lower the complexity of your language and decrease questions. slow : slow down your heart rate by taking deep breaths, slow your speech and pause between sentences, slow your movements, slow down your agenda. - the idea of creating an “ accepts ” book to help with self regulation. each page focuses on a different positive theme and it can be brought out when a child needs a boost. the sections are as follows : a = activities ( what makes you smile? ), c = contributing ( how did you help someone? ), c = comparisons ( how far have you come? ), e = emotions ( a collage of positive feelings ), p = pushing away ( note some worries that can be pushed away ), t = thoughts ( self - affirming ), s = sensations ( memories of calming / regulating sensory input ). kids can cut out pictures from magazines, use photographs, or anything else they might want to include on the pages. - suggesting that social stories should be used to reflect successes as well as challenges. they ’ re a great tool for positive reinforcement and won ’ t get the reputation of only coming out when things aren ’ t going well. - make beliefs comix : you can choose your own character, facial expression, body positions and speech bubbles on this website. a great resource! - charting and visuals can make a huge difference. it takes things that are intuitive to most of us and presents them in an analytical way. this can make them much easier to approach and process for people with social cognitive deficits. the charts don ’ t have to be fancy, it often just helps to see things categorized and written out ( for example, a table defining what topics are appropriate to discuss in what situations ). these highlights are just a sample of the information that was presented but they were some of the things that stood out to me. i hope you ’ ll find them useful!


what we perceive in the world is highly influenced by what we are looking for. that is old news. now european researchers have used this theory to create a convincing and engaging ‘ mixed reality ‘, and they have put together a cookbook so others can do it, too. that is new news. reality is wysiwyg : what you see is what you get. but what you see depends largely on what you are looking for. in a famous experiment, a group of volunteers observed a video of two teams, one dressed in black and one in white, passing a ball between them. the volunteers had to count the number of times the ball was passed directly from one player in black to another player in black. they performed the task excellently. what they failed to notice was the man in the gorilla suit who walked on screen and jumped up and down during the game. it proved that what you see is strongly influenced by what you are looking for. in ophthalmology, researchers have found the eye does not see everything you perceive ; neural processing fills in parts of the scene by inferring from those bits that are observed. in quantum physics, researchers discovered that particles change behaviour depending on whether you are looking at them or not. in field after field researchers have discovered that perception is not linear ; it is fuzzy ; and it can be strongly influenced by carefully choosing the right cues. the cues do not necessarily require complex technology. the wii, a very popular gaming platform, abandoned the arms race of ever - more powerful processors and graphics cards and instead incorporated a simple motion sensor. now users ' gestures and reflexes drive the game, changing the pastime from a solitary, passive experience into an active, social one. those two additions, sociability and physicality, dramatically enhance the sense of experienced reality engendered by the game. this is very interesting. up to now technologies, such as virtual and mixed reality, were thought by most to rely on more power, more technologically advanced interfaces, more animation and textures ; but it now seems mixed reality is more powerfully and realistically evoked by combining perceptual dimensions with novel technologies in order to create a greater depth of experience. “ the greater the combination of senses engaged, the greater the chance of the user feeling immersed or present in the experience, ” explains rod mccall, a researcher at the fraunhofer institute and coordinator of the ipcity project. in ipcity, a major eu - funded mixed reality project, researchers studied dozens of technologies to find


feeling immersed or present in the experience, ” explains rod mccall, a researcher at the fraunhofer institute and coordinator of the ipcity project. in ipcity, a major eu - funded mixed reality project, researchers studied dozens of technologies to find those that dramatically enhance a user ’ s experience of a given task, all in an effort to increase citizens ’ participation in civic life. v - ex and the city using virtual experiences ( or v - ex if you want ) like this to bring citizens closer to the city, the project embarked on what is probably the largest concerted effort, looking at the widest variety of mixed reality implementations, in recent times. the project created applications for town planning, gaming, environmental awareness and storytelling. it enhanced engagement with the social, cultural and historical fabric of a city through location awareness and mapping, and it developed social storytelling rooted at locations within the streetscape. using a combination of easy - to - understand yet state - of - the - art technologies and location sensing, the researchers were able to create convincing cross - reality experiences by engaging multiple senses in parallel. from the lab to the real world the project took perceptual and mixed reality research out of the lab and into the real world with a combination of large - scale field trials and longitudinal studies. as a result, the ipcity team has developed cookbook - like guidelines for creating mixed reality experiences. take urban renewal, an urban redesign application. here, the researchers used a wide variety of media and interfaces to engage citizens in an exercise for redesigning an urban space. ipcity ’ s colour table is a particularly innovative interface, using tokens to represent elements within a scene, such as buildings or other objects. an overhead camera projected the design table onto a wall, revealing changes as they developed from a bird ’ s eye view. another camera ‘ interprets ’ the tokens and projects virtual mock - ups onto a backdrop of the real site. meanwhile on a screen, users can see how they have arranged the tokens, and on another they see how that would impact the real landscape. the entire set - up, along with other tools, is part of a mobile tent that is transported to the actual location for the new building, so participants can visualise the real - world environment. the combination of these technologies, along with subtle audio streams, evokes a very convincing air of engagement in the task. “ in the urban renewal showcase you have coloured tokens on the table and these represent buildings or another object in the space. so


combination of these technologies, along with subtle audio streams, evokes a very convincing air of engagement in the task. “ in the urban renewal showcase you have coloured tokens on the table and these represent buildings or another object in the space. so rather than having participants moving graphical objects on the screen you have them physically moving real objects on the table, ” stresses mccall. this physicality makes it easier for other people who are there to grasp what ' s going on – it starts a much richer discussion around the design through this physical relationship with it. another showcase by ipcity, citywall in helsinki, uses a very large multi - touch screen on a central street. “ people can do whatever they want with content which is uploaded to flickr. but they appropriate the citywall in hundreds of different ways. people play ' pong ' with the content, throwing it across the screen to one another, and it becomes [ an ] expressive space, far more perhaps than people showing pictures on their computer monitor, ” mccall notes. a sociable science social elements form a part of all the applications developed by ipcity, deliberately so. “ we figured out pretty early on that a shared experience is much richer, that is why two people work together in our game, timewarp. it becomes a shared, new reality, ” mccall explains. active, physical engagement, too, is important. mccall reveals that because it is impossible to cover a city entirely in virtual objects, the project developed activities that players need to complete, such as walking through a time portal or following a beer cart through the city. as non - players cannot see what the players are doing it often led to confused looks by passers - by in cologne when it was demonstrated there. in many respects, ipcity ’ s work represents the state of the art for mixed reality experiences and promises to offer a lot of food for thought to tourism, social gaming and mobile phone companies, among many others, including the performing arts. in fact ipcity ’ s work could be applied in some fashion to almost any area, to dramatically enhance the experience. ipcity has applied the theory on perception in novel, compelling ways and its work will go on to enhance the theory further and lead to even more subtle and ingenious applications of v - ex, in the city and elsewhere. this is the first of a two - part special feature on ipcity appearing on ict results. the ipcity project received funding from the fet proactive strand of the eu ’ s sixth framework programme for research


als researchers aim for the fences by alissa poh nobody likes bad news. especially when it ' s a grim medical diagnosis like amyotrophic lateral sclerosis ( als ), also known as lou gehrig ' s disease. als, a rapidly progressing, fatal neurodegenerative disease, usually strikes people between 40 and 60 years of age ; those afflicted have an average survival of just two to five years. amyotrophic, a word with greek origins, means " no muscle nourishment. " lateral identifies the areas of the spinal cord where motor neurons — nerve cells that signal muscles — are found. and sclerosis refers to the scarring and hardening this region undergoes as it degenerates. but though the brain becomes increasingly unable to control the muscles, it maintains its cognitive abilities. so als patients are painfully aware of their progressive loss of function. " it ' s a hard disease to treat, to tell patients that they have it, " says dartmouth neurologist elijah stommel, m. d., ph. d. he sees patients at dhmc ' s nationally recognized als center and also conducts research exploring the underlying mechanisms of the disease. one of the most common neuromuscular diseases in the world, als entered the national lexicon when the career of yankee slugger lou gehrig was cut short by the condition in the 1930s. in the u. s. today, about 20, 000 people have it at any given time and about 5, 000 new cases are diagnosed each year. role : it ' s not yet known what causes als, but there ' s increasing evidence that neuroinflammation is involved. stommel and dms neuropathologist brent harris, m. d., ph. d., have looked at the role of tumor necrosis factor - alpha ( tnf - a ), a pro - inflammatory molecule present at elevated levels in als patients. their study, published in the april issue of neuroscience, showed that tnf - a induces the redistribution of mitochondria about 5, 000 new cases of als are diagnosed each year. in motor neurons grown in the lab. mitochondria generate energy as well as release substances that can cause cell death. in the experiment, tnf - a caused the mitochondria to cluster where the axon — the part of the nerve cell that carries signals to other cells — meets the cell body. similar mitochondrial clustering has been noted in


light scattering system nanobiophysics core facility has a full set of light scattering equipment from wyatt including multiangle light scattering ( mals ) device, dynamic light scattering ( dls ) device, and hplc system ( agilent ) linked to mals. light scattering is a non - invasive technique for characterizing macromolecules and a wide range of particles in solution. in contrast to most methods for characterization, it does not require outside calibration standards. in this sense it is an absolute technique. wyatt technology instruments make two different types of light scattering measurements for absolute molecular characterization : * classical light scattering : here, the intensity of the scattered light is measured as a function of angle. for the case of macromolecules, this is often called rayleigh scattering and can yield the molar mass, rms radius, and second virial coefficient ( a2 ). for certain classes of particles, classical light scattering can yield the size, shape, and structure. * quasi - elastic ( qels ) or dynamic light scattering ( dls ) : in a qels measurement, time - dependent fluctuations in the scattered light signal are measured using a fast photon counter. qels measurements can determine the hydrodynamic radius of macromolecules or particles. light scattering is a technique that can be applied in either batch or chromatography mode. in either instance the sample may be recovered at the end of the measurement. since light scattering provides the weight - averaged molar mass for all molecules in solution, it is generally more useful to utilize the chromatography mode, though each technique has its advantages. although absolute molecular weights can be determined also via mass spectrometry, membrane osmometry, and sedimentation equilibrium ( analytical centrifugation ), only light scattering covers so broad a range of macromolecules including their oligomeric states. most importantly, light scattering permits measurement of the solution properties of macromolecules. while a sedimentation equilibrium run may require 72 hours, a size exclusion chromatography / light scattering study may be completed in well under an hour, and a batch mode analysis in a few minutes. these comparatively short run times coupled with the absolute determination of molar mass, size, and a2 make light scattering the method of choice for accurate and fast macromolecular characterization. for more information go to www. wyatt. com core facility will help you with obtaining free downloads of manuals, tutorials and software.


location sensing within mobile devices is reaching a new phase of development and distribution. this new phase, now commercially available for augmented reality developers, delivers powerful local search solutions. morton heilig introduces sensorama to the world, a machine capable of providing entertainment that engages all five senses. built similar to arcade amusements, the user experienced a virtual world. production of the sensorama spawned for heilig, another great idea : the head - mounted display. his telesphere mask became the prototype for head mounted displays that are used in military fighter jets – the uses of which were first seen by many in " star wars. " during this time, ivan sutherland devised one of the first complete augmented reality systems built with wire - frame graphics and a head - mounted display that required a head sensor which measured the position and angle of the user ’ s head. the system would then change the location of augmented objects depending on the view angle. boeing engineers tom caudell and david mizell began applying augmented reality in the design process. it ' s caudell who is considered to have coined “ augmented reality. ” augmented reality goes industrial in helping to design, build, and maintain objects. the era of virtual reality grows in development and application and seizes the imagination of hollywood and other industries including games, educational, and defense. librarians begin to explore ar to protect priceless manuscripts and books. the technology allows searchers to flip the pages and read the table of contents of rare old books and identify missing books from a shelf or collection. robert azuma in his hrl lab published a paper describing his team ’ s latest ar discoveries in both indoor and outdoor environments. there was also a big thrust in the ' 90s for enterprise bluetooth, rfid, and other wireless local lan technologies. it would be the late 1990s that would bring wireless data communications. so when azuma and his team calculated an outdoor solution for ar applications it was big news. the solution from hrl lab compensated for user motion which inspired freedom of use beyond the confines of a stationary presentation. the solution used a rate gyro, compass, and attitudinal sensors to display virtual text labels over distant points of interest. this era also saw mixed reality systems lab in singapore and project arvika in germany study augmented reality in both head - mounted displays and video screen interfaces. philippe kahn introduces his newborn daughter sophie to the world on the first mobile camera phone that enabled him to share her picture with over 2, 000 relatives and friends. kahn created a makeshift


study augmented reality in both head - mounted displays and video screen interfaces. philippe kahn introduces his newborn daughter sophie to the world on the first mobile camera phone that enabled him to share her picture with over 2, 000 relatives and friends. kahn created a makeshift camera phone in the hospital by pulling together a cell phone and a digital camera to send photos in real time. his invention was the beginning of lightsurf technologies which now powers mobile phones for most of the leading global manufacturers. benefon esc! nt2002 becomes the first gsm device with built - in gps. 2000s and the future in 2001, stargate sg1 showcased the long - term side affect of retinal scan display ( rsd ) on the user, including permanent optical nerve and brain damage. although ar has been around for over four decades it ' s only now the technology is taking off. head mounted displays using ( rsd ), which displays the image directly onto the eye, may reduce the need for bulky headsets, but consumers need to be wary of using technology that impacts our sight and hearing just because it is cool. pattie maes of mit ’ s fluid interfaces group is creating a new digital " sixth sense " for humans. maes ’ group is interested in how people can mix into their environment using a wearable device that turns any surface into an interactive display screen. maes intends to augment the data derived from our five senses with those that can be generated from a mobile computing device. to see more about mae ’ s solution, watch his ted presentation. the fundamentals of location - based augmented realitylocation sensing within mobile devices is reaching a new phase of development and distribution. this new phase, now commercially available for developers of augmented reality, delivers powerful local search solutions. mobile ar solutions finally have the components available to deliver solutions for mass adoption. basic requirements for all mobile location based ar solutions include a browser enabled smart phone with a high resolution camera, geo - positioning, accelerometer, light sensor, direction sensing, motion sensors and stabilizers, a processor able to calculate the visual information and decide overlay data to present and how it should be presented. additionally, the solution requires at least a 3g network and a data plan. when network coverage is slow to non - existent when national network coverage is non - existent, metropolitan area networks kick into gear. proximity location sensors determine if an object is within a distance - frame of a known location, e. g. wifi access hot spots within a campus setting that can


existent when national network coverage is non - existent, metropolitan area networks kick into gear. proximity location sensors determine if an object is within a distance - frame of a known location, e. g. wifi access hot spots within a campus setting that can provide triangulation data. there are two other methods for determining proximity and they include detecting physical contact such as pressure and touch : mobile touch screens and observing auto id such as point - of - sale terminals, road - way toll passes, and upc product codes. what this means is even if the carrier network is slow, mobile search ar can be used on a university campus, at an enterprise company with multiple buildings, within a defined tourist area, and a shopping mall as long as the mobile device shakes hands with the wifi network. beware of open - source solutions open source technology enabled apps are rarely supported by the carrier or handset manufacturer, thus if there is a problem the most likely outcome is the user will need to delete of the app and a require a refund. consumers and the brand advertisers behind the ar apps need to ensure that their ar apps are fully supported by the developer. augmented reality in real life toppan printing co ltd in japan supplies ar terminals for mass distribution. their terminals – about the size of a soda or mobile phone vending machine – are located in market places. based on the simple ability of a mobile phone snapping a qr code to acquire enhanced item descriptions on digital signage, provide new features to display windows, and help shoppers find stores, the toppan ar terminal when used with a mobile phone housing a high - quality camera, can recognize the package of a sample product, display a description of the product, and provide a view of the product outside of its security packaging. if you ' ve discovered a real life augmented reality mobile solution, please share.


description from flora of china herbs, clambering subshrubs, shrubs, or lianas. leaves alternate or opposite, entire, exstipulate. flowers small, bisexual or unisexual, or sterile and reduced, subtended by 1 membranous bract and 2 bracteoles, solitary or aggregated in cymes. inflorescences elongated or condensed spikes ( heads ), racemes, or thyrsoid structures of varying complexity. bracteoles membranous or scarious. tepals 3 - 5, membranous, scarious or subleathery, 1 -, 3 -, 5 -, or 7 ( - 23 ) - veined. stamens as many as tepals and opposite these, rarely fewer than tepals ; filaments free, united into a cup at base or ± entirely into a tube, filament lobes present or absent, pseudostaminodes present or absent ; anthers ( 1 - or ) 2 - loculed, dorsifixed, introrsely dehiscent. ovary superior, 1 - loculed ; ovules 1 to many ; style persistent, short and indistinct or long and slender ; stigma capitate, penicillate, 2 - lobed or forming 2 filiform branches. fruit a dry utricle or a fleshy capsule, indehiscent, irregularly bursting, or circumscissile. seeds lenticular, reniform, subglobose, or shortly cylindric, smooth or verruculose. morphology of the androecium, perianth ( tepals ), and the inflorescence has traditionally been used to circumscribe genera and tribes. pseudostaminodia are interstaminal appendages with variously shaped apices. filament appendages are the lateral appendages of filaments ( one on each side ). the basic structure of the inflorescence is the cyme ( branchlets arising from the bracteole axils, the bracteoles serving as bracts for upper flowers ), which can be reduced to one flower with two bracteoles and a bract. units of dispersal vary considerably ( capsules opening with lower part persistent, flower and bracteoles falling together, or cymose partial inflorescences breaking off above bract ) and can


elementymology & elements multidict zilver – silber – argent – plata – – серебро – sulver frisian ( west ) argint romanian - moldovan slavicсребро [ srebro ] bulgarian серабро [ serabro ] belarusian сребро [ srebro ] macedonian серебро [ serebro ] russian сребро [ srebro ] serbian срібло [ sriblo ] ukrainian airgead gaelic ( irish ) airgead gaelic ( scottish ) argid gaelic ( manx ) other indo - europeanαργυρος [ argyros ] greek [ artsat ' ] armenian æвзист [ ævzist ] ossetian [ nukra ] tajik indo - iranian / indo - aryanরপা [ rupa ] bengali نقره [ nqrh ] persian [ ca ' di ] gujarati चादी [ cha. ndi ] hindi эзысь [ ezys ' ] komi шии [ sij ] mari сия [ sija ] moksha кeмeл [ kemel ] chuvash [ kumis ] kazakh кумуш [ kumus ] kyrgyz [ mongo ] mongolian [ kumus ] uyghur other ( europe ) zilarra basque [ verc ' xli ] georgian afro - asiaticفضة [ fiddah ] arabic כסף [ kesef ] hebrew [ gin ] japanese 은 [ eun ] korean เงน [ ngoen ] thai [ yin2 / ngan4 ] chinese other [ velli ] malayalam [ velli ] tamil north - americaiztac teocuitlatl nahuatl south - americaqullqi q ' illay quechua creolesrivru sranan tongo new namessilveron atomic elements history & etymology " and abram was very rich in cattle, in silver, and in gold. " ( gen. 13 : 2 ) the egyptians considered gold to be a perfect metal, and gave it the symbol of a circle. since silver was the closest to gold in perfection, it was given the symbol of a semi - circle. later this semi - circle led to a growing moon symbol, probably due to the likeness between the


, and gave it the symbol of a circle. since silver was the closest to gold in perfection, it was given the symbol of a semi - circle. later this semi - circle led to a growing moon symbol, probably due to the likeness between the shining metal and the moon glow. the noble metals, gold and silver, are found in the native state, and as is well known, gold and silver were used to make jewelry and sheet metal due to the great ductility and lustre of the pure metals. its malleability and ductility make it ideal for ornamental purposes. it was also used for paying debts, in personal and religious places decoration and in utensils of the wealthiest houses. some mineral scums in old mines of the near - east and in some islands of the aegean sea seem to reveal that by 5000 b. c. a method was already known to separate silver from lead. early gold and silver ornaments from the indian subcontinent are found from indus valley sites such as mohenjodaro ( ca 3000 bc ). the monetary use of silver may well be as old as that of gold but the abundance of the native metal was probably far less, so that comparable supplies were not available until a method of winning the metal from its ores had been discovered. it appears, however, that by perhaps 3000 bc a form of cupellation was in operation in asia minor and its use gradually spread, so that silver coinage was of crucial economic importance to all subsequent classical mediterranean civilizations. in astrology alchemy the seven heavenly bodies known to the ancients were associated with seven metals also known in antiquity : the long history of silver is reflected in the many different words for this metal. see the list of names to the left and in the overview of silver in over 100 languages ( click here ). we can identify at least seven diffent roots. the names in the roman languages ( except some on the iberian peninsula ), in the celtic languages and in albanian are derivations from the latin. it is the only element after which a country is named ( argentina > argentum ). silver, the proverbially bright metal, ( argentum ), is of a bright white colour with brilliant lustre, not affected by pure aire. silver suboxide is black, the monoxide is brown. silver is the best known conductor of electricity and heat ; ' tis extremely ductile ; fine silver wire of seventy - eight one - thousandth inch diameter will support one hundred and eighty pounds weight without breaking. sulph


| | this article relies largely or entirely upon a single source. ( june 2009 ) | | look up award in wiktionary, the free dictionary. | an award is something given to a person or a group of people to recognize their excellence in a certain field ; a certificate of excellence. awards are often signified by trophies, titles, certificates, commemorative plaques, medals, badges, pins, or ribbons. an award may carry a monetary prize given to the recipient ; for example, the nobel prize for contributions to society or the pulitzer prize for literary achievements. an award may also simply be a public acknowledgment of excellence, without any tangible token or prize. awards can be given by any person or institution, although the prestige of an award usually depends on the status of the awarder. usually, awards are given by an organization of some sort, or by the office of an official within an organization or government. for instance, a special presidential citation ( as given by the president of the united states ) is a public announcement giving an official place of honor ( e. g., president ronald reagan gave a special presidential citation in 1984 to the disney channel for its excellent children ' s television programming. ) however there are exceptions like some quality labels, for which it is neither person nor organizations that are rewarded, but products. this is the case for the world quality selections organized by monde selection. these international awards are assigned to beverages, foods, cosmetics and diet products, which stand out for their quality. people who have won certain prestigious awards, such as the nobel prize, a championship title in a sport, or an academy award ( oscar ), can have the award become their identity, thereafter being known primarily for winning the award, rather than for any other achievement or occupation. to distinctly be categorized as an ' award ', rather than some other type of ceremonial or arbitrary recognition, there should be a clear process of nominations, award criteria and appropriate judging process. generally, recognition by a set of peers, acknowledging quality of work, rather than a ' popularity contest ' is considered to be an authentic award. mock awards, which typically recognize failures or atypical achievements, are also popular. they are usually given by people and organizations of lower or average prestige, such as comical organizations and individual writers. popular mock awards include : - golden raspberry awards ( razzies ), a satirical counterpart to the academy award which recognizes the worst acting, screenwriting, songwriting, directing, and films that the film industry had to


forecast center the weather forecast center ( chinese : 中 心 ; pinyin : qixiang yubao zhongxin ) is the department responsible for monitoring actual weather conditions and making short and medium term forecasts concerning the weather. it also issues severe weather advisories for conditions including heavy rain, cold snaps, typhoons and storms, and dense fog. in the case of typhoons, the department closely monitors all tropical storms which might impact the island and issues warnings and predicted typhoon path and severity based on the collected data. the seismological center ( chinese : 地 中 心 ; pinyin : dizhen cebao zhongxin ) of the central weather bureau was founded in 1989, with a mission to monitor seismic activity in and around the island, publish reports on significant earthquakes, study earthquake precursor phenomena, issue tsunami warnings where appropriate, and provide information to the public of earthquake precautions. taiwan is in a seismically active region on the pacific ring of fire, with 44 deadly earthquakes occurring there during the twentieth century. the center has 150 seismological monitoring stations through taiwan, penghu, jinmen and matsu. marine meteorology center the marine meteorology center ( chinese : 海 中 心 ; pinyin : haixiang cebao zhongxin ) was established in 1993 to monitor sea conditions and make predictions about weather at sea for shipping, fisheries, tourism and other interested parties. variables including wave height, tides, sea level variations, sea surface temperature, and ocean currents are measured to provide an accurate picture of current conditions. the center is also responsible for informing the public of tide times, and cooperates with local tourism bureaux and fishermen ' s associations to erect electronic billboards in harbours to inform seafarers of ocean conditions. the bureau also includes the following departments : - the meteorological satellite center ( chinese : 星 中 心 ; pinyin : qixiang weixing zhongxin ), which receives and analyses weather satellite data for observation and prediction purposes. - the astronomical observatory ( chinese : 天 文 ; pinyin : tianwen zhan ), which not only observes astronomical phenomena such as sunspots and eclipses, but also publishes an annual almanac and provides information on astronomy to the public. | wikimedia commons has media related to : central weather bureau roc | - " 南 中 心 ( southern meteorological center ) " ( in chinese ). central weather bureau. - " 博 ( meteorological museum ) " ( in


existentialism is a term applied to the work of a number of late 19th - and 20th - century philosophers who, despite profound doctrinal differences, shared the belief that philosophical thinking begins with the human subject — not merely the thinking subject, but the acting, feeling, living human individual. in existentialism, the individual ' s starting point is characterized by what has been called " the existential attitude ", or a sense of disorientation and confusion in the face of an apparently meaningless or absurd world. many existentialists have also regarded traditional systematic or academic philosophies, in both style and content, as too abstract and remote from concrete human experience. søren kierkegaard is generally considered to have been the first existentialist philosopher, though he himself did not use the term existentialism. he proposed that each individual — not society or religion — is solely responsible for giving meaning to life and living it passionately and sincerely ( " authentically " ). existentialism became popular in the years following world war ii, and strongly influenced many disciplines besides philosophy, including theology, drama, art, literature, and psychology. definitional issues and background there has never been general agreement on the definition of existentialism. the term is often seen as a historical convenience as it was first applied to many philosophers in hindsight, long after they had died. in fact, while existentialism is generally considered to have originated with kierkegaard, the first prominent existentialist philosopher to adopt the term as a self - description was jean - paul sartre. sartre purports the idea that that which " all existentialists have in common is the fundamental doctrine that existence precedes essence, " as scholar f. c. copleston explains. according to philosopher steven crowell, defining existentialism has been relatively difficult, and he argues that it is better understood as a general approach used to reject certain systematic philosophies rather than as a systematic philosophy itself. although many outside scandinavia consider the term existentialism to have originated from kierkegaard himself, it is more likely that kierkegaard adopted this term ( or at least the term " existential " as a description of his philosophy ) from the norwegian poet and literary critic johan sebastian cammermeyer welhaven. this assertion comes from two sources. the norwegian philosopher erik lundestad refers to the danish philosopher fredrik christian sibbern. sibbern is supposed to have had two conversations in 1841


poet and literary critic johan sebastian cammermeyer welhaven. this assertion comes from two sources. the norwegian philosopher erik lundestad refers to the danish philosopher fredrik christian sibbern. sibbern is supposed to have had two conversations in 1841, the first with welhaven and the second with kierkegaard. it is in the first conversation that it is believed that welhaven came up with " a word that he said covered a certain thinking, which had a close and positive attitude to life, a relationship he described as existential ". this was then brought to kierkegaard by sibbern. the second claim comes from the norwegian historian rune slagstad, who claims to prove that kierkegaard himself said the term " existential " was borrowed from the poet. he strongly believes that it was kierkegaard himself who said that " hegelians do not study philosophy ' existentially ' ; to use a phrase by welhaven from one time when i spoke with him about philosophy ". on the other hand, the norwegian historian anne - lise seip is critical of slagstad, and believes the statement in fact stems from the norwegian literary historian cathrinus bang. existence precedes essence a central proposition of existentialism is that existence precedes essence, which means that the most important consideration for the individual is the fact that he or she is an individual — an independently acting and responsible conscious being ( " existence " ) — rather than what labels, roles, stereotypes, definitions, or other preconceived categories the individual fits ( " essence " ). the actual life of the individual is what constitutes what could be called his or her " true essence " instead of there being an arbitrarily attributed essence used by others to define him or her. thus, human beings, through their own consciousness, create their own values and determine a meaning to their life. although it was sartre who explicitly coined the phrase, similar notions can be found in the thought of existentialist philosophers such as heidegger, and kierkegaard : " the subjective thinker ’ s form, the form of his communication, is his style. his form must be just as manifold as are the opposites that he holds together. the systematic eins, zwei, drei is an abstract form that also must inevitably run into trouble whenever it is to be applied to the concrete. to the same degree as the subjective thinker is concrete, to the same degree


holds together. the systematic eins, zwei, drei is an abstract form that also must inevitably run into trouble whenever it is to be applied to the concrete. to the same degree as the subjective thinker is concrete, to the same degree his form must also be concretely dialectical. but just as he himself is not a poet, not an ethicist, not a dialectician, so also his form is none of theirs directly. his form must first and last be related to existence, and in this regard he must have at his disposal the poetic, the ethical, the dialectical, the religious. subordinate character, setting, etc., which belong to the well balanced character of the esthetic production, are in themselves breadth ; the subjective thinker has only one setting - existence - and has nothing to do with localities and such things. the setting is not the fairyland of the imagination, where poetry produces consummation, nor is the setting laid in england, and historical accuracy is not a concern. the setting is inwardness in existing as a human being ; the concretion is the relation of the existence - categories to one another. historical accuracy and historical actuality are breadth. " soren kierkegaard ( concluding postscript, hong p. 357 - 358 ) it is often claimed in this context that a person defines himself or herself, which is often perceived as stating that they can wish to be something — anything, a bird, for instance — and then be it. according to most existentialist philosophers, however, this would constitute an inauthentic existence. instead, the phrase should be taken to say that the person is ( 1 ) defined only insofar as he or she acts and ( 2 ) that he or she is responsible for his or her actions. for example, someone who acts cruelly towards other people is, by that act, defined as a cruel person. furthermore, by this action of cruelty, such persons are themselves responsible for their new identity ( a cruel person ). this is as opposed to their genes, or ' human nature ', bearing the blame. as sartre writes in his work existentialism is a humanism : "... man first of all exists, encounters himself, surges up in the world – and defines himself afterwards. " of course, the more positive, therapeutic aspect of this is also implied : a person can choose to act in a different way, and to be a good person instead of a cruel person.


a concept defined by sartre in being and nothingness as the " in - itself ", of which humans are in the mode of not being. this can be more easily understood when considering it in relation to the temporal dimension of past : one ' s past is what one is in the sense that it co - constitutes oneself. however, to say that one is only one ' s past would be to ignore a significant part of reality ( the present and the future ), while saying that one ' s past is only what one was, would entirely detach it from them now. a denial of one ' s own concrete past constitutes an inauthentic lifestyle, and the same goes for all other kinds of facticity ( having a body — e. g. one that doesn ' t allow a person to run faster than the speed of sound — identity, values, etc. ). facticity is both a limitation and a condition of freedom. it is a limitation in that a large part of one ' s facticity consists of things one couldn ' t have chosen ( birthplace, etc. ), but a condition in the sense that one ' s values most likely will depend on it. however, even though one ' s facticity is " set in stone " ( as being past, for instance ), it cannot determine a person : the value ascribed to one ' s facticity is still ascribed to it freely by that person. as an example, consider two men, one of whom has no memory of his past and the other remembers everything. they have both committed many crimes, but the first man, knowing nothing about this, leads a rather normal life while the second man, feeling trapped by his own past, continues a life of crime, blaming his own past for " trapping " him in this life. there is nothing essential about his committing crimes, but he ascribes this meaning to his past. however, to disregard one ' s facticity when one, in the continual process of self - making, projects oneself into the future, would be to put oneself in denial of oneself, and would thus be inauthentic. in other words, the origin of one ' s projection will still have to be one ' s facticity, although in the mode of not being it ( essentially ). another aspect of facticity is that it entails angst, both in the sense that freedom " produces " angst when limited by facticity, and in the sense that the lack


in the mode of not being it ( essentially ). another aspect of facticity is that it entails angst, both in the sense that freedom " produces " angst when limited by facticity, and in the sense that the lack of the possibility of having facticity to " step in " for one to take responsibility for something one has done also produces angst. what is not implied in this account of existential freedom, however, is that one ' s values are immutable ; a consideration of one ' s values may cause one to reconsider and change them. a consequence of this fact is that one is responsible for not only one ' s actions, but also the values one holds. this entails that a reference to common values doesn ' t excuse the individual ' s actions : even though these are the values of the society of which the individual is part, they are also his / her own in the sense that she / he could choose them to be different at any time. thus, the focus on freedom in existentialism is related to the limits of the responsibility one bears as a result of one ' s freedom : the relationship between freedom and responsibility is one of interdependency, and a clarification of freedom also clarifies that for which one is responsible. the theme of authentic existence is common to many existentialist thinkers. it is often taken to mean that one has to " create oneself " and then live in accordance with this self. what is meant by authenticity is that in acting, one should act as oneself, not as " one " acts or as " one ' s genes " or any other essence requires. the authentic act is one that is in accordance with one ' s freedom. of course, as a condition of freedom is facticity, this includes one ' s facticity, but not to the degree that this facticity can in any way determine one ' s choices ( in the sense that one could then blame one ' s background for making the choice one made ). the role of facticity in relation to authenticity involves letting one ' s actual values come into play when one makes a choice ( instead of, like kierkegaard ' s aesthete, " choosing " randomly ), so that one also takes responsibility for the act instead of choosing either - or without allowing the options to have different values. in contrast to this, the inauthentic is the denial to live in accordance with one ' s freedom. this


), so that one also takes responsibility for the act instead of choosing either - or without allowing the options to have different values. in contrast to this, the inauthentic is the denial to live in accordance with one ' s freedom. this can take many forms, from pretending choices are meaningless or random, through convincing oneself that some form of determinism is true, to a sort of " mimicry " where one acts as " one should. " how " one " should act is often determined by an image one has of how one such as oneself ( say, a bank manager, lion tamer, prostitute, etc. ) acts. this image usually corresponds to some sort of social norm, but this does not mean that all acting in accordance with social norms is inauthentic : the main point is the attitude one takes to one ' s own freedom and responsibility, and the extent to which one acts in accordance with this freedom. the other and the look the other ( when written with a capital " o " ) is a concept more properly belonging to phenomenology and its account of intersubjectivity. however, the concept has seen widespread use in existentialist writings, and the conclusions drawn from it differ slightly from the phenomenological accounts. the experience of the other is the experience of another free subject who inhabits the same world as a person does. in its most basic form, it is this experience of the other that constitutes intersubjectivity and objectivity. to clarify, when one experiences someone else, and this other person experiences the world ( the same world that a person experiences ), only from " over there ", the world itself is constituted as objective in that it is something that is " there " as identical for both of the subjects ; a person experiences the other person as experiencing the same as he or she does. this experience of the other ' s look is what is termed the look ( sometimes the gaze ). while this experience, in its basic phenomenological sense, constitutes the world as objective, and oneself as objectively existing subjectivity ( one experiences oneself as seen in the other ' s look in precisely the same way that one experiences the other as seen by him, as subjectivity ), in existentialism, it also acts as a kind of limitation of one ' s freedom. this is because the look tends to objectify what it sees. as such, when one experiences oneself in the look, one doesn ' t experience oneself as nothing ( no


fear, in the case of angst, no such " constructive " measures are possible. the use of the word " nothing " in this context relates both to the inherent insecurity about the consequences of one ' s actions, and to the fact that, in experiencing one ' s freedom as angst, one also realizes that one will be fully responsible for these consequences ; there is no thing in a person ( his or her genes, for instance ) that acts in her or his stead, and that he or she can " blame " if something goes wrong. therefore, not every choice is perceived as having dreadful possible consequences ( and, it can be claimed, human lives would be unbearable if every choice facilitated dread ). however, this doesn ' t change the fact that freedom remains a condition of every action. angst is often described as a drama an adolescent troubles with during their developmental years. despair, in existentialism, is generally defined as a loss of hope. more specifically, it is a loss of hope in reaction to a breakdown in one or more of the defining qualities of one ' s self or identity. if a person is invested in being a particular thing, such as a bus driver or an upstanding citizen, and then finds his being - thing compromised, he would normally be found in state of despair — a hopeless state. for example, a singer who loses her ability to sing may despair if she has nothing else to fall back on, nothing on which to rely for her identity. she finds herself unable to be what defined her being. what sets the existentialist notion of despair apart from the conventional definition is that existentialist despair is a state one is in even when he isn ' t overtly in despair. so long as a person ' s identity depends on qualities that can crumble, he is considered to be in perpetual despair. and as there is, in sartrean terms, no human essence found in conventional reality on which to constitute the individual ' s sense of identity, despair is a universal human condition. as kierkegaard defines it in either / or : " let each one learn what he can ; both of us can learn that a person ’ s unhappiness never lies in his lack of control over external conditions, since this would only make him completely unhappy. " in works of love, he said : when the god - forsaken worldliness of earthly life shuts itself in complacency, the confined air develops poison, the moment gets stuck and stands


this would only make him completely unhappy. " in works of love, he said : when the god - forsaken worldliness of earthly life shuts itself in complacency, the confined air develops poison, the moment gets stuck and stands still, the prospect is lost, a need is felt for a refreshing, enlivening breeze to cleanse the air and dispel the poisonous vapors lest we suffocate in worldliness.... lovingly to hope all things is the opposite of despairingly to hope nothing at all. love hopes all things – yet is never put to shame. to relate oneself expectantly to the possibility of the good is to hope. to relate oneself expectantly to the possibility of evil is to fear. by the decision to choose hope one decides infinitely more than it seems, because it is an eternal decision. p. 246 - 250 opposition to positivism and rationalism existentialists oppose definitions of human beings as primarily rational, and, therefore, oppose positivism and rationalism. existentialism asserts that people actually make decisions based on subjective meaning rather than purely rationally. the rejection of reason as the source of meaning is a common theme of existentialist thought, as is the focus on the feelings of anxiety and dread that we feel in the face of our own radical freedom and our awareness of death. kierkegaard advocated rationality as means to interact with the objective world ( e. g. in the natural sciences ), but when it comes to existential problems, reason is insufficient : " human reason has boundaries ". like kierkegaard, sartre saw problems with rationality, calling it a form of " bad faith ", an attempt by the self to impose structure on a world of phenomena — " the other " — that is fundamentally irrational and random. according to sartre, rationality and other forms of bad faith hinder people from finding meaning in freedom. to try to suppress their feelings of anxiety and dread, people confine themselves within everyday experience, sartre asserts, thereby relinquishing their freedom and acquiescing to being possessed in one form or another by " the look " of " the other " ( i. e. possessed by another person — or at least one ' s idea of that other person ). existentialism and religion an existentialist reading of the bible would demand that the reader recognize that he is an existing subject studying the words more as a recollection of events. this is


least one ' s idea of that other person ). existentialism and religion an existentialist reading of the bible would demand that the reader recognize that he is an existing subject studying the words more as a recollection of events. this is in contrast to looking at a collection of " truths " that are outside and unrelated to the reader, but may develop a sense of reality / god. such a reader is not obligated to follow the commandments as if an external agent is forcing them upon him, but as though they are inside him and guiding him from inside. this is the task kierkegaard takes up when he asks : " who has the more difficult task : the teacher who lectures on earnest things a meteor ' s distance from everyday life — or the learner who should put it to use? " existentialism and nihilism although nihilism and existentialism are distinct philosophies, they are often confused with one another. a primary cause of confusion is that friedrich nietzsche is an important philosopher in both fields, but also the existentialist insistence on the inherent meaninglessness of the world. existentialist philosophers often stress the importance of angst as signifying the absolute lack of any objective ground for action, a move that is often reduced to a moral or an existential nihilism. a pervasive theme in the works of existentialist philosophy, however, is to persist through encounters with the absurd, as seen in camus ' the myth of sisyphus ( " one must imagine sisyphus happy " ), and it is only very rarely that existentialist philosophers dismiss morality or one ' s self - created meaning : kierkegaard regained a sort of morality in the religious ( although he wouldn ' t himself agree that it was ethical ; the religious suspends the ethical ), and sartre ' s final words in being and nothingness are " all these questions, which refer us to a pure and not an accessory ( or impure ) reflection, can find their reply only on the ethical plane. we shall devote to them a future work. " the term " existentialism " was coined by the french, catholic philosopher gabriel marcel in the mid - 1940s. at first, when marcel applied the term to him at a colloquium in 1945, jean - paul sartre rejected it. but later, he changed his mind and, on october 29, 1945, publicly adopted the existentialist label in a lecture to the club maintenant in


paradoxes. yet he continues to imply that a leap of faith is a possible means for an individual to reach a higher stage of existence that transcends and contains both an aesthetic and ethical value of life. kierkegaard and nietzsche were also precursors to other intellectual movements, including postmodernism, and various strands of psychology. however, kierkegaard believed that an individual should live in accordance with his or her thinking. this point of view is forced upon religious individuals much more often than upon philosophers, psychologists, or scientists. the first important literary author also important to existentialism was the russian fyodor dostoyevsky. dostoyevsky ' s notes from underground portrays a man unable to fit into society and unhappy with the identities he creates for himself. jean - paul sartre, in his book on existentialism existentialism is a humanism, quoted dostoyevsky ' s the brothers karamazov as an example of existential crisis. sartre attributes ivan karamazov ' s claim, " if god did not exist, everything would be permitted " to dostoyevsky himself. other dostoyevsky novels covered issues raised in existentialist philosophy while presenting story lines divergent from secular existentialism : for example, in crime and punishment, the protagonist raskolnikov experiences an existential crisis and then moves toward a christian orthodox worldview similar to that advocated by dostoyevsky himself. early 20th century in the first decades of the 20th century, a number of philosophers and writers explored existentialist ideas. the spanish philosopher miguel de unamuno y jugo, in his 1913 book the tragic sense of life in men and nations, emphasized the life of " flesh and bone " as opposed to that of abstract rationalism. unamuno rejected systematic philosophy in favor of the individual ' s quest for faith. he retained a sense of the tragic, even absurd nature of the quest, symbolized by his enduring interest in cervantes ' fictional character don quixote. a novelist, poet and dramatist as well as philosophy professor at the university of salamanca, unamuno wrote a short story about a priest ' s crisis of faith, saint manuel the good, martyr, which has been collected in anthologies of existentialist fiction. another spanish thinker, ortega y gasset, writing in 1914, held that human existence must always be defined as the individual person combined with the concrete circumstances of his life : " yo soy yo y mis circunstancias " (


. another spanish thinker, ortega y gasset, writing in 1914, held that human existence must always be defined as the individual person combined with the concrete circumstances of his life : " yo soy yo y mis circunstancias " ( " i am myself and my circumstances " ). sartre likewise believed that human existence is not an abstract matter, but is always situated, also many thought his plays were absurd ( " en situacion " ). although martin buber wrote his major philosophical works in german, and studied and taught at the universities of berlin and frankfurt, he stands apart from the mainstream of german philosophy. born into a jewish family in vienna in 1878, he was also a scholar of jewish culture and involved at various times in zionism and hasidism. in 1938, he moved permanently to jerusalem. his best - known philosophical work was the short book i and thou, published in 1922. for buber, the fundamental fact of human existence, too readily overlooked by scientific rationalism and abstract philosophical thought, is " man with man ", a dialogue that takes place in the so - called " sphere of between " ( " das zwischenmenschliche " ). two ukrainian / russian thinkers, lev shestov and nikolai berdyaev, became well known as existentialist thinkers during their post - revolutionary exiles in paris. shestov, born into a ukrainian - jewish family in kiev, had launched an attack on rationalism and systematization in philosophy as early as 1905 in his book of aphorisms all things are possible. berdyaev, also from kiev but with a background in the eastern orthodox church, drew a radical distinction between the world of spirit and the everyday world of objects. human freedom, for berdyaev, is rooted in the realm of spirit, a realm independent of scientific notions of causation. to the extent the individual human being lives in the objective world, he is estranged from authentic spiritual freedom. " man " is not to be interpreted naturalistically, but as a being created in god ' s image, an originator of free, creative acts. he published a major work on these themes, the destiny of man, in 1931. gabriel marcel, long before coining the term " existentialism ", introduced important existentialist themes to a french audience in his early essay " existence and objectivity " ( 1925 ) and in his metaphysical journal ( 1927 ). a dramatist as well as a philosopher, marcel found his philosophical starting point in a


freedom trilogy had appeared, as had beauvoir ' s novel the blood of others. works by camus and sartre were already appearing in foreign editions. the paris - based existentialists had become famous. sartre had traveled to germany in 1930 to study the phenomenology of edmund husserl and martin heidegger, and he included critical comments on their work in his major treatise being and nothingness. heidegger ' s thought had also become known in french philosophical circles through its use by alexandre kojeve in explicating hegel in a series of lectures given in paris in the 1930s. the lectures were highly influential ; members of the audience included not only sartre and merleau - ponty, but raymond queneau, georges bataille, louis althusser, andre breton, and jacques lacan. a selection from heidegger ' s being and time was published in french in 1938, and his essays began to appear in french philosophy journals. heidegger read sartre ' s work and was initially impressed, commenting : " here for the first time i encountered an independent thinker who, from the foundations up, has experienced the area out of which i think. your work shows such an immediate comprehension of my philosophy as i have never before encountered. " later, however, in response to a question posed by his french follower jean beaufret, heidegger distanced himself from sartre ' s position and existentialism in general in his letter on humanism. heidegger ' s reputation continued to grow in france during the 1950s and 1960s. in the 1960s, sartre attempted to reconcile existentialism and marxism in his work critique of dialectical reason. a major theme throughout his writings was freedom and responsibility. camus was a friend of sartre, until their falling - out, and wrote several works with existential themes including the rebel, the stranger, the myth of sisyphus, and summer in algiers. camus, like many others, rejected the existentialist label, and considered his works to be concerned with facing the absurd. in the titular book, camus uses the analogy of the greek myth of sisyphus to demonstrate the futility of existence. in the myth, sisyphus is condemned for eternity to roll a rock up a hill, but when he reaches the summit, the rock will roll to the bottom again. camus believes that this existence is pointless but that sisyphus ultimately finds meaning and purpose in his task,


is condemned for eternity to roll a rock up a hill, but when he reaches the summit, the rock will roll to the bottom again. camus believes that this existence is pointless but that sisyphus ultimately finds meaning and purpose in his task, simply by continually applying himself to it. the first half of the book contains an extended rebuttal of what camus took to be existentialist philosophy in the works of kierkegaard, shestov, heidegger, and jaspers. simone de beauvoir, an important existentialist who spent much of her life as sartre ' s partner, wrote about feminist and existentialist ethics in her works, including the second sex and the ethics of ambiguity. although often overlooked due to her relationship with sartre, de beauvoir integrated existentialism with other forms of thinking such as feminism, unheard of at the time, resulting in alienation from fellow writers such as camus. paul tillich, an important existentialist theologian following kierkegaard and karl barth, applied existentialist concepts to christian theology, and helped introduce existential theology to the general public. his seminal work the courage to be follows kierkegaard ' s analysis of anxiety and life ' s absurdity, but puts forward the thesis that modern humans must, via god, achieve selfhood in spite of life ' s absurdity. rudolf bultmann used kierkegaard ' s and heidegger ' s philosophy of existence to demythologize christianity by interpreting christian mythical concepts into existentialist concepts. maurice merleau - ponty, an existential phenomenologist, was for a time a companion of sartre. his understanding of husserl ' s phenomenology was far greater than that of merleau - ponty ' s fellow existentialists. [ vague ] it has been said that his work humanism and terror greatly influenced sartre. however, in later years they were to disagree irreparably, dividing many existentialists such as de beauvoir, who sided with sartre. colin wilson, an english writer, published his study the outsider in 1956, initially to critical acclaim. in this book and others ( e. g. introduction to the new existentialism ), he attempted to reinvigorate what he perceived as a pessimistic philosophy and bring it to a wider audience. he was not, however, academically trained, and his work was attacked by professional philosophers for


new existentialism ), he attempted to reinvigorate what he perceived as a pessimistic philosophy and bring it to a wider audience. he was not, however, academically trained, and his work was attacked by professional philosophers for lack of rigor and critical standards. influence outside philosophy film and television the french director jean genet ' s 1950 fantasy - erotic film un chant d ' amour shows two inmates in solitary cells whose only contact is through a hole in their cell wall, who are spied on by the prison warden. reviewer james travers calls the film a, "... visual poem evoking homosexual desire and existentialist suffering, " which "... conveys the bleakness of an existence in a godless universe with painful believability " ; he calls it "... probably the most effective fusion of existentialist philosophy and cinema. " stanley kubrick ' s 1957 anti - war film paths of glory " illustrates, and even illuminates... existentialism " by examining the " necessary absurdity of the human condition " and the " horror of war ". the film tells the story of a fictional world war i french army regiment ordered to attack an impregnable german stronghold ; when the attack fails, three soldiers are chosen at random, court - martialed by a " kangaroo court ", and executed by firing squad. the film examines existentialist ethics, such as the issue of whether objectivity is possible and the " problem of authenticity ". neon genesis evangelion, commonly referred to as evangelion or eva, is a japanese science - fiction animation series created by the anime studio gainax and was both directed and written by hideaki anno. existential themes of individuality, consciousness, freedom, choice, and responsibility are heavily relied upon throughout the entire series, particularly through the philosophies of jean - paul sartre and søren kierkegaard. episode 16 ' s title, " the sickness unto death, and … " ( に る 、 そして shi ni itaru yamai, soshite ) is a reference to kierkegaard ' s book, the sickness unto death. on the lighter side, the british comedy troupe monty python have explored existentialist themes throughout their works, from many of the sketches in their original television show, monty python ' s flying circus, to their 1983 film monty python ' s the meaning of life. some contemporary films dealing with


the play is purposefully ambiguous with regards to the rejection of authority ( represented by antigone ) and the acceptance of it ( represented by creon ). the parallels to the french resistance and the nazi occupation have been drawn. antigone rejects life as desperately meaningless but without affirmatively choosing a noble death. the crux of the play is the lengthy dialogue concerning the nature of power, fate, and choice, during which antigone says that she is, "... disgusted with [ the ]... promise of a humdrum happiness. " she states that she would rather die than live a mediocre existence. critic martin esslin in his book theatre of the absurd pointed out how many contemporary playwrights such as samuel beckett, eugene ionesco, jean genet, and arthur adamov wove into their plays the existentialist belief that we are absurd beings loose in a universe empty of real meaning. esslin noted that many of these playwrights demonstrated the philosophy better than did the plays by sartre and camus. though most of such playwrights, subsequently labeled " absurdist " ( based on esslin ' s book ), denied affiliations with existentialism and were often staunchly anti - philosophical ( for example ionesco often claimed he identified more with ' pataphysics or with surrealism than with existentialism ), the playwrights are often linked to existentialism based on esslin ' s observation. psychoanalysis and psychotherapy a major offshoot of existentialism as a philosophy is existentialist psychology and psychoanalysis, which first crystallized in the work of otto rank, freud ' s closest associate for 20 years. without awareness of the writings of rank, ludwig binswanger was influenced by freud, edmund husserl, heidegger, and sartre. a later figure was viktor frankl, who briefly met freud and studied with jung as a young man. his logotherapy can be regarded as a form of existentialist therapy. the existentialists would also influence social psychology, antipositivist micro - sociology, symbolic interactionism, and post - structuralism, with the work of thinkers such as georg simmel and michel foucault. foucault was a great reader of kierkegaard even though he almost never refers this author, who nonetheless had for him an importance as secret as it was decisive. an early contributor to existentialist psychology in the united states was rollo may, who was strongly influenced by


of kierkegaard even though he almost never refers this author, who nonetheless had for him an importance as secret as it was decisive. an early contributor to existentialist psychology in the united states was rollo may, who was strongly influenced by kierkegaard and otto rank. one of the most prolific writers on techniques and theory of existentialist psychology in the usa is irvin d. yalom. yalom states that aside from their reaction against freud ' s mechanistic, deterministic model of the mind and their assumption of a phenomenological approach in therapy, the existentialist analysts have little in common and have never been regarded as a cohesive ideological school. these thinkers - who include ludwig binswanger, medard boss, eugene minkowski, v. e. gebsattel, roland kuhn, g. caruso, f. t. buytendijk, g. bally and victor frankl - were almost entirely unknown to the american psychotherapeutic community until rollo may ' s highly influential 1985 book existence - and especially his introductory essay - introduced their work into this country. a more recent contributor to the development of a european version of existentialist psychotherapy is the british - based emmy van deurzen. anxiety ' s importance in existentialism makes it a popular topic in psychotherapy. therapists often offer existentialist philosophy as an explanation for anxiety. the assertion is that anxiety is manifested of an individual ' s complete freedom to decide, and complete responsibility for the outcome of such decisions. psychotherapists using an existentialist approach believe that a patient can harness his anxiety and use it constructively. instead of suppressing anxiety, patients are advised to use it as grounds for change. by embracing anxiety as inevitable, a person can use it to achieve his full potential in life. humanistic psychology also had major impetus from existentialist psychology and shares many of the fundamental tenets. terror management theory, based on the writings of ernest becker and otto rank, is a developing area of study within the academic study of psychology. it looks at what researchers claim to be the implicit emotional reactions of people confronted with the knowledge that they will eventually die. logical positivist philosophers, such as rudolf carnap and alfred ayer, assert that existentialists are often confused about the verb " to be " in their analyses of " being ". specifically, they argue that the verb is transitive and pre - fixed to a predicate ( e


existentialism ". stanford encyclopedia of philosophy. retrieved 2012 - 06 - 14. - marino, gordon. basic writings of existentialism ( modern library, 2004, p. ix, 3 ). - mcdonald, william. " søren kierkegaard ". in edward n. zalta. stanford encyclopedia of philosophy ( summer 2009 edition ). - watts, michael. kierkegaard ( oneworld, 2003, pp. 4 - 6 ). - lowrie, walter. kierkegaard ' s attack upon " christendom " ( princeton, 1969, pp. 37 - 40 ). - guignon and pereboom, derk, charles b. ( 2001 ). existentialism : basic writings. hackett publishing. p. xiii. isbn 9780872205956. - copleston, f. c. ( 2009 ). " existentialism ". philosophy 23 ( 84 ) : 19 – 37. doi : 10. 1017 / s0031819100065955. jstor 4544850. - lundestad, 1998, pp. 169 - slagstad, 2001, p 89 - seip, 2007, p 352 - ( french ) ( dictionary ) " l ' existencialisme " - see " l ' identite de la personne " - baird, forrest e. ; walter kaufmann ( 2008 ). from plato to derrida. upper saddle river, new jersey : pearson prentice hall. isbn 0 - 13 - 158591 - 6. - jean - paul sartre. " existentialism is a humanism, jean - paul sartre 1946 ". marxists. org. retrieved 2010 - 03 - 08. - e keen ( 1973 ). suicide and self - deception. psychoanalytic review - " despair - definition of despair by the free online dictionary, thesaurus and encyclopedia ". tfd. com. retrieved 2010 - 03 - 08. - either / or part ii p. 188 hong - soren kierkegaard ' s journals and papers vol 5, p. 5 - hong, howard v. " historical introduction " to fear and trembling. princeton university press. princeton, new jersey. 1983. p. x - kierkegaard, soren. works of love. harper & row, publishers. new york, n. y. 1962. p. 62 - camus, albert. " the myth of sisyphus ". nyu. edu


jon. kierkegaard and existentialism. p. 38 - flynn, thomas r. sartre, foucault, and historical reason, p. 323. - yalom, irvin d. ( 1980 ). existential psychotherapy. new york : basicbooks ( subsidiary of perseus books, l. l. c. p. 17. isbn 0 - 465 - 02147 - 6 note : the copyright year has not changed, but the book remains in print. - carnap, rudolf, uberwindung der metaphysik durch logische analyse der sprache [ overcoming metaphysics by the logical analysis of speech ], erkenntnis ( 1932 ), pp. 219 – 241. carnap ' s critique of heidegger ' s " what is metaphysics ". - carruth, gorton ( 1993 ) the encyclopedia of world facts and dates, p. 932 - aron ( 1994 ) in defense of political reason, p. 170 as quoted in brian c. anderson raymond aron : the recovery of the political, p. 170 - marcuse, herbert. " sartre ' s existentialism ". printed in studies in critical philosophy. translated by joris de bres. london : nlb, 1972. p. 161 - martin heidegger, " letter on humanism ", in basic writings : nine key essays, plus the introduction to being and time, trans. david farrell krell ( london, routledge ; 1978 ), 208. google books - appignanesi, richard ; and oscar zarate ( 2001 ). introducing existentialism. cambridge, uk : icon. isbn 1 - 84046 - 266 - 3. - appignanesi, richard ( 2006 ). introducing existentialism ( 3rd ed. ). thriplow, cambridge : icon books ( uk ), totem books ( usa ). isbn 1 - 84046 - 717 - 7. - cooper, david e. ( 1999 ). existentialism : a reconstruction ( 2nd ed. ). oxford, uk : blackwell. isbn 0 - 631 - 21322 - 8. - deurzen, emmy van ( 2010 ). everyday mysteries : a handbook of existential psychotherapy ( 2nd ed. ). london : routledge. isbn 978 - 0 - 415 - 37643 - 3. - kierkegaard, søren ( 1855 ). attack upon christendom. - kierkegaard


) " for the chinese character " thing " ( ) pronounced " vat " in vietnamese. han - viet or " sino - vietnamese " is a term which is used by modern scholars in relation to vietnam ' s chinese - language texts to emphasize local characteristics and particularly the phonology of the chinese written in vietnam, though in regard to syntax and vocabulary this sino - vietnamese was no more different from chinese used in beijing than medieval english latin was different from the latin of rome. the term " han - viet transliteration " is also used for chinese place names in vietnam. the term chu nom ( " script for talking " ) refers to the former transcription system for vernacular vietnamese - language texts, written using a mixture of original chinese characters and locally coined nom characters not found in chinese to phonetically represent vietnamese sounds. " however the character set for chu nom is extensive, up to 20, 000, and both arbitrary in composition and inconsistent in pronunciation. han - nom may mean either both han and nom taken together, as in the research remit of hanoi ' s han - nom institute, or refer to texts which are written in a mixture of han and nom, or refer to some han texts with parallel nom translations. there is a significant orthographic overlap between han and nom and many characters are used in both han and nom with the same reading. the term quoc ngu ( 國 語 " national language " ) means vietnamese written in romanized script. this is different from the historical term quoc am ( 國 " national sound " ) meaning chu nom, found in the title of the 16th century poetry collection quoc am thi tap. the chinese domination no writings in chinese by vietnamese writers survive from the chinese domination. in imperial vietnam ( 939 - 1919 ), formal writings were, in most cases, done in classical chinese. this was true both of the language of government and administration, and also of entry into government and administration by the wholly chinese - language confucian examination system in vietnam. chinese was also the language of medicine, astrology, religion, science and high literature such as poetry. vietnamese existed only as an oral language, before the creation of the nom script to preserve and circulate less serious poetry and narrative literature. these writings are indistinguishable from contemporaneous classical chinese works produced in china, korea, or japan. as are the first poems in chu nho by the monk khuong viet and


written taiwanese ( hanji ), written japanese ( kanji ), written chinese ( hanzi ), written korean ( hanja ), and written vietnamese ( han tu ). a logograph is a grapheme which represents a word or a morpheme. " - hoa son hong han tu nhap mon : tu hoc chu han am viet ( introduction to han tu - teach yourself han script with vietnamese pronunciation ) 1992 - phan van giuong tuttle compact vietnamese dictionary : vietnamese - english 2008 page 392 " tu 1 n. ( = chu ) chinese character, letter : courtesy name : han tu chinese character ; bieu tu fancy name, nickname ; van tu writing, written language " - tu thu binh giai ly minh tuan bien soan, nguyen minh tien hieu đinh 1990 " nhu the, tri co nghia la thong suot, thau hieu su ly. o đay, tri la dung mieng noi đe thanh tuu cho vat. trong han tu, chu vat ( ) chi chung cac loai trong troi đat. " - david g marr vietnamese tradition on trial, 1920 - 1945 1984 p141 " because the chinese characters were pronounced according to vietnamese preferences, and because certain stylistic modifications occurred over time, later scholars came to refer to a hybrid " sino - vietnamese " ( han - viet ) language. however, there would seem to be no more justification for this term than for a fifteenth century " latin - english " versus the latin written contemporaneously in rome. 8 " - essays into vietnamese pasts keith weller taylor, john k. whitmore - 1995 p20 " phu falls into this category ; it was originally a tang ( chinese ) word but was written in a han - viet transliteration.... dang vsn lung and thu linh hypothesize that phu dong is the han - viet transliteration of the name of an ancient tay area,.. " - hugh dyson walker east asia a new history - 2012 page 262 "... chu nom, vietnamese transcription, using chinese and nom characters for vietnamese sounds. " - hannas : asia ' s orthg dilm paper - page 82 wm. c. hannas - 1997 " the linguistic defects are the same as those noted throughout this book for chinese characters generally, caused by the large number of tokens ( some


conscription is the compulsory enlistment of people in some sort of national service, most often military service. conscription dates back to antiquity and continues in some countries to the present day under various names. the modern system of near - universal national conscription for young men dates to the french revolution in the 1790s, where it became the basis of a very large and powerful military. most european nations later copied the system in peacetime, so that men at a certain age would serve 1 – 3 years on active duty and then transfer to the reserve force. in china, the state of qin instituted universal military service following the registration of every household. this allowed huge armies to be levied, and was instrumental in the creation of the qin empire that conquered the whole of china in 221bc. conscription is controversial for a range of reasons, including conscientious objection to military engagements on religious or philosophical grounds ; political objection, for example to service for a disliked government or unpopular war ; and ideological objection, for example, to a perceived violation of individual rights. those conscripted may evade service, sometimes by leaving the country. some selection systems accommodate these attitudes by providing alternative service outside combat - operations roles or even outside the military, such as zivildienst ( civil service ) in austria and switzerland. most post - soviet countries conscript soldiers not only for armed forces but also for paramilitary organizations which are dedicated to police - like domestic only service ( internal troops ) or non - combat rescue duties ( civil defence troops ) - none of which is considered alternative to the military conscription. as of the early 21st century, many states no longer conscript soldiers, relying instead upon professional militaries with volunteers enlisted to meet the demand for troops. the ability to rely on such an arrangement, however, presupposes some degree of predictability with regard to both war - fighting requirements and the scope of hostilities. many states that have abolished conscription therefore still reserve the power to resume it during wartime or times of crisis. around the reign of hammurabi ( 1791 - 1750 bc ), the babylonian empire used a system of conscription called ilkum. under the system those eligible were required to serve in the royal army in time of war. during times of peace they were instead required to provide labour for other activities of the state. in return for this service, people subject to it gained the right to hold land. it is possible that this right was not to hold land per se but specific land supplied by the state. various forms of avoiding military service are recorded.


hundreds of people were exposed to radiation, three workers received doses above legal limits of whom two later died. - 2000 : three tokyo electric power co. executives were forced to quit after the company in 1989 ordered an employee to edit out footage showing cracks in nuclear plant steam pipes in video being submitted to regulators. - august 2002 : a widespread falsification scandal starting in that led to the shut down of all tokyo electric power company ’ s 17 nuclear reactors ; tokyo electric ' s officials had falsified inspection records and attempted to hide cracks in reactor vessel shrouds in 13 of its 17 units. - 2002 : two workers were exposed to a small amount of radiation and suffered minor burns during a fire at onagawa nuclear power station in northern japan. - 9 august 2004 : four workers were killed after a steam explosion at the mihama - 3 station ; the subsequent investigation revealed a serious lack in systematic inspection in japanese nuclear plants, which led to a massive inspection program. - 2006 : a small amount of radioactive steam was released at the fukushima dai - ichi plant and it escaped the compound. - 16 july 2007 : a severe earthquake ( measuring 6. 8 on the richter scale ) hit the region where tokyo electric ' s kashiwazaki - kariwa nuclear power plant is located and radioactive water spilled into the sea of japan ; as of march 2009, all of the reactors remain shut down for damage verification and repairs ; the plant with seven units was the largest single nuclear power station in the world. nuclear organizations in japan - nuclear safety commission 原 子 力 安 会 - the japanese regulatory body for the nuclear industry. - japanese atomic energy commission ( aec ) 原 子 力 会 - now operating as a commission of inquiry to the japanese cabinet, this organization coordinates the entire nation ' s plans in the area of nuclear energy. - nuclear and industrial safety agency ( nisa ) 原 子 力 安 ・ 保 安 - the nisa performs regulatory activities and was formed january 6, 2001, after a reorganization of governmental agencies. these organizations are government funded research organizations, though many of them have special status to give them power of administration separate from the japanese government. their origins date back to the atomic energy basic law, but they have been reorganized several times since their inception. - japan atomic energy research institute ( jaeri ) - 日 本 原 子 力 - the original nuclear energy research organization established by the japanese government under cooperation with u. s. partners. - atomic fuel corporation - 原 子


a government - owned corporation, state - owned company, state - owned entity, state enterprise, publicly owned corporation, government business enterprise, commercial government agency, public sector undertaking or parastatal is a legal entity created by a government to undertake commercial activities on behalf of an owner government. their legal status varies from being a part of government to stock companies with a state as a regular stockholder. there is no standard definition of a government - owned corporation ( goc ) or state - owned enterprise ( soe ), although the two terms can be used interchangeably. the defining characteristics are that they have a distinct legal form and they are established to operate in commercial affairs. while they may also have public policy objectives, gocs should be differentiated from other forms of government agencies or state entities established to pursue purely non - financial objectives. government - owned corporations are common with natural monopolies and infrastructure such as railways and telecommunications, strategic goods and services ( mail, weapons ), natural resources and energy, politically sensitive business, broadcasting, demerit goods ( alcohol ) and merit goods ( healthcare ). gocs can be fully owned or partially owned by government. as a definitional issue, it is difficult to determine categorically what level of state ownership would qualify an entity to be considered as " state - owned ", since governments can also own regular stock, without implying any special interference. as an example, the chinese investment corporation agreed in 2007 to acquire a 10 % interest in the global investment bank morgan stanley, but it is unlikely that this would qualify the latter as a government - owned corporation. government - owned or state - run enterprises are often the result of corporatization, a process in which government agencies and departments are re - organized as semi - autonomous corporate entities, sometimes with partial shares listed on stock exchanges. the term ' government - linked company ' ( glc ) is sometimes used to refer to corporate entities that may be private or public ( listed on a stock exchange ) where an existing government owns a stake using a holding company. there are two main definitions of glcs are dependent on the proportion of the corporate entity a government owns. one definition purports that a company is classified as a glc if a government owns an effective controlling interest ( > 50 % ), while the second definition suggests that any corporate entity that has a government as a shareholder is a glc. a quasi - governmental organization, corporation, business, or agency ( parastatal ) or a " quasi - autonomous national government organisation "


), while the second definition suggests that any corporate entity that has a government as a shareholder is a glc. a quasi - governmental organization, corporation, business, or agency ( parastatal ) or a " quasi - autonomous national government organisation " ( quango ) is an entity that is treated by national laws and regulations to be under the guidance of the government but separate and autonomous from the government. while the entity may receive some revenue from charging customers for its services, these organizations are often partially or majorly funded by the government. they are usually considered highly important to smooth running of society and are sometimes propped up with cash infusions in times of crisis to help surmount situations that would bankrupt a normal privately owned business. they may possess law - enforcement authority, usually related to their functions. government - owned corporations often operate in sectors where there is a natural monopoly, or where the government has strategic interest. however, government ownership of industry corporations is common. nationalization also forcibly converts a private corporation into a government - owned corporation. in most opec countries, the governments own the oil companies operating on their soil. a notable example is the saudi national oil company, saudi aramco, which the saudi government bought in 1988 and changed its name from arabian american oil company to saudi arabian oil company. the saudi government also owns and operates saudi arabian airlines, and owns 70 % of sabic, as well as many other companies. they are, however, being privatized gradually. in monarchical commonwealth countries, particularly australia, canada and new zealand, country - wide government corporations often use the style " crown corporation. " equivalent terms include " state - owned enterprises " and " crown entities " in new zealand, and government business enterprise ( gbe ) in australia. examples of crown corporations include the canadian broadcasting corporation and air canada before the latter underwent privatization. cabinet ministers ( ministers of the crown ) often control the shares in such public corporations. at the level of local government, territorial or other authorities may set up government corporations such as " local authority trading enterprises " ( lates ). many local authorities establish services such as water supply as separate corporations or as a business unit of the authority. in australia the predominant term used for commonwealth government - owned companies is " government business enterprise " ( gbe ). various australian states also have gbes, especially with respect to the provision of water and sewerage, but many state - based gbes were privatized in some states during the last decade of the twentieth century. commonwealth gbes include


responsibility for its operation, and vice versa. the assets of unitary enterprises belong to the federal government, a russian region, or a municipality. a unitary enterprise holds assets under the right of economic management ( for both state and municipal unitary enterprises ) or operative management ( for state unitary enterprises only ), and that such assets may not be distributed among the participants, nor otherwise divided. a unitary enterprise is independent in economic issues and obliged only to give its profits to the state. unitary enterprises would have no right to set up subsidiaries, but, with the owner ' s consent, can open branches and representation offices. - state corporation by contrast, a state corporation ( russian : государственная корпорация ) is a non - profit organization which manages its assets as described in its charter. state corporations are not obliged to submit to public authorities documents accounting for activities ( except for a number of documents submitted to the russian government ) and, as a rule, are subordinate not to the government, but to the russian president, and act to accomplish some important goal. control by the government is implemented on the basis of annual corporation meetings, an annual report on the audit opinion of accounting and financial reporting ( accounting ), as well as the conclusion of the auditing commission on the results of verification of financial ( accounting ) statements and other corporation documents. any other federal government departments, organs of state power of subjects of the russian federation, and the local governments have no right to interfere in the activities of state corporations. here is the government owned of the swiss confederation : in 2009, the government of the islamic republic of afghanistan formed the afghan public protection force ( appf ) as a " state owned enterprise " subordinate to the ministry of the interior. by presidential decree, the appf is mandated to replace all non - diplomatic private security companies by 20 march 2013 to become the sole provider of pay - for - service security contracts within afghanistan. china, people ' s republic of after 1949, all business entities in the people ' s republic of china were created and owned by the government. in the late 1980s, the government began to reform the state - owned enterprise, and during the 1990s and 2000s, many mid - sized and small sized state - owned enterprises were privatized and went public. there are a number of different corporate forms which result in a mixture of public and private capital. in prc terminology, a state - owned enterprise refers to a particular corporate form, which is increasingly being replaced by


a lack of expertise and endemic corruption, have largely inhibited economic development. in 1979, a presidential commission went as far as saying that they constituted " a serious threat to the economy ", and, by 1989, they had still not furthered industrialization or fostered the development of a black business class. in south africa " the department of public enterprises is the shareholder representative of the south african government with oversight responsibility for state - owned enterprises in key sectors, including : defence, energy, forestry, ict, mining and transport ". the current ( march 2011 ) minister of public enterprises is malusi gigaba. the corporate entities that this department is responsible for are : - alexkor – mining sector ( diamond mining ) - broadband infraco – ict sector ( national backbone and international connectivity ) - denel – aerospace and defence sector ( armaments manufacturer ) - eskom – energy sector ( national electricity utility ) - pbmr – energy sector ( development of pebble bed modular reactor nuclear energy technology ) - south african airways – transport sector ( international airline ) - sa express – transport sector ( regional and feeder airline ) - safcol – forestry sector ( manages forestry on state owned land ) - transnet – transport and related infrastructure sector ( railways, harbours, oil / fuel pipelines and terminals ) - telkom sa – telecommunications sector ( national fixed line telephone network ( pstn ) ) government - owned companies are divided into public enterprises ( empresa publica ) and mixed - economy companies ( sociedade de economia mista ). the public enterprises are subdivided into two categories : individual – with its own assets and capital owned by the union – and plural companies – whose assets are owned by multiple government agencies and the union, which have the majority of the voting interest. caixa economica federal, correios, embrapa, and bndes are examples of public enterprises. mixed - economy companies are enterprises with the majority of stocks owned by the government, but that also have stocks owned by the private sector and usually have their shares traded on stock exchanges. banco do brasil, petrobras, sabesp, and eletrobras are examples of mixed - economy companies. beginning in the 1990s, the federal government of brazil launched a privatization program inspired by the washington consensus. public - owned companies such as vale do rio doce, telebras, csn, and usiminas ( most of them mixed - economy companies ) were transferred to the private sector as part of


social skills of children with 22q11 deletion syndrome : a social cognitive neuroscience approach the 22q11 ds is the most common genetic deletion syndrome. the deletion is believed to result in the dysregulation of the dopamine, gaba, and glutamate systems which, in turn, affects the prefrontal cortex, associated circuitry, and cognitive abilities governed by these brain regions. research suggests that 22q11 ds children experience attention and executive function deficits ; clinical observation also suggests impaired social abilities. this study sought to empirically identify if 22q11 ds children experience social skills, executive function, and / or executive attention impairments, and how these skills may be associated. a social cognitive neuroscience approach was used that attempted to relate these three areas of functioning ( neurochemical, neurocognitive, and social ). ^ the study was conducted as part of a longitudinal project at rockefeller university. fifty - one 22q11 ds children and 30 control participants took part in the study. parents completed the social skills rating system ( ssrs ) and behavior rating inventory of executive function ( brief ). the children were administered two computerized tests, the wisconsin card sorting test : 64 - computer version ( wcst : 64 - cv ) and the attention network test for children ( ant ). ^ when compared with control participants, 22q11 ds children were found to : ( 1 ) have more impaired social skills, ( 2 ) be more likely to score in the clinically impaired range on the brief global and subscale measures, and ( 3 ) have more perseverative responses and errors on the wcst : 64 - cv. no significant group differences were found on the ant ; however a group x age interaction was detected. correlational analysis revealed a significant, negative association between the brief and ssrs total scores. a simple regression found that the brief global composite score accounted for 42. 4 % of the variance in affected children ' s social skills. ^ secondary analyses revealed significant associations between ssrs and brief subscale scores. a multiple regression revealed that emotional control, planning, and monitoring skills were significant predictors of total social skills scores in affected children. a significant group x socio - economic status interaction was also found. ^ this study suggests that social and executive function skills are associated in 22q11 ds children. this has direct implications for remediation efforts and supports the validity of utilizing a social cognitive neuroscience approach. ^ psychology, developmental | psychology, clinical | psychology