the picker switch which lit a red light indicated that his partner should write that letter for him. throughout the year, jake engaged in self - selected writing using the alphabet flip chart at home. he selected the topics for his writing and wrote in a journal or wrote notes to family and friends. the flip chart displays the letters of the alphabet in groups of 4 or 6 and offers simple editing commands such as, space, new word, and delete. in all of the following writing samples, facilitators always began the writing activity by supporting jake in selecting a writing topic. choices were presented to jake via photographs, signs, and his remnant book. the remnant book was frequently his favorite as it documented the events of his life, big and small. remnant books are typically used to set a topic for communication ( beukelman & miranda, 2005 ), and are developed by collecting items from the activities and events jake experiences each day. for example, jake ’ s remnant book includes ticket stubs from a movie he saw with his brother, a plastic bag with a dead bug he found, a picture cut from the box of a game, and so on. jake selected a topic from the book by directing the facilitator to “ go to the next page ” using the switch by his arm and stop on the desired topic using the switch by his leg to say, “ that ’ s the one i want. ” home journal entry : june, 2004 topic : going to the movies home journal entry : june, 2004 topic : the bug that ruled mom ' s kitchen working with jake to help him select a topic is an important part of the writing process for him. beyond making it clear that we write for a purpose, setting a topic provides us with important information that supports our efforts to interpret his writing efforts. since jake cannot tell us what he has written, knowledge of the topic helps us carefully consider the letters jake selects and the words he attempts to spell. when we know the topic, we are able to attribute meaning to his writing attempts much more successfully. jake ’ s early writing samples reflect his exploration of working with the full alphabet and using the alternative pencil, the alphabet flip chart. while his initial attempts appear random, consistent and meaningful opportunities to write, lead to change over time. over time, jake ’ s writing began to show evidence of his increasing understanding of print. for example, in the following note to gretchen, jake writes the first and last letter of his name ( albeit in the wrong order ) and the letter g,


over time, jake ’ s writing began to show evidence of his increasing understanding of print. for example, in the following note to gretchen, jake writes the first and last letter of his name ( albeit in the wrong order ) and the letter g, for gretchen. since gretchen ’ s name sign is the finger spelling version of a g moved from left to right across the forehead, it isn ’ t surprising the jake would know this initial letter. in other samples, we see more evidence of first letter knowledge. while we can ’ t know with certainty that jake intended to write the words we believe he was writing, he does eagerly confirm our inquiries one some occasions and tell us no on others. for example, in this entry jake wrote about a new friend named molly. when asked, he confirmed that he was attempting to write his own name, jk, and molly ’ s name, m. home journal entry : august, 2005 topic : going to greensboro on another occasion, he wrote about working with a psychologist, dr. m. when asked, he confirmed that he was writing about himself, j, the doctor, m, and working very hard, www. home journal entry : september, 2005 topic : going to the doctor ' s with time, jake continued to show evidence of more deliberate efforts to select particular letters in his writing. in this sample, he chose to write about his mother who was away for two weeks. this was a very important topic for jake as he has never been separated from his mom long periods of time. again, he confirmed his attempts to write his name more than once “ jkkk, ” and “ jjjjk. ” he also confirmed that he was writing about his mom, mmmmuuuu. home journal entry : september, 2005 topic : mom being gone for 2 weeks within a few months of beginning to represent multiple words using initial letters, jake begins to insert spaces in his writing. he also begins to include words that are spelled correctly, dad. over time, jake ’ s writing offers useful, concrete evidence of his developing understandings of print. for students who are unable to use gestures ( pointing to individual words on the page ), words ( labeling letters and words ), and other behaviors to communicate their understandings of print, writing is essential. the alphabet flip chart provided jake with an alternative pencil that made writing every day a possibility. home journal entry : december, 2005 topic : my new remote control dinosaur ac dad jk kk m m r r rs u u uwz


dr. nabili received his undergraduate degree from the university of california, san diego ( ucsd ), majoring in chemistry and biochemistry. he then completed his graduate degree at the university of california, los angeles ( ucla ). his graduate training included a specialized fellowship in public health where his research focused on environmental health and health - care delivery and management. jay w. marks, md, is a board - certified internist and gastroenterologist. he graduated from yale university school of medicine and trained in internal medicine and gastroenterology at ucla / cedars - sinai medical center in los angeles. sleep apnea is a disorder characterized by a reduction or pause of breathing ( airflow ) it is common among adults but rare among children. although a diagnosis of sleep apnea often will be suspected on the basis of a person ' s medical history, there are several tests that can be used to confirm the diagnosis. the treatment of sleep apnea can be either surgical or nonsurgical. an apnea is a period of time during which breathing stops or is markedly reduced. in simplified terms, an apnea occurs when a person stops breathing for 10 seconds or more. if a person stops breathing completely or take less than 25 % of a normal breath for a period that lasts 10 seconds or more, this is an apnea. this definition includes complete stoppage of airflow. other definitions of apnea that may be used include at least a 4 % drop in oxygen in the blood, a direct result of the reduction in the transfer of oxygen into the blood when breathing stops. apneas usually occur during sleep. when an apnea occurs, sleep usually is disrupted due to inadequate breathing and poor oxygen levels in the blood. sometimes this means the person wakes up completely, but sometimes this can mean the person comes out of a deep level of sleep and into a more shallow level of sleep. apneas are usually measured during sleep ( preferably in all stages of sleep ) over a 2 - hour period. an estimate of the severity of apnea is calculated by dividing the number of apneas by the number of hours of sleep, giving an apnea index ( ai in apneas per hour ) ; the greater the ai, the more severe the apnea. a hypopnea is a decrease in breathing that is not as severe as an apnea. hypopneas usually occur during sleep and can be defined as 69 % to 26 % of a normal breath. like apneas, hypopneas also may be defined as a


decrease in breathing that is not as severe as an apnea. hypopneas usually occur during sleep and can be defined as 69 % to 26 % of a normal breath. like apneas, hypopneas also may be defined as a 4 % or greater drop in oxygen in the blood. like apneas, hypopneas usually disrupt the level of sleep. a hypopnea index ( hi ) can be calculated by dividing the number of hypopneas by the number of hours of sleep. the apnea - hypopnea index ( ahi ) is an index of severity that combines apneas and hypopneas. combining them gives an overall severity of sleep apnea including sleep disruptions and desaturations ( a low level of oxygen in the blood ). the apnea - hypopnea index, like the apnea index and hypopnea index, is calculated by dividing the number of apneas and hypopneas by the number of hours of sleep. another index that is used to measure sleep apnea is the respiratory disturbance index ( rdi ). the respiratory disturbance index is similar to the apnea - hypopnea index ; however, it also includes respiratory events that do not technically meet the definitions of apneas or hypopneas, but do disrupt sleep. sleep apnea is formally defined as an apnea - hypopnea index of at least 15 episodes / hour in a patient if he or she does not have medical problems that are believed to be caused by the sleep apnea. this is the equivalent of approximately one episode of apnea or hypopnea every 4 minutes. high blood pressure, stroke, daytime sleepiness, congestive heart failure ( low flow of blood to the heart ), insomnia, and mood disorders can be caused or worsened by sleep apnea. in the presence of these conditions, sleep apnea is defined as an apnea - hypopnea index of at least five episodes / hour. this definition is stricter because these individuals may be already experiencing the negative medical effects of sleep apnea, and it may be important to begin treatment at a lower apnea - hypopnea index.


by using ultraminimalist electrical configurations, you can lighten your housing arrangements and make them more portable too. ultraminimalist lighting is straightforward. the most efficient way of lighting a house is to use lamps with compact fluorescent bulbs inside. for example, a 27w compact fluorescent is equivalent to a 100w incandescent bulb. use led lights for task lighting and spot lighting. these would ideally running on 12v dc if you are generating your own power, otherwise 120v ac works of course. run stereos, televisions, dvd players on dc if possible. charge phones, batteries from dc. run laptops instead of desktops. irons, vacuums and power tools are fine because, although they are energy intensive, they are only used for a short time. hence a sufficiently large inverter will run them ( for example 3000w ). use cordless, rechargeable tools where possible. using electricity for heating is not efficient. the most efficient ways to heat a house : arrange your house so that the sun heats something solid : for example walls or floors, that will later radiate the heat, or store the heat from the sun in water — lots of water if possible. for example, you could use evacuated glass tubes and radiant flooring, or something in that vein. supplement solar heating with a renewable heating source : wood or vegetable oil for example.


any device ( whether in written, mechanical, electronic, or other form ) that can be used by a worker to facilitate the performance of a job or task. a guide for performers, which eliminates the need to recall the steps of a task by memory alone a guide used to eliminate or minimize requirements to memorize information when performing critical tasks a repository for information, processes, or perspectives that is external to the individual and that supports work and activity by directing, guiding, and enlightening performance a tool to guide job performance in real time a procedural guide that helps a person perform a task. a repository for information, processes, or perspectives that support work and activities by directing, guiding, and enlightening performance. job aids are often printed or visual summaries of key points or steps essential to the performance of a task. a device designed for use on the job and providing guidance on the performance of a specific task or skill. may be printed or on - line. used in situations where it is not feasible or worthwhile to commit the procedure to memory before on - the - job - activity. often these are paper - based and posted on the wall in plain sight or in a small reference notebook. they can also be, decals, manuals, cards, etc. a tool which can exist in paper form or on the computer which provides on - the - job instruction for a specific task.


the simplest things sometimes the simplest things are, in fact, the most profound. and the smallest changes can have the greatest impact. i believe it is possible to dramatically improve our approach to training and education with just a few simple changes. changes simple enough that teachers can begin applying them the day they learn them. to understand the solution, we must first recognize the problem. the problem is that we leak. that ' s right, leak. we leak information. we very rapidly forget new facts to which we are exposed. if you want to revolutionize training and education, you must fully understand this inherent human weakness. we need to be exposed to information again and again, perhaps even hundreds of times, before we can successfully retain and recall it. this is reality folks. don ' t ignore it. deal with it. so how do we deal with this without genetically altering humans? here are the simple steps : 1. clearly identify the facts you want a student to learn. 2. provide a method to reinforce those facts over time ( over multiple sleep cycles ). folks, that is it. it is so amazingly simple that it boggles the mind. have you seen how we actually teach and train our students? we do not do these two things well at all! clearly identify the facts most classes do not clearly identify the specific set of facts to learn. instead, they take the “ guess what i think is important ” approach. in this approach, a professor or lecturer stands at the front of the room and drones on and on for hours and hours, over days and days. eventually, a test is presented to the students. the students are not told exactly what is going to be on the test. instead, the students get to guess what the instructor thinks is important. if you guessed right, you get an a. as a result, the computer can ensure every single student masters every single fact, and it does this so quickly that to most students, it does not even feel like studying. if you guessed wrong, you fail. in either case, it is highly unlikely that you will remember more than one or two of the facts within thirty days of the exam. this failure is clearly demonstrated in the game show are you smarter than a 5th grader. we don ' t remember what we learned in elementary school. why? because we leak! it is really simple folks, if the facts are not systematically reinforced, they are most assuredly forgotten. to fix the problem, clearly identify every fact the student should remember for the long - term.


in elementary school. why? because we leak! it is really simple folks, if the facts are not systematically reinforced, they are most assuredly forgotten. to fix the problem, clearly identify every fact the student should remember for the long - term. next, give the students all of these facts in advance. yes, all of them. if they should know 1000 things give them all 1000. help them master all 1000. test them on all 1000. i know, this is extra work for the educators. they actually need to clearly identify what the students should master. we don ' t do this today because we think it would take too much time and energy for students to remember all of these facts. the truth is, with the proper reinforcement system in place, it will take less than five minutes a day. reinforce the facts to retain and successfully recall facts, they need to be reinforced over multiple sleep cycles. some facts are learned quickly. they may only need to be reinforced a few times. other facts, for whatever reason, are learned slowly. they may need to be reinforced several hundred times. the problem is, these facts are never the same for two different people. everyone needs to be reinforcing different facts on entirely different schedules. admittedly, this is almost impossible to do in a lecture. however, for a computerized tutor, it is remarkably simple. a computer can be used to build a mind map for each individual student, learning exactly what facts the student knows and doesn ' t know. the computer can remember every time a student was exposed to a fact, on what date and at what time. the computer can remember each individual student ' s success in recalling and retaining each and every fact. finally, the computer can provide a customized reinforcement plan individualized for every single student. this is not a theory folks, it is a fact. for the last two years at procuit we have been doing applied research on precisely this method of training. others have been doing it even longer. it really works. however, don ' t take our word for it, test it on yourself. pick something you would like to learn and implement a system of spaced repetition and reinforcement over extended periods of time. you learn more. faster. with less effort. sometimes the simplest things are, in fact, the most profound. identify the facts you want your students to learn, all of them, and provide a customized method to reinforce them. you ' ll be amazed at how smart they become. let the knowledge revolution begin. tip of the day


fact, the most profound. identify the facts you want your students to learn, all of them, and provide a customized method to reinforce them. you ' ll be amazed at how smart they become. let the knowledge revolution begin. tip of the day : my research system is available to use free of charge at studytag. com. try learning all of the u. s. states and capitals, or author your own course, you can learn almost anything in five minutes a day. my company is procuit inc. visit us, if you are interested in learning more. training budgets waste or total waste? if michigan is interested in learning how to truly compete on a global scale, then we have to get dramatically smarter, about getting smarter. why is it that whenever the auto industry has a down - turn the first budget slashed is training? one week we want everyone to attend all of these important training seminars and the next week almost all of it is canceled. why? i have my own theory as to why training budgets are cut in this way. i propose this theory in the manner of a confession. you see, for most of the past 20 years i ' ve been involved in some form of professional training. i have seen first hand what companies intuitively know, which is that a great deal of the money, time, and energy spent in professional training total is a total waste. there, i said it, i feel better already. unfortunately, this also applies to most on - line training courses. the big difference between on - line training and live training in terms of results is simply that you waste less money with on - line training because you spend less for the course. not a big win. here is a simple test to see how effective your training has been. list, from memory, five facts you learned at your last all - day training course. thirty days after you take that on - line computer training lesson, do you remember even two things you learned? i doubt it. research dating back to ebbinghaus in 1885 shows us why. the reality is, we are great at forgetting. perhaps it is time we start applying this research? or, here ' s an idea, perhaps we can apply some of the additional research done in human cognition and memory that has been performed since 1885. we do have an additional 122 years of research we could be using. have you ever read any of it? when i look at most professional training it is certainly clear that your trainers haven ' t! remarkably, whether teaching in schools or training


a new business in only 10 weeks. oh the insanity, the insanity, and yes, i ' m talking about you, y combinator. in michigan we have a better way – slow, deliberate, cautious,..., smart. by golly, i remember the response i received when i presented an idea for an internet company to a michigan vc firm in 1996. the michigan vc said, “ the internet, well, i don ' t really know if that internet is going to go anywhere. ” after all, we wouldn ' t want to invest if we didn ' t really know the result ahead of time, like a treasury bill. that ' s the smart way to invest. i was happy with my opinion on how smart we all are in michigan. even my experience with our local vc community didn ' t really change that opinion, although it did begin to shake the ground a little. it wasn ' t until i read, on the origin of species by means of natural selection by charles darwin, that i fundamentally began to question my faith in michigan ' s approach to intelligent investing. that darwin, always challenging our faith. i couldn ' t help but apply his theory to business, and i was surprised at the perspective it gave. the beauty of the theory of natural selection is that doesn ' t require intelligent design. that is why it is so offensive to so many people. the key concept that so intrigues me is this : natural selection doesn ' t require intelligent design. it is not intelligent selection, it is natural selection. it is not survival of the smartest, but survival of the fittest. and sometimes, being the fittest, is simply a function of luck. when i think of darwin in the realm of innovative startup businesses, i am inclined to believe that intelligence is overrated. what is required for natural selection to perform its wonders for startup businesses? a large population, selection, and time. here is where we may be in trouble in michigan. we are just too darn smart. we are trying to do intelligent design on a process better suited to natural selection. intelligent design simply isn ' t as good as natural selection in creating strong, new, innovative businesses and jobs. the world is changing so fast, and technology is moving fast, if you want to ride the edge of innovation you cannot wait to make intelligent investments, for by the time it is clear what investments will survive and thrive, the opportunity has passed you by, and someone else will have the thriving new business life created by the process.


and case - finding. november, 2002 : congressional republicans insert language into the 475 - page homeland security bill that would prevent parents from suing vaccine makers. after public outcry, the proposal is scrapped in january 2003. january, 2003 : a cdc study finds a ten - fold increase in autism rates in atlanta between the 1980s and 1996. some researchers now estimate 1 in 150 children have autistic spectrum disorders. june, 2003 : an analysis of cdc vaccination data finds that children who received tcvs had a higher risk. october, 2003 : one of the largest, most comprehensive studies discounting a link between tcvs and neurological disorders is published by danish researchers. november, 2003 : the house committee on government reform ' s report on its investigation assails public - health officials and pharmaceutical companies for failing to remove ethylmercury, " a potent neurotoxin " from medical products. the report concludes : " our public health agencies ' failure to act is indicative of institutional malfeasance for self - protection and misplaced protectionism of the pharmaceutical industry. " november, 2003 : verstraeten ' s analysis is published in a peer - reviewed journal, pediatrics, setting off a new wave of controversy and accusations of statistical manipulation. congressman dave weldon ( r - fla. ) writes to cdc director julie gerberding to open up the agency ' s vaccination database to independent researchers. november, 2003 : a national autism summit is held in washington d. c. to discuss an interagency effort to researching the causes and possible treatments for autism. january, 2004 : a joint statement by the aap, american academy of family physicians, the cdc vaccination advisory committee, and the public health service maintains that " there remains no convincing evidence of harm caused by low levels of thimerosal in vaccines. " february, 2004 : a panel sponsored by the institute of medicine convenes to examine the possible thimerosal - autism link. its report is expected this spring. - rina palta


below are the first 10 and last 10 pages of uncorrected machine - read text ( when available ) of this chapter, followed by the top 30 algorithmically extracted key phrases from the chapter as a whole. intended to provide our own search engines and external engines with highly rich, chapter - representative searchable text on the opening pages of each chapter. because it is uncorrected material, please consider the following text as a useful but insufficient proxy for the authoritative book pages. do not use for reproduction, copying, pasting, or reading ; exclusively for search engines. ocr for page 91 seventh annual symposium on frontiers of engineering reengineering the paralyzed nervous system p. hunter peckham department of biomedical engineering case western reserve university cleveland, ohio introduction damage to the central nervous system is the major cause of disability in the united states. in some cases, such as in spinal cord injuries or strokes, connectivity has been lost because the pathway has been severed. in other cases, such as in parkinson ’ s disease, the neural circuits behave in a disordered fashion. whether the origin of the damage is congenital, traumatic, or age - related, improving neural connectivity and restoring function has a major impact on the lives of people with these injuries. many approaches to restoring the connectivity of neural elements are being explored ( e. g., gene therapies, stem cell transplants, tissue engineering ). one of the most promising is engineering, which can provide an interface with the nervous system to restore functions. through the delivery of low levels of electrical current in precise ways, control of the nervous system can be regained and function restored. understanding how such an interface works requires a fundamental appreciation of the structure of nerves and how they work. first, consider a single nerve fiber. from the cell body, or soma, at one end, hundreds of dendrites emerge, through which input is provided to the cell. only one axon leaves the cell. the axon delivers information to another structure, such as another nerve cell or a muscle cell. electrical stimulation is usually delivered to the axon somewhere along its length. the electrical current causes the permeability of the membrane to change causing an efflux / influx of sodium, potassium, calcium, and other ions. when the difference across the membrane reaches a sufficient level, an action potential is generated that propagates along the axon in both directions from its point of origin. this fundamental principle, called “ gating ” the membrane potential, is the basis for restoring function to the


the membrane reaches a sufficient level, an action potential is generated that propagates along the axon in both directions from its point of origin. this fundamental principle, called “ gating ” the membrane potential, is the basis for restoring function to the nervous system by electrical activation. ocr for page 92 seventh annual symposium on frontiers of engineering the action potential generated by an electrical current causes events analogous to the events that occur in the normal generation of nerve impulses. using electrical current to restore neural function has many advantages. first, most events involving the nervous system are communicated naturally by electrical means. second, electrical stimulation has the capacity ( 1 ) to activate a single nerve fiber or multiple nerve fibers to generate movement and sensation, ( 2 ) to inhibit the firing of nerve fibers to reduce spasticity and pain, and ( 3 ) to activate or inhibit complex neural circuits, called neuromodulation, to change the firing of entire circuits of cells so it could be used to restore a wide range of different functions. third, the effect of electrical stimulation can be localized, and turning off the current can eliminate the effect. currents could also be delivered in such a way as to prolong the effect by taking advantage of the inherent plasticity of the nervous system. fourth, electrical stimulation is incredibly efficient. a very small amount of current can generate enough muscle activation to lift the body. electrical stimulation also acts very rapidly ; the effect can be observed in seconds. finally, electrical stimulation can be applied safely. methods of delivering electrical current to biological tissue have already been developed through careful research and testing. safe, stimulating waveforms that use bidirectional pulses with charge densities below established limits are well tolerated by biological tissues. thus, electrical stimulation is an extraordinarily versatile, effective, and safe tool for manipulating the activity of the nervous system. electrical activation of the nervous system is applicable to virtually every disorder involving the central nervous system ( i. e., the brain and spinal cord ). some devices have already been granted regulatory approval and are commercially available in the united states. these include devices for restoring hand function, controlling bladder and bowel function, controlling respiration in spinal cord injuries, suppressing seizures in epilepsy, suppressing tremors in parkinson ’ s disease, and restoring audition for people with hearing loss. clinical research is being done on human subjects to enable patients to stand and walk, swallow, control the anal sphincter, and see. basic research is also continuing on all of these applications to improve function and extend


audition for people with hearing loss. clinical research is being done on human subjects to enable patients to stand and walk, swallow, control the anal sphincter, and see. basic research is also continuing on all of these applications to improve function and extend their applicability. for example, electrical stimulation has had limited success in restoring function in individuals with stroke, brain injuries, multiple sclerosis, and cerebral palsy, although theoretically their neurological disabilities can be overcome. for patients with spinal cord injuries, for example, the technique must be operable for extended periods of time, perhaps for 50 years or more. in addition, these injuries affect more than one organ system, the limbs and bladder, for instance. ideally, therefore, the technology will be applicable to multiple systems. ocr for page 93 seventh annual symposium on frontiers of engineering implementation of neuroprostheses several factors must be considered in the clinical implementation of neuroprostheses. the use of a neuroprosthesis always involves trade - offs between physiological, technological, and clinical factors. physiological considerations physiological factors are associated with the creation of a safe, effective interface between the prosthesis and the nervous system. first and foremost, the delivery of the electrical stimulus must be safe. a sufficient charge must be directed across the nerve membrane to depolarize it and generate action potentials, without generating toxic species in sufficient quantities to cause damage. destruction ( necrosis ) or damage to the nerve tissue would exacerbate the problem. to understand the complexity of the problem, consider a device that could restore respiration. biphasic ( bidirectional or ac ) current regulated pulses with charge reversal has been found to be effective. eliciting an action potential in a compound nerve may require 10 – 20 ma at 30 v at a frequency of 20hz 24 hours per day for up to 50 years. another physiological consideration is the control and coordination of activation of the muscle. the physiologic control of muscles is graded, and this must be duplicated in the reengineered system. there are only two fundamental mechanisms for controlling muscle force, ( 1 ) activating more muscle fibers ( recruitment ) or ( 2 ) activating muscle fibers faster. the latter leads to fatigue. therefore, the preferable rate of stimulation is 20hz or less. controlling force by recruitment requires that the number of nerve fibers activated be increased as the controlling current is increased. the resulting activation is a nonlinear function, generally sigmoidally shaped


therefore, the preferable rate of stimulation is 20hz or less. controlling force by recruitment requires that the number of nerve fibers activated be increased as the controlling current is increased. the resulting activation is a nonlinear function, generally sigmoidally shaped. high - gain regions of the relationship may cause difficulties in control because small changes in current can cause large changes in the number of activated nerve fibers, as can small movements between the electrode and the nerve. in addition, a fundamental characteristic of muscle is that its force is dependent on its length ; therefore, muscle length must also be considered in artificial control. generally, an action is not caused by the “ simple ” generation of force from a single muscle but is the result of many muscles working together to produce the desired movement. even for a simple movement, this means that one muscle ( an agonist ) increases in strength as a second muscle ( an antagonist ) works in opposition and decreases in strength. when one considers a complex action, such as walking or moving an arm, one can begin to appreciate the complexity of restoring movement through electrical activation. the stability of the electrically activated response must also be considered. muscles become fatigued with sustained contraction, whether naturally or electrically induced. with electrical stimulation, however, muscles become fatigued faster for two reasons. first, in an electrically stimulated contraction, there is ocr for page 94 seventh annual symposium on frontiers of engineering less rotation of activated fibers than in a natural, voluntary contraction. second, paralyzed muscles are generally less able to sustain force because their metabolic properties have been compromised since the injury. electrical activation can effectively reverse this “ disuse atrophy ” to increase the fatigue resistance of paralyzed muscles. technological considerations the fundamental technology in systems for neuroprosthetic devices includes stimulators, electrodes, sensors, and the lead wires or communication channels that connect them. the form of the technology depends on the application. in the examples given above, which must be used for a substantial portion of a person ’ s life, the most effective devices would be implanted. the specificity and reliability afforded by implantation results in vastly improved function and convenience for the user. therefore, the device must be thoroughly reliable, designed to accommodate enhancements, and be repairable without compromising the remaining components. the requirements for an electronic device that can operate in the body for 50 years are stringent. for example, the current technology used to control the motor system consists of a multichannel, implantable stimulator with multiple leads that extend from the implant


deployable by clinical practitioners ( physicians, therapists, and nurses ) whose appreciation of the complexity of the technology may be limited. the design must also meet the requirements of the user, such as an acceptable level of risk, time commitment, and the effort required for implementation and training. the neuroprosthesis must not only function acceptably, but it must also be easy and natural to use and easy to put on. acceptable function may be less than full, normal function. restoring upper limb function the focus of our work has been on a neuroprosthesis to restore hand and arm function ( figure 1 ) for people with cervical - level spinal cord injuries. these individuals have lost control of their hands and lower extremities but retain figure 1 sample implementation of neuroprosthesis for restoration of hand - arm control. source : reprinted with permission from the journal of rehabilitation research and development ( bhadra et al., 2002 ). ocr for page 96 seventh annual symposium on frontiers of engineering control of their upper arms. the neuroprosthesis we have developed incorporates an implantable sensor that transduces joint angle ( ijat ), a multichannel stimulator - telemeter, and an external control unit. movements of the wrist are transduced by the ijat and used to control the stimulation applied to the paralyzed finger and thumb muscles. two grasp patterns are provided : ( 1 ) lateral pinch - release, in which the thumb contacts the side of the index finger ; and ( 2 ) palmar prehension - release, in which the index and long fingers oppose the thumb. the former grip is typically used for picking up or holding small objects and the latter for grasping larger objects. grasp is proportional ; flexion of the wrist corresponds to full hand opening, and wrist extension corresponds to maximum grasping strength. intermediate positions of the wrist correspond to intermediate grasp positions between these two extremes. the system operates in the following manner. contacting an external switch turns the system on, which transmits the radio frequency to the implant from the external controller, thus powering the transducer. this also establishes the “ zero ” command position of the wrist, corresponding to full hand extension, which is achieved by stimulating each of the target muscles at the appropriate level. for example, for hand extension, the finger and thumb muscles are maximally stimulated, and the finger and thumb flexors are inactive. these values are stored in a look - up table, in which any given wrist position corresponds to stimulus levels


level. for example, for hand extension, the finger and thumb muscles are maximally stimulated, and the finger and thumb flexors are inactive. these values are stored in a look - up table, in which any given wrist position corresponds to stimulus levels for each muscle. from the position of wrist extension, the user maneuvers the hand around the object and extends the wrist, causing the flexor muscles to be stimulated to a higher level and the extensor stimulation to decrease. activating the external switch again sets a hold command, which maintains the stimulus level even if the wrist position changes. other switch commands allow the user to regain control, reset zero, reset hold, or turn the system off. this system also enables users to regain control of elbow extension, which has been lost because of paralysis of the triceps. the switch enables the user to select alternative modes in which the triceps is either on or off. this system is a second - generation neuroprosthesis, five of which have been implemented in human subjects. the first - generation neuroprosthesis, which has an external sensor on the opposite shoulder for control and eight channels of stimulation, has completed clinical trials ( peckham et al., 2001 ), has been approved by the food and drug administration, and is commercially available ( neurocontrol corporation, vallee view, ohio ). approximately 200 first - generation devices have been implanted worldwide. both systems enable people with spinal cord injuries to grasp and release common objects and thus perform many everyday activities, such as eating, writing, and grooming, these functions, which are essential for independence and self - sufficiency, often lead to dramatic changes in patients ’ lives. ocr for page 97 seventh annual symposium on frontiers of engineering future development many new tools, such as sensors, electrodes, stimulators, and detailed “ instruction sets ” of how to use them, are expected to become available in the future. by describing how these tools interact with the underlying neural tissue and modeling this performance, the instruction set allows us to predict how the tools will perform in various situations. sensors that detect physical movement, pressure, or electrical activity may be used for control or feedback. advances in microsensors and biomems are likely to yield great dividends. current triaxial accelerometers and micropressure transducers are small enough and low - power enough to be implanted in the body. with advances in electrode technology, we will be able to stimulate


yield great dividends. current triaxial accelerometers and micropressure transducers are small enough and low - power enough to be implanted in the body. with advances in electrode technology, we will be able to stimulate selected fascicles of a whole nerve and create unidirectional impulses on the nerve. this will make complete and selective activation of nerves possible, as well as the inhibition of neural activity, such as the blocking of spastic activity or pain. these electrodes will also make it possible to record the natural activity of afferent nerve fibers for feedback and control. the development of a microelectrode will make possible the stimulation of spinal circuitry and cortical centers and selective recording from these regions. complex high - density circuitry could be incorporated into the electrodes themselves, which could lead to direct access to the central nervous system and direct interfaces with the neural circuitry that controls complex coordinated functions at the spinal or cortical level. it could also enable us to extract control information from cortical neurons and, eventually, to translate the intention to move into signals that could be used to control movement. finally, high - density stimulation and transmitting devices are under development that will enable the activation of more channels of stimulation in a smaller volume ; this would greatly facilitate the development of complex visual prostheses. new technology will provide tools for the development of more precise interfaces with the damaged nervous system leading to even more significant clinical results. we have already made progress in this direction by showing that afferent signals recorded from the nerves innervating the bladder during filling could be used to help control bladder activity. the neuroprosthesis for hand control described above, which uses both implantable sensors and stimulators, is undergoing clinical evaluation. this device could eliminate much of the external hardware and provide natural control of the hand that is easy for the user to learn. systems that provide more than one function are not far away. in the future, neuroprostheses may be used independently or in conjunction with other approaches, which may ultimately provide the best effect. for example, the plasticity of the nervous system is being revealed in clinical trials for body - weight supported walking and constraint - induced arm therapy. function probably improves because residual spinal and cortical circuits have the capacity to alter their functions in an activity - dependent way. these adaptations are driven ocr for page 98 seventh annual symposium on frontiers of engineering by the individual ’ s remaining voluntary function but


the principal purpose of this project is to demonstrate the feasibility of instrumenting heavily icecovered fjords to obtain real - time data of the upper ocean. greenland ' s ice - covered fjords are the connections between the greenland ice sheet and the open ocean. these dynamic environments enable access of warm ocean water to outlet glaciers, causing large amounts of melting under floating tongues ( e. g. rignot and steffen, 2008 ; motyka et al., in press ). on the other hand, deep fjords also enable ice to break up mechanically through the process of calving. these icebergs are then transported away from the glaciers, where they eventually melt. the interactions between the ocean, its ice cover ( the melange ), the glacier ice, and the atmosphere remain poorly understood, mostly due to the extremely difficult conditions for direct observations ( e. g. amundson et al., 2010 ). yet, it is increasingly clear that the dynamic behavior of the ice sheet is dominated by its interaction with the surrounding oceans ( e. g. rignot and kanagaratnam, 2006 ; joughin et al., 2008 ; holland et al., 2008 ). it is therefore imperative to gain a better understanding of the physical processes that determine the heat and mass exchange between ocean and ice. this is an issue not only for greenland, but at all the larger glaciated areas of the planet. the current inability of predicting changes at marine - terminating glaciers is responsible for the lack of a reliable estimate of the future cryospheric contribution to sea level rise ( ipcc, 2007 ; truffer and fahnestock, 2008 ). to make progress in the task of predicting the behavior of outlet glaciers, a better understanding of physical processes in glacier - fed fjords is necessary. this will require direct observations. the physical environment for this type of work is extremely challenging. the inner fjords are often covered in brash ice and large ice bergs, sometimes mixed with sea ice. large ice bergs can roll, creating hazards to boats. the area very close to glaciers can have turbulent upwelling with fast currents, the proximity of the glacier is too dangerous to work in due to calving activity, and calving events can send meter - scale waves through the fjord. moorings are difficult to deploy, and have to be deeply submerged to avoid interaction with the keels of the bigger ice bergs, making it impossible to measure processes and exchanges at the critical atmosphere - ice - ocean


- scale waves through the fjord. moorings are difficult to deploy, and have to be deeply submerged to avoid interaction with the keels of the bigger ice bergs, making it impossible to measure processes and exchanges at the critical atmosphere - ice - ocean boundary. here we propose to measure the properties of the upper water column using drifting buoys. the proposed experiment carries a certain risk, as the equipment could get destroyed. we will attempt to minimize this risk by letting the buoys drift, and by constructing them more solidly, so they are better able to absorb impacts. also, they will be equipped with iridium satellite modems, so that data can be uploaded on a regular basis and will not be lost should the buoys fail. we expect to obtain a record of up to one year length of temperature, salinity and currents in the upper water column ( down to ~ 30m ) of the inner godthabsfjord, near the main outlet glacier kangiata nunata sermia ( kns ). we propose to deploy four lagrangian drifters ; two on the glacier side and two on the outer side of a sill that was created by a previous glacier advance ( mortensen et al., subm. to jgr ). the deployments in the heavily ice - covered inner fjord are considered higher risk. the deployments on either side of the sill balance the risk of deploying in heavy ice with the desire to obtain data at those locations. the other expected result is to gain experience with instrumenting these difficult areas, where many details of physical processes have remained elusive. for example, if drifting buoys prove to be successful, one could develop these further into profiling instruments that are capable of sampling the entire water column. another possible application is to develop drifting depth sounders to obtain geometric observations where boats cannot penetrate. before such plans are implemented, it is imperative to gain some experience with lower cost instruments.


research at nceas relies on access to existing data on a broad variety of topics, and these data usually are very difficult to locate, access, interpret, and analyze. our approach to informatics uses extensive documentation about data ( i. e., metadata ) to overcome many of these data management challenges. thus, most of our tools utilize metadata to effectively handle the complexity of ecological data sources. our emphasis on metadata - driven systems comes from an ongoing analysis of the capabilities of existing metadata standards that are relevant to ecology. some of the standards we have examined include the content standard for digital geospatial metadata ( fgdc ), the nbii biological data profile ( key sections of which we helped to author ), the dublin core metadata element set, and the directory interchange format ( dif ). while several of these standards are relevant, none comprehensively addressed the needs of ecology, particularly in terms of allowing automated data processing on heterogeneous ecological data sources. thus, we believed there was a need for a new metadata specification with the following properties : - extensible at run - time - highly structured for machine parsing - supports automated data processing - supports non - geospatial data - incorporates important biological metadata ( e. g., taxonomy ) - practical adoption by the ecological community we designed and developed ecological metadata language ( eml ) to satisfy these design requirements and to be compatible with metadata recommendations originally developed by the ecological society of america ' s future of long - term ecological data ( fled ) committee and associated efforts ( michener et al., 1997, ecological applications ). eml is a flexible, highly structured metadata markup language that allows scientists to fully describe their data, while maintaining a light footprint for those scientists not yet ready to invest the time needed to more comprehensively preserve their data. an eml description provides all of the information found in other roughly comparable standards ( e. g., biological data profile ) but also provides details about both the logical and physical structure of data to allow them to be machine processed by automated systems. building these automated systems has been the focus of many of our informatics research projects. our projects span the whole scientific process, including automating data collection in the field using metadata - driven form generation ( jalama ), desktop data and metadata editing ( morpho ), data discovery on the network ( morpho ), schema - independent data and metadata storage, search, and preservation ( metacat ), and metadata - enabled analytical tools


sleep appears necessary for our nervous systems to work properly. too little sleep leaves us drowsy and unable to concentrate the next day. it also leads to impaired memory and physical performance and reduced ability to carry out maths calculations. if sleep deprivation continues, hallucinations and mood swings may develop. some experts believe sleep gives neurons used while we are awake a chance to shut down and repair themselves. without sleep, neurons may become so depleted in energy or so polluted with by - products of normal cellular activities that they begin to malfunction. sleep also may give the brain a chance to exercise important neuronal connections that might otherwise deteriorate from lack of activity. deep sleep coincides with the release of growth hormone in children and young adults. many of the body ’ s cells also show increased production and reduced breakdown of proteins during deep sleep. since proteins are the building blocks needed for cell growth and for repair of damage from factors like stress and ultraviolet rays, deep sleep may truly be " beauty sleep. " activity in parts of the brain that control emotions, decision - making processes and social interactions is drastically reduced during deep sleep, suggesting that this type of sleep may help people maintain optimal emotional and social functioning while they are awake. a study in rats also showed that certain nerve - signalling patterns which the rats generated during the day were repeated during deep sleep. this pattern repetition may help encode memories and improve learning. dreaming and rem sleep we typically spend more than 2 hours each night dreaming. scientists do not know much about how or why we dream. sigmund freud, who greatly influenced the field of psychology, believed dreaming was a " safety valve " for unconscious desires. only after 1953, when researchers first described rem in sleeping infants, did scientists begin to methodically study sleep and dreaming. they soon realized that the strange, illogical experiences we call dreams almost always occur during rem sleep. while most mammals and birds show signs of rem sleep, reptiles and other cold - blooded animals do not. rem sleep begins with signals from an area at the base of the brain called the pons. these signals travel to a brain region called the thalamus which relays them to the cerebral cortex — the outer layer of the brain that is responsible for learning, thinking, and organising information. the pons also sends signals that shut off neurons in the spinal cord, causing temporary paralysis of the limb muscles. if something interferes with this paralysis, people will begin to physically " act out " their dreams — a rare,


and organising information. the pons also sends signals that shut off neurons in the spinal cord, causing temporary paralysis of the limb muscles. if something interferes with this paralysis, people will begin to physically " act out " their dreams — a rare, dangerous problem called rem sleep behaviour disorder. a person dreaming about a ball game, for example, may run headlong into furniture or blindly strike someone sleeping nearby while trying to catch a ball in the dream. rem sleep stimulates the brain regions used in learning. this may be important for normal brain development during infancy, which would explain why infants spend much more time in rem sleep than adults. like deep sleep, rem sleep is associated with increased production of proteins. one study found that rem sleep affects learning of certain mental skills. people taught a skill and then deprived of non - rem sleep could recall what they had learned after sleeping, while people deprived of rem sleep could not. some scientists believe dreams are the cortex ’ s attempt to find meaning in the random signals that it receives during rem sleep. the cortex is the part of the brain that interprets and organises information from the environment during consciousness. it may be that, given random signals from the pons during rem sleep, the cortex tries to interpret these signals as well, creating a " story " out of fragmented brain activity. this material is based on information supplied by the us government ’ s national institute of neurological disorders & stroke. practice good sleep hygiene using these simple rules : consume less or no caffeine and avoid alcohol drink fewer fluids before going to sleep avoid heavy meals close to bedtime exercise regularly, but do so in the daytime and not too close to bedtime try a relaxing routine, like soaking in hot water ( a hot tub or bath ) before bedtime establish a regular bedtime and wake - time schedule.


there is increasing recognition that the reductionist mindset that is currently dominating society, rooted in unlimited economic growth unperceptive to its social and environmental impact, cannot resolve the converging environmental, social and economic crises we now face. the primary aim of this unit is to encourage the shift away from reductionist and human centred thinking towards a holistic and ecological worldview. exercise in register and style exercise for students concerning the idea of writing in a specific register and style for a specific readership. honeybee venom detected by enzyme immunoassay the venom of the honeybee, apis mellifera, contains numerous enzymes, volatiles, and other components. allergic individuals develop anti - venom antibodies which may cause hives, anaphylactic shock, and death. in this exercise students detect concentrations of bee venom on nitrocellulose membranes following incubation of membranes with anti - venom antibodies, enzyme - conjugated secondary antibodies, and a colorimetric substrate. the intensity of the colored substrate deposited on the membrane is pro the long neck and beak allow the chicken to peck at food to eat it. the large breastbone of birds is indicative a large, volumous chest that fills with air while flying. thin legs makes the animal lighter in weight, which also aids in flight. cactus wren in the sonora desert the beak of the cactus wren looks like a miniature version of the roadrunner beak. the beak is suited for eating insects. the narrow beak allows the cactus wren to get a tight grasp of insects. global cloud cover with fly away this animated sequence is a one month sample of composited images from cloud cover data collected from a suite of u. s., european, and japanese geostationary satellites and u. s. polar orbiting meteorological satellites. this data was composited under the auspices of isccp, the international satellite cloud climatology program clouds over north america from goes - 11 : august 3, 2000 this animation is one of a series showing the first data from goes - 11. the data shown was taken at one - minute intervals. the visual datasets text module discusses the concept of visual learning and presents some suggestions for ways to design learning environments that support students in developing visual literacy skills. three visual datasets that can be used for problem solving activities in evolution, classification, development, and botany are included : caminacules : a dataset of imaginary animals that can be used as the basis for a variety of problem - posing and problem - solving activities in evolution


be used for problem solving activities in evolution, classification, development, and botany are included : caminacules : a dataset of imaginary animals that can be used as the basis for a variety of problem - posing and problem - solving activities in evolution, classi module 5 : selecting payment methods select appropriate methods, terms, and currency of payment to agents, sales representatives, distributors, suppliers, and international joint ventures. msu global has teamed with experts in the international finance field to create resources to help increase international skills in the business community. these materials address the need of the international trade practitioner for knowledge and information that is specific to trade finance by providing a means for educators and business practit the purpose of this course is to introduce you to entrepreneurship as a process of creating something new that has economic value to others. we will examine entrepreneurship from the vantage point of history, society, and the individual. most importantly, i hope to expand your awareness of entrepreneurship as a career option. this course has a substantial communications component. entrepreneurial ideas are useless without the ability to communicate them clearly and concisely. our focus will be o robin hood and sherwood forest this online exhibition highlights resources for the study of robin hood in the collections held by manuscripts and special collections at the university of nottingham. it includes examples from printed versions of the robin hood story in collections of traditional ballad literature, in popular chap books and in stories for children. it also features documents which can be used for the study of the historical sherwood forest and its laws. individualized reading instruction in the elementary grades, winter 2008 explores techniques for assessment of reading and writing skills and for development of individualized instruction in classroom settings ; develops strategies for meeting the needs of individual students through the evaluation, utilization, and adaptation of commercial reading materials and through the formation of principles and techniques for producing effective teacher - prepared materials. greco - roman origin myths mythology is a powerful vehicle for teaching students about symbols and the ways people have sought to explain their relationships to nature and to each other. teachers can use this lesson to introduce or examine the role of myths in explaining human customs, mysteries about nature, or the reasons why things exist in the world. students will discuss works of art that illustrate ancient greco - roman myths and various symbols used in them. so students do not judge the " truthfulness " of another cult northeastern research expo 2011 the nu smarts reporter talks to the students behind the cutting - edge research presented at this year ' s research expo. gonu. tv game recap - baseball vs.


do not judge the " truthfulness " of another cult northeastern research expo 2011 the nu smarts reporter talks to the students behind the cutting - edge research presented at this year ' s research expo. gonu. tv game recap - baseball vs. uri - april 6, 2011 the northeastern university baseball team fell to the rhode island rams by a score of 7 - 6 on a cloudy wednesday afternoon at friedman diamond in brookline, mass. what is a recession? this two minute video explains what a recession is, the basic economic terms, and the psychological factor that often fuels a recession. it moves very rapidly so the teacher should be prepared to stop the video at times to review terms. a list of terms would also be helpful. the three ways to handle a recession are mentioned as well. break the science barrier - richard dawkins - part 1 of 3 break the science barrier follows the oxford biologist richard dawkins as he meets with people who have experienced the wonders of science first - hand. we meet the astronomer who first discovered pulsars, the geneticist who invented dna fingerprinting, a scientist who discovered a protein that causes cancer, and others. dawkins interviews famous admirers of science such as douglas adams and david attenborough, and asks them why science means so much to them. we also see how dangerous ignorance of essential tremor - station and gait exam - gait sub - exam - patient 12 the patient is a 70 - year - old caucasian female who first noticed voice and head tremor about 15 years ago. she has had a gradual progression of this tremor that now causes her head to shake, her voice to tremor and her bilateral arm to tremor. the tremor is most noticed when the limbs maintain a posture or are in motion. her writing is affected especially when she attempts to write small. fine motor tasks have become more effortful as the years have passed. the tremor is worsened by fatigue. she the week ahead : april 7th 2011 france enforces a burqa ban, europe frets over immigration, britain ' s banks await regulation proposals and peru holds an election 270 gg commas with participial phrases when do you put a comma before a phrase such as " making me cry "?


science objects are two hour on - line interactive inquiry - based content modules that help teachers better understand the science content they teach. this science object is the first of three science objects in the heredity and variation scipack. it explores the historical perspective and experiments of mendel. sexual reproduction results in the continuity of species accompanied with a great deal of variation in physical traits. one familiar observation is that offspring are very much like their parents but still show some variation — differing somewhat from their parents and from one another. people have long been curious about heredity, using even the most primitive understanding of inheritance to cultivate desirable traits in domesticated species. in the 1800s, gregor mendel took his observations of heredity and variation to new heights through carefully designed and executed breeding experiments that generated repeatable inheritance patterns. mendel developed a model for explaining the patterns he observed, describing discrete units or “ particles, ” which both segregate and assort independently of one another during inheritance. this model offered a foundational explanation for how variation is generated through sexual reproduction. although mendel ’ s model over - simplified how traits are inherited and expressed, it set the stage for the discoveries of chromosomes and genes from which contemporary genetics grew. [ hide full abstract ] - explain how domestication of plants and animals produced an early understanding of inheritance. - use mendel ’ s model to explain patterns of inheritance represented in graphic form ( for example, data tables, histograms, etc. ). - identify the conditions required for an inheritance pattern to be explained correctly by mendel ’ s model. - use data representing patterns of inheritance to support the idea that some observable traits are defined by discrete units of inheritance that segregate and assort independently of one another during inheritance.


| idndr - informs - number 13, 1998 ( idndr - dirdn, 1998 ) | disaster prevention begins with timely and accurate information. when there is clarity in the perception of risk, we tend to minimize the possible consequences event. by means of sounds, images, and the printed word, the mass media report on what is going on in the world, but they can do much more. they can explain the significance of events ; they can serve as guides through an uncertain terrain, an teachers in a world where a high penalty must be paid for ignorance. if providing information means conveying the most complete available knowledge of an event, in this case natural phenomena, reporters and media outlets should not give in to sensationalism, which essentially means communicating only the most alarming information, not the most illuminating. they should explain what is going on in the clearest and simplest manner, and provide the data and background the public needs to respond effectively to an emergency. when disasters strike, information diversifies and increases in volume. in journalistic terms, there are many more stories, and many more " angles to each story. therefore, communicators have the right to receive training about the sensitive handling of natural phenomena, and should strive to get such training. the information in question is delicate, and requires specialized skills that cannot be learned in the middle of a crisis. the media may give in to tabloid - inspired pictures of devastation and chaos, or they may cooperate responsibly to reduce the impact of the tragedy and promote the most effective public response. scientific and technological advances now enable us to predict many natural phenomena. the media can play a key role in prevention and early warning by educating large numbers of people through radio, television, newspapers, magazines and even leaflets, clarifying the issues, and providing guidance. new technologies such as e - mail, usenet, and the world - wide web ( www ) provide additional feedback, optimizing human resources and helping reporters do a better job. social communication for prevention is a process that requires the coordinated efforts of many disciplines. the mass media must play their part, by informing the public of existing hazards, and by educating the population on practical measures they can take to reduce their vulnerability. at the same time, public information departments can launch campaigns to raise public awareness and contribute to a culture of disaster prevention, a culture that has not yet taken hold in our region. another key component is the existence of efficient, comprehensive information systems that can support policy - and decision - makers.


wednesday, november 7, 2012 students explore dynamics of local, organic food productionby katie land, news editor | students in ou ' s food quest course learn about the dynamics of local and organic food production at earthworks urban farm in detroit. in all its capacities, food has long played a role in human social and cultural systems. the consumption and preparation of food defines nations, unites traditions, builds families. and as the world has continued to develop and change, so too does the food industry and various food - philosophy movements. the food quest, an anthropology course at oakland university explores the ways in which humans produce, consume and relate to food in a global, cross - cultural perspective. “ understanding the human relationship to food illuminates the relationship we have with our larger environment, ” said tara deubel, ph. d., assistant professor of anthropology. “ from a global perspective, we need to address why people continue to die of hunger and malnutrition in 2012 when adequate food resources exist. ” “ locally, we need to ask similar questions about why many residents of detroit are unable to access healthy food on a daily basis in an area now considered to be a " food desert " due to its lack of food resources, ” dr. deubel continued. “ it is critical to re - examine the local and global systems we have put in place and advocate more sustainable alternatives that encourage smaller - scale, local food production and more healthy eating habits. ” the course covers a wide range of topics including changes in human eating patterns, the globalization of the food industry, transnational food politics, debates concerning genetically modified organisms ( gmos ), the organic and local food movements, malnutrition and hunger in developing countries, food rituals and eating disorders. housed in the department of sociology, anthropology, social work, and criminal justice, dr. deubel ’ s food quest course forces students to examine their own eating habits, and to learn about local food production and the factors that determine the food they eat. | ou ' s student organic farm grows organic produce each year. this semester, the course ’ s emphasis is on food sustainability in the metro detroit area. student research includes community food banks, urban gardens, " farm to table " business models, local farmers ' markets, and problems of food availability and access in detroit. these topics hit home for several students after a recent trip to the earthworks urban farm in detroit. students were able to see global issues enacted on the local level. " the earthworks visit


| | this page describes a concept which is part of our glossary are known for their robustness and reliability. the way peers connect with other instances to form the network creates a peer - to - peer infrastructure. it enables users to connect directly with each other as desired to exchange products and services without having to employ middlemen as in the current centralised ' client - server ' approach. in general, peer - to - peer networks can be formed directly between people or organisations or can be formed from many different computers and devices communicating together through the same peer - to - peer networking software. at organicdesign we ' re developing the platform specification which allows people and organisations to operate as part of a unified ontology which contains both the platform network of people and organisations aligned with the specification, and also the network of informational devices. transcending centralisation is a necessity it ' s a commonly known meme nowadays that our survival as a species depends on us figuring out how to live and work together as a single organism. another well known concept is the fractal nature of life that allows us to equate the biological cell with a person, and a single person with the planetary organism. in his book spontaneous evolution, bruce lipton shows us that we can learn from our cells how to live together in peace and harmony as a single organism since they ' re a living example of it, and have been doing it for millions of years. many people who are strong believers in this idea of humans living fully in accord with nature think that technology has no place in this vision. but by looking at how the cells in the human body are able to live together as a community with a population of over fifty trillion reveals that technology is essential. the cells manufacture and maintain huge infrastructures including the equivalent of buildings that are tens of thousands of stories high, sophisticated networking systems and even an energy based financial and banking system. we know that somehow the internet must be used to achieve this goal since it allows people all over the world to connect and share knowledge directly. but for us to use the internet to organise into a community together, we need to change the way we use it. the currently dominant method of viewing and collaborating on the internet, the world wide web, is not structured in a way that promotes the formation of people into a community from the bottom up, it doesn ' t match the way that cells organise themselves. the web is a centralised top - down structure, but it ' s the peer - to - peer networks that offer a foundation


these rings ( 20 µm across ) have color created by the width of the slits ( see black and white inset ). for example, yellow is produced with slits that are each 90 nm wide. the technique uses light funneling to catch and trap particular wavelengths. researchers at the university of michigan ( u. s. a. ) have found a way to lock in structural color using sub - wavelength structures ( scientific reports 3, 1194 ). if the technique can be developed further, it could be used with e - readers and other reflective displays, as well as for sensors and hyperspectral imagers. diffraction gratings provide structural color, but the predominant color changes with viewing angle. instead of using gratings on the order of the wavelengths, and on the surface of the material, the researchers went vertical. group leader jay guo explains, " light is funneled into the nanocavity, whose width is much, much smaller than the wavelength of the light. " surprisingly the longer wavelengths of light get trapped in narrower grooves. to demonstrate their device, the researchers etched nanoscale grooves in glass and coated the grooved glass plate with a thin layer of silver. when light hits the grooved surface, the transverse electric component creates a polarization charge at the metal slit surface, boosting the local electric field near the slit, which preferentially pulls in the transverse magnetic component of a particular wavelength of light. the demonstrated optical device has high absorption, as large as 96 percent in the visible spectrum, with colors that don ’ t change over a + / - 80 degree viewing angle. the device also demonstrated wide color tunability throughout the entire visible spectrum and pixel sizes smaller than the diffraction limit. right now, the new device can make static pictures. even static displays, however, can be attractive with bright sunlight - visible color in low - energy - consumption reflective displays.


therapy : new breakthrough for back treatment by gaetano morello, nd ozone, the gas that protects us from the sun ' s damaging rays but becomes toxic when inhaled, is experiencing a resurgence on the north american medical community. we are all familiar with the ozone layer and how it ' s thinning due to chloroflourocarbons. but the reality is that ozone production in the upper atmosphere depends on the amount energy coming from the sun. during peaks of solar activity, ozone is created at a greater rate. during low periods in the sunspot cycle, the ozone layer is thinner. at night, on the dark side of the planet, the ozone layer disappears over a period of a few hours. the layer is reformed as the sun rises in the morning. there is no ozone over the poles in the winter, because there is no sunlight. ozone is continuously being produced in the upper atmosphere as long as sunlight is present, and since ozone is heavier than air, it begins to fall towards the earth. as it falls, it combines with any pollutant it contacts, cleaning the air. when ozone contacts water vapor as it falls, it forms hydrogen peroxide, a component of rain water, and that is the reason why rainwater causes plants to grow better then irrigation. ozone is also created by lightning ; it is the ozone that gives air that fresh smell after a rainfall. therapeutic action of ozone in medicine, ozone has a number of well - established properties : it is antibacterial, antiviral, and antifungal. the largest commercial use of ozone is in the purification of water. when you buy your next gallon jug of water at the grocery store, the label will say " ozone treated. " both the fda and epa certify that ozone destroys 99. 9992 percent of all pathogenic germs, while oxidizing ( destroying ) 99. 9992 percent of all pollutants in the water at the same time. a new discovery for the treatment of herniated disc : the discosan in germany, over 7, 000 doctors utilize ozone in the treatment of various diseases. in italy, orthopedic surgeons who used to perform surgery on herniated discs are now using a special mixture of ozone to treat the pathology of this condition. dr. cesare verga ( orthopedic surgeon ) developed the system in 1984 and has treated over 6, 000 patients. dr. verga claims that surgery really doesn ' t address the underlying cause. as a matter of


clouds and cosmos j ' ai decouvert par hazard les travaux de henrik svensmark sur le processus de formation des nuages. ces derniers remettaient en cause les theses defendues par les tenants du rechauffement climatique du aux activites humaines. en effectuant quelques recherches sur internet j ' ai pu mesurer l ' incroyable fourvoiement de ceux qui conseillent les gouvernements sur les decisions a prendre. et pas uniquement fourvoiement mais aussi manipulation des informations, intoxication et enfumage des foules. les derniers travaux du cern sur le sujet confirment les conclusions de svensmark. affaire a suivre, car une remise au pas del ' ipcc / giec s ' avere necessaire. i discovered by chance the research conducted by henrik svensmark on the process of cloud formation. the results called into question the policies advocated by the proponents of global warming due to human activities. in doing some research online i could measure the incredible misdirection of those who advise governments on decisions. and not just misdirection but also manipulation of information, intoxication and smoking crowd. the latest work on the subject of cern confirm the findings of svensmark. stay tuned, because in depth analysis of ipcc / giec turpitudes is necessary. aug 30 " if it is an unusually warm winter in new york, it is probably also warm in washington, d. c., for example, " hansen explained. " at high - and mid - latitudes rossby waves are the dominant cause of short - term temperature variations. and since those are fairly long waves we didn ' t think we needed a station at every one degree of separation. " 5 october 2012 eso celebrates its 50th anniversary the cosmics leaving outdoor droplets ( cloud ) experiment uses a special cloud chamber to study the possible link between galactic cosmic rays and cloud formation. based at the proton synchrotron ( ps ) at cern, this is the first time a high - energy physics accelerator has been used to study atmospheric and climate science. the results should contribute much to our understanding of clouds and climate. cosmic rays are charged particles that bombard the earth ' s atmosphere from outer space. studies suggest they may have an influence on the amount of cloud cover through the formation of


climate science. the results should contribute much to our understanding of clouds and climate. cosmic rays are charged particles that bombard the earth ' s atmosphere from outer space. studies suggest they may have an influence on the amount of cloud cover through the formation of new aerosols ( tiny particles suspended in the air that seed cloud droplets ). this is supported by satellite measurements, which show a possible correlation between cosmic - ray intensity and the amount of low cloud cover. cern finds “ significant ” cosmic ray cloud effect best known for its studies of the fundamental constituents of matter, the cern particle - physics laboratory in geneva is now also being used to study the climate. researchers in the cloud collaboration have released the first results from their experiment designed to mimic conditions in the earth ’ s atmosphere. by firing beams of particles from the lab ’ s proton synchrotron accelerator into a gas - filled chamber, they have discovered that cosmic rays could have a role to play in climate by enhancing the production of potentially cloud - seeding aerosols. – physics world, 24 august 2011 if henrik svensmark is right, then we are going down the wrong path of taking all these expensive measures to cut carbon emissions ; if he is right, we could carry on with carbon emissions as normal. jasper kirkby is a superb scientist, but he has been a lousy politician. in 1998, anticipating he ' d be leading a path - breaking experiment into the sun ' s role in global warming, he made the mistake of stating that the sun and cosmic rays " will probably be able to account for somewhere between a half and the whole of the increase in the earth ' s temperature that we have seen in the last century. " global warming, he theorized, may be part of a natural cycle in the earth ' s temperature. churchville, va — get ready for the next big bombshell in the man - made warming debate. climate change : news and comments e physicien danois henrik swensmark ne se doutait probablement pas, en fournissant ses donnees et en faisant part de ses remarques aux realisateurs de l ' experience " cloud " au cern a geneve, que les resultats de cette experience souleveraient des problemes politiques importants. wuwt reader max _ b tips us off to this article and video. according to nigel calder ’ s blog, cern ’ s cloud experiment ( testing svensmarks ’ s cosmic - ray theory


##ent des problemes politiques importants. wuwt reader max _ b tips us off to this article and video. according to nigel calder ’ s blog, cern ’ s cloud experiment ( testing svensmarks ’ s cosmic - ray theory ) shows a large enhancement of aerosol production and the results are due for release in 2 or 3 months ’ time. there is a short physics world interview with jasper kirkby which is worthwhile viewing and was published a couple of days ago … j. a. performed the nucleation rate analysis. s. s. conducted the api - tof analysis. results paper published in gigs ( january 2013 ) - article poste le 07 avril 2010 - “ la pluralite des voix n ’ est pas une preuve qui vaille. car lorsqu ’ une verite est quelque peu difficile a decouvrir, il serait etonnant que tout un peuple l ’ ait rencontree plutot qu ’ un homme seul ”. the climatic research unit email controversy ( also known as " climategate " ) [ 2 ] [ 3 ] began in november 2009 with the hacking of a server at the climatic research unit ( cru ) at the university of east anglia ( uea ) by an external attacker. [ 4 ] [ 5 ] several weeks before the copenhagen summit on climate change, an unknown individual or group breached cru ' s server and copied thousands of emails and computer files to various locations on the internet.


home > phrasal verb dictionary : letter f a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p r s t w z music, sound, light, hope ) when something fades away, it gradually becomes weaker until it disappears ; it fades. die away a moment the noise faded away, and only the sound of a light breeze, and ringing, filled my ears. ( insep ) ( family, life, marriage, relationship, house, car, business, deal ) when something falls apart, it desintegrates or falls to pieces. - the building is falling apart. - his marriage fell apart when he cheated on his wife. on [ fall back on somebody, fall back on something ]. - ( insep ) when you fall back on somebody or something, you turn to them or use it when in difficulty or because no other choice is available ; - it ' s great to have a friend to fall - people fall back on alternative medicine when modern drugs don ' t work. had no money to fall back on. ( insep ) when you fall behind or something falls behind, it remains at the same level or standard. - your schoolwork has fallen - he fell behind with the rent and was asked to leave the flat. ( insep ) when you fall down, you fall accidentallly or because something is in a poor state of repair. fell down and hurt her knees. - she tripped and fell down fall for [ fall for somebody ]. - ( insep ) when you fall for somebody, you fall in love with them. fell for him in a big way. - why does he always fall for the wrong women. fall for [ fall for something ]. - when you fall for something, you are tricked or deceived. could you fall for such an old trick? fell for his talk and bought the encyclopedia. fall off. - 1 ( insep ) ( bike, horse, button ) when you fall off something, you separate from it and - he fell off his bike and hurt himself. 2 ( insep ) ( attendance, interest, quality, profits ) when something falls off, it decreases or becomes less or fewer. drop off - attendance has fallen off this term. ( insep ) ( a situation, somebody ) when two people fall out, they quarrel or have an argument and stop being - they ' ve fallen out over some stupid misunderstanding. - i don ' t like bill - i fell out with him when he sold me a car that didn '


somebody ) when two people fall out, they quarrel or have an argument and stop being - they ' ve fallen out over some stupid misunderstanding. - i don ' t like bill - i fell out with him when he sold me a car that didn ' t work. fall over. - ( insep ) when you fall over, you fall to the ground. - she slipped on the ice and fell over. - he fell over and broke his leg. - my daughter is learning to walk so she falls over quite a lot. ( insep ) ( idea, plan, project, arrangement, scheme, proposal ) when something falls through, it fails and it ' s abandoned. - the deal fell through for reasons that are not clear. - the sale fell through at the last minute. - the employees decided not to work for him and his plan fell through. with something [ be fed up with something / somebody ]. - ( insep ) when you are fed up with something or somebody, you are tired, depressed, bored or no longer interested in them. - are you as fed up with what ' s going on in washington as i am? i ' ve become increasingly concerned about the current direction of our country. ferret out [ ferret something out ]. - ( secret, the truth, details, error, facts, information ) when you ferret something out, you succeed in finding some difficult or secret information. dig out managed to ferret out the secret. fight off [ fight something off ]. - ( infection, cold, illness, attack, enemy, competition ) when you fight something off, you try to avoid or get rid of it. - i ' m taking lots of vitamin c to help me fight off this cold. weakens your immune system, making it harder for your body to fight figure out [ figure something out ]. - when you figure something out, you manage to understand. - have you figured out what the problem is? - i just can ' t figure her out. for [ fill in for somebody ]. - ( insep ) when you fill in for somebody, you do their job temporarily because they can ' t. cover for, sit in for, stand - colleen was pleased that gwen swick was able to fill in for her, as gwen was an old friend and they had worked together many times. fill in [ fill somebody in, fill somebody in on something ]. - ( details ) when you fill somebody in, or fill somebody in on something, you give them information.


as gwen was an old friend and they had worked together many times. fill in [ fill somebody in, fill somebody in on something ]. - ( details ) when you fill somebody in, or fill somebody in on something, you give them information. - my assistant will fill you in on the details. - for those who haven ' t see it, let me fill you in on some of the highlights. fill in [ fill something in ]. - ( form, cheque, name, coupon, space, questionnaire, hole ) when you fill something in, you complete it with the correct information. gave me a form and told me to fill it in. - you will be asked to fill in a questionnaire designed to measure your quality of life. fill up [ fill up, fill something up ]. - ( glass, car, tank, bottle, container, theater ) when you fill something up or something fills up, it - you should always switch off the engine before you fill up with petrol. filled up the kettle with water and made everyone a cup of tea. find out [ find out, find something out ]. - when you find something out, you discover or get - what will she say when she finds - when you lose everything you find out who your real friends are. ( insep ) when you fit in, you get on with a group of people or you feel as if belonging to a group. difficult for them to fit in with the way of life here. flake out. - ( insep, informal ) when you flake out, you fall asleep. - he flaked out on the sofa. flare up. - ( insep ) when you flare up, you become angry. - he was an alcoholic and would flare up at anything. flick through [ flick through something ]. - ( insep ) ( magazine, book, album, article, channels, cards ) when you flick through something, you read or look quickly at the pages of a magazine or book. it also means to change repeatedly from one station or channel to another. flip through, glance over, leaf through flicked through the channels on the tv, hoping for some news. - i was flicking through the channels when i saw her on the telly. i couldn ' t believe it. flip through [ flip through something ]. - ( insep ) the same as flick through. flush out [ flush somebody out ]. - ( rebels, resistance, militants, guerrillas, criminals ) when you flush somebody out,


' t believe it. flip through [ flip through something ]. - ( insep ) the same as flick through. flush out [ flush somebody out ]. - ( rebels, resistance, militants, guerrillas, criminals ) when you flush somebody out, you force them to leave a place. - the angolan armed forces have recently flushed out the rebels from the area. - in the port of umm qasr, to the south, royal marines have been flashing out the last pockets of resistance. fob off [ fob somebody off ]. - ( patient, creditor ) when you fob somebody off, you stop somebody complaining by giving them silly answers. keep ringing them and complaining but they just fob me off! they couldnt fob off [ fob something off ]. - ( responsibility ) when you fob something off, you manage to make somebody accept something faulty, worthless or difficult to deal with. try to fob off your responsibility on others! - i don ' t want to be fobbed off with excuses, i want to know who is responsible for this problem! out [ freak out, freak somebody out ]. - when you freak out, you react in an anxious, excited and wild manner to something. - my parents would freak out if i talked to them about this. freak out and do something stupid every time something bad happens. frighten away [ frighten something away ]. - when you frighten somebody or an animal away, you make them leave using fear. scare away, scare off - they feel a refinery would frighten away tourists and potential tourism investors. frighten off. - the same as frighten away. fuck about. - ( taboo, slang ) when you fuck around, you behave in a stupid way which annoys people. - after a ridiculous amount of fucking about and watching crap on tv, i eventually persuaded them to leave. fuck around. - the same as fuck about. fuck off. - ( taboo ) ( insep ) when you tell somebody to fuck off, you tell them in a very offensive way to leave you alone. bugger off, sod off, piss off started yelling at me again and then told me to fuck off. fuck up [ fuck something up ]. - when you fuck something up, you make of mess of it. balls up, cock up, mess up - every time we win, we go and fuck up the next match with a stupid result.


in a video highlighting her research in plastic electronics, princeton engineering professor yueh - lin ( lynn ) loo describes some of the potentially life - changing uses for these malleable materials. play the " plastic electronics " video video stills courtesy of volker steger video feature : ' plastic electronics ' posted october 14, 2010 ; 12 : 00 p. m. new developments in plastic electronics potentially could change the quality of human life in a wide range of ways, according to princeton engineering professor yueh - lin ( lynn ) loo. " imagine tinted windows that can also generate power during the day, " loo says in this video highlighting her research in plastic electronics. " imagine disposable sensors that would change color if the water source is contaminated, or yet think of smart plastic patches that can monitor your health and deliver medication when you ' re sick. the possibilities are endless. " loo was one of five young scientists who spoke in september at the world economic forum ' s " annual meeting of the new champions " in tianjin, china. she is an associate professor in the department of chemical and biological engineering. loo ' s research is funded by the national science foundation, the office of naval research and the sloan foundation. this video was funded by a grant from the high meadows foundation. loo and her laboratory group investigate how the unique attributes of plastics, including their light weight, mechanical flexibility and low cost, can be incorporated into electronics.


readwritethink couldn ' t publish all of this great content without literacy experts to write and review for us. if you ' ve got lessons plans, activities, or other ideas you ' d like to contribute, we ' d love to hear from you. find the latest in professional publications, learn new techniques and strategies, and find out how you can connect with other literacy professionals. teacher resources by grade | 1st - 2nd | | 3rd - 4th | | 5th - 6th | | 7th - 8th | | 9th - 10th | | 11th - 12th | characters in because of winn - dixie : making lists of ten | grades | | 3 – 5 | | lesson plan type | | standard lesson | | estimated time | | five 50 - minute sessions plus independent reading time | in kate dicamillo ’ s book because of winn - dixie, the protagonist, opal, learns about her absent mother when her father shares ten things about her. working as a class, students match items from the list of ten things describing opal ' s mother in the novel with the basic elements of characterization. next, they work in small groups to go through the same process with the list of ten things describing winn - dixie. students then create an individual list describing another character in the book. finally, students extend this process to another book they are reading by recording ten characteristics on a printable bookmark, ranking those characteristics in terms of importance, and then publishing them in a flip book format. three elements of characterization : this resource introduces students to the three elements of characterization, as well as some basic vocabulary terms related to characters. flip book interactive : this online tool allows students to type and illustrate tabbed flip books up to ten pages long. in her " teaching ideas " column, diana mitchell states, " students tire of responding to novels in the same ways. they want new ways to think about a piece of literature and new ways to dig into it " ( 92 ). mitchell provides fifty suggestions on exploring new directions and responding with greater depth to the books read by students. this lesson plan provides a similar alternative by asking students to identify key details from the book in a way that goes beyond the ordinary while still focusing on comprehension. mitchell, diana. " fifty alternatives to the book report. " english journal 87. 1 ( january 1998 ) : 92 - 95.


pliers common types a selection of articles related to pliers common types. original articles from our library related to the pliers common types. see table of contents for further available material ( downloadable resources ) on pliers common types. - astral beings and wildlife - the astral dimension contains a wide variety of what could be called non - physical subtle energy life - forms ; or as carlos castenada so aptly calls them : inorganic beings. some of these have a positive nature ( nice ) and some seem have a negative nature ( not so... parapsychology > > astral projection - what are the different types of magick? - these is high and low, black and white, tantric, and chaos magick, there are candle, herb, sympathetic, representational, symbolic, color, crystal, knot, moon, and elemental magick. now this is not a complete list, there are many more such as fairy, tree,... mystic sciences > > magick - the religious experience : a wiccan viewpoint - what is religion? religion is a set of beliefs which allow us to understand and categorize our world and our place in it. a set of beliefs which define our culture, our expectations, our views of people and behaviors we expect. i have found several different... religion & philosophy > > religions - an overview of different types of scrying - scrying is a method of divination. it consists of gazing into a crystal, a mirror or some water for example, anything shiny really, in order to enter altered mind states... a good cliche that best describes scrying is the gypsy fortune - teller and her large... divination > > scrying - story of the celts : the ancient celts - the ancient celts [ 8 ] what is surprising to most modern readers is just how widespread across europe the celts once were. the celts have been called the " fathers of europe, " that is north of the greco - roman mediterranean. long before the germanic... history & anthropology > > celtic & irish - what is hypnotic trance? does it provide unusual physical or mental capacities? - 2. 1 ' trance ; ' descriptive or misleading? most of the classical notions of hypnosis have long held that hypnosis was special in some way from other types of interpersonal communication and that an induction ( preparatory process considered by some to be... parapsychology > > h