. these tables form the data source for the " derived products. " base tables are also known as detailed tables. the base weight for an address is equal to the inverse of the probability with which the address was selected for the sample as determined by the sample design. since these weights are based only on the initial probability of selection, they are known as a priori to the data collection phase. this is the weight for a housing unit before any adjustments are made. the base weight is also known as the unbiased weight. be counted enumeration and be counted questionnaire the be counted program provided a means for people who believed they were not counted to be included in census 2000. the census bureau placed be counted questionnaires at selected sites that were easily accessible to and frequented by large numbers of people. the questionnaires also were distributed by the questionnaire assistance centers and in response to requests received through telephone questionnaire assistance. an authoring application that produces an instrument used to collect data using computer - assisted telephone interviewing ( cati ) or computer - assisted personal interviewing ( capi ). a subdivision of a census tract ( or, prior to 2000, a block numbering area ), a block is the smallest geographic entity for which the census bureau tabulates decennial census data. many blocks correspond to individual city blocks bounded by streets, but blocks - especially in rural areas - may include many square miles and may have some boundaries that are not streets. the census bureau established blocks covering the entire nation for the first time in 1990. previous censuses back to 1940 had blocks established only for part of the nation. over 8 million blocks were identified for census 2000. a census 2000 field operation to ensure the currency and completeness of the maf within the mailout / mailback area. listers traveled in their assignment areas to collect and verify information to ensure that their address listing pages ( derived from the maf ) contained a mailing address for every living quarters. they especially looked for hidden housing units ( such as attics, basements, or garages converted into housing units ) and houses that appeared to be one unit but actually contained multiple housing units. they also updated and corrected their census bureau maps. a subdivision of a census tract ( or, prior to 2000, a block numbering area ), a block group is a cluster of blocks having the same first digit of their four - digit identifying number within a census tract. boundary and annexation survey ( bas ) an annual survey of all counties and statistically equivalent entities, all or selected incorporated


), a block group is a cluster of blocks having the same first digit of their four - digit identifying number within a census tract. boundary and annexation survey ( bas ) an annual survey of all counties and statistically equivalent entities, all or selected incorporated places and minor civil divisions, all or selected federally recognized american indian reservations and off - reservation trust lands, and alaska native regional corporations, to determine the location of legal limits and related information as of january 1 of the survey year. a tool used by field representatives that allows them to manage their interview assignments on their laptops. census 2000 supplementary survey ( c2ss ) the c2ss was an operational test conducted as part of the research program in census 2000, and used the acs questionnaire and methods to collect demographic, social, economic, and housing data from a national sample. this evaluation study gave the census bureau essential information about the operational feasibility of converting from the census long - form sample to the acs. census county division ( ccd ) a subdivision of a county that is a relatively permanent statistical area established cooperatively by the census bureau and state and local government authorities. used for presenting decennial census statistics in those states that do not have well - defined and stable minor civil divisions that serve as local governments. census designated place ( cdp ) a statistical entity that serves as a statistical counterpart of an incorporated place for the purpose of presenting census data for a concentration of population, housing, and commercial structures that is identifiable by name, but is not within an incorporated place. cdps usually are delineated cooperatively with state, puerto rico, island area, local, and tribal government officials, based on the census bureau guidelines. for census 2000, cdps did not have to meet a population threshold to quality for the tabulation of census data. a collective term referring to the types of geographic areas used by the census bureau in its data collection and tabulation operations, including their structure, designations, and relationships to one another. census information center ( cic ) the cic program is a cooperative activity between the census bureau and the national nonprofit organizations representing interests of racial and ethnic communities. the program objective is to make census information and data available to the participating organizations for analysis, policy planning, and for further dissemination through a network of regional and local affiliates. census sample data population and housing information collected only on the census long form for a sample of households. a small, relatively permanent statistical subdivision of a county delineated by a local committee of census data users for the purpose of presenting data. census


. census sample data population and housing information collected only on the census long form for a sample of households. a small, relatively permanent statistical subdivision of a county delineated by a local committee of census data users for the purpose of presenting data. census tract boundaries normally follow visible features, but may follow governmental unit boundaries and other nonvisible features ; they always nest within counties. designed to be relatively homogeneous units with respect to population characteristics, economic status, and living conditions at the time of establishment, census tracts average about 4, 000 inhabitants. an address that consists of a house number and street or road name ; for example, 201 main street. the address may or may not be used for the delivery of mail, and may include apartment numbers / designations or similar identifiers. the process of associating numeric codes with write - in strings. for example, the write - in associated with place of birth is turned into a three - digit code. coefficient of variation ( cv ) the ratio of the standard error ( square root of the variance ) to the value being estimated, usually expressed in terms of a percentage ( also known as the relative standard deviation ). the lower the cv, the higher the relative reliability of the estimate. cold deck values the values used to initialize matrices used for hot - deck allocation. reducing the amount of detail shown in a base table to comply with data release rules. community address updating system ( caus ) a post - census 2000 maf improvement program that provides a systematic methodology for enhancement and update of address and feature information. designed to provide a rural counterpart to the update of the city - style addresses received from the u. s. postal services delivery sequence file, caus identifies and conducts listing operations in selected geographic areas suspected of experiencing growth that is either not available from or appears to be incomplete in the u. s. postal services delivery sequence file. address and feature updates collected for caus are added to the maf and the tiger® system. comparison profiles are available from the acs for 1 - year estimates beginning in 2007. these tables are available for the united states, the 50 states, the district of columbia, and geographic areas with a population of more than 65, 000. the acs interview is classified as complete when all applicable questions have been answered on the mail form, or during a cati or capi interview. the interview may include responses of " don ' t know " and " refused " to specific questions. computer - assisted personal interviewing ( capi ) a method of


have been answered on the mail form, or during a cati or capi interview. the interview may include responses of " don ' t know " and " refused " to specific questions. computer - assisted personal interviewing ( capi ) a method of data collection in which the interviewer asks questions displayed on a laptop computer screen and enters the answers directly into a computer. computer - assisted telephone interviewing ( cati ) a method of data collection using telephone interviews in which the questions to be asked are displayed on a computer screen and responses are entered directly into a computer. the sample estimate and its standard error permit the construction of a confidence interval that represents the degree of uncertainty about the estimate. each acs estimate is accompanied by the upper and lower bounds of the 90 percent confidence interval, or the 90 percent margin of error, from which a confidence interval can be constructed. a 90 percent confidence interval can be interpreted roughly as providing 90 percent certainty that the interval defined by the upper and lower bounds contains the true value of the characteristic. the guarantee made by law ( title 13, united states code ) to individuals who provide census information, regarding nondisclosure of that information to others. congressional tool kit a collection of documents developed for members of congress that explain how and why the acs is conducted, its benefits, and how to obtain additional information. the tool kit originally was distributed as hard copies in 3 - ring binders and is now available as a series of online portable document format ( pdf ) files. consumer price index ( cpi ) the cpi program of the bureau of labor statistics produces monthly data on changes in the prices paid by urban consumers for a representative basket of goods and services. a file which represents the current status of any case in sample in the acs. during the acs weighting process, the intercensal population and housing estimates are used as survey controls. weights are adjusted so that acs estimates conform to these controls. count question resolution ( cqr ) a process followed in census 2000 whereby state, local, and tribal government officials could ask the census bureau to verify the accuracy of the legal boundaries used for census 2000, the allocation of living quarters and their residents in relation to those boundaries, and the count of people recorded by the census bureau for specific living quarters. the joint distribution of two or more data characteristics, where each of the categories of one characteristic is repeated for each of the categories of the other characteristic ( s ). a cross - tabulation in a base table is denoted where " by " is used as the


distribution of two or more data characteristics, where each of the categories of one characteristic is repeated for each of the categories of the other characteristic ( s ). a cross - tabulation in a base table is denoted where " by " is used as the conjunction between characteristics ; for example, " age by sex " or " age by sex by race. " current population survey ( cps ) monthly sample survey of the u. s. population that provides employment and unemployment estimates as well as current data about other social and economic characteristics of the population. collected for the bureau of labor statistics by the census bureau. the concept used in the acs to determine who should be considered a resident of a sample address. everyone who is currently living or staying at a sample address is considered a resident of that address, except people staying there for two months or less. people who have established residence at the sample address and are away for only a short period of time are also considered to be current residents. the census bureau offers a wide variety of general purpose data products from the acs. these products are designed to meet the needs of the majority of data users and contain predefined sets of data for standard census geograpic areas, including both political and statistical geography. these products are available on the american factfinder and the acs web site. for users with data needs not met through the general purpose products, the census bureau offers " custom " tabulations on a cost - reimbursable basis, with the acs custom tabulation program. custom tabulations are created by tabulating data from acs microdata files. they vary in size, complexity, and cost depending on the needs of the sponsoring client. for users with data needs not met through the general purpose products, the census bureau offers " custom " tabulations on a cost - reimbursable basis, with the acs custom tabulation program. custom tabulations are created by tabulating data from acs microdata files. they vary in size, complexity, and cost depending on the needs of the sponsoring client. data capture file the repository for all data captured from mail return forms and by cati and capi blaise instruments. data collection mode one of three acs methods ( mail, telephone, personal visit ) of data collection. data products containing estimates of key demographic, social, economic, and housing characteristics. data swapping is done by editing the source data or exchanging records for a sample of cases. a sample of households is selected and matched


personal visit ) of data collection. data products containing estimates of key demographic, social, economic, and housing characteristics. data swapping is done by editing the source data or exchanging records for a sample of cases. a sample of households is selected and matched on a set of selected key variables with households in neighboring geographic areas that have similar characteristics. because the swap often occurs within a neighboring area, there is usually no effect on the marginal totals for the area or for totals that include data from multiple areas. de facto residence rules de facto means " in fact. " a de facto residence rule would define survey residents as all people living or staying at the sample address at the time of the interview without considering other factors such as the amount of time they will be staying there. such a rule would exclude people away from a regular residence even if they were away for only that one day. the acs is using a de facto residence rule when determining the residents of gq facilities eligible to be sampled and interviewed for the survey. delivery sequence file ( dsf ) a u. s. postal service ( usps ) computer file containing all mailing addresses serviced by the usps. the usps continuously updates the dsf as its letter carriers identify addresses for new delivery points and changes in the status of existing addresses. the census bureau uses the dsf as a source for maintaining and updating its maf. demographic area address listing ( daal ) a post - census 2000 program associated with coverage improvement operations, address list development, and automated listing for the caus and demographic household surveys. the program uses automated listing methods to update the inventory of living quarters, and also updates the street network in selected blocks. derived products are informational products based largely on estimates from the base tables. see base tables. disclosure avoidance ( da ) statistical methods used in the tabulation of data prior to releasing data products to ensure the confidentiality of responses. see confidentiality. disclosure review board ( drb ) a board comprised of census bureau staff who review and must approve all data products based on disclosure avoidance rules before they can be released to the public. to subject data to program logic to check for missing data and inconsistencies. edit management and messaging application ( emma ) an internet application used by acs subject - matter analysts to show the status of edit review and to relay analysts relevant comments. numerical values obtained from a statistical sample and assigned to a population parameter. data produced from the acs interviews are collected from samples of housing units. these data are used to produce estimates


of the data collection which characterizes the status of the case, such as " completed occupied interview " or " respondent refusal noninterview. " first stage sample acs first stage sampling maintains five 20 percent partitions of the maf by determining which addresses were in the first stage sample 4 years prior and excluding them. this ensures that no address is in sample more than once in any 5 - year period. the first phase sample is the universe from which the second phase sample is selected. estimates based on 5 years of acs data. these estimates are meant to reflect the characteristics of a geographic area over the entire 60 - month period and will be published for all geographic areas down to the census block group level. functioning governmental unit ( fgu ) a general purpose government that has the legal capacity to elect or appoint officials, raise revenues, provide surveys, and enter into contracts. the process whereby write - in answers to hispanic origin, race, ancestry, and language are categorized into codes. this is accomplished using an automated system approach, relying on a set of growing dictionaries of write - ins against which responses are computer matched. responses that are not found in the dictionaries are sent to subject matter experts who code them. these new responses are added to the computer dictionaries for subsequent use. the assignment of an address, structure, key geographic location, or business name to a location that is identified by one or more geographic codes. for living quarters, geocoding usually requires identification of a specific census block. geographic summary level a geographic summary level specifies the content and the hierarchical relationships of the geographic elements that are required to tabulate and summarize data. for example, the county summary level specifies the state - county hierarchy. thus, both the state code and the county code are required to uniquely identify a county in the united states or puerto rico. government printing office ( gpo ) a federal agency responsible for producing, procuring, and disseminating printed and electronic publications of the congress as well as the executive departments and establishments of the federal government. governmental unit measure of size ( gumos ) the smallest measure of size associated with a given block. it is used in the sample selection operation to determine the initial sampling rate at the block level. group quarters ( gq ) facilities a gq facility is a place where people live or stay that is normally owned or managed by an entity or organization providing housing and / or services for the residents. these services may include custodial or medical care, as well as


or trailer, a group of rooms, or a single room occupied as separate living quarters, or if vacant, intended for occupancy as separate living quarters. separate living quarters are those in which the occupants live separately from any other individuals in the building and have direct access from outside the building or through a common hall. for vacant units, the criteria of separateness and direct access are applied to the intended occupants whenever possible. when information is missing or inconsistent, the census bureau uses imputation methods to assign or allocate values. imputation relies on the statistical principle of " homogeneity, " or the tendency of households within a small geographic area to be similar in most characteristics. interactive voice recognition ( ivr ) an automated telephone application which allows the caller to hear prerecorded responses to frequently asked questions. the caller may proceed through the application by entering numbers from the telephone key pad or by speaking responses to select which messages he / she wants to hear. the caller may also elect to speak to an interviewer instead of listening to the recorded responses. official census bureau estimates of the population of the united states, states, metropolitan areas, cities and towns, and counties ; also official census bureau estimates of housing units ( hus ). these are codes assigned to a sample gq assignment in the gqfq system by a field representative when scheduling a personal visit to a sample acs gq facility, when additional research is needed to locate the gq facility, or when a return visit to the gq facility is needed to obtain additional survey information. interpolation is frequently used in calculating medians or quartiles based on interval data and in approximating standard errors from tables. linear interpolation is used to estimate values of a function between two known values. pareto interpolation is an alternative to linear interpolation. in pareto interpolation, the median is derived by interpolating between the logarithms of the upper and lower income limits of the median category. a process in which cati supervisors, for quality control purposes, listen to interviewers while they are conducting interviews with respondents to assure that the interviewer is following all interviewing procedures correctly. the interviewer is not told when the supervisor is listening, but is given feedback on his / her performance after the monitoring. the failure to obtain valid responses or responses consistent with other answers for individual data items. subgroups of the original tabulation universe, especially by race, hispanic origin, ancestry, and tribal groups. for


feedback on his / her performance after the monitoring. the failure to obtain valid responses or responses consistent with other answers for individual data items. subgroups of the original tabulation universe, especially by race, hispanic origin, ancestry, and tribal groups. for example, many acs base tables are iterated by 9 race and hispanic origin groups. joint economic edit an edit which looks at the combination of multiple variables related to a person ' s employment and income, thereby maximizing the information used for filling any missing related variables. an operation in which keyers use a software program to capture questionnaire responses by typing responses directly into the scanned image of a questionnaire displayed on their work station screen. an operation in which keyers use a software program to capture questionnaire responses from a hard - copy of the questionnaire. a geographic entity whose origin, boundary, name, and description result from charters, laws, treaties, or other administrative or governmental action, such as the united states, states, the district of columbia, puerto rico, the island areas, counties, cities, boroughs, towns, villages, townships, american indian reservations, alaska native villages, congressional districts, and school districts. the legal entities and their boundaries that the census bureau recognizes are those in existence on january 1 of each calendar year. a method of decennial census data collection in some of the more remote, sparsely populated areas of the united states and the island areas, where many of the households do not have mail delivery to city - style addresses. enumerators list the residential addresses within their assignment areas on blank address register pages, map spot the location of the residential structures on census bureau maps, and conduct an interview for each household. local update of census addresses ( luca ) a census 2000 program, established in response to requirements of public law 103 - 430, that provided an opportunity for local and tribal governments to review and update individual address information or block - by - block address counts from the maf and associated geographic information in the tiger® database. the goal was to improve the completeness and accuracy of both computer files. individuals working with the addresses had to sign a confidentiality agreement before a government could participate. also called the address list review program. the decennial census long - form questionnaire was used to survey a sample of the u. s. population. it contained the questions on the census short form and additional detailed questions relating to the social, economic, and housing characteristics of each individual and household. represents the low end of the 90 percent confidence interval of an estimate from


the u. s. population. it contained the questions on the census short form and additional detailed questions relating to the social, economic, and housing characteristics of each individual and household. represents the low end of the 90 percent confidence interval of an estimate from a sample survey. a 90 percent confidence interval can be interpreted roughly as providing 90 percent certainty that the true number falls between the upper and lower bounds. the address used by a living quarters, special place, business establishment, and the like for mail delivery by the usps. it can be a house number and street or road name, which may be followed by an apartment, unit, or trailer lot designation ; a building or apartment complex name and apartment designation ; a trailer park name and lot number ; a special place / gq facility name ; a post office box or drawer ; a rural route or highway contract route, which may include a box number ; or general delivery. a mailing address includes a post office name, state abbreviation, and zip code. a mailing address may serve more than one living quarters, establishment, and so on. a method of data collection in which the usps delivers addressed questionnaires to housing units. residents are asked to complete and mail the questionnaire to a specified data capture center. main phase sample the annual acs sample is chosen in two phases. during the first phase, referred to as the main phase, approximately 98 percent of the total acs sample is chosen. the main phase sample addresses are allocated to the 12 months of the sample year. the second phase, referred to as supplemental sample selection, is implemented to represent new construction. master address file ( maf ) the census bureau ' s official inventory on known living quarters ( housing units and gq facilities ) and selected nonresidential units ( public, private, and commercial ) in the united states. the file contains mailing and location address information, geocodes, and other attribute information about each living quarters. the census bureau continues to update the maf using the usps dsf and various automated, computer - assisted, clerical, and field operations. master address file geocoding office resolution ( mafgor ) an operation in which census staff try to find the location of addresses from the usps that did not match to the records in the tiger® database. staff use atlases, maps, city directories, and the like to locate these addresses and add their streets and address ranges to the tiger® database. master address file / tiger® reconciliation a post - census 2000 ma


in the tiger® database. staff use atlases, maps, city directories, and the like to locate these addresses and add their streets and address ranges to the tiger® database. master address file / tiger® reconciliation a post - census 2000 maf improvement activity where census staff reviewed and corrected map spot inconsistencies in over 1, 800 counties. over 75, 000 maf records in nonmailout / mailback blocks were corrected. the most common types of maf corrections were the assignment of map spots to maf records such that they are consistent with the tiger® database, and the identification and linkage of duplicate maf records. margin of error ( moe ) some acs products provide an moe instead of confidence intervals. an moe is the difference between an estimate and its upper or lower confidence bounds. confidence bounds can be created by adding the moe to the estimate ( for the upper bound ) and subtracting the moe from the estimate ( for the lower bound ). all published acs moes are based on a 90 percent confidence level. measure of size ( mos ) a generic term used to refer to the estimated size of a specific administrative or statistical area. it is used in the sample selection operation to determine the initial sampling rate at the block level. also referred to as " response error, " measurement error occurs when the response received differs from the " true " value as a result of the respondent, the interviewer, the questionnaire, the mode of collection, the respondents record - keeping system ( s ) or other similar factors. this measurement represents the middle value ( if n is odd ) or the average of the two middle values ( if n is even ) in an ordered list of data values. the median divides the total frequency distribution into two equal parts : one - half of the cases fall below the median and one - half of the cases exceed the median. medians in the acs are estimated using interpolation methods. information about the content, quality, condition, and other characteristics of data. metadata related to tables presented in american factfinder can be found by clicking on column headings or by clicking " help " and then " census data information. " minor civil division ( mcd ) a primary governmental and / or administrative subdivision of a county, such as a township, precinct, or magisterial district. mcds exist in 28 states and the district of columbia. in 20 states, all or many mcds are general - purpose governmental units : connecticut, illinois, indiana, kansas,


, such as a township, precinct, or magisterial district. mcds exist in 28 states and the district of columbia. in 20 states, all or many mcds are general - purpose governmental units : connecticut, illinois, indiana, kansas, maine, massachusetts, michigan, minnesota, missouri, nebraska, new hampshire, new jersey, new york, north dakota, ohio, pennsylvania, rhode island, south dakota, vermont, and wisconsin. most of these mcds are legally designated as towns or townships. three - and five - year estimates based on multiple years of acs data. three year estimates will be published for geographic areas with a population of 20, 000 or more. five year estimates will be published for all geographic areas down to the census block group level. primary legal divisions of puerto rico. these are treated as county equivalents. a data product that includes easy - to - read descriptions for a particular geography. national processing center ( npc ) the permanent census bureau processing facility in jeffersonville, indiana. until 1998, it was called the data preparation division. a mailing address that does not use a house number and street or road name. this includes rural routes and highway contract routes, which may include a box number ; post office boxes and drawers ; and general delivery. a sample address which was eligible for an interview, but from which no survey data was obtained. error caused by survey failure to get a response to one or possibly all of the questions. nonresponse error is measured in the acs by survey response rates and item nonresponse rates. an operation whose objective is to obtain complete survey information from housing units for which the census bureau did not receive a completed questionnaire by mail. in the acs, telephone and personal visit methods are used for nonresponse follow - up. total survey error can be classified into two categories - sampling error and nonsampling error. errors that occur during data collection ( for example, nonresponse error, response error, and interviewer error ) or data capture fall under the category of nonsampling error. office of management and budget ( omb ) omb assists the president in the development and execution of policies and programs. omb has a hand in the development and resolution of all budget, policy, legislative, regulatory, procurement, e - government, and management issues on behalf of the president. omb is composed of divisions organized either by agency and program area or by functional responsibilities. however, the work of omb often requires a broad exposure


, legislative, regulatory, procurement, e - government, and management issues on behalf of the president. omb is composed of divisions organized either by agency and program area or by functional responsibilities. however, the work of omb often requires a broad exposure to issues and programs outside of the direct area of assigned responsibility. in accordance with the paperwork reduction act of 1995, the census bureau submits survey subjects, questions, and information related to sampling, data collection methods, and tabulation of survey data to omb for approval and clearance. operational response rates response rates for data collection operations conducted in the acs - mail, cati, capi, and fefu operations. optical mark recognition ( omr ) technology that uses a digital image of a completed questionnaire and computer software to read and interpret the marking of a response category and to convert that mark into an electronic response to the survey question. extent to which a frame includes units from the target population more than once, giving the unit multiple chances of selection, as well as the extent to which the frame includes units that are not members of the target population. an estimate based on information collected over a period of time. for acs the period is either 1 year, 3 years, or 5 years. an estimate based on one point in time. the decennial census longform estimates for census 2000 were based on information collected as of april 1, 2000. intercensal estimates used in weighting acs sample counts to ensure that acs estimates of total population and occupied housing units agree with official census bureau estimates. primary sampling unit ( psu ) the psu for the housing unit sample selection is the address. for the gq sample selection it is groups of ten expected interviews. for the small gq sample selection operation it is the gq facility. all residents of small gq facilities in sample are included in the person sample. error introduced in the postdata collection process of taking the responses from the questionnaire or instrument and turning those responses into published data. thus, processing error occurs during data capture, coding, editing, imputation, and tabulation. public use microdata area ( puma ) an area that defines the extent of territory for which the census bureau releases public use microdata sample ( pums ) records. public use microdata sample ( pums ) files computerized files that contain a sample of individual records, with identifying information removed, showing the population and housing characteristics of the units and people included on those forms. public use microdata sample


. public use microdata sample ( pums ) files computerized files that contain a sample of individual records, with identifying information removed, showing the population and housing characteristics of the units and people included on those forms. public use microdata sample ( pums ) management and messaging application ( pmma ) this system is the pums version of emma, and is used by analysts to communicate with the data processing team about their review of the pums files. puerto rico community survey ( prcs ) the counterpart to the acs that is conducted in puerto rico. quality assurance ( qa ) the systematic approach to building accuracy and completeness into a process. quality control ( qc ) various statistical methods that validate that products or operations meet specified standards. a measure of the quality of a particular return which is used when there are multiple returns for a particular sample unit. statistics that provide information about the quality of the acs data. the acs releases four different quality measures with the annual data release : 1 ) initial sample size and final interviews ; 2 ) coverage rates ; 3 ) response rates, and ; 4 ) item allocation rates for all collected variables. an iterative procedure whereby a series of ratio adjustments are performed and then repeated. each ratio adjustment corresponds to a dimension of the raking matrix. the goal of the procedure is to achieve a high degree of consistency between the weighted marginal totals and the control totals used in the ratio adjustment. the raking ratio estimator is also known as iterative proportional fitting. ranking tables are tables and related graphics that show the rank order of a key statistic or derived measure across various geographic areas, currently states, counties, and places. variables on data files that are the result of combining values from more than one variable. time interval to which survey responses refer. for example, many acs questions refer to the day of the interview ; others refer to the " past 12 months " or " last week. " regional office ( ro ) one of 12 permanent census bureau offices established for the management of all census and survey operations in specified areas. one of four key dimensions of survey quality. relevance is a qualitative assessment of the value contributed by the data. value is characterized by the degree to which the data serve to address the purposes for which they are produced and sought by users ( including mandate of the agency, legislated requirements, and so on. ) rural areas in alaska which are difficult to access. in these areas, all acs sample cases are interviewed using the personal visit mode.


are produced and sought by users ( including mandate of the agency, legislated requirements, and so on. ) rural areas in alaska which are difficult to access. in these areas, all acs sample cases are interviewed using the personal visit mode. field representatives attempt to conduct interviews for all cases in specific areas of remote alaska during a single visit. all sample cases in remote alaska are interviewed in either january through april or september through december. the series of rules that define who ( if anyone ) is considered to be a resident of a sample address for purposes of the survey or census. the person supplying survey or census information about his or her living quarters and its occupants. the respondents failure to provide the correct answer to a survey question for any reason, such as poor comprehension of the question meaning, low motivation to answer the question, inability to retrieve the necessary information, or an unwillingness to answer the question truthfully. the response options for a particular survey question shown on the paper questionnaire, read to the respondent in a cati interview or read or presented on a flashcard to the respondent in a capi interview. also referred to as measurement error, response error is any error that occurs during the data collection stage of a survey resulting in a deviation from the true value for a given survey question or questions. errors made by respondents, interviewer errors such as misreading a question or guiding the response to a particular category, and poorly designed data collection instruments or questionnaires all contribute to response error. a rolling sample design jointly selects k nonoverlapping probability samples, each of which constitutes 1 / f of the entire population. one sample is interviewed each time period until all of the sample has been interviewed after k periods. the first month of a samples 3 - month interview period. geographic and statistical entities eligible to be used in determining the sampling strata assignment. errors that occur because only part of the population is directly contacted. with any sample, differences are likely to exist between the characteristics of the sampled population and the larger group from which the sample was chosen. any list or device that, for purposes of sampling, delimits, identifies, and allows access to the sampling units, which contain elements of the sampled population. the frame may be a listing of persons, housing units, businesses, records, land segments, and so on. one sampling frame or a combination of frames may be used to cover the entire sampled population. proportion of the addresses in a geographical area, or residents of a gq facility, who are selected for


businesses, records, land segments, and so on. one sampling frame or a combination of frames may be used to cover the entire sampled population. proportion of the addresses in a geographical area, or residents of a gq facility, who are selected for interview in a particular time period. variation that occurs by chance because a sample is surveyed rather than the entire population. second stage sample the set of addresses selected from the first phase sample using a systematic sampling procedure. this procedure employs seven distinct sampling rates. selected population profiles ( spps ) an acs data product that provides certain characteristics for a specific race or ethnic group ( for example, alaska natives ) or other population subgroup ( for example, people aged 60 years and over ). spps are produced directly from the sample microdata ( that is, not a derived product ). the decennial census short - form questionnaire includes questions on sex, age / date of birth, relationship, hispanic origin, race, and tenure. estimates based on the set of acs interviews conducted from january through december of a given calendar year. these estimates will be published for geographic areas with a population of 65, 000 or more. population sizes of geographical areas that determine when data products will first be released for that area ; for example, areas with 65, 000 or greater populations will get single - year profiles in 2006 and every year thereafter ; areas with 20, 000 or greater populations will receive 3 - year data products in 2008 and every year thereafter. there are no population size thresholds applied to the 5 - year data products other than those imposed by the drb. small area income and poverty estimates ( saipe ) census bureau program that prepares mathematical model - based estimates of selected characteristics of the united states, states, and school districts. a federal census conducted at the request and expense of a local governmental agency to obtain a population count between decennial censuses. special place ( sp ) a special place is an entity that owns and / or manages one or more gq facilities. a special place can be in the same building or location as the gq facility or it can be at a different location than the gq facility it manages or oversees. special sworn status ( sss ) or special sworn status ( sss ) individual individuals with sss are defined as non - census bureau personnel who require access to census information or confidential data. an sss individual is bound by census bureau confidentiality requirements, as authorized by title 13, united states code. the standard error is a measure of the deviation of a


as non - census bureau personnel who require access to census information or confidential data. an sss individual is bound by census bureau confidentiality requirements, as authorized by title 13, united states code. the standard error is a measure of the deviation of a sample estimate from the average of all possible samples. state data center ( sdc ) a state agency or university facility identified by the governor of each state and state equivalent to participate in the census bureau ' s cooperative network for the dissemination of census data. defined and intended to provide nationally consistent definitions for collecting, tabulating, and publishing federal statistics for a set of geographic areas. the determination of whether the difference between two estimates is not likely to be from random chance ( sampling error ) alone. this determination is based on both the estimates themselves and their standard errors. for acs data, two estimates are " significantly different at the 90 percent level " if their difference is large enough to infer that there was a less than 10 percent chance that the difference came entirely from random variation. a grouping or classification that has a similar set of characteristics. refers to the sampling of a sample. the cases that are not completed by mail or through a telephone interview become eligible for capi interviewing. this winnowing of the sample is referred to as subsampling. data products organized by subject area that present an overview of the information that analysts most often receive requests for from data users. successive differences replication ( sdr ) a variance estimation methodology to be used for surveys with a systematic sample. the initial sampling weights are multiplied by sets of 80 predetermined factors, and then reprocessed through the weighting system to produce 80 new sets to replicate weights. the 80 replicate weights and the final production weights are used to estimate the variance of acs estimates. sufficient partial interview a sufficient partial interview means that the census bureau accepts an interview as final even if the respondent did not provide a valid response for all applicable items. summary file 3 ( sf 3 ) this file presents base tables on population and housing characteristics from census 2000 sample topics, such as income and education. it also includes population estimates for ancestry groups and selected characteristics for a limited number of race and hispanic or latino categories. summary file 4 ( sf 4 ) this file presents data similar to the information included on summary file 3. the data from census 2000 are shown down to the census tract level for 336 race, hispanic or latino, american indian and alaska native, and ancestry categories. the sample that is selected from new addresses ( primarily new construction )


included on summary file 3. the data from census 2000 are shown down to the census tract level for 336 race, hispanic or latino, american indian and alaska native, and ancestry categories. the sample that is selected from new addresses ( primarily new construction ) and allocated to the last 9 months of the sample year. this is done in january of the sample year. a data collection for a sample of a population. surveys are normally less expensive to conduct than censuses, hence, they may be taken more frequently and can provide an information update between censuses. survey of income and program participation ( sipp ) a longitudinal survey conducted by the census bureau that collects data periodically from the same respondents over the course of several years. the sipp produces data on income, taxes, assets, liabilities, and participation in government transfer programs. the four key elements of survey quality include relevance, accuracy, timeliness, and accessibility. survey response rates a measure of total response across all three modes of data collection, calculated as the ratio of the estimate of the interviewed units to the estimate of all units that should have been interviewed. the acs weights the survey response rate to reflect the sample design, including the subsampling for the capi. see data swapping. errors or inaccuracies occurring in data consistently in one direction, which can distort survey results. by definition, any systematic error in a survey will occur in all implementations of that same survey design. the month associated with a sample case which is used in producing estimates. also known as the interview month, it reflects the response month, which may or may not be the same as the sample month. the specific category of people, households, or housing units on which estimates are based ; for example, people aged 25 and over or occupied housing units. in the context of the acs language program, this refers to the identification of geographic areas warranting specific language tools. telephone questionnaire assistance ( tqa ) a process which allows respondents to call a toll - free telephone number to receive help when completing the survey questionnaire. this process also allows respondents to complete the survey over the telephone with an interviewer. data products that show the geographic patterns in statistical data. thematic maps are a complement to the ranking tables, and are a tool to visually display on a map the geographic variability of a key summary or derived measure. estimates based on 3 years of acs data. these estimates are meant to reflect the characteristics of a geographic area over the entire 36 - month period. these estimates will be


visually display on a map the geographic variability of a key summary or derived measure. estimates based on 3 years of acs data. these estimates are meant to reflect the characteristics of a geographic area over the entire 36 - month period. these estimates will be published for geographic areas with a population of 20, 000 or more. one of four key dimensions of survey quality. timeliness refers to both the length of time between data collection and the first availability of a product and to the frequency of the data collection. title 13 ( u. s. code ) the law under which the census bureau operates and that guarantees the confidentiality of census information and establishes penalties for disclosing this information. a disclosure avoidance practice whereby extremely low or high values are masked by replacing them with a value that represents everything above or below a certain value. topologically integrated geographic encoding and referencing ( tiger® ) system or database a digital ( computer - readable ) geographic database that automates the mapping and related geographic activities required to support the census bureau ' s census and survey programs. see census tract. a usps notification that a mailing piece could not be delivered to the designated address. the extent to which the sampling frame does not include members of the target population thus preventing those members from having any chance of selection into the sample. the failure to obtain the minimum required data from a unit in the sample. a sample address that is inadequate for delivery by the usps. a method of data collection used in census 2000 and other censuses, whereby enumerators canvassed assignment areas and delivered a census questionnaire to each housing unit. at the same time, enumerators updated the address listing pages and census bureau maps. the household was asked to complete and return the questionnaire by mail. this method was used primarily in areas where many homes do not receive mail at a city - style address ; that is, the majority of united states households not included in mailout / mailback areas. u / l was used for all of puerto rico in census 2000. represents the high end of the 90 percent confidence interval of an estimate from a sample survey. a 90 percent confidence interval can be interpreted roughly as providing 90 percent certainty that the true number falls between the upper and lower bounds. an area, sector, or residential development, such as a neighborhood, within a geographic area in puerto rico. urbanized area ( ua ) a densely settled territory that contains 50, 000 or more people. the census bureau delineates uas to provide a better separation of urban and


development, such as a neighborhood, within a geographic area in puerto rico. urbanized area ( ua ) a densely settled territory that contains 50, 000 or more people. the census bureau delineates uas to provide a better separation of urban and rural territory, population, and housing in the vicinity of large places. the concept used to define residence in the decennial census. the place where a person lives and sleeps most of the time. voluntary methods test a special test conducted at the request of congress in 2002 to measure the impact on the acs of changing the data collection authority from mandatory to voluntary. a control system which is used to track and assign cases to individual telephone interviewers. webcati evaluates the characteristics of each case ( for example, the date and time of the previous call ) and the skills needed for each case ( for example, the need for the case to be interviewed in spanish ), and delivers the case to the next available interviewer who possesses the matching skill. web data server ( wds ) a research tool for reporters, sdcs, cics, ros, and internal census bureau analysts. wds features a user - friendly interface that allows users to quickly access, visualize, and manipulate acs base tables. a series of survey adjustments. survey data are traditionally weighted to adjust for the sample design, the effects of nonresponse, and to correct for survey undercoverage error.


” the lack of rain and the incessant heat, has also increased the need for irrigation water for farming, meaning increasing competition between the agricultural and power generation sectors for the same shrinking water “ pool. ” but, every cloud has a silver lining. california ’ s pacific gas and electric co. utility, commonly known as pg & e, that provides natural gas and electricity to most of the northern two - thirds of california, from bakersfield almost to the oregon border, is on the case. pg & e has informed its customers that its “ diablo canyon ( nuclear ) power plant, the largest source of generation in the utility ’ s service area, is cooled by ocean water, not by rivers that could dry up. ” never mind the fact that by the time the diablo canyon npp was completed in 1973, engineers discovered that it was several miles away from the hosgri seismic fault, which had a 7. 1 magnitude earthquake on 4 november 1927. but ocean water as a coolant is not necessarily the answer either. on 12 august dominion resources ’ millstone npp, situated on connecticut ’ s niantic bay on long island sound, was forced to shut down one of two reactor units because seawater used to cool down the plant was too warm, averaging 1. 7 degrees above the nrc limit of 75 degrees fahrenheit. the millstone npp, which provides half of all power used in connecticut and 12 percent in new england, was only restarted twelve days later. the federal government is hardly known for its scaremongering tactics, but it would seem that mother nature is forcing americans to belatedly consider making some lifestyle changes, as the choice seems to be devolving into energy conservation, turning down the air conditioner and digging deeper into the wallet for food costs. it might also be time for serious national discussion about renewable energy, including wind and solar. if the sun stops shining, all bets are off. by. john c. k. daly of oilprice. comhome solar power, hydroelectric plants, national oceanic and atmospheric administration, palmer drought index short url : http : / / www. solarthermalmagazine. com /? p = 21120


cubesat thruster : engine of creation a worry about the proliferation of cubesat satellite launches is adding clutter to an already troublesome amount of earth - circling debris. if cubesats were deployed at higher orbits, they would take much longer to degrade, potentially creating space clutter. as more cubesats are launched farther from earth in the future, the resulting debris could become a costly problem. “ these satellites could stay in space forever as trash, ” says paulo lozano, an associate professor of aeronautics and astronautics at the massachusetts institute of technology ( mit ). this trash could collide with other satellites. “ you could basically stop the space age with just a handful of collisions, ” he suggests. today, more than two dozen cubesats orbit earth – each slightly bigger than a rubik ’ s cube, and tip the scale at less than three pounds. but now, an ultra - small rocket thruster could soon power the smallest of satellites in space. as small as a penny, these thrusters run on jets of ion beams. the device, fabricated by lozano, is a flat, compact square — much like a computer chip — covered with 500 microscopic tips that, when stimulated with voltage, emit tiny beams of ions. together, the array of spiky tips creates a small puff of charged particles that can help propel a shoebox - sized satellite forward. lozano and his colleagues found that an array of 500 tips produces 50 micronewtons of force — an amount of thrust that, on earth, could only support a small shred of paper. but in zero - gravity space, this tiny force would be enough to propel a two - pound satellite. this new technology could enable cubesats to propel down to lower orbits to burn up, or even act as space garbage collectors, pulling retired satellites down to degrade in earth ’ s atmosphere. the mit researchers envision a small satellite with several microthrusters, possibly oriented in different directions. when the satellite needs to propel out of orbit, onboard solar panels would temporarily activate the thrusters. in the future, lozano predicts, microthrusters may even be used to power much larger satellites : flat panels lined with multiple thrusters could propel a satellite through space, switching directions much like a rudder, or the tail of a fish. “ just like solar panels you can aim at the sun, you can point the thrusters in any direction you want, and then thrust, ” lozano says.


based solely on appearances. | the suffering and humiliation of | | use visual aids to teach that jesus suffered real pain and is responsible for the death of jesus? | | discover that all sinners are responsible for the death of jesus. and its consequences | | jesus died to give us eternal life because even the smallest sins make us unacceptable to god. | | children can agree to bear each other ' s punishment for a week at a time. | the resurrection egg hunt | | use this activity to reinforce the fact that jesus rose from the dead. | go to work for god | | children learn the different kinds of things they can do to help god bring people into his kingdom. | top 5 countdown in prayer | | use this game to help the children understand there are no limits to prayer. a person can pray whenever, wherever, and for whatever there is a reason to pray. use this activity to help the children understand that they should love others regardless of where they live, what they do, the language they speak, | search for the | | use these activities to help the children understand the joy god has when a person separated from god returns to | | use this activity to help the children understand what they should do when a person turns from god. the children can also think about how god acts towards a sinner who asks for forgiveness and wants to return to god. | the world vs. the kingdom of god | | use this activity to help the children understand how the requirements for entry into god ' s kingdom differ from the standards sometimes imposed by the world. | | use this activity to help the children understand that jesus fulfilled the prophecies of the old testament prophets. | smell the nard. | | bring a sample of nard ( also called spikenard or nardostachys jatamansi ) and let the children smell the perfume mary used to anoint jesus. | | what is temptation and how can it be resisted? | the definition of sin | | identify which sins make a person unacceptable to god. | the impact of | | learn that sin affects more than just the sinner. if nobody ' s watching | | use this activity to help the children understand that god always knows what is on our minds and in our hearts. | | use this activity to help the children understand that the more a person lives a sinful life, the easier it is to sin, and the more a person tries to please god, the easier it gets to please god. | | cain was a farmer. abel


what xml means published : april 1, 2004 published in tdan. com april 2004 publisher ' s note... this article previously appeared in the journal of conceptual modeling, may 2003. the following two quotes were denigrated in a recent article : 1 ) “ there really is no difference between a document and a database. ” 2 ) “ xml data is fundamentally different from relational data … [ relational structure ] can led to inefficiencies in queries and retrievals. ” while both of these claims were denounced, they both do contain substantial truth. this article will consider to what extent they are true. it will also present xml as a reasonable data model with characteristics of special interest. natural language is more general, expressive and difficult than relational databases. nevertheless, texts certainly do store data and do require a model ( background knowledge ) to be information – try reading in a foreign language or in an unknown theoretical field in your own language. since natural language is a proliferating machine - readable data source, thanks to the web, it is of legitimate interest as a data object. unfortunately the problem of extracting data from general text is not solved, perhaps not even solvable. xml offers an approach in which the users of language can mark the significant factual content of text. the raison d ’ etre of xml is marking, not data management. however to mark content implies that some level of data management must be inherent. moreover the simple, hierarchical structure of xml, the expressiveness of tags and the flexible range of constraints available through the dtd ( a bnf equivalent ) creates a data model adaptable to many sources – text, formula, database or programmatic data. this article proceeds by examining pascal ’ s definition of data model. a simple data model for xml is given and is examined against pascal ’ s definition of and requirements for a data model. some characteristics unique to xml are shown and an argument is made that it is simple in a meaningful sense. it is a tenet, since von neumann, that anything may be data. in this regard, there is no difference between a conceptual model, a logical model and a physical model. all maintain data. the differences are simply what the models mean to represent. these models are at three levels because : 1 ) they represent three levels of abstraction in one process, 2 ) what is modeled at each level is different. all three models support data structuring, data ‘ access ’ and inference. even a simple diagrammatic notion such as a semantic network diagram does


they represent three levels of abstraction in one process, 2 ) what is modeled at each level is different. all three models support data structuring, data ‘ access ’ and inference. even a simple diagrammatic notion such as a semantic network diagram does these. it is certainly fair to insist on a narrower definition for ‘ data model ’. among proponents of xml there are two distinguishable viewpoints, related to the purposes of the viewers. the first view is a data centric view. persons with this view are interested in more or less the same set of operations as traditional dbms. xml seems to be, with a suitable query language, adequate for this. this view is fundamental in xml - ql and in semi - structured databases. [ abiteboul ] the second ( and the original ) view of xml is a text centric view. persons with this view are concerned with capturing the data content of texts without the violence of re - writing the source. xml marking while useful, is not perfect at capturing the data in even the most common texts. [ riggs ] technically a model is just a set with relations such that there is an interpretation function that makes the standard commutation diagram work. xml is a model of data in text, as complete with respect to data as relational theory. xml maps far more directly to text data sources. that this ready mapping extends to many other program systems may be no more than the reflection of the nature of programs themselves. it is however a fact of real world practice, shown by the proliferation of xml as an underlying means of logical storage in more and more software systems. a data model is not a map a data model is not “ a general theory of data used to map enterprise - specific business model … to enterprise specific logical models that are understood by dbms ' s. ” a compiler is a map from a conceptual model to a physical model. compiler theories ( such as lr - k grammars and algorithms ) are maps from language classes to compilers. relational theory is a general data model, in which specific models may be constructed. the paradigm here is first order predicate calculus in which a theory may be embedded. as a practical matter, creating a database ( or information base, etc. ) requires a judicious choice of theoretically possible representations. this is quite as true for relational models as any other. fictitious ( non - domain ) entities may be created ( as for m - n relationships ). constraints must be selected or omitted. the entire design may become subject to efficiency


theoretically possible representations. this is quite as true for relational models as any other. fictitious ( non - domain ) entities may be created ( as for m - n relationships ). constraints must be selected or omitted. the entire design may become subject to efficiency and purposive constraints as well. the xml data model while xml is new and evolving, the fundamental data representation is the well - known a tree. for sake of argument, the following is the model for xml 1 ) an ordered tree of named nodes with id ’ s. with two named, leaf nodes : a ) a ‘ text ’ node that holds a string. 2 ) a set of manipulations ( xslt, xmlql, xql, xirql are candidates. ) b ) a ‘ reference ’ node that holds a pointer to a node existing in the tree. it is similar to other models such as semi - structured data. [ abiteboul ] xml as a data model rather than offer a specific definition of data model, pascal ' s criteria for a data model are examined. xml seems to meet them if they define storing and retrieving data and are not construed so narrowly as to simply define ‘ relational database ’. the tree is one of the most basic models of data. it is no less formal because it is not generally described by first order predicate calculus and set theory. it does not have a specific semantics as has been recognized for a long time. [ link ] we are not aware of an essentially clearer semantics for relational databases. the desire for a richer representation of link semantics for xml is addressed in addressed by several communities. rdf is an example of this. [ rdf ] the xml model has four types : node names, node id ’ s, node references and content as data. the semantics of the first three is as clear as table names, column headers or foreign keys. content is more general / less detailed than relational domains. content and node references clearly are data in xml. node id ' s are ' pseudo data ', they are arbitrary, but constrained to uniqueness. node names are not subject to data operations ( although we may generate them in xml processors ). in a sense then, xml has more data types than the relational where we mean types of data not domains. the utility of general data types is to map values to sets of operations ; a specific list is not a definition of ' data model '. strings, of course, support only weak data operations. yet in normal discourse


mean types of data not domains. the utility of general data types is to map values to sets of operations ; a specific list is not a definition of ' data model '. strings, of course, support only weak data operations. yet in normal discourse, words have types. they are ' soft typed ', i. e. the reader can interpret them by context. such a theory ( more probably sets of such theories ) would be of interest. the lack of a broader range of content data types is a concern for some potential uses of xml. extensions to xml such as xml schema address this. [ schema ] xml schema is much richer in data types than most relational systems. the normal forms are a masterpiece in relational theory. they are however not universally applied in building relational databases they are constraints on the relational theories inference methods with the aristotelian goal of not saying of what is not that it is. the 1st normal form is distinct from the others in that regard. xml will have to address keys in order to develop a similar area of theory. pascal explicitly mentions constraints as representing business rules. the dtd, which is a specific formulation of bnf seems to be a reasonable means to express these constraints. it is not clear that these are part of the relational model proper. keys are one integrity constraint not normally considered in xml articles. thus data referring to an individual can occur in several places. this models textual reality, but may be a difficulty in practice. this concern is indirectly implied in " xml and free text ". [ riggs ] xml data operations, based on tree traversal, are in no way theoretically deficient. whether they are practically sufficient is a separate question. again one may define data model as narrowly as one wishes, but only by removing sense. xml separates its representation model from its inference model. there are several candidate inference models, among them xslt, xml - ql, xql and xirql. select and project are simple enough ( although obviously not exactly the ' same '. ) many with the data base view of xml do insist that the set of operations must be broadened to include at least join. [ xmlql ] others with the text centric view wish to add operations required for text retrieval. [ xirql ]. why these operations on a data ( information -, text -, knowledge - ) base are not legitimate is not clear to me. data model characteristics if xml is a data model ( the old hierarchical model more or less )


xirql ]. why these operations on a data ( information -, text -, knowledge - ) base are not legitimate is not clear to me. data model characteristics if xml is a data model ( the old hierarchical model more or less ) perhaps it is just a poor model. this is belied prima facie by its increasing use. pascal offers four necessary characteristics of a data model are considered below. it is well - known that a relational database can be represented as a tree and vice - versa [ abiteboul ]. the formalization above is enough for this purpose. thus in the formal sense of what can be represented, neither is more general than the other. xml is superior to relational databases in at least one sense : it can often be imposed on free text sources without disturbing them. relational databases do not maintain locality of data. [ sowa ] this is exactly the real sense of the quote, dismissed by pascal, that “ xml data is fundamentally different from relational data … [ relational structure ] can led to inefficiencies in queries and retrievals. ” the tree representation does something that relational representations cannot do - represent the data as it is without need of reconstruction. generality of inference is another aspect of a model. in xml we have to pick from the competing inference models. the range of data operations is narrower, the same or broader as we choose. the use of xml as a serialization of data between software systems includes rdbms but extends to many other sorts of applications. the desired generality would seem to be to communicate data between the widest assortment of applications of all types. besides text, the structure of data in most programs is more nearly tree - like than relational. the value of a single representation for interchange is obvious. formality formality does not depend on expression in predicate calculus plus set theory. the representational model of xml is adequately formal. the inference models for traditional data processes depend on tree traversal and are equally well defined. if we extend inference to include search as in the information retrieval community, there are also formal models. ( they most fundamental - the probabilistic model, is however difficult. ) no model is simply ‘ complete ’. a model is complete with respect to some domain, abstract or real and set of operations. soundness is similarly determined by that comparison, not by the choice of mathematical theory chosen to express the model. it is quite possible for a graphical theory to be sound and complete. to turn the normal relationship on its head


real and set of operations. soundness is similarly determined by that comparison, not by the choice of mathematical theory chosen to express the model. it is quite possible for a graphical theory to be sound and complete. to turn the normal relationship on its head, tableaus are a sound and complete theory for sentential calculus. since representation equality of xml and relations is guaranteed, only inferential completeness is at question here. the inference in the domain of discourse are the important criterion here. information retrieval is a ubiquitous example in which non - crisp methods ( vector or probabilistic retrieval ) are typically of more value than crisp ( boolean ) methods. simplicity is likewise not a single measure. relational databases are reasonably economical, that is they do not have too many axiom schemata or inference rules. the same is true of trees and tree traversal. representational simplicity is also of concern as is operational simplicity. the formal issue is one of more or less, not optimal. no one i know likes to write their logical formulas using the sheffer stroke ( the minimal set of operators for logic ), although it is more economical than using ‘ and ’, ‘ or ’ and ‘ not ’ ( the familiar set ). indeed, most people are happy to add implication and logical equivalence to their models. representational simplicity is extrinsic to the model and concerns the ease with which model objects are interpreted to domain objects. xml has both pluses and minuses here as data theory. as said earlier : it models documents and some other types of data better but perhaps individuals worse. ( so far at least. ) pascal claims that meaning in the sense of “ how things are related and how to deal with them are lost in xml. that claim is hollow. how things are related is the essence of structure ( and pointers ). how to infer with things is a more open question and depends on what you need to infer. surely the xml data model stores and retrieves data, how much narrower must the definition be? the lack of rich set of domains and domain operations limits some operations, but also simplifies and generalizes xml. although xml schema attempts to address classical database concerns, in is not impossible that an alternative ( ' soft typing ' ) could provide the same data functions. as a data model xml does not have a theory of keys and dependencies known to me. whether that is vicious or not may be worth discussing. in any case the data operations which can be easily modeled by xml will not


the same data functions. as a data model xml does not have a theory of keys and dependencies known to me. whether that is vicious or not may be worth discussing. in any case the data operations which can be easily modeled by xml will not go away. tag names are a two - sided device that are meant to mediate between text and data values. they should resonate with a reader and they should mark data as a meaningful ( computational ) unit. relational attribute names do no more. in fact, attempts to link xml with ontologies [ oil ] can be seen as attempts to formalize something ubiquitous but unanalyzed in the relational model. ( unless we consider the data dictionary a suitably formal device. ) in regard to the use of xml as a data interchange format, the problem is not one of interchange between rdbms ' s. the problem xml addresses is much more general. also note that interchange is a problem of representation, not inference. we only need to exchange representation between equivalent inference systems. thus xml is works here too. it is certain that there are interesting questions about xml. its origin from a committee, myriad uses and rapid development complicate formalizing it authoritatively. however, it clearly does have a formal basis, if a yet incomplete and multi - faceted one. its core is already enough to recognize it as a data model and one with unique applicability. the proliferation of auxiliary notations such as : xml schema, xml links, rdf, etc. indicate its fecundity, not its frailty. [ abiteboul ] data on the web, serge abiteboul, peter buneman, dan suciu, morgan kaufmann, 2000 [ date ] " models, models, everywhere, nor any time to think ", c. j. date, www. dbdebunk. com / cjd3a. htm [ link ] " what ' s in a link : foundations for semantic networks ", william a. woods, in readings in knowledge representation, p217, morgan kaufmann, 1984 [ oil ] welcome to oil, www. ontoknowledge. org / oil [ rdf ] resource description framework ( rdf ) : concepts and abstract syntax, w3c working draft 23 january 2003, http : / / www. w3. org / tr / rdf - concepts [ pascal1 ] " what meaning means ", fabian pascal http : / / www. inconcept. com


w3c working draft 23 january 2003, http : / / www. w3. org / tr / rdf - concepts [ pascal1 ] " what meaning means ", fabian pascal http : / / www. inconcept. com / jcm [ pascal2 ] " something to call one ' s own ", fabian pascal, http : / / www. dbdebunk. com / fp6a. htm [ riggs ] " xml and free text ", k. r. riggs, journal of the american society for information science and technology, v53, n 6, 2002, 526 - 528 [ schema ] xml schema, w3c org, www. w3. org / xml / schema [ sowa ] knowledge representation, john f. sowa, brooks cole, 2000 [ xirql ] xirql : a query language for information retrieval in xml documents, fuhr, n. großjohann, k. http : / / www. is. informatik. uni - duisburg. de / bib / xml / fuhr _ grossjohann _ 01. html. en [ xml - ql ] xml - ql : a query language for xml, alin deutsch, mary fernandez, daniela florescu, alon levy, dan suciu, http : / / www. w3. org / tr / note - xml - ql / # issues this article previously appeared in the journal of conceptual modeling, may 2003. ken roger riggs, ph. d - ken roger riggs, ph. d. is a computer scientist and a professor of cis at florida a & m university. his degrees are in philosophy ( indiana university ), computer science ( u. of central florida ) and electrical and computer engineering ( u. of miami ). he has been involved in a mix of practice, research and teaching since 1976. his interest in models is both practical and pedagogical. his recent published work includes papers on ai, databases, datamining and xml marking. other recent publications address conceptual modeling related issues in software engineering ( refactoring ) and programming languages.


source : garland science / taylor and francis books, inc. in this animation adapted from garland science publishing, a detailed look at dna reveals the structural features that make up the famed double - helix molecule. the animation shows how the ladder - shaped dna is constructed from chemical building blocks, including phosphates, sugars, and bases, held together by different kinds of chemical bonds. the narration further explains how the overall structure determines the charge and stability of the molecule, and how structure predicts key cellular functions of replication and transcription. every living thing contains building and operating instructions from a molecule inside all cells called deoxyribonucleic acid ( dna ). dna contains regions called genes that tell the cells which proteins to produce. at all levels of organization in the living world, structure and function are related. thanks to the work of many researchers using different technologies, scientists now understand the structure and function of dna at the molecular level. dna is a double - stranded molecule made up of two helical chains of nucleotides. this structure enables several important functions related to heredity and evolution. to enable these functions, the structure allows certain kinds of proteins, called regulatory proteins, to bind to and interact directly with the dna. these regulatory proteins help to dictate replication and transcription ( information encoding ) by relaxing the dna structure in the region where they are bound. the double - helix structure of dna contains a major ( wider ) groove and a minor ( narrower ) groove. because the nucleotide sequence is more accessible in the major groove, many proteins that bind to and interact with dna do so here. through the process of dna replication, genetic information is passed from parent cell to daughter cell whenever the parent cell divides. complementary base pairing ensures that dna strands are copied quickly and accurately. the dna double - helix molecule is unzipped by the enzyme helicase, resulting in two strands that will act as templates for new dna strands. these strands are referred to as antiparallel ; they are oriented side by side, but their respective nucleotide sequences read in opposite directions. a dna polymerase enzyme controls the replication of each strand, which occurs as free - floating nucleotides move in one by one to match up with the nucleotides present on each “ old ” strand of the unzipped ladder. this creates two identical dna molecules, each made of an “ old ” strand and a “ new ” complementary strand. the arrangement of bases in a dna molecule determines the genetic code. approximately once


each “ old ” strand of the unzipped ladder. this creates two identical dna molecules, each made of an “ old ” strand and a “ new ” complementary strand. the arrangement of bases in a dna molecule determines the genetic code. approximately once every 100, 000, 000 bases or so, this copying process makes errors, so that the wrong nucleotide is placed in position. these errors are called mutations. the cell corrects many of the mutations itself. when specialized repair proteins identify a mismatched base pair, they remove the incorrect nucleotide and give dna polymerase a chance to correct the sequence. to manufacture the proteins it needs, the cell must transcribe or copy the instructions contained in its dna into rna ( ribonucleic acid ). it uses the sequence of nucleotides in a given gene to produce a single - stranded complementary messenger rna ( mrna ). the mrna is then translated by structures called ribosomes from the language of nucleotides into the amino acid sequence of proteins. each amino acid is specified by a combination of three of the chemical bases ( a, t, c, or g ), called codons. the codons determine the sequence of the amino acids that are put together in a long chain to form the protein that the cell uses to perform specific jobs for the body. academic standards correlations on teachers ' domain use the achievement standards network ( asn ) database of state and national standards, provided to nsdl projects courtesy of jes & co. we assign reference terms to each statement within a standards document and to each media resource, and correlations are based upon matches of these terms for a given grade band. if a particular standards document of interest to you is not displayed yet, it most likely has not yet been processed by asn or by teachers ' domain. we will be adding social studies and arts correlations over the coming year, and also will be increasing the specificity of alignment.


the opportunity for investigation and treatment has been missed. a false positive means further and, commonly, invasive tests ( and possible treatment ) when neither is needed. in addition, there is immense psychological morbidity associated with a false - positive result in a cancer check, as the individual ( and family ) waits for further tests and results. the uk screens over 4 million cervical smears a year. in nearly a tenth of the smears, the sampling is inadequate. during 1996 - 97, 91 % of adequate smears were reported as negative. estimates of prevented cases of cervical cancer range from 1000 to 4000 a year. the advocates of cervical - smear screening programmes can only estimate the benefits of testing, because the introduction of the programme was never tested in randomised trials. one of the few who dares speak the unspeakable about screening is a bristol - based public - health physician, herself involved in a smear - test screening programme. angela raffle came under fire for writing, in a research paper in the lancet in june, 1995, that “ much of our effort … is devoted to limiting the harm done to healthy women and to protecting our staff from litigation ”. she concluded : “ the screening programme is identifying one in ten young women as ‘ at risk ’ for a disease that is likely to affect one in many thousands ”. she returned to the debate in a letter in our jan 24 issue : “ screening has distorted public belief. in our desire for good population coverage we have said that screening is simple, effective, and inexpensive. in truth, it is complex, of limited effectiveness, and very expensive ”. if screened people are not adequately informed about the possibility of a false - negative result, it is little wonder that, when they get such a result, their next port of call is a lawyer. by that stage, they will not be interested in the distinction between a less than perfect test and less than perfect provision of a testing service, as provided at the kent hospital.


aardwolf wrote : as far as i am aware ee theory doesn ' t have any drift associated with it. imo antartica has always been exactly where it is now ( relative to the other continents ). the drifting of continents has always appeared an absurdity to me, and that was before i was even aware of other potential theories. dr. james maxlow wrote : ancient magnet poles the published ancient magnetic pole information ( the location of ancient magnetic poles established from measuring the remnant magnetism in iron - rich rocks ) in particular provides conclusive evidence in support of expansion tectonics. when this magnetic pole data is plotted on expansion tectonic models it demonstrates that all pole data plot as diametrically opposed north and south poles for each model. these models show that the ancient north pole was located in eastern mongolia - china throughout the precambrian and paleozoic eras. as the continents slowly migrated south, during subsequent increase in earth radius, there was an apparent northward polar wander through siberia to its present location within the arctic ocean. similarly, the ancient precambrian and paleozoic south pole was located in west central africa, and, as the continents slowly migrated north, there was an apparent southward polar wander along the south american and west african coastlines to its present location in antarctica. the locations of these magnetic poles, as well as the derived ancient equators, independently confirm the model reconstructions shown in figure 3 and again suggest that expansion tectonics is indeed a viable process. figure 3 : spherical archaean to future expanding earth models. models show relative increase in earth radii during earth history, and include both continental and oceanic geology. models range in age from the late archaean to recent, plus one model projected 5 million years into the future. ( geology after the cgmw and unesco bedrock geology map, 1990 ). click here to see a bigger version of this figure. ancientd wrote : also remeber we are not only getting possibly frozen preserved mammoths but in antartica at least huge forests of fossilized forests and leaves. i. e. wood transformed into rocklike substances. the agent causing snap freezing must also be capable of causing fossilization. alos beneath antartica are marsupial and other remains not to mention coal fields. so does this insinuate your ionization theory as capable of producing these fossils. any comments. certainly some have seen high voltage powerlines on live trees causing petrification very quickly. the ancient permian gloss


remains not to mention coal fields. so does this insinuate your ionization theory as capable of producing these fossils. any comments. certainly some have seen high voltage powerlines on live trees causing petrification very quickly. the ancient permian glossopteris fern is a common fossil in coals throughout the southern hemisphere and has traditionally been used to define the ancient gondwana supercontinent. the known distribution of glossopteris ferns is centred on localities in south africa and adjacent india. during the permian period east antarctica straddled the equator adjacent to south africa, which was surrounded by occurrences of glossopteris flora in australia, west antarctica and india, suggesting glossopteris flora may have also been extensive beneath the present east antarctica ice - cap. although he doesn ' t acknowledge the saturnian cosmology, i think the research of donald patten in his book " the biblical flood and the ice epoch " could shed some light on a lot of the questions raised in this thread. patten ' s conclusion is that the polar ice sheets were caused by a deposition of ice from a fragmenting icy visitor ( an icy moon of mars to be exact ), but i think his research can be better explained by the eu theory. in 1929, a group of historians found an amazing map drawn on a gazelle skin. research showed that it was a genuine document drawn in 1513 by piri reis, a famous admiral of the turkish fleet in the sixteenth century. his passion was cartography. piri reis high rank within the turkish navy allowed him to have a privileged access to the imperial library of constantinople. the turkish admiral admits, in a series of notes on the map, that he compiled and copied the data from a large number of source maps, some of which dated back to the fourth century bc or earlier. the controversy - the piri reis antarctica map - ice free the piri reis map shows the western coast of africa, the eastern coast of south america, and the northern coast of antarctica ice free. the northern coastline of antarctica is perfectly detailed. the most puzzling however is not so much how the piri reis antarctica map managed to so accurate 300 years before it was discovered, but that the map shows the coastline under the ice. geological evidence confirms that the latest date queen maud land could have been charted in an ice - free state is 4000 bc. piri reis antarctica map - antarctica ice free oronteus fineus map of an ice free antarctica the oro


aug. 31, 2010 ) — about 12, 900 years ago, a sudden cold snap interrupted the gradual warming that had followed the last ice age. the cold lasted for the 1, 300 - year interval known as the younger dryas ( yd ) before the climate began to warm again. in north america, large animals known as megafauna, such as mammoths, mastodons, saber - tooth tigers and giant short - faced bears, became extinct. the paleo - indian culture known as the clovis culture for distinctively shaped fluted stone spear points abruptly vanished, eventually replaced by more localized regional cultures. what had happened? one theory is that either a comet airburst or a meteor impact somewhere in north america set off massive environmental changes that killed animals and disrupted human communities. in sedimentary deposits dating to the beginning of the yd, impact proponents have reported finding carbon spherules containing tiny nano - scale diamonds, which they thought to be created by shock metamorphism or chemical vapor deposition when the impactor struck. the nanodiamonds included lonsdaleite, an unusal form of diamond that has a hexagonal lattice rather than the usual cubic crystal lattice. lonsdaleite is particularly interesting because it has been found inside meteorites and at known impact sites. in the august 30 issue of the proceedings of the national academy of sciences, a team of scientists led by tyrone daulton, phd, a research scientist in the physics department at washington university in st. louis, reported that they could find no diamonds in yd boundary layer material. daulton and his colleagues, including nicholas pinter, phd, professor of geology at southern illinois university in carbondale and andrew c. scott, phd, professor of applied paleobotany of royal holloway university of london, show that the material reported as diamond is instead forms of carbon related to commonplace graphite, the material used for pencils. " of all the evidence reported for a yd impact event, the presence of hexagonal diamond in yd boundary sediments represented the strongest evidence suggesting shock processing, " daulton, who is also a member of wustl ' s center for materials innovation, says. however, a close examination of carbon spherules from the yd boundary using transmission electron microscopy by the daulton team found no nanodiamonds. instead, graphene - and graphene / graphane - oxide aggregates were found in all the specimens examined ( including carbon spherules dated from before the yd to the present ). importantly, the researchers


team found no nanodiamonds. instead, graphene - and graphene / graphane - oxide aggregates were found in all the specimens examined ( including carbon spherules dated from before the yd to the present ). importantly, the researchers demonstrated that previous yd studies misidentified graphene / graphane - oxides as hexagonal diamond and likely misidentified graphene as cubic diamond. the yd impact hypothesis was in trouble already before this latest finding. many other lines of evidence - - including : fullerenes, extraterrestrial forms of helium, purported spikes in radioactivity and iridium, and claims of unique spikes in magnetic meteorite particles - - had already been discredited. according to pinter, " nanodiamonds were the last man standing. " " we should always have a skeptical attitude to new theories and test them thoroughly, " scott says, " and if the evidence goes against them they should be abandoned. " starbiter wrote : hello mungo : now that nasa has found limestone in comet dust, the limestone and debris encasing the mega fauna is most likely comet dust. or a reef slowly grew around the remains over many years. ancientd wrote : no one seems to of considred electrical transmutation of say vaste amounts of water or air to calcium carbonate. the fossils are equally buried in coal. is this comet delivered or perhaps a creation of new compounds and minerals under electro magnetic extremes. after all is the limestone within comets created by an electro magnetic whirlpool that constantly modifies its constituents. or am i thinking beyond the pail? as i look at my periodic tables i often see how close the various mainline elements are. often seperated by only a neutron or proton. for instance carbon, nitrogen and oxygen a mere proton apart. users browsing this forum : no registered users and 1 guest


a material made from fibers or thread by weaving, knitting, felting etc. as any cloth. 1. to make, build or construct by assembling parts or manufacturing. 2. to make from raw material. external front of a building that faces the street or courtyard and is usually used to describe bigger, elegant buildings. fasade materials include wood, brick, glass, masonry, aluminum, etc. 1. the side of a wall covering that faces away from the framing ; for example in an a - b plywood panel, the face would be the a side. 2. an exterior, exposed surface on a structure. 3. any surface of a thing. 4. the outward appearance of anything. the dollar amount, shown on a document. exterior decorative surface, which is made of brick that is not rendered, painted or plastered and is made of various brick materials, including clay, to give a desired effect. applies to the direction of the grain on the face of a veneer - faced panel, which is also called the long dimension of the panel. since the greatest strength and firmness is parallel to the face grain, it is normal to run the face grain across the supports. hardening process for the surface of materials. as an example, the hardening of carbon steel is accomplished by first heating the steel to approximately 1200 degrees f. and then it is immersed in powdered carbon. when some of the carbon is absorbed into the molecular structure of the steel, the surface or face of the steel is hardened. also referred to as the face ply, it is the outer layer when there are two or more layers. face line lines that are made of strong string, which is stretched out and attached to staked boards, so that masons can follow the straightness of it when building masonry walls. nails, which are hammered at right angles ( perpendicular ) to the work surface. also called direct nailing. the side of the material where the weld was applied, which has the exposed weld. face plate holds the work to be turned on a lathe. the plate is then fastened to the lathe headstock, which is the part of the lathe that turns the work. also referred to as the face layer, it is the outer layer when there are two or more layers. additional weld material, which is added to the face of the weld. front of a concrete block. coverings, designed to protect the entire face of a worker when a sander, grinder, etc.


are two or more layers. additional weld material, which is added to the face of the weld. front of a concrete block. coverings, designed to protect the entire face of a worker when a sander, grinder, etc. are being used. a transparent eye panel allows the worker to be protected from small particles, which are being thrown, while being able to see. the dollar amount shown on a document. measurement of the air velocity as measured at the face of the inlet or outlet in an hvac system. the outer veneer on a piece of plywood. the front wall of a structure or, alternately, a retaining wall. masonry structure that has different types of material as backing and facing, such as brick on concrete, bonded together. veneer covered structural wall. real estate professional who aids in a transaction but does not have an agency relationship with that party and can be known as an intermediary or transaction broker. 1. ease of doing or making ; absence of difficulty. 2. a building or special room, constructed for a specific function. 1. covering of contrasting material to decorate or protect a building ; a finished wall surface. 2. smoothing ; finishing. specifically made brick, in a special color or texture, for the outside or facing wall of a building. a reproduction or exact copy or architecturally a reproduction of a building style. alternately, the electronic transfer of an exact image of a document or picture, referred to as a " fax ". the purchase of the accounts receivable of a business or alternately, taking the accounts receivable of a business as collateral for a loan. the ratio of the maximum strength of a piece of material or a part to the probably maximum load to be applied to it. if a maximum of 2, 000 pounds can be tolerated, a load of 500 pounds will have a 4 to one factor of safety. the edge of any fabricated item that has been prepared in a factory, such as the long edge of wallboard panels, coming from a factory covered with paper. fade. 1. to become less distinct. to lose color or brilliance. 2. to disappear slowly. to wane. also spelled faggot, the term refers to a bundle of sticks or branches to be used for fuel, or alternately, a bundle of iron or steel pieces to be hammered or rolled, at welding temperature, into bars. temperature measurement, named after its discoverer daniel fahrenheit 1686 - 1736, in which 32 degrees is the freezing point and