to say the least – but even in the unlikely event of it happening, you can still land perfectly safely. so, why have engines? the engines simply keep the aircraft in the air for a longer period of time – and provide the necessary thrust to take - off. the basics of aerodynamics are split into these four forces ; lift – thrust – weight – drag for a aircraft to fly straight, and at a constant speed, then thrust must be equal to drag, and lift must be equal to weight. sounds slightly technical i know! the lift is mainly provided by the wings, and it ’ s the lift that keeps the aircraft in the air. whereas thrust is important to reach your destination, it only acts as a controller of speed ( by compensating for the drag ). if thrust is less than the drag, the aircraft will slow, and descend. but, the wings are still providing lift, which in turn is keeping the plane airborne, therefore, the descent will be slow. that is the basic explanation of how a huge jet aircraft can glide – even with complete engine loss. air is a liquid? not quite.. air behaves in a very similar way to water – and the mathematical relationships are identical. therefore, flying is very similar to swimming. in fact, many aerodynamic tests are carried out underwater. i hope that all makes sense. the reason i ’ m sharing this with you, is that your flying fear may be related to the fear of the aircraft falling out of the sky. now you can be rest assured that this can not happen – even in the highly unlikely event of a complete loss of engine power. i will be covering the excellent reliablility of modern jet engines in future articles, so stay tuned. i ’ ll also be covering aerodynamics in more detail soon … …


| when in doubt, tell the truth. - mark twain | ( january 19, 1994 ) from russia and from america comes a new information service called " friends and partners " - - one of the first information systems jointly developed by citizens of these two nations. it is hoped that it will contribute towards better understanding between our nations by providing instruction on our countries and cultures, by providing a common base of information about issues affecting relations between our countries, and by providing a common ' meeting place ' where folks can find and communicate with each other. if you wish to visit, the following uniform resource locator ( url ) will allow you to connect to the world wide web server : what are the potential uses? scientists should be able to use the service to find information about funding opportunities and exchange programs, access various databases and library resources, and locate potential colleagues and co - workers. teachers and educators at all levels should be able to find and contribute interesting and up - to - date material to assist in their instruction - - making their courses more ' alive ' and more pertinent to real world issues. folks in business should be able to learn about the economic environment and opportunities in both countries as well as the rules and laws pertaining to conducting business. artists from all fields ( and their patrons ) should be able to learn about, meet and work with each other. and people from all walks of life should be able to learn more about these two nations - - so closed off from one another for so many years. the primary motivation of this service is to help introduce new friendships and partnerships between our peoples. it hopes to build upon the excellent work already being accomplished by our governments and by the various groups, centers, and institutes who have been working for so many years towards this same goal of cooperation and friendship. perhaps the only difference from other efforts is the intention to use the world wide web on the internet as the method of communicating information. the world wide web was chosen because of its ability to handle mixed media ( text, graphics, audio, etc. ), the excellent graphic and non - graphic browsers available for free on the internet, and its ability to ' integrate ' information from all of the best internet - based tools and utilities - - listservers, gophers, wais indexes, ftp archives, etc. if you do not have a www browser, you can use our ' friends ' account. telnet to solar. ncsa. uiuc. edu. at the login : prompt, enter friends and


of help for telecommunications and computing assistance from various companies and from the international science foundation. we received an offer from a school principal in the northeastern u. s. to begin work on an information ' exchange ' program with russian schools. we have had offers from vienna, austria and from moscow for the establishment of ' mirror ' servers to help speed access to the material from russia and from central and east european sites. natasha is actively working to establish a mirror server in pushchino. dirk van gulik is working to establish for us an interactive ' talk - room ' ( fascinating project - - you will see! ) we have received several offers to assist with such efforts as typing, transcription, and translation. we have received several offers to provide us with photographs and slides for publishing on the server. the server should have much additional ' graphic ' material in about a week. we received a very generous offer from the city university of new york for material describing all aspects of computer - aided language activities and natural language processing ( e. g., machine translation, text data - bases, language instruction - - native and foreign - - text analysis, and the linguistic dimensions of electronic communication ). we have received several notes from people who have made very open - ended offers of help. several more suggestions and offers of assistance will be summarized and posted here in the next digest. finally, in answer to a question we have seen a few times, there is once again, we thank each of you for your interest and hope to hear from many as we begin our work together on this service. please write with your comments, criticisms, and suggestions ( and, of course, those offers of help ). pushchino, moscow region greg cole, associate director national center for supercomputing applications the university of illinois at urbana - champaign once again, we thank each of you for your interest and hope to hear from many as we begin our work together on this service. please write with your comments, criticisms, and suggestions ( and, of course, those offers of help ). write to us with your comments and suggestions. f & p quick search about friends & partners isoc ' 95 paper ©1996 friends and partners


i find this fascinating.... stanford researchers ' cooling glove ' better than steroids ' – and helps solve physiological mystery, too the temperature - regulation research of stanford biologists h. craig heller and dennis grahn has led to a device that rapidly cools body temperature, greatly improves exercise recovery, and could help explain why muscles get tired. by max mcclure the rapid thermal exchange device, nicknamed ' the glove, ' creates a vacuum to draw blood to the surface of the palms. cold circulating water cools the blood, which returns to the heart and rapidly lowers the body ' s core temperature. " equal to or substantially better than steroids … and it ' s not illegal. " this is the sort of claim you see in spam email subject lines, not in discussions of mammalian thermoregulation. even the man making the statement, stanford biology researcher dennis grahn, seems bemused. " we really stumbled on this by accident, " he said. " we wanted to get a model for studying heat dissipation. " but for more than a decade now, grahn and biology professor h. craig heller have been pursuing a serendipitous find : by taking advantage of specialized heat - transfer veins in the palms of hands, they can rapidly cool athletes ' core temperatures – and dramatically improve exercise recovery and performance. the team is finally nearing a commercial version of their specialized heat extraction device, known as " the glove, " and they ' ve seen their share of media coverage. but what hasn ' t been discussed is why the glove works the way it does, and what that tells us about why our muscles become fatigued. for heller and grahn, the story starts, improbably, with a longstanding question about bears. black bears are extremely well - insulated animals, equipped with a heavy coat of fur and a thick layer of subcutaneous fat that help them maintain their body temperature as they hibernate through winter. but once spring arrives and temperatures rise, these same bears face a greater risk of overheating than of hypothermia. how do they dump heat without changing insulation layers? heller and grahn discovered that bears and, in fact, nearly all mammals have built - in radiators : hairless areas of the body that feature extensive networks of veins very close to the surface of the skin. rabbits have them in their ears, rats have them in their tails, dogs have them in their tongues. heat transfer with


in radiators : hairless areas of the body that feature extensive networks of veins very close to the surface of the skin. rabbits have them in their ears, rats have them in their tails, dogs have them in their tongues. heat transfer with the environment overwhelmingly occurs on these relatively small patches of skin. when you look at a thermal scan of a bear, the animal is mostly indistinguishable from the background. but the pads of the bear ' s feet and the tip of the nose look like they ' re on fire. these networks of veins, known as avas ( arteriovenous anastomoses ) seem exclusively devoted to rapid temperature management. they don ' t supply nutrition to the skin, and they have highly variable blood flow, ranging from negligible in cold weather to as much as 60 percent of total cardiac output during hot weather or exercise. coolers and vacuums in humans, avas show up in several places, including the face and feet, but the researchers ' glove targets our most prominent radiator structures – in the palms of our hands. the newest version of the device is a rigid plastic mitt, attached by a hose to what looks like a portable cooler. when grahn sticks his hand in the airtight glove, the device creates a slight vacuum. the veins in the palm expand, drawing blood into the avas, where it is rapidly cooled by water circulating through the glove ' s plastic lining. the method is more convenient than, say, full - body submersion in ice water, and avoids the pitfalls of other rapid palm - cooling strategies. because blood flow to the avas can be nearly shut off in cold weather, making the hand too cold will have almost no effect on core temperature. cooling, grahn says, is therefore a delicate balance. " you have to stay above the local vasoconstriction threshold, " said grahn. " and what do you get if you go under? you get a cold hand. " even in prototype form, the researchers ' device proved enormously efficient at altering body temperature. the glove ' s early successes were actually in increasing the core temperature of surgery patients recovering from anesthesia. " we built a silly device, took it over to the recovery room and, lo and behold, it worked beyond our wildest imaginations, " heller explained. " whereas it was taking them hours to re - warm patients coming into the recovery room, we were doing it in eight, nine minutes.


the recovery room and, lo and behold, it worked beyond our wildest imaginations, " heller explained. " whereas it was taking them hours to re - warm patients coming into the recovery room, we were doing it in eight, nine minutes. " but the glove ' s effects on athletic performance didn ' t become apparent until the researchers began using the glove to cool a member of the lab – the confessed " gym rat " and frequent coauthor vinh cao – between sets of pull - ups. the glove seemed to nearly erase his muscle fatigue ; after multiple rounds, cooling allowed him to do just as many pull - ups as he did the first time around. so the researchers started cooling him after every other set of pull - ups. " then in the next six weeks he went from doing 180 pull - ups total to over 620, " said heller. " that was a rate of physical performance improvement that was just unprecedented. " the researchers applied the cooling method to other types of exercise – bench press, running, cycling. in every case, rates of gain in recovery were dramatic, without any evidence of the body being damaged by overwork – hence the " better than steroids " claim. versions of the glove have since been adopted by the stanford football and track and field teams, as well as other college athletics programs, the san francisco 49ers, the oakland raiders and manchester united soccer club. the elegant muscle but what does overheating have to do with fatigue in the first place? much of the lab ' s recent research can be summed up with grahn ' s statement that " temperature is a primary limiting factor for performance. " but the researchers were at a loss to understand why until recently. in 2009, it was discovered that muscle pyruvate kinase, or mpk, an enzyme that muscles need in order to generate chemical energy, was highly temperature - sensitive. at normal body temperature, the enzyme is active – but as temperatures rise, some of the enzyme begins to deform into the inactive state. by the time muscle temperatures near 104 degrees fahrenheit, mpk activity completely shuts down. there ' s a very good biological reason for this shutdown. as a muscle cell increases its activity, it heats up. but if this process continues for too long, the cell will self - destruct. by shutting itself down below a critical temperature threshold, mpk serves as an elegant self - regulation system for the muscle. " your muscle cells are saying, " you can ' t work that


electrical inductance sensors are non - contact devices that measure the inductance of an electrical component or system. they consist of a wire loop or coils and are relatively inexpensive. inductance, the property of a circuit or circuit element to oppose a change in current flow, refers to the capacity of a conductor to produce a magnetic field. the standard unit of inductance is the henry ( h ). because the henry is a large unit, electrical inductance sensors often measure inductance in microhenry ( µh ) or millihenry ( mh ) levels. electrical inductance sensors contain a nickel - iron core shaft that rotates within the coil around the material. the inductance measured by an electrical inductance sensor depends on the number of turns in the coil, the type of material around which the coil rotates, and the radius of the coil. with the rotation of the shaft, displacement occurs within the coil and generates inductance. this displacement produces signals that can be measured by an inductance meter and recorded. most inductance meters are digital, hand held devices suitable for measuring inductance of very low value. the results of the inductance calculation can be plotted as a graph for future study. selecting electrical inductance sensors requires a careful analysis of product specifications and application requirements. most electrical inductance sensors have a standard accuracy variance of less than 0. 5 % when measured on full scale. for best results, an electrical inductance sensor should be able to generate an output signal of at least 4 - 20 ma. typically, a sensor ’ s measurement range is approximately 30 % of the coil diameter. for high precision measurements, the thickness of the coil should be at least 0. 025 inches ( in. ). electrical inductance sensors are used in many different applications. some electrical sensors are used in the automotive industry and the power industry. other electrical sensors are used in constructing planar transformers, generating electrical magnetic fields, and monitoring the inductance of an electrical component. electrical sensors such as electrical inductance sensors are widely used for detecting the presence of electrical voltage in equipments, and defective grounds.


allow companies to break their promises, have placed performance track under scrutiny. article by janet pelley. source : environmental science & technology measuring pollution prevention ( p2 ) regulatory integration : review of other states? efforts and recommendations for action ( 2000 ) [ pdf ] abstract : this report, compiled by the tellus institute for the ohio epa, offers a review of the breadth and depth of the efforts by 11 state p2 programs to measure the progress of their p2 regulatory integration activities. source : tellus institute ( for the ohio epa ) michigan clean corporate citizen ( c3 ) program abstract : this portion of the michigan department of environmental quality web site describes the clean corporate citizen ( c3 ) program and provides links to all related annual reports, application forms, and other documentation. the c3 program allows regulated establishments that have demonstrated environmental stewardship and a strong environmental ethic through their operations in michigan to be recognized as clean corporate citizens. the c3 program is built on the concept that these michigan facilities can be relied upon to carry out their environmental protection responsibilities without rigorous oversight, and should enjoy greater permitting flexibility than those that have not demonstrated that level of environmental awareness. clean corporate citizens who voluntarily participate in this program will receive public recognition and are entitled to certain regulatory benefits, including expedited permits. source : michigan department of environmental quality ( deq ) michigan department of environmental quality : regulatory integration abstract : this portion of the michigan deq environmental assistance division web site provides an overview of the agency ' s regulatory integration efforts. included are information on the agency ' s staff awards, p2 and drinking water, p2 integration tools, p2 financial assistance, and p2 field services, as well as issues of p2 revue and related links. source : michigan department of environmental quality ( deq ) national environmental performance track abstract : designed to motivate and reward facilities that go beyond compliance with regulatory requirements to attain levels of environmental performance that benefit people, communities, and the environment. source : u. s. epa ny : first lady silda wall spitzer announces green building initiatives abstract : first lady silda wall spitzer and david d. brown, executive director of the dormitory authority of the state of new york ( dasny ), today announced two important initiatives to promote the construction of green homes and state - owned buildings throughout the state. building on her effort to encourage homeowners throughout the state to incorporate simple energy reduction features into their homes, the first lady announced that the administration will offer legislation that offers a direct incentive to homeown


homes and state - owned buildings throughout the state. building on her effort to encourage homeowners throughout the state to incorporate simple energy reduction features into their homes, the first lady announced that the administration will offer legislation that offers a direct incentive to homeowners who build or renovate homes that meet green building criteria. the amount of the incentive will be based on the size of the home, with a cap of $ 10, 000 per home, and help offset the typical 5 percent increase in construction costs when " green " or " sustainable " features are incorporated. the dormitory authority announced that beginning in 2008, all new state construction projects and major renovations managed by the dormitory authority will meet leed ( leadership in energy and environmental design ) standards established by the united states green building council. the leed green building rating system is an internationally recognized program for the design, construction, and maintenance of high - performance green buildings. leed addresses all aspects of building construction and operation, including energy efficiency, land use, water conservation and re - use, indoor air quality, renewable energy, non - toxic landscaping practices, and recycling. source : dormitory authority of the state of new york ohio environmental protection agency abstract : oh epa uses innovation, quality service, and public involvement to ensure a safe and healthy environment for all ohioans. their mission is to protect the environment and public health by ensuring compliance & demonstrating stewardship. source : ohio environmental protection agency ongoing efforts by state regulatory agencies to integrate pollution prevention into their activities abstract : while the vast majority of state p2 initiatives remain focused on providing non - regulatory assistance to industry, there is an increasing effort in many states to modify regulatory programs to incorporate p2 approaches. source : u. s. epa, office of pollution prevention and toxics pollution prevention regulatory integration case studies [ pdf ] abstract : case studies provided by individuals and organizations actively working to integrate p2 into core environmental regulatory programs. includes state, national, and international projects. source : national pollution prevention roundtable pollution prevention integration and innovation ( p2i2 ) workgroup pollution prevention success stories abstract : this document highlights 26 p2 success stories spread over a wide spectrum. included are examples of successful regulatory integration. text version available at http : / / www. epa. gov / p2 / docs / p2case. txt. source : us epa small business assistance? permit primer ( wisconsin ) abstract : the permit primer is an interactive web page that helps wisconsin businesses determine which environmental permits and licenses they need. it also links users to


of being the chief support of darwin ' s theory, it is one of its moat serious weaknesses. " * gertrude himmelfarb, darwin and the darwinian revolution ( 1962 ), p. 330. facts supporting evolution are not to be found in the fossils, so faith alone must suffice. " the more one studies paleontology, the more certain one becomes that evolution based on faith alone, exactly the same sort of faith which it is necessary to have when one encounters the great mysteries of religion. " * louis trenchard more, the dogma of evolution ( 1925 ). [ dean of graduate school of university of cincinnati, and a * darwin ' s champion and " bulldog " admitted the total absence of evidence from the strata for evolutionary theory. " to say, therefore, in the admitted absence of evidence [ for evolution ], that i have any belief as to the mode in which the existing forms of life have originated would be using words in a wrong sense.. i have no right to call my opinion anything but an act of philosophical faith. " * thomas henry huxley, discourses biological and geological ( 1896 ad. ), pp. 256 - 257. * allen deplores the sorry state of historical geology, which encompasses both paleontology ( fossil study ) and stratigraphy ( strata study ), which is supposed to provide us with evidence from the past for the evolution of plants, animals, and man. " because of the sterility of its concepts, historical geology, which includes paleontology and stratigraphy, has become static and unproductive. current methods.. of establishing chronology are of dubious validity. worse than that, the criteria of correlationthe attempt to equate in time, a synchronize the geological history of one area with that of anotherare logically vulnerable. the findings of historical geology are suspect because the principles upon which they are based are either inadequate, in which case they should be discarded or reformulated. most of us refuse to discard or reformulate, and the result is the present deplorable state of our discipline. " * robin s. allen, " geological correlation anal paleoecology, " bulletin of the geological society of america, january 1948, p. 2. a london anatomy professor summarizes it in this manner : " paleontology, or the study of fossils, provides the really crucial evidence concerning the evolution of the hominidae in the past. however extensive and compelling it may be, the evidence for evolution


. the rocks and their fossils simply do not support evolutionary theory : * charles darwin recognized in his time that the fossil evidence was lacking for the origin of species and their transition from one species to another. but he said that later fossil discoveries would vindicate his position. yet a century of fossil exploration has failed to do that. " darwin set aside most of the fossil evidence for evolution with the proposal that it was massively incomplete. but there were polemic rather than scientific reasons for this attitude because he insisted on gradualistic evolution which most fossils did not substantiate. but the fossil record can no longer be set aside as woefully incomplete. more than 100 years of study demand instead that the gradualistic concept be reassessed. " * j. b. waterhouse, " the role of fossil communities in the biostratigraphical record and in evolution, " in * j. gray and * a. j. " historical biogeography, plate tectonics, and the changing environment " ( 1979 ), in proceedings of the 37th annual biology colloquium ( 1979 ), p. 249 - 250. so little paleontolgical evidence is available, that darwinism has to be read into the rocks,, not out of them! " the record of the rocks is decidedly against evolutionists. " * sir william dawson, geologist. the fossilized record book declares that evolution is based on faith alone. the more one studies paleontology, the more certain one becomes that evolution is based on faith alone ; exactly the same sort of faith which it is necessary to have when one encounters the great mysteries of religion. the changes that are noted as time progresses show no orderly and no consecutive evolutionary chain, and above all, they give us no clue whatever as to the cause of variations. evolutionists would have us believe that they have photographed a succession of fauna and flora, and have arranged them on a vast moving picture 51m. the evidence from paleontology is for discontinuity [ separate species ] ; only by faith and imagination is there continuity [ evolution ] of variation. " * louis t. more, the dogma of evolution, also presented in a series of lectures delivered at princeton university. the fossil evidence provides no particular evidence in support of " the fossil record doesn ' t even provide any evidence in support of darwinian theory except in the weak sense that the fossil record is compatible with it ; just as it is compatible with other evolutionary theories, and revolutionary theories, and special creationist theories


to make sense out of the fossil record and sketch in evolutionary sequences or unfossilized morphologies without realistic hope of obtaining specific verification within the foreseeable future. " * donald r. griffin, " a possible window on the minds of animals, " american scientist, vol. 84, september - october 1978, p. 534. the geologic column theory of evolution is supposed to show gradual evolutionary progression of life forms, but it fails to do just that : five - kingdom system may appear, at first glance, to record an inevitable progress in the history of life that i have often opposed in these columns. increasing diversity and multiple transitions seem to reflect a determined and inexorable progression toward higher things. but the paleontolgical record supports no such interpretation. there has been no steady progress in the higher development of organic design. " * stephen j. gould, natural history, 85 ( 8 ) : 37 ( 1978 ). not only christians, but scientistsand even paleontologistsare coming to the conclusion that darwin ' s theory is incorrect. " evolution.. is not only under attack by fundamentalist christians, but is also being questioned by reputable scientists. among paleontologist, scientists who study the fossil record, there is growing dissent from the prevailing view of darwinism. " * james gorman, " the tortoise or the hare? " discover, october 1980, p. the facts written in the rocks are totally separate from the theories taught by " so the geological time scale and the basic facts of biological change over time are totally independent of evolutionary theory. " in the years after darwin, his advocates hoped to find predictable progressions. in general, these have not been foundyet the optimism has died hard, and some pure fantasy has crept into textbooks. " * david m. " evolution and me fossil record " in science, july 17, 1981, p. 289. evolutionary theory is a false science, founded on assumptions based on assumptions. " through use or abuse of hidden postulates, of bolo, often ill - founded extrapolations, a pseudoscience has been seated. it is taking root in the very heart of biology and is leading astray many biochemists and biologists, who sincerely believe that the accuracy of fundamental concepts has been demonstrated, which is not the case. " * p. grasse, in the evolution of living organisms ( 1977 ), p. 8. the transitional forms are just not there. " the extreme rarity of transitional forms in the fossil


has been demonstrated, which is not the case. " * p. grasse, in the evolution of living organisms ( 1977 ), p. 8. the transitional forms are just not there. " the extreme rarity of transitional forms in the fossil record persists as the trade secret of paleontology. the evolutionary trees that adorn our textbooks have data only at the tips and nodes of their branches ; the rest is inference, however reasonable, not the evidence of fossils. " op. cit., p. 14. only the fossil record can provide past evidence of evolution, and this it does not do. " although the fossil record forms our only direct evidence of the course of evolutionary.. history, it is notoriously incomplete. " * j. w. valentine, " phanerozoic taxonomic diversity : a test of alternate models, " in science, if evolutionary theory had been correct, vast numbers of transitional species ought to have been found. " even if a number of species were known to biology which were indeed perfectly intermediate, possessing organ systems that were unarguably transitional in the sense required by the evolutionary model of nature, to refute typology and securely validate evolutionary claims would necessitate hundreds of thousands or even thousands [ of thousands ] of different species, all unambiguously intermediate in terms of their overall biology and the physiology and anatomy of all their organ systems. " * michael denton, in evolution : a theory in crisis ( 1985 ), p. 117. * hoffman tells us that all the arguments among the fossil hunters may have helped them understand what they are trying to accomplish, but it has not helped them accomplish it. the task before them has been to provide evidence of evolution. " all the recent paleobiological debates have, in my opinion, contributed much to the conceptualization of paleobiological research itself, but nothing to evolutionary biology. this is not to say that paleobiologists cannot contribute to evolutionary biology. i contend only that they have not done so. " * a. hoffman, " paleobiology at the crossroads : a critique of some modern paleobiological research programs, " in dimensions of darwinism ( 1983 ), p. 241. a leading expert on fossils suggests not only that transitional fossil species are not existent, but that the theory being pursued is a will - of - the - wisp that is little more than a scholastic myth : " i conclude that instances of fossils overturning theories of relationship based on recent organisms are


transitional fossil species are not existent, but that the theory being pursued is a will - of - the - wisp that is little more than a scholastic myth : " i conclude that instances of fossils overturning theories of relationship based on recent organisms are very rare, and may be nonexistent. it follows that the widespread belief that fossils are the only or best means of determining evolutionary relationships is a myth. tracing how this myth came to be an article of faith among biologists [ an ' idol of the academy ' ] should be an interesting study in the sociology of science ; it seems to have followed, as an unquestioned corollary, from acceptance of evolution. " * colin patterson, " significance of fossils in determining evolutionary relationships, " in annual review ecology and systematics ( 1981 ), p. 218. the evidence is lacking for the theory that living forms all descended from a common ancestor. " the attempt to explain all living forms in terms of an evolution from a unique source, though a brave and valid attempt, is one that is premature and not satisfactorily supposed by present - day evidence. " * g. kerkut, in implications of evolution ( 1977 ), p. 6. pitman provides us with an excellent summary of the problem : " cambrian rocks exhibit an explosion of life, so termed. all kingdoms and subkingdoms are represented in the geologic record from here onward. so are all classes except vertebrates, insects, moss corals, and the extinct trilobites and graptolites. divisions of the plant kingdom, except algae and fungi, appear later. no new phylum ( a division ) has arisen for 350 million years, and there is a complete absence of transitional series between any two phyla. in excess of 5, 000 species adorn the cambrian layers. " * michael pitman, adam and evolution ( 1984 ), p. 190. here is a companion statement : " evolution has to explain not only persistent species but persistent kinds. as regards classification, all kingdoms and subkingdoms are represented from the cambrian onward. all classes of the animal kingdom are represented from the cambrian onward except insects ( devonian onward ) and ( perhaps ) vertebrates and moss - corals from the ordovician [ onward ]. all phyla in the plant kingdom are represented from the triassic onward except bacteria, algae, ( algae, with bacteria and fungi, occur from the pre - cambrian onward ) ; mosses and horsetails


from the ordovician [ onward ]. all phyla in the plant kingdom are represented from the triassic onward except bacteria, algae, ( algae, with bacteria and fungi, occur from the pre - cambrian onward ) ; mosses and horsetails ( silurian onward ) ; diatoms ( jurassic onward ) and flowering plants ( cretaceous onward ). as we noted earlier, orders and families ( as well as kingdoms, phyla and classes ) appear suddenly in the fossil record, with no indication of transitional forms from earlier types. the is the case even for most genera and species. index - fossil sequences such as micraster, ammonites and trilobites indicate only variation ( ' microevolution ' ). " * op. cit., p. 236. the study of fossils reveals " vast stretches of little or no change and one evolutionary burst that created the entire system. " " increasing diversity and multiple transitions seem to reflect a determined and inexorable progression toward higher things. but the paleontological record supports no such interpretation. there has been no steady progress in the higher development of organic design. we have had, instead, vast stretches of little or no change and one evolutionary burst that created the entire system. " * stephen jay gould, " the five kingdoms, " in natural history, june - july 1976, p. 37. when new species did appear, they appeared suddenly, and with no links to previous species. " new species almost always appeared suddenly in the fossil record with no intermediate links to ancestors in older rocks of the same region. " * s. j. gould, " evolution ' s erratic pace, " in natural history, may 1977, p. 12. evolutionary theory is based on group preferences, rather than on any scientific data : " i know that at least in paleoanthropology, data are still so sparse that theories heavily influence interpretations. theories have, in the past, clearly reflected our current ideologies instead of actual data. " * david pilbeam, " rearranging our family tree, " in human nature june : 45 ( 1978 ). [ yale fossil experts well know that the evidence in the sedimentary rocks provides no defense against the creationist view that god created the world : " no real evolutionist, whether gradualist or punctuationist, uses the fossil record as evidence in favor of the theory of evolution as opposed to special creation. " * mark ridley, " who doubts evolution? " in new scientist, 90


" no real evolutionist, whether gradualist or punctuationist, uses the fossil record as evidence in favor of the theory of evolution as opposed to special creation. " * mark ridley, " who doubts evolution? " in new scientist, 90 : 830 - 831 ( 1981 ). ( oxford university zoologist. ) uniformitarianism vs. catastrophism the theory of uniformitarianism teaches that " all things continue as they were from the beginning " ( 2 peter 3 : 4 ; read 2 peter 3 : 3 - 7 ). this theory declares that all past history has been just like our own time in regard to flooding, atmospheric conditions, and orogenic ( mountain building ) activity. in contrast, creationists hold to the position that a massive cataclysm of immense proportions occurred only a few thousand years ago. that crisis was the genesis flood, recorded in genesis 8 to 9. * lyell was the first to widely champion the theory of " opposed to the line of thinking was sir charles lyell ( 1797 - 1875 ), a contemporary of cuvier, who held that earth changes were gradual, taking place at the same uniform slowness that they are today. lyell is thus credited with the propagation of the premise that more or less has guided geological thought ever since, namely, that the present is the key to the past. in essence, lyell ' s doctrine of uniformitarianism stated that past geological progress operated in the same manner and at the same rate it does today. " * j. h. zumberge, elements of geology, 2nd. edition, ( 1963 ), p. 200. the uniformitarian theory provides a neatly - wrapped package, inside of which is the evolutionary geologic theory : " this is the great underlying principle of modern geology and is known as the principle of uniformitarianism.. without the principle of uniformitarianism there could hardly be a science of geology that was more than pure description. " * william thornbury, principles of geomorphology ( 1954 ), pp. 16 - 17. " uniformitarian thinking compels us to recognize, in the record of the rocks, the slow unfolding of diverse sequence of events whose full display is beyond our comprehension. " * w. dickinson, " uniformitarianism and plate tectonics, " in science 174 : 107. ( we should here mention that there is a type of uniform pattern in nature with which we can well agree : the unalterable laws governing the natural world


dickinson, " uniformitarianism and plate tectonics, " in science 174 : 107. ( we should here mention that there is a type of uniform pattern in nature with which we can well agree : the unalterable laws governing the natural world. ) " uniformitarianism is a dual concept. substantive uniformitarianism ( a testable theory of geologic change postulating uniformity of rates of material conditions ) is false and stifling to hypothesis formation. methodological uniformitarianism ( a procedural principle asserting spatial and temporal invariance of natural laws ) belongs to the definition of science and is not unique to geology. " * stephen jay gould, " is uniformitarianism necessary? " american journal of science, vol. 263, march 1985, p. 223. ( harvard university. ) " substantive uniformitarianism as a descriptive theory has not withstood the test of new data and can no longer be maintained in any strict manner. " j. gould, " is uniformitarianism necessary? " in journal of paleontology, march, 1956, p. 227. it has been admitted that one reason uniformitarianism was adopted was as an attempt to explain geological evidence for the genesis flood in a totally different " frequently the doctrine of uniformitarianism is used fruitfully to explain the anti - catastrophist viewpoint of history. " * james w. valentine, " the present is the key to the present, " journal of geological education, vol. xiv, april 1986, p. 60. " it is both easy and tempting.. to adopt a neocatastrophist attitude to the fossil record.. this is a heady wine and has intoxicated paleontologists since the day when they could blame it all on noah ' s flood. " * derek v. alter, the nature of the stratigraphical record, p. 19. ) department of geology and oceanography, university cc " of swansea, england. ] " catastrophism is a fighting word among geologists. it is a theory based on divine intervention, and its adherents held that the history of the earth and life on it were moved by a series of disasters inspired by god. " * newsweek, december but there are other scientists who object, declaring that the uniformitarian theory is totally inaccurate, when viewed in accordance with the facts : " there are many other reasons why we should not blandly accept the doctrine of uniformitarianism. " * e. haylmun, " should we teach uniformitarian


the uniformitarian theory is totally inaccurate, when viewed in accordance with the facts : " there are many other reasons why we should not blandly accept the doctrine of uniformitarianism. " * e. haylmun, " should we teach uniformitarianism? " in journal of geological education, 19 ( 1971 ) p. 36. * dunbar was perhaps the leading geologic authority of the 1950s. here is his statement : " the uprooting of such fantastic beliefs [ of the catastrophist ] began with the scottish geologist, james hutton, whose theory of the earth, published in 1785, maintained that the present is the key to the past and that, given sufficient time, processes now at work could account for all the geologic features of the globe. this philosophy, which came to be known as the doctrine of uniformitarianism, demands an immensity of time ; it has not gained universal acceptance among intelligent and informed people. " * c. o. dunbar, historical geology, 2nd edition, ( 1960 ), p. 18. there are simply too many flaws in the uniformitarian theory. " the hurricane, the flood, or the tsunami may do more in an hour or a day than the ordinary processes of nature have achieved in a thousand years. " * derek v. ager, the nature of the stratigraphical record, p. 49. in fact, there are serious - minded scientists today who believe that catastrophic conditions have indeed occurred in the past. of late there has been a serious rejuvenation of catastrophism in geologic thought. this defies logic ; there is no science of singularities. if catastrophe is not a uniform process, there is no rational basis for understanding the past. for those who would return us to our babylonian heritage of ' science ' by revelation and possibility, we must insist that the only justifiable key to the past is probability and the orderliness of natural process ; if uniformity is not the key, there is no key in the rational sense, and we should pack up our boots and go home. " * b. w. brown, " induction, deduction, and irrationality in geologic reasoning, geology, vol. 2, september 1974, p. there are scientists who are anxious to get rid of the uniformitarian concept, declaring it to be foolishness : accepting the principle of the rare event as a valid concept made it even more desirable to retire the term ' uniformitarianism. ' " * p. " significance of the rare event in


of the uniformitarian concept, declaring it to be foolishness : accepting the principle of the rare event as a valid concept made it even more desirable to retire the term ' uniformitarianism. ' " * p. " significance of the rare event in geology, " in bulletin of the american association of petroleum geologists, 51 ( 1967 ) p. 2205. " substantive uniformitarianism as a descriptive theory has not withstood the test of new data and can no longer be maintained in any strict manner. " * s. gould, " is uniformitarianism useful, " in journal of geological education, 15 ( 1967 ) p. 150. " conventional uniformitarianism, or ' gradualism, ' i. e., the doctrine of unchanging change, is verily contradicted by all post - cambrian sedimentary data and the geotectonic histories of which these sediments are the record. " * p. " uniformitarianism is a dangerous doctrine, " in paleontology, 30 ( 1956 ) p. " the present is the key to the past " is the definition of " the present is the key to the past.. no causes whatever have from the earliest time.. to the present, ever acted, but those now acting : and they have never acted with different degrees of energy from that which they now exert. " * r. moors, the earth we live on ( 1911 ), pp. 145 - 146. even this standard definition of uniformitarianism is ridiculed by it seems unfortunate that uniformitarianism, a doctrine which has so important a place in history of geology, should continue to be misrepresented in introductory texts and courses by ' the present is the key to the past, ' a maxim without much credit. " * j. valentine, " the present is the key to the present, " in journal of geological education, 14 ( 1966 ) p. 59 - 60. " the present does not provide a complete key to the past, for we cannot find good samples today of all phenomena found in the ancient world. " * robert h. dots and " roger l. batten, evolution of the earth ( 1971 ), p. 210. there are scientists who recognize that the uniformitarianism view is too simplistic. for, indeed, how dare anyone try to specify what the world has been like through all past time? from a purely scientific point of view, it is unwise to accept uniformitarianism as unalterable dogma.. ( one


the past in terms of climate. " * robert h. dolt and * roger l batten, evolution of the earth ( 1971 ), p. 298. there is evidence of massive geological catastrophes at some time in " the diatomite fossil beds in santa barbara county, california, contain striking evidence of a sudden catastrophe. fish fossils are heavily matted together in foot - thick layers so well preserved they retain a fish odor when a fragment is broken. " there are many indications that the fish were suddenly trapped. the fossils show wide open gasping mouths, fins widely spread, back fiercely arched, body twisted, and head back. many fossil fish are partly on end through bedding planes of the rock. " a. von fange, " time upside down, " in creation research society quarterly, june 1974, p. 22 also see crsq, 6 ( 3 ) : 129 - 135 ). " over an area of more than 10, 000 sq. miles fish remains are found bearing unequivocally marks of violent death. the figures are contorted, contracted, curved ; the tail in many cases is bent around to the head, the spines stick out, the fins are spread to the full. " * h. miller, old red sandstones, pp. 221. consider this violation of uniformitarian theory : " the recent report of the discovery of a fossil skeleton of a baleen whale in a diatomaceous earth quarry in lompoc, california, should be of unusual interest to " ' the whale is standing on end in the quarry and is being exposed gradually as the diatomite is mined. only the head and a small part of the body are visible as yet. the modern baleen whale is 80 to 90 feet long and has a head of similar size [ to the one just discovered ], indicating that the fossil may be close to 80 feet long. ' " no comment was made concerning the implications of such a unique discovery. however, the fact that the whale is ' standing on end, ' as well as the fact that it is buried in diatomaceous earth, would strongly suggest that it was buried under very unusual and rapid catastrophic conditions. the vertical orientation of the whale is also very similar to observations of vertical tree trunks extending through several successive coal seams. such phenomena cannot easily be explained by uniformitarian theories, but fit readily into a historical framework based upon the recent and dynamic universal flood described in genesis. " larry s. helmick, " whale skeleton found in diatomaceous


successive coal seams. such phenomena cannot easily be explained by uniformitarian theories, but fit readily into a historical framework based upon the recent and dynamic universal flood described in genesis. " larry s. helmick, " whale skeleton found in diatomaceous earth quarry, " in creation research society quarterly, june 1977, p. 70. in graphic terms ( and one long sentence! ), a scientist lists a number of examples of catastrophes that can suddenly and unexpectedly occur : " hurricanes of global magnitude, of forests burning and swept away, of dust, stones, fire, and ashes falling from the sky, of mountains melting like wax, of lava flowing from riven ground, of boiling sea, of bituminous rain, of shaking ground and destroyed cities, of humans seeking refuge in caverns and fissures of the rock in the mountains, of oceans upheaved and falling on the land, of tidal waves moving toward the poles and back, of land becoming sea by submerging and the expanse of sea fuming into desert, islands born and others drowned, mountain ridges leveled and others rising, of crowds of rivers seeking new beds, of sources that disappeared and others that became bitter, of great destructions in the animal kingdom, of decimated mankind, of migrations, of heavy clouds of dust covering the face of the earth for decades, of magnetic disturbances, of changed climates, of displaced cardinal points and altered latitudes, of disrupted calendars and of sundials and water clocks that point to changed length of day, month, and year, mountains springing from plains and other mountains leveled, strata folded and pressed together and overturned and moved and put on top of other formations, melted rock flooding enormous areas of land with miles - thick sheets, ocean and lake shores tilted or raised or lowered as much as a thousand feet, whales cast out of oceans onto mountains. " * immanuel velikovsky, earth in upheaval ( 1955 ). so - called " index fossils " are the key to all geologic stratigraphic dating. yet, as we have observed earlier in this chapter, they constitute a woefully inadequate means of dating rocks. there simply is no reliable method of dating an " index fossil, " yet that is a fact which most geologists and paleontologists refuse to consider. here are admissions by experts that it is index fossils, and the theory behind them, which are the basis of fossil and strata dating : the fossils are dated by the fossils : " in each sedimentary strat


beginning of the 19th century, fossils have been and still are the best and most accurate method of dating and correlating the rocks in which they occur. " * derek ager, " fossil frustrations, " new scientist, november 10, 1983, p. 425. only the fossils are considered : " the character of the rocks themselves, their composition, or their mineral contents have nothing to do with settling the question as to the particular system [ age level ] to which the new rocks belong. the fossils alone are the means of correlation. " * henry shaler williams, geological biology ( 1895 ), p. 38. 6. circular reasoning " circular reasoning " is a method of false logic, by which " this is used to prove that, and that is used to prove this. " it is also called " reasoning in a circle. " over a hundred years ago it was described by the phrase, circulus in probando, which is latin for " a circle in a proof. " there are several types of circular reasoning found in support of evolutionary theory. one of these is the geological dating position that " fossils are dated by the type of stratum they are in, while at the same time the stratum is dated by the fossils found in it. " an alternative evolutionary statement is that " the fossils and rocks are interpreted by the theory of evolution, and the theory is proven by the interpretation given to the fossils and rocks. " in other chapters, we will find that circular reasoning is also used in regard to other evolutionary " proofs, " such as the origin of life, genetics, and mutations. the theory of natural selection is almost totally dependent on circular reasoning. as we will see below, geologists admit that this circular reasoning exists as a fundamental pillar of geological faith. for example, in a 1979 interview with * dr. donald fisher, the state paleontologist for new york, luther sunderland, asked him : " how do you date fossils? " his reply : " by the cambrian rocks in which they were found. " sunderland then asked him if this was not circular reasoning, and * fisher replied, " of course ; how else are you going to do it? " science newsletter, december 1986, p. 6. ) " the rocks do date the fossils, but the fossils date the rocks more accurately. stratigraphy cannot avoid this kind of reasoning.. because circularity is inherent in the derivation of time scales. " * j. e. o ' rourke, " pragmat


date the fossils, but the fossils date the rocks more accurately. stratigraphy cannot avoid this kind of reasoning.. because circularity is inherent in the derivation of time scales. " * j. e. o ' rourke, " pragmatism versus materialism in stratigraphy, " american journal of science, january 1976. the paleontology director of the field museum in chicago admits the problem exists. " the charge that the construction of the geologic scale involves circularity has a certain amount of validity. " * david m. raup, " geology and creationism, " field museum of natural history bulletin, march 1983, p. 21. ager bemoans the problem : " it is a problem not easily solved by the classic methods of stratigraphical paleontology, as obviously we will land ourselves immediately in an impossible circular argument if we say, firstly that a particular lithology [ theory of rock strata ] is synchronous on the evidence of its fossils, and secondly that the fossils are synchronous on the evidence of the lithology. " * derek v. ager, the nature of the stratigraphic record ( 1973 ), p. 62. but the experts have no clear - cut answer for extricating themselves from this dilemma, which * kitts says is caused by an acceptance of evolutionary theory : " but the danger of circularity is still present. for most biologists the strongest reason for accepting the evolutionary hypothesis is their acceptance of some theory that entails it. there is another difficulty. the temporal ordering of biological events beyond the local section may critically involve paleontological correlation, which necessarily presupposes the nonrepeatability of organic events in geologic history. there are various justifications for this assumption but for almost all contemporary paleontologists it rests upon the acceptance of the evolutionary hypothesis. " g. kitts, " paleontology and evolutionary theory, " in evolution, september 1974, no solid replies to the dilemma have been forthcoming : " the intelligent layman has long suspected circular reasoning in the use of rocks to date fossils and fossils to date rocks. the geologist has never bothered to think of a good reply, feeling the explanations are not worth the trouble as long as the work brings results. this is supposed to be hard - headed pragmatism. " * j. e. o ' rourke, " pragmatism versus materialism in stratigraply, " american journal of science, january 1976,


brings results. this is supposed to be hard - headed pragmatism. " * j. e. o ' rourke, " pragmatism versus materialism in stratigraply, " american journal of science, january 1976, p. 48. * west explains that the theory is based on the interpretation of fossils, and the fossil interpretation is based on the theory : " contrary to what most scientists write, the fossil record does not support the darwinian theory of evolution because it is this theory ( there are several ) which we use to interpret the fossil record. by doing so, we are guilty of circular reasoning if we then say the fossil record supports this theory. " * ronald r. west, " paleontology and uniformitarianism, " compass, may 1968, p. 218. the theory explains the rock strata and their contents, and they in turn explain the theory : material bodies are finite, and no rock unit is global in extent, yet stratigraphy aims at a global classification. the particulars have to be stretched into universals somehow. here ordinary materialism leaves off building up a system of units recognized by physical properties, to follow dialectical materialism, which starts with time units and regards the material bodies as their incomplete representatives. this is where the suspicion of circular reasoning crept in, because it seemed to the layman that the time units were abstracted from the geological column, which has teen put together from rock units. " * j. e. o ' rourke, " pragmatism versus materialism in stratigraphy, " american journal of science, january 1978, p. 49. the sequences of which creatures are ancestors and which are descendants both provesand is proven bythe theorized age and sequence of rock " the prime difficulty with the use of presumed ancestral - descendant sequences to express phylogeny is that biostratigraphic data are often used in conjunction with morphology in the initial evaluation of relationships, which leers to obvious circularity. " * b. schaeffer, * m. k hecht and * n. eldredge, " phylogeny and paleontology, " in * dobzhansky, * hecht and * steere ( eds. ), evolutionary biology, vol. 6 ( 1972 ), p. 39. according to * north, first came the theory that the strata had to be in a certain order, thus deciding the age of the fossils in it. then came the theory that the fossils in the rocks


. 6 ( 1972 ), p. 39. according to * north, first came the theory that the strata had to be in a certain order, thus deciding the age of the fossils in it. then came the theory that the fossils in the rocks decided the age of the strata they were in. " the paleontological time - scale rests squarely on the law of superposition [ which fossil strata is placed on top of which ]. from this unassailable foundation, the paleontologist became for more than a century the arbiter of all stratigraphic organization. but for geologists, the law of superposition presupposes the existence of decipherable geological sections, and every geological section must have a top and a base. [ every fossil strata must be identifiable, and have a top and a bottom. ] the paleontological succession was pieced together from hundreds of such sections, the tops and bases of which had been established by geologists on the ground. " the paleontologists ' wheel of authority turned full circle when he put this process into reverse and used his fossils to determine tops and bottoms for himself. in the course of time he came to rule upon stratigraphic order, and gaps within it, on a world - wide basis. " * f. k north, " the geological time - scale, " in royal society of canada special publication, 8 : 5 ( 1984 ). ( the order of fossils is determined by the rock strata they are in, and the strata they are in are derided by their tops and bottomswhich are deduced by the fossils in them. ) the ages are dated by the fossils, which is the basis for evolution, which is the determinate of the ages : " the geologic ages are identified and dated by the fossils contained in the sedimentary rocks. the fossil record also provides the chief evidence for the theory of evolution, which in turn is the basic philosophy upon which the sequence of geologic tees has been erected. the evolution - fossil - geologic age system is thus a closed circle which comprises one interlocking package. each goes with the other. " henry m. morris, the remarkable birth of planet earth ( 1972 ), pp. 7877. it cannot be denied that it is all one big circle : " it cannot be denied that, from a strictly philosophical standpoint, geologists are here arguing in a circle. the succession of organs has been determined by a study of their remains buried in the rocks, and the


it is all one big circle : " it cannot be denied that, from a strictly philosophical standpoint, geologists are here arguing in a circle. the succession of organs has been determined by a study of their remains buried in the rocks, and the relative ages of the rocks are determined by the remains of organisms that they contain. " * r. h. article " geology, " encyclopedia britannica, vol. 10, ( 14th ad. ; 1958 ), p. 168. strata dating cannot avoid reasoning in a circle. ( because, at the heart of it, the dating comes from a theory, instead of facts! ) " the rocks do date the fossils, but the fossils date the rocks more accurately. stratigraphy cannot avoid this kind of reasoning, if it insists on using only temporal concepts, because circularity is inherent in the derivation of time scales. " * j e. o ' rourke, " pragmatism versus materialism in stratiqraphy, " american journal of science, january 1976, p. 53. * azar utters a cry for help. " are the authorities maintaining, on the other hand, that evolution is documented by geology and on the other hand, that geology is documented by evolution? isn ' t this a circular argument? " * larry azar, " biologists, help! " bioscience, november 1978, p. 714. you have just completed go to the next chapter in this series,


words. | | ω | | ω | | omega | | omegha | | o as in got | | o as in pole | combinations of letters some letters are pronounced differently when they appear in combination with other letters. | αι | | e as in pet | | αυ | | af or av ( depending on next letter ) | | ευ | | ef or ev ( depending on next letter ) | | ου | | oo as in moon | | μπ | | b at start of word, mb in middle of word | | ντ | | d at start of word, nd in middle of word | | γκ | | g as in go at start of word, ng in middle of word | | γγ | | ng as in singer | an exception to these is that if the first vowel of any of these two - vowel combinations has an accent mark on it, or if the second vowel has two dots over it, the two vowels are treated separately, and not combined as in the table. thus for example κομπολoι ( worry beads ) is pronounced ' kombol - oh - ee '. greek is a strongly stressed language, even more so than english. the stress is very important, so it is normally marked with an accent over the vowel. ancient greek used three different accents, while modern greek uses only one. in ancient greek, words starting with a vowel or an r had a special sign called a breathing mark. this looked like an apostrophe and was positioned over the first letter, although printers often put it in front of the first letter. a right - facing mark ( like a backwards 9 ) was called a ' rough breathing mark ' and indicated that there was a ' h ' sound before the vowel. a left - facing mark ( like a 9 ) was called a ' smooth breathing mark ' and indicated that there was no ' h ' sound. in modern greek, the ' h ' sound is no longer pronounced at the start of any word, but the breathing marks were still used for historical reasons until about 1970, when they were officially dropped from the language. in ancient greek, in some cases when iota appeared after another vowel ( a diphthong ), it was written using a special little iota under the vowel instead. this was called an iota subscript. these do not occur in modern greek.


neurosis – the most frequent violation of mental health. he brings not only the patient discomfort. however, modern medicine can successfully treat it, but it is best to avoid the development of neurosis. what is neurosis? neurosis – a violation of health, which makes adaptation of the organism to conditions of living environment, distorts human perception of events and leads to the development of nervous system diseases. often decreases efficiency and a sense of joy to life. violates the patient ' s ability to communicate with others and to purposeful activity. in a healthy person there is no such things as irritability, aspiration complain, fear of something, inability to concentrate, fatigue in the absence of intensive work. but in these cases we are talking about is not neurosis, but about coming features. they occur in 70 % of the people. if some of these diseases are observed for a long time or are particularly strong, then we perceive them as an illness or neurosis, or any somatic disease. neurosis sometimes manifests itself in another way : can cause violations of the digestive system in the form of stomach pains or cramps. can also manifest palpitation or feeling of heaviness in the heart. sometimes in neurosis there are headaches, sweating, trembling, feeling of weakness, trouble breathing. one sign of neurosis may be a violation of the sexual ability. dr. josyann abisaab is full of insight into the issues. scientists have found that neurosis occurs in 16 % of women and 8 % of men. in addition, it was found that heavy neurosis occurs in 10 % of people, and neurosis mild to moderate suffer up to 20 % of the people. easy neurosis times occurs in each of us. remember, whether you do not have to return to his apartment, from which you left a few minutes ago in order to make sure you shut it or put out the light on or off the gas. at the same time understand the futility of his actions and knew that the house is all right. however, in such cases, we are not talking about neurosis, but of passing nervousness. how to protect yourself from neurosis? many people believe that they must strictly adhere to certain principles in life. these guidelines are so stringent that they impose on the person significant limitations, often unnecessarily. if a person is prone to neurosis, can not withstand its own


people believe that they must strictly adhere to certain principles in life. these guidelines are so stringent that they impose on the person significant limitations, often unnecessarily. if a person is prone to neurosis, can not withstand its own principles, his inner conflict arises. warning neurosis actually is the ability to rights to avoid ' the origin of internal conflict. " great importance for the prevention of neurosis and has a correct way of life. experience shows that the various troubles, because of which it may be a neurosis, we easier to confront, if you are in good condition. good physical condition promotes mental health. in addition, the proper division of time devoted to work, leisure, entertainment and well as nutrition – all of it is acceptable for the prevention of neurosis. for a man prone to neurosis, is very harmful alcohol consumption, smoking, black coffee craze. and in conclusion i would like to add. external factors themselves may not lead to a neurosis. most often depends on the person, how they will act on it. and more so depends on it, will the impact of these factors to the emergence of neurosis. if you want to avoid this disease, you should get rid of those traits of your character, that obstruct your life and contribute to the creation of unsolvable situations, otherwise you should seek medical advice immediately.


people the world over speak of the " space age " as beginning with the launching of the russian sputnik on 4 october 1957. yet americans might well set the date hack at least to july 1955 when the white house, through president eisenhower ' s press secretary, announced that the united states planned to launch a man - made earth satellite as an american contribution to the international geophysical year. if the undertaking seemed bizarre to much of the american public at that time, to astrophysicists and some of the military the government ' s decision was a source of elation : after years of waiting they had won official support for a project that promised to provide an invaluable tool for basic research in the regions beyond the upper atmosphere. six weeks later, after a statement came from the pentagon that the navy was to take charge of the launching program, most americans apparently forgot about it. it would not again assume great importance until october 1957. every major scientific advance has depended upon two basic elements, first. imaginative perception and, second, continually refined tools to observe, measure. and record phenomena that support, alter, or demolish a tentative hypothesis. this process of basic research often seems to have no immediate utility, hut, as one scientist pointed out in 1957, it took samuel langley ' s and the wright brothers ' experiments in aerodynamics to make human flight possible, and hans bethe ' s abstruse calculations on the nature of the sun ' s energy led to the birth of the hydrogen bomb. just as isaac newton ' s laws of gravity, motion, and thermodynamics furnished the principles upon the application of which the exploration of outer space began and is proceeding. in space exploration the data fed back to scientists from instrumented satellites have been of utmost importance. the continuing improvement of such research tools opens up the prospect of greatly enlarging knowledge of the world we live in and making new applications of that knowledge. in the decade before sputnik. however, laymen tended to ridicule the idea of putting a man - made object into orbit about the earth. even if the feat were possible, what purpose would it serve except to show that it could be done? as early as 1903, to be sure. konstantin tsiolkovskiy, a russian scientist, had proved mathematically the feasibility of using the reactive force that lifts a rocket to eject a vehicle into space above the pull of the earth ' s gravity. twenty years later romanian - born hermann oberth had independently worked out similar formulas, but before