{"text": "lower the complexity of your language and decrease questions. slow : slow down your heart rate by taking deep breaths, slow your speech and pause between sentences, slow your movements, slow down your agenda. - the idea of creating an \u201c accepts \u201d book to help with self regulation. each page focuses on a different positive theme and it can be brought out when a child needs a boost. the sections are as follows : a = activities ( what makes you smile? ), c = contributing ( how did you help someone? ), c = comparisons ( how far have you come? ), e = emotions ( a collage of positive feelings ), p = pushing away ( note some worries that can be pushed away ), t = thoughts ( self - affirming ), s = sensations ( memories of calming / regulating sensory input ). kids can cut out pictures from magazines, use photographs, or anything else they might want to include on the pages. - suggesting that social stories should be used to reflect successes as well as challenges. they \u2019 re a great tool for positive reinforcement and won \u2019 t get the reputation of only coming out when things aren \u2019 t going well. - make beliefs comix : you can choose your own character, facial expression, body positions and speech bubbles on this website. a great resource! - charting and visuals can make a huge difference. it takes things that are intuitive to most of us and presents them in an analytical way. this can make them much easier to approach and process for people with social cognitive deficits. the charts don \u2019 t have to be fancy, it often just helps to see things categorized and written out ( for example, a table defining what topics are appropriate to discuss in what situations ). these highlights are just a sample of the information that was presented but they were some of the things that stood out to me. i hope you \u2019 ll find them useful!", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5011173096299114, "token_count": 383, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:853baa60-f4e3-46d3-954d-16f4cf5b9f97>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T10:38:02.228391"}
{"text": "what we perceive in the world is highly influenced by what we are looking for. that is old news. now european researchers have used this theory to create a convincing and engaging \u2018 mixed reality \u2018, and they have put together a cookbook so others can do it, too. that is new news. reality is wysiwyg : what you see is what you get. but what you see depends largely on what you are looking for. in a famous experiment, a group of volunteers observed a video of two teams, one dressed in black and one in white, passing a ball between them. the volunteers had to count the number of times the ball was passed directly from one player in black to another player in black. they performed the task excellently. what they failed to notice was the man in the gorilla suit who walked on screen and jumped up and down during the game. it proved that what you see is strongly influenced by what you are looking for. in ophthalmology, researchers have found the eye does not see everything you perceive ; neural processing fills in parts of the scene by inferring from those bits that are observed. in quantum physics, researchers discovered that particles change behaviour depending on whether you are looking at them or not. in field after field researchers have discovered that perception is not linear ; it is fuzzy ; and it can be strongly influenced by carefully choosing the right cues. the cues do not necessarily require complex technology. the wii, a very popular gaming platform, abandoned the arms race of ever - more powerful processors and graphics cards and instead incorporated a simple motion sensor. now users ' gestures and reflexes drive the game, changing the pastime from a solitary, passive experience into an active, social one. those two additions, sociability and physicality, dramatically enhance the sense of experienced reality engendered by the game. this is very interesting. up to now technologies, such as virtual and mixed reality, were thought by most to rely on more power, more technologically advanced interfaces, more animation and textures ; but it now seems mixed reality is more powerfully and realistically evoked by combining perceptual dimensions with novel technologies in order to create a greater depth of experience. \u201c the greater the combination of senses engaged, the greater the chance of the user feeling immersed or present in the experience, \u201d explains rod mccall, a researcher at the fraunhofer institute and coordinator of the ipcity project. in ipcity, a major eu - funded mixed reality project, researchers studied dozens of technologies to find", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.6208787299504193, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ce8edb2f-38e3-4b9c-b541-ad6a4ce07fd5>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T10:38:02.281429"}
{"text": "feeling immersed or present in the experience, \u201d explains rod mccall, a researcher at the fraunhofer institute and coordinator of the ipcity project. in ipcity, a major eu - funded mixed reality project, researchers studied dozens of technologies to find those that dramatically enhance a user \u2019 s experience of a given task, all in an effort to increase citizens \u2019 participation in civic life. v - ex and the city using virtual experiences ( or v - ex if you want ) like this to bring citizens closer to the city, the project embarked on what is probably the largest concerted effort, looking at the widest variety of mixed reality implementations, in recent times. the project created applications for town planning, gaming, environmental awareness and storytelling. it enhanced engagement with the social, cultural and historical fabric of a city through location awareness and mapping, and it developed social storytelling rooted at locations within the streetscape. using a combination of easy - to - understand yet state - of - the - art technologies and location sensing, the researchers were able to create convincing cross - reality experiences by engaging multiple senses in parallel. from the lab to the real world the project took perceptual and mixed reality research out of the lab and into the real world with a combination of large - scale field trials and longitudinal studies. as a result, the ipcity team has developed cookbook - like guidelines for creating mixed reality experiences. take urban renewal, an urban redesign application. here, the researchers used a wide variety of media and interfaces to engage citizens in an exercise for redesigning an urban space. ipcity \u2019 s colour table is a particularly innovative interface, using tokens to represent elements within a scene, such as buildings or other objects. an overhead camera projected the design table onto a wall, revealing changes as they developed from a bird \u2019 s eye view. another camera \u2018 interprets \u2019 the tokens and projects virtual mock - ups onto a backdrop of the real site. meanwhile on a screen, users can see how they have arranged the tokens, and on another they see how that would impact the real landscape. the entire set - up, along with other tools, is part of a mobile tent that is transported to the actual location for the new building, so participants can visualise the real - world environment. the combination of these technologies, along with subtle audio streams, evokes a very convincing air of engagement in the task. \u201c in the urban renewal showcase you have coloured tokens on the table and these represent buildings or another object in the space. so", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.5397852252753961, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ce8edb2f-38e3-4b9c-b541-ad6a4ce07fd5>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T10:38:02.284936"}
{"text": "combination of these technologies, along with subtle audio streams, evokes a very convincing air of engagement in the task. \u201c in the urban renewal showcase you have coloured tokens on the table and these represent buildings or another object in the space. so rather than having participants moving graphical objects on the screen you have them physically moving real objects on the table, \u201d stresses mccall. this physicality makes it easier for other people who are there to grasp what ' s going on \u2013 it starts a much richer discussion around the design through this physical relationship with it. another showcase by ipcity, citywall in helsinki, uses a very large multi - touch screen on a central street. \u201c people can do whatever they want with content which is uploaded to flickr. but they appropriate the citywall in hundreds of different ways. people play ' pong ' with the content, throwing it across the screen to one another, and it becomes [ an ] expressive space, far more perhaps than people showing pictures on their computer monitor, \u201d mccall notes. a sociable science social elements form a part of all the applications developed by ipcity, deliberately so. \u201c we figured out pretty early on that a shared experience is much richer, that is why two people work together in our game, timewarp. it becomes a shared, new reality, \u201d mccall explains. active, physical engagement, too, is important. mccall reveals that because it is impossible to cover a city entirely in virtual objects, the project developed activities that players need to complete, such as walking through a time portal or following a beer cart through the city. as non - players cannot see what the players are doing it often led to confused looks by passers - by in cologne when it was demonstrated there. in many respects, ipcity \u2019 s work represents the state of the art for mixed reality experiences and promises to offer a lot of food for thought to tourism, social gaming and mobile phone companies, among many others, including the performing arts. in fact ipcity \u2019 s work could be applied in some fashion to almost any area, to dramatically enhance the experience. ipcity has applied the theory on perception in novel, compelling ways and its work will go on to enhance the theory further and lead to even more subtle and ingenious applications of v - ex, in the city and elsewhere. this is the first of a two - part special feature on ipcity appearing on ict results. the ipcity project received funding from the fet proactive strand of the eu \u2019 s sixth framework programme for research", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.5937298844362346, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ce8edb2f-38e3-4b9c-b541-ad6a4ce07fd5>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T10:38:02.287388"}
{"text": "als researchers aim for the fences by alissa poh nobody likes bad news. especially when it ' s a grim medical diagnosis like amyotrophic lateral sclerosis ( als ), also known as lou gehrig ' s disease. als, a rapidly progressing, fatal neurodegenerative disease, usually strikes people between 40 and 60 years of age ; those afflicted have an average survival of just two to five years. amyotrophic, a word with greek origins, means \" no muscle nourishment. \" lateral identifies the areas of the spinal cord where motor neurons \u2014 nerve cells that signal muscles \u2014 are found. and sclerosis refers to the scarring and hardening this region undergoes as it degenerates. but though the brain becomes increasingly unable to control the muscles, it maintains its cognitive abilities. so als patients are painfully aware of their progressive loss of function. \" it ' s a hard disease to treat, to tell patients that they have it, \" says dartmouth neurologist elijah stommel, m. d., ph. d. he sees patients at dhmc ' s nationally recognized als center and also conducts research exploring the underlying mechanisms of the disease. one of the most common neuromuscular diseases in the world, als entered the national lexicon when the career of yankee slugger lou gehrig was cut short by the condition in the 1930s. in the u. s. today, about 20, 000 people have it at any given time and about 5, 000 new cases are diagnosed each year. role : it ' s not yet known what causes als, but there ' s increasing evidence that neuroinflammation is involved. stommel and dms neuropathologist brent harris, m. d., ph. d., have looked at the role of tumor necrosis factor - alpha ( tnf - a ), a pro - inflammatory molecule present at elevated levels in als patients. their study, published in the april issue of neuroscience, showed that tnf - a induces the redistribution of mitochondria about 5, 000 new cases of als are diagnosed each year. in motor neurons grown in the lab. mitochondria generate energy as well as release substances that can cause cell death. in the experiment, tnf - a caused the mitochondria to cluster where the axon \u2014 the part of the nerve cell that carries signals to other cells \u2014 meets the cell body. similar mitochondrial clustering has been noted in", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5043421063897373, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:792f5461-a593-4745-ac72-b6cd0d5ae92b>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T10:38:02.294258"}
{"text": "light scattering system nanobiophysics core facility has a full set of light scattering equipment from wyatt including multiangle light scattering ( mals ) device, dynamic light scattering ( dls ) device, and hplc system ( agilent ) linked to mals. light scattering is a non - invasive technique for characterizing macromolecules and a wide range of particles in solution. in contrast to most methods for characterization, it does not require outside calibration standards. in this sense it is an absolute technique. wyatt technology instruments make two different types of light scattering measurements for absolute molecular characterization : * classical light scattering : here, the intensity of the scattered light is measured as a function of angle. for the case of macromolecules, this is often called rayleigh scattering and can yield the molar mass, rms radius, and second virial coefficient ( a2 ). for certain classes of particles, classical light scattering can yield the size, shape, and structure. * quasi - elastic ( qels ) or dynamic light scattering ( dls ) : in a qels measurement, time - dependent fluctuations in the scattered light signal are measured using a fast photon counter. qels measurements can determine the hydrodynamic radius of macromolecules or particles. light scattering is a technique that can be applied in either batch or chromatography mode. in either instance the sample may be recovered at the end of the measurement. since light scattering provides the weight - averaged molar mass for all molecules in solution, it is generally more useful to utilize the chromatography mode, though each technique has its advantages. although absolute molecular weights can be determined also via mass spectrometry, membrane osmometry, and sedimentation equilibrium ( analytical centrifugation ), only light scattering covers so broad a range of macromolecules including their oligomeric states. most importantly, light scattering permits measurement of the solution properties of macromolecules. while a sedimentation equilibrium run may require 72 hours, a size exclusion chromatography / light scattering study may be completed in well under an hour, and a batch mode analysis in a few minutes. these comparatively short run times coupled with the absolute determination of molar mass, size, and a2 make light scattering the method of choice for accurate and fast macromolecular characterization. for more information go to www. wyatt. com core facility will help you with obtaining free downloads of manuals, tutorials and software.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.6048545377653342, "token_count": 505, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:383315da-e20e-4bfd-8cad-7c0c4da0230a>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T10:38:02.408956"}
{"text": "location sensing within mobile devices is reaching a new phase of development and distribution. this new phase, now commercially available for augmented reality developers, delivers powerful local search solutions. morton heilig introduces sensorama to the world, a machine capable of providing entertainment that engages all five senses. built similar to arcade amusements, the user experienced a virtual world. production of the sensorama spawned for heilig, another great idea : the head - mounted display. his telesphere mask became the prototype for head mounted displays that are used in military fighter jets \u2013 the uses of which were first seen by many in \" star wars. \" during this time, ivan sutherland devised one of the first complete augmented reality systems built with wire - frame graphics and a head - mounted display that required a head sensor which measured the position and angle of the user \u2019 s head. the system would then change the location of augmented objects depending on the view angle. boeing engineers tom caudell and david mizell began applying augmented reality in the design process. it ' s caudell who is considered to have coined \u201c augmented reality. \u201d augmented reality goes industrial in helping to design, build, and maintain objects. the era of virtual reality grows in development and application and seizes the imagination of hollywood and other industries including games, educational, and defense. librarians begin to explore ar to protect priceless manuscripts and books. the technology allows searchers to flip the pages and read the table of contents of rare old books and identify missing books from a shelf or collection. robert azuma in his hrl lab published a paper describing his team \u2019 s latest ar discoveries in both indoor and outdoor environments. there was also a big thrust in the ' 90s for enterprise bluetooth, rfid, and other wireless local lan technologies. it would be the late 1990s that would bring wireless data communications. so when azuma and his team calculated an outdoor solution for ar applications it was big news. the solution from hrl lab compensated for user motion which inspired freedom of use beyond the confines of a stationary presentation. the solution used a rate gyro, compass, and attitudinal sensors to display virtual text labels over distant points of interest. this era also saw mixed reality systems lab in singapore and project arvika in germany study augmented reality in both head - mounted displays and video screen interfaces. philippe kahn introduces his newborn daughter sophie to the world on the first mobile camera phone that enabled him to share her picture with over 2, 000 relatives and friends. kahn created a makeshift", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.5526231445556957, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:1c353230-1df5-49ad-bac4-14e26c69c4ee>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T10:38:02.432596"}
{"text": "study augmented reality in both head - mounted displays and video screen interfaces. philippe kahn introduces his newborn daughter sophie to the world on the first mobile camera phone that enabled him to share her picture with over 2, 000 relatives and friends. kahn created a makeshift camera phone in the hospital by pulling together a cell phone and a digital camera to send photos in real time. his invention was the beginning of lightsurf technologies which now powers mobile phones for most of the leading global manufacturers. benefon esc! nt2002 becomes the first gsm device with built - in gps. 2000s and the future in 2001, stargate sg1 showcased the long - term side affect of retinal scan display ( rsd ) on the user, including permanent optical nerve and brain damage. although ar has been around for over four decades it ' s only now the technology is taking off. head mounted displays using ( rsd ), which displays the image directly onto the eye, may reduce the need for bulky headsets, but consumers need to be wary of using technology that impacts our sight and hearing just because it is cool. pattie maes of mit \u2019 s fluid interfaces group is creating a new digital \" sixth sense \" for humans. maes \u2019 group is interested in how people can mix into their environment using a wearable device that turns any surface into an interactive display screen. maes intends to augment the data derived from our five senses with those that can be generated from a mobile computing device. to see more about mae \u2019 s solution, watch his ted presentation. the fundamentals of location - based augmented realitylocation sensing within mobile devices is reaching a new phase of development and distribution. this new phase, now commercially available for developers of augmented reality, delivers powerful local search solutions. mobile ar solutions finally have the components available to deliver solutions for mass adoption. basic requirements for all mobile location based ar solutions include a browser enabled smart phone with a high resolution camera, geo - positioning, accelerometer, light sensor, direction sensing, motion sensors and stabilizers, a processor able to calculate the visual information and decide overlay data to present and how it should be presented. additionally, the solution requires at least a 3g network and a data plan. when network coverage is slow to non - existent when national network coverage is non - existent, metropolitan area networks kick into gear. proximity location sensors determine if an object is within a distance - frame of a known location, e. g. wifi access hot spots within a campus setting that can", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.5290121070546017, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:1c353230-1df5-49ad-bac4-14e26c69c4ee>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T10:38:02.439199"}
{"text": "existent when national network coverage is non - existent, metropolitan area networks kick into gear. proximity location sensors determine if an object is within a distance - frame of a known location, e. g. wifi access hot spots within a campus setting that can provide triangulation data. there are two other methods for determining proximity and they include detecting physical contact such as pressure and touch : mobile touch screens and observing auto id such as point - of - sale terminals, road - way toll passes, and upc product codes. what this means is even if the carrier network is slow, mobile search ar can be used on a university campus, at an enterprise company with multiple buildings, within a defined tourist area, and a shopping mall as long as the mobile device shakes hands with the wifi network. beware of open - source solutions open source technology enabled apps are rarely supported by the carrier or handset manufacturer, thus if there is a problem the most likely outcome is the user will need to delete of the app and a require a refund. consumers and the brand advertisers behind the ar apps need to ensure that their ar apps are fully supported by the developer. augmented reality in real life toppan printing co ltd in japan supplies ar terminals for mass distribution. their terminals \u2013 about the size of a soda or mobile phone vending machine \u2013 are located in market places. based on the simple ability of a mobile phone snapping a qr code to acquire enhanced item descriptions on digital signage, provide new features to display windows, and help shoppers find stores, the toppan ar terminal when used with a mobile phone housing a high - quality camera, can recognize the package of a sample product, display a description of the product, and provide a view of the product outside of its security packaging. if you ' ve discovered a real life augmented reality mobile solution, please share.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.5155758468080766, "token_count": 377, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:1c353230-1df5-49ad-bac4-14e26c69c4ee>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T10:38:02.440537"}
{"text": "description from flora of china herbs, clambering subshrubs, shrubs, or lianas. leaves alternate or opposite, entire, exstipulate. flowers small, bisexual or unisexual, or sterile and reduced, subtended by 1 membranous bract and 2 bracteoles, solitary or aggregated in cymes. inflorescences elongated or condensed spikes ( heads ), racemes, or thyrsoid structures of varying complexity. bracteoles membranous or scarious. tepals 3 - 5, membranous, scarious or subleathery, 1 -, 3 -, 5 -, or 7 ( - 23 ) - veined. stamens as many as tepals and opposite these, rarely fewer than tepals ; filaments free, united into a cup at base or \u00b1 entirely into a tube, filament lobes present or absent, pseudostaminodes present or absent ; anthers ( 1 - or ) 2 - loculed, dorsifixed, introrsely dehiscent. ovary superior, 1 - loculed ; ovules 1 to many ; style persistent, short and indistinct or long and slender ; stigma capitate, penicillate, 2 - lobed or forming 2 filiform branches. fruit a dry utricle or a fleshy capsule, indehiscent, irregularly bursting, or circumscissile. seeds lenticular, reniform, subglobose, or shortly cylindric, smooth or verruculose. morphology of the androecium, perianth ( tepals ), and the inflorescence has traditionally been used to circumscribe genera and tribes. pseudostaminodia are interstaminal appendages with variously shaped apices. filament appendages are the lateral appendages of filaments ( one on each side ). the basic structure of the inflorescence is the cyme ( branchlets arising from the bracteole axils, the bracteoles serving as bracts for upper flowers ), which can be reduced to one flower with two bracteoles and a bract. units of dispersal vary considerably ( capsules opening with lower part persistent, flower and bracteoles falling together, or cymose partial inflorescences breaking off above bract ) and can", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5089188242616118, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:6d422f8f-ce27-435f-a538-4985a467ce12>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T10:38:02.450553"}
{"text": "elementymology & elements multidict zilver \u2013 silber \u2013 argent \u2013 plata \u2013 \u2013 \u0441\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0431\u0440\u043e \u2013 sulver frisian ( west ) argint romanian - moldovan slavic\u0441\u0440\u0435\u0431\u0440\u043e [ srebro ] bulgarian \u0441\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0431\u0440\u043e [ serabro ] belarusian \u0441\u0440\u0435\u0431\u0440\u043e [ srebro ] macedonian \u0441\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0431\u0440\u043e [ serebro ] russian \u0441\u0440\u0435\u0431\u0440\u043e [ srebro ] serbian \u0441\u0440\u0456\u0431\u043b\u043e [ sriblo ] ukrainian airgead gaelic ( irish ) airgead gaelic ( scottish ) argid gaelic ( manx ) other indo - european\u03b1\u03c1\u03b3\u03c5\u03c1\u03bf\u03c2 [ argyros ] greek [ artsat ' ] armenian \u00e6\u0432\u0437\u0438\u0441\u0442 [ \u00e6vzist ] ossetian [ nukra ] tajik indo - iranian / indo - aryan\u09b0\u09aa\u09be [ rupa ] bengali \u0646\u0642\u0631\u0647 [ nqrh ] persian [ ca ' di ] gujarati \u091a\u093e\u0926\u0940 [ cha. ndi ] hindi \u044d\u0437\u044b\u0441\u044c [ ezys ' ] komi \u0448\u0438\u0438 [ sij ] mari \u0441\u0438\u044f [ sija ] moksha \u043ae\u043ce\u043b [ kemel ] chuvash [ kumis ] kazakh \u043a\u0443\u043c\u0443\u0448 [ kumus ] kyrgyz [ mongo ] mongolian [ kumus ] uyghur other ( europe ) zilarra basque [ verc ' xli ] georgian afro - asiatic\u0641\u0636\u0629 [ fiddah ] arabic \u05db\u05e1\u05e3 [ kesef ] hebrew [ gin ] japanese \u110b\u1173\u11ab [ eun ] korean \u0e40\u0e07\u0e19 [ ngoen ] thai [ yin2 / ngan4 ] chinese other [ velli ] malayalam [ velli ] tamil north - americaiztac teocuitlatl nahuatl south - americaqullqi q ' illay quechua creolesrivru sranan tongo new namessilveron atomic elements history & etymology \" and abram was very rich in cattle, in silver, and in gold. \" ( gen. 13 : 2 ) the egyptians considered gold to be a perfect metal, and gave it the symbol of a circle. since silver was the closest to gold in perfection, it was given the symbol of a semi - circle. later this semi - circle led to a growing moon symbol, probably due to the likeness between the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.533055004828842, "token_count": 499, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:0962bf9e-456a-4c60-af7a-3ca0187d6447>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T10:38:02.457854"}
{"text": ", and gave it the symbol of a circle. since silver was the closest to gold in perfection, it was given the symbol of a semi - circle. later this semi - circle led to a growing moon symbol, probably due to the likeness between the shining metal and the moon glow. the noble metals, gold and silver, are found in the native state, and as is well known, gold and silver were used to make jewelry and sheet metal due to the great ductility and lustre of the pure metals. its malleability and ductility make it ideal for ornamental purposes. it was also used for paying debts, in personal and religious places decoration and in utensils of the wealthiest houses. some mineral scums in old mines of the near - east and in some islands of the aegean sea seem to reveal that by 5000 b. c. a method was already known to separate silver from lead. early gold and silver ornaments from the indian subcontinent are found from indus valley sites such as mohenjodaro ( ca 3000 bc ). the monetary use of silver may well be as old as that of gold but the abundance of the native metal was probably far less, so that comparable supplies were not available until a method of winning the metal from its ores had been discovered. it appears, however, that by perhaps 3000 bc a form of cupellation was in operation in asia minor and its use gradually spread, so that silver coinage was of crucial economic importance to all subsequent classical mediterranean civilizations. in astrology alchemy the seven heavenly bodies known to the ancients were associated with seven metals also known in antiquity : the long history of silver is reflected in the many different words for this metal. see the list of names to the left and in the overview of silver in over 100 languages ( click here ). we can identify at least seven diffent roots. the names in the roman languages ( except some on the iberian peninsula ), in the celtic languages and in albanian are derivations from the latin. it is the only element after which a country is named ( argentina > argentum ). silver, the proverbially bright metal, ( argentum ), is of a bright white colour with brilliant lustre, not affected by pure aire. silver suboxide is black, the monoxide is brown. silver is the best known conductor of electricity and heat ; ' tis extremely ductile ; fine silver wire of seventy - eight one - thousandth inch diameter will support one hundred and eighty pounds weight without breaking. sulph", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5154839240968695, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:0962bf9e-456a-4c60-af7a-3ca0187d6447>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T10:38:02.459321"}
{"text": "| | this article relies largely or entirely upon a single source. ( june 2009 ) | | look up award in wiktionary, the free dictionary. | an award is something given to a person or a group of people to recognize their excellence in a certain field ; a certificate of excellence. awards are often signified by trophies, titles, certificates, commemorative plaques, medals, badges, pins, or ribbons. an award may carry a monetary prize given to the recipient ; for example, the nobel prize for contributions to society or the pulitzer prize for literary achievements. an award may also simply be a public acknowledgment of excellence, without any tangible token or prize. awards can be given by any person or institution, although the prestige of an award usually depends on the status of the awarder. usually, awards are given by an organization of some sort, or by the office of an official within an organization or government. for instance, a special presidential citation ( as given by the president of the united states ) is a public announcement giving an official place of honor ( e. g., president ronald reagan gave a special presidential citation in 1984 to the disney channel for its excellent children ' s television programming. ) however there are exceptions like some quality labels, for which it is neither person nor organizations that are rewarded, but products. this is the case for the world quality selections organized by monde selection. these international awards are assigned to beverages, foods, cosmetics and diet products, which stand out for their quality. people who have won certain prestigious awards, such as the nobel prize, a championship title in a sport, or an academy award ( oscar ), can have the award become their identity, thereafter being known primarily for winning the award, rather than for any other achievement or occupation. to distinctly be categorized as an ' award ', rather than some other type of ceremonial or arbitrary recognition, there should be a clear process of nominations, award criteria and appropriate judging process. generally, recognition by a set of peers, acknowledging quality of work, rather than a ' popularity contest ' is considered to be an authentic award. mock awards, which typically recognize failures or atypical achievements, are also popular. they are usually given by people and organizations of lower or average prestige, such as comical organizations and individual writers. popular mock awards include : - golden raspberry awards ( razzies ), a satirical counterpart to the academy award which recognizes the worst acting, screenwriting, songwriting, directing, and films that the film industry had to", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5305274932163359, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:7b0aea92-85af-416e-9f8d-15a98662f52b>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T10:38:02.512813"}
{"text": "forecast center the weather forecast center ( chinese : \u4e2d \u5fc3 ; pinyin : qixiang yubao zhongxin ) is the department responsible for monitoring actual weather conditions and making short and medium term forecasts concerning the weather. it also issues severe weather advisories for conditions including heavy rain, cold snaps, typhoons and storms, and dense fog. in the case of typhoons, the department closely monitors all tropical storms which might impact the island and issues warnings and predicted typhoon path and severity based on the collected data. the seismological center ( chinese : \u5730 \u4e2d \u5fc3 ; pinyin : dizhen cebao zhongxin ) of the central weather bureau was founded in 1989, with a mission to monitor seismic activity in and around the island, publish reports on significant earthquakes, study earthquake precursor phenomena, issue tsunami warnings where appropriate, and provide information to the public of earthquake precautions. taiwan is in a seismically active region on the pacific ring of fire, with 44 deadly earthquakes occurring there during the twentieth century. the center has 150 seismological monitoring stations through taiwan, penghu, jinmen and matsu. marine meteorology center the marine meteorology center ( chinese : \u6d77 \u4e2d \u5fc3 ; pinyin : haixiang cebao zhongxin ) was established in 1993 to monitor sea conditions and make predictions about weather at sea for shipping, fisheries, tourism and other interested parties. variables including wave height, tides, sea level variations, sea surface temperature, and ocean currents are measured to provide an accurate picture of current conditions. the center is also responsible for informing the public of tide times, and cooperates with local tourism bureaux and fishermen ' s associations to erect electronic billboards in harbours to inform seafarers of ocean conditions. the bureau also includes the following departments : - the meteorological satellite center ( chinese : \u661f \u4e2d \u5fc3 ; pinyin : qixiang weixing zhongxin ), which receives and analyses weather satellite data for observation and prediction purposes. - the astronomical observatory ( chinese : \u5929 \u6587 ; pinyin : tianwen zhan ), which not only observes astronomical phenomena such as sunspots and eclipses, but also publishes an annual almanac and provides information on astronomy to the public. | wikimedia commons has media related to : central weather bureau roc | - \" \u5357 \u4e2d \u5fc3 ( southern meteorological center ) \" ( in chinese ). central weather bureau. - \" \u535a ( meteorological museum ) \" ( in", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5018284000894888, "token_count": 491, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:993c7cb8-70af-467f-9e89-a8deb55553be>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T10:38:02.628105"}
{"text": "existentialism is a term applied to the work of a number of late 19th - and 20th - century philosophers who, despite profound doctrinal differences, shared the belief that philosophical thinking begins with the human subject \u2014 not merely the thinking subject, but the acting, feeling, living human individual. in existentialism, the individual ' s starting point is characterized by what has been called \" the existential attitude \", or a sense of disorientation and confusion in the face of an apparently meaningless or absurd world. many existentialists have also regarded traditional systematic or academic philosophies, in both style and content, as too abstract and remote from concrete human experience. s\u00f8ren kierkegaard is generally considered to have been the first existentialist philosopher, though he himself did not use the term existentialism. he proposed that each individual \u2014 not society or religion \u2014 is solely responsible for giving meaning to life and living it passionately and sincerely ( \" authentically \" ). existentialism became popular in the years following world war ii, and strongly influenced many disciplines besides philosophy, including theology, drama, art, literature, and psychology. definitional issues and background there has never been general agreement on the definition of existentialism. the term is often seen as a historical convenience as it was first applied to many philosophers in hindsight, long after they had died. in fact, while existentialism is generally considered to have originated with kierkegaard, the first prominent existentialist philosopher to adopt the term as a self - description was jean - paul sartre. sartre purports the idea that that which \" all existentialists have in common is the fundamental doctrine that existence precedes essence, \" as scholar f. c. copleston explains. according to philosopher steven crowell, defining existentialism has been relatively difficult, and he argues that it is better understood as a general approach used to reject certain systematic philosophies rather than as a systematic philosophy itself. although many outside scandinavia consider the term existentialism to have originated from kierkegaard himself, it is more likely that kierkegaard adopted this term ( or at least the term \" existential \" as a description of his philosophy ) from the norwegian poet and literary critic johan sebastian cammermeyer welhaven. this assertion comes from two sources. the norwegian philosopher erik lundestad refers to the danish philosopher fredrik christian sibbern. sibbern is supposed to have had two conversations in 1841", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5331606530015368, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:4a11b0a2-0262-4b69-9d8a-f6d2255053f1>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T10:38:02.732986"}
{"text": "poet and literary critic johan sebastian cammermeyer welhaven. this assertion comes from two sources. the norwegian philosopher erik lundestad refers to the danish philosopher fredrik christian sibbern. sibbern is supposed to have had two conversations in 1841, the first with welhaven and the second with kierkegaard. it is in the first conversation that it is believed that welhaven came up with \" a word that he said covered a certain thinking, which had a close and positive attitude to life, a relationship he described as existential \". this was then brought to kierkegaard by sibbern. the second claim comes from the norwegian historian rune slagstad, who claims to prove that kierkegaard himself said the term \" existential \" was borrowed from the poet. he strongly believes that it was kierkegaard himself who said that \" hegelians do not study philosophy ' existentially ' ; to use a phrase by welhaven from one time when i spoke with him about philosophy \". on the other hand, the norwegian historian anne - lise seip is critical of slagstad, and believes the statement in fact stems from the norwegian literary historian cathrinus bang. existence precedes essence a central proposition of existentialism is that existence precedes essence, which means that the most important consideration for the individual is the fact that he or she is an individual \u2014 an independently acting and responsible conscious being ( \" existence \" ) \u2014 rather than what labels, roles, stereotypes, definitions, or other preconceived categories the individual fits ( \" essence \" ). the actual life of the individual is what constitutes what could be called his or her \" true essence \" instead of there being an arbitrarily attributed essence used by others to define him or her. thus, human beings, through their own consciousness, create their own values and determine a meaning to their life. although it was sartre who explicitly coined the phrase, similar notions can be found in the thought of existentialist philosophers such as heidegger, and kierkegaard : \" the subjective thinker \u2019 s form, the form of his communication, is his style. his form must be just as manifold as are the opposites that he holds together. the systematic eins, zwei, drei is an abstract form that also must inevitably run into trouble whenever it is to be applied to the concrete. to the same degree as the subjective thinker is concrete, to the same degree", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5297082290161821, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:4a11b0a2-0262-4b69-9d8a-f6d2255053f1>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T10:38:02.734129"}
{"text": "holds together. the systematic eins, zwei, drei is an abstract form that also must inevitably run into trouble whenever it is to be applied to the concrete. to the same degree as the subjective thinker is concrete, to the same degree his form must also be concretely dialectical. but just as he himself is not a poet, not an ethicist, not a dialectician, so also his form is none of theirs directly. his form must first and last be related to existence, and in this regard he must have at his disposal the poetic, the ethical, the dialectical, the religious. subordinate character, setting, etc., which belong to the well balanced character of the esthetic production, are in themselves breadth ; the subjective thinker has only one setting - existence - and has nothing to do with localities and such things. the setting is not the fairyland of the imagination, where poetry produces consummation, nor is the setting laid in england, and historical accuracy is not a concern. the setting is inwardness in existing as a human being ; the concretion is the relation of the existence - categories to one another. historical accuracy and historical actuality are breadth. \" soren kierkegaard ( concluding postscript, hong p. 357 - 358 ) it is often claimed in this context that a person defines himself or herself, which is often perceived as stating that they can wish to be something \u2014 anything, a bird, for instance \u2014 and then be it. according to most existentialist philosophers, however, this would constitute an inauthentic existence. instead, the phrase should be taken to say that the person is ( 1 ) defined only insofar as he or she acts and ( 2 ) that he or she is responsible for his or her actions. for example, someone who acts cruelly towards other people is, by that act, defined as a cruel person. furthermore, by this action of cruelty, such persons are themselves responsible for their new identity ( a cruel person ). this is as opposed to their genes, or ' human nature ', bearing the blame. as sartre writes in his work existentialism is a humanism : \"... man first of all exists, encounters himself, surges up in the world \u2013 and defines himself afterwards. \" of course, the more positive, therapeutic aspect of this is also implied : a person can choose to act in a different way, and to be a good person instead of a cruel person.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5394940098548959, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:4a11b0a2-0262-4b69-9d8a-f6d2255053f1>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T10:38:02.735146"}
{"text": "a concept defined by sartre in being and nothingness as the \" in - itself \", of which humans are in the mode of not being. this can be more easily understood when considering it in relation to the temporal dimension of past : one ' s past is what one is in the sense that it co - constitutes oneself. however, to say that one is only one ' s past would be to ignore a significant part of reality ( the present and the future ), while saying that one ' s past is only what one was, would entirely detach it from them now. a denial of one ' s own concrete past constitutes an inauthentic lifestyle, and the same goes for all other kinds of facticity ( having a body \u2014 e. g. one that doesn ' t allow a person to run faster than the speed of sound \u2014 identity, values, etc. ). facticity is both a limitation and a condition of freedom. it is a limitation in that a large part of one ' s facticity consists of things one couldn ' t have chosen ( birthplace, etc. ), but a condition in the sense that one ' s values most likely will depend on it. however, even though one ' s facticity is \" set in stone \" ( as being past, for instance ), it cannot determine a person : the value ascribed to one ' s facticity is still ascribed to it freely by that person. as an example, consider two men, one of whom has no memory of his past and the other remembers everything. they have both committed many crimes, but the first man, knowing nothing about this, leads a rather normal life while the second man, feeling trapped by his own past, continues a life of crime, blaming his own past for \" trapping \" him in this life. there is nothing essential about his committing crimes, but he ascribes this meaning to his past. however, to disregard one ' s facticity when one, in the continual process of self - making, projects oneself into the future, would be to put oneself in denial of oneself, and would thus be inauthentic. in other words, the origin of one ' s projection will still have to be one ' s facticity, although in the mode of not being it ( essentially ). another aspect of facticity is that it entails angst, both in the sense that freedom \" produces \" angst when limited by facticity, and in the sense that the lack", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.6203738405327002, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:4a11b0a2-0262-4b69-9d8a-f6d2255053f1>", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T10:38:02.737510"}
{"text": "in the mode of not being it ( essentially ). another aspect of facticity is that it entails angst, both in the sense that freedom \" produces \" angst when limited by facticity, and in the sense that the lack of the possibility of having facticity to \" step in \" for one to take responsibility for something one has done also produces angst. what is not implied in this account of existential freedom, however, is that one ' s values are immutable ; a consideration of one ' s values may cause one to reconsider and change them. a consequence of this fact is that one is responsible for not only one ' s actions, but also the values one holds. this entails that a reference to common values doesn ' t excuse the individual ' s actions : even though these are the values of the society of which the individual is part, they are also his / her own in the sense that she / he could choose them to be different at any time. thus, the focus on freedom in existentialism is related to the limits of the responsibility one bears as a result of one ' s freedom : the relationship between freedom and responsibility is one of interdependency, and a clarification of freedom also clarifies that for which one is responsible. the theme of authentic existence is common to many existentialist thinkers. it is often taken to mean that one has to \" create oneself \" and then live in accordance with this self. what is meant by authenticity is that in acting, one should act as oneself, not as \" one \" acts or as \" one ' s genes \" or any other essence requires. the authentic act is one that is in accordance with one ' s freedom. of course, as a condition of freedom is facticity, this includes one ' s facticity, but not to the degree that this facticity can in any way determine one ' s choices ( in the sense that one could then blame one ' s background for making the choice one made ). the role of facticity in relation to authenticity involves letting one ' s actual values come into play when one makes a choice ( instead of, like kierkegaard ' s aesthete, \" choosing \" randomly ), so that one also takes responsibility for the act instead of choosing either - or without allowing the options to have different values. in contrast to this, the inauthentic is the denial to live in accordance with one ' s freedom. this", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5663851718838151, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:4a11b0a2-0262-4b69-9d8a-f6d2255053f1>", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T10:38:02.738447"}
{"text": "), so that one also takes responsibility for the act instead of choosing either - or without allowing the options to have different values. in contrast to this, the inauthentic is the denial to live in accordance with one ' s freedom. this can take many forms, from pretending choices are meaningless or random, through convincing oneself that some form of determinism is true, to a sort of \" mimicry \" where one acts as \" one should. \" how \" one \" should act is often determined by an image one has of how one such as oneself ( say, a bank manager, lion tamer, prostitute, etc. ) acts. this image usually corresponds to some sort of social norm, but this does not mean that all acting in accordance with social norms is inauthentic : the main point is the attitude one takes to one ' s own freedom and responsibility, and the extent to which one acts in accordance with this freedom. the other and the look the other ( when written with a capital \" o \" ) is a concept more properly belonging to phenomenology and its account of intersubjectivity. however, the concept has seen widespread use in existentialist writings, and the conclusions drawn from it differ slightly from the phenomenological accounts. the experience of the other is the experience of another free subject who inhabits the same world as a person does. in its most basic form, it is this experience of the other that constitutes intersubjectivity and objectivity. to clarify, when one experiences someone else, and this other person experiences the world ( the same world that a person experiences ), only from \" over there \", the world itself is constituted as objective in that it is something that is \" there \" as identical for both of the subjects ; a person experiences the other person as experiencing the same as he or she does. this experience of the other ' s look is what is termed the look ( sometimes the gaze ). while this experience, in its basic phenomenological sense, constitutes the world as objective, and oneself as objectively existing subjectivity ( one experiences oneself as seen in the other ' s look in precisely the same way that one experiences the other as seen by him, as subjectivity ), in existentialism, it also acts as a kind of limitation of one ' s freedom. this is because the look tends to objectify what it sees. as such, when one experiences oneself in the look, one doesn ' t experience oneself as nothing ( no", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.5700662378883571, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:4a11b0a2-0262-4b69-9d8a-f6d2255053f1>", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T10:38:02.739697"}
{"text": "fear, in the case of angst, no such \" constructive \" measures are possible. the use of the word \" nothing \" in this context relates both to the inherent insecurity about the consequences of one ' s actions, and to the fact that, in experiencing one ' s freedom as angst, one also realizes that one will be fully responsible for these consequences ; there is no thing in a person ( his or her genes, for instance ) that acts in her or his stead, and that he or she can \" blame \" if something goes wrong. therefore, not every choice is perceived as having dreadful possible consequences ( and, it can be claimed, human lives would be unbearable if every choice facilitated dread ). however, this doesn ' t change the fact that freedom remains a condition of every action. angst is often described as a drama an adolescent troubles with during their developmental years. despair, in existentialism, is generally defined as a loss of hope. more specifically, it is a loss of hope in reaction to a breakdown in one or more of the defining qualities of one ' s self or identity. if a person is invested in being a particular thing, such as a bus driver or an upstanding citizen, and then finds his being - thing compromised, he would normally be found in state of despair \u2014 a hopeless state. for example, a singer who loses her ability to sing may despair if she has nothing else to fall back on, nothing on which to rely for her identity. she finds herself unable to be what defined her being. what sets the existentialist notion of despair apart from the conventional definition is that existentialist despair is a state one is in even when he isn ' t overtly in despair. so long as a person ' s identity depends on qualities that can crumble, he is considered to be in perpetual despair. and as there is, in sartrean terms, no human essence found in conventional reality on which to constitute the individual ' s sense of identity, despair is a universal human condition. as kierkegaard defines it in either / or : \" let each one learn what he can ; both of us can learn that a person \u2019 s unhappiness never lies in his lack of control over external conditions, since this would only make him completely unhappy. \" in works of love, he said : when the god - forsaken worldliness of earthly life shuts itself in complacency, the confined air develops poison, the moment gets stuck and stands", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5897244435410081, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:4a11b0a2-0262-4b69-9d8a-f6d2255053f1>", "chunk_index": 8, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T10:38:02.742206"}
{"text": "this would only make him completely unhappy. \" in works of love, he said : when the god - forsaken worldliness of earthly life shuts itself in complacency, the confined air develops poison, the moment gets stuck and stands still, the prospect is lost, a need is felt for a refreshing, enlivening breeze to cleanse the air and dispel the poisonous vapors lest we suffocate in worldliness.... lovingly to hope all things is the opposite of despairingly to hope nothing at all. love hopes all things \u2013 yet is never put to shame. to relate oneself expectantly to the possibility of the good is to hope. to relate oneself expectantly to the possibility of evil is to fear. by the decision to choose hope one decides infinitely more than it seems, because it is an eternal decision. p. 246 - 250 opposition to positivism and rationalism existentialists oppose definitions of human beings as primarily rational, and, therefore, oppose positivism and rationalism. existentialism asserts that people actually make decisions based on subjective meaning rather than purely rationally. the rejection of reason as the source of meaning is a common theme of existentialist thought, as is the focus on the feelings of anxiety and dread that we feel in the face of our own radical freedom and our awareness of death. kierkegaard advocated rationality as means to interact with the objective world ( e. g. in the natural sciences ), but when it comes to existential problems, reason is insufficient : \" human reason has boundaries \". like kierkegaard, sartre saw problems with rationality, calling it a form of \" bad faith \", an attempt by the self to impose structure on a world of phenomena \u2014 \" the other \" \u2014 that is fundamentally irrational and random. according to sartre, rationality and other forms of bad faith hinder people from finding meaning in freedom. to try to suppress their feelings of anxiety and dread, people confine themselves within everyday experience, sartre asserts, thereby relinquishing their freedom and acquiescing to being possessed in one form or another by \" the look \" of \" the other \" ( i. e. possessed by another person \u2014 or at least one ' s idea of that other person ). existentialism and religion an existentialist reading of the bible would demand that the reader recognize that he is an existing subject studying the words more as a recollection of events. this is", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5444249429293406, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:4a11b0a2-0262-4b69-9d8a-f6d2255053f1>", "chunk_index": 9, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T10:38:02.746094"}
{"text": "least one ' s idea of that other person ). existentialism and religion an existentialist reading of the bible would demand that the reader recognize that he is an existing subject studying the words more as a recollection of events. this is in contrast to looking at a collection of \" truths \" that are outside and unrelated to the reader, but may develop a sense of reality / god. such a reader is not obligated to follow the commandments as if an external agent is forcing them upon him, but as though they are inside him and guiding him from inside. this is the task kierkegaard takes up when he asks : \" who has the more difficult task : the teacher who lectures on earnest things a meteor ' s distance from everyday life \u2014 or the learner who should put it to use? \" existentialism and nihilism although nihilism and existentialism are distinct philosophies, they are often confused with one another. a primary cause of confusion is that friedrich nietzsche is an important philosopher in both fields, but also the existentialist insistence on the inherent meaninglessness of the world. existentialist philosophers often stress the importance of angst as signifying the absolute lack of any objective ground for action, a move that is often reduced to a moral or an existential nihilism. a pervasive theme in the works of existentialist philosophy, however, is to persist through encounters with the absurd, as seen in camus ' the myth of sisyphus ( \" one must imagine sisyphus happy \" ), and it is only very rarely that existentialist philosophers dismiss morality or one ' s self - created meaning : kierkegaard regained a sort of morality in the religious ( although he wouldn ' t himself agree that it was ethical ; the religious suspends the ethical ), and sartre ' s final words in being and nothingness are \" all these questions, which refer us to a pure and not an accessory ( or impure ) reflection, can find their reply only on the ethical plane. we shall devote to them a future work. \" the term \" existentialism \" was coined by the french, catholic philosopher gabriel marcel in the mid - 1940s. at first, when marcel applied the term to him at a colloquium in 1945, jean - paul sartre rejected it. but later, he changed his mind and, on october 29, 1945, publicly adopted the existentialist label in a lecture to the club maintenant in", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5045618552301001, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:4a11b0a2-0262-4b69-9d8a-f6d2255053f1>", "chunk_index": 10, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T10:38:02.748309"}
{"text": "paradoxes. yet he continues to imply that a leap of faith is a possible means for an individual to reach a higher stage of existence that transcends and contains both an aesthetic and ethical value of life. kierkegaard and nietzsche were also precursors to other intellectual movements, including postmodernism, and various strands of psychology. however, kierkegaard believed that an individual should live in accordance with his or her thinking. this point of view is forced upon religious individuals much more often than upon philosophers, psychologists, or scientists. the first important literary author also important to existentialism was the russian fyodor dostoyevsky. dostoyevsky ' s notes from underground portrays a man unable to fit into society and unhappy with the identities he creates for himself. jean - paul sartre, in his book on existentialism existentialism is a humanism, quoted dostoyevsky ' s the brothers karamazov as an example of existential crisis. sartre attributes ivan karamazov ' s claim, \" if god did not exist, everything would be permitted \" to dostoyevsky himself. other dostoyevsky novels covered issues raised in existentialist philosophy while presenting story lines divergent from secular existentialism : for example, in crime and punishment, the protagonist raskolnikov experiences an existential crisis and then moves toward a christian orthodox worldview similar to that advocated by dostoyevsky himself. early 20th century in the first decades of the 20th century, a number of philosophers and writers explored existentialist ideas. the spanish philosopher miguel de unamuno y jugo, in his 1913 book the tragic sense of life in men and nations, emphasized the life of \" flesh and bone \" as opposed to that of abstract rationalism. unamuno rejected systematic philosophy in favor of the individual ' s quest for faith. he retained a sense of the tragic, even absurd nature of the quest, symbolized by his enduring interest in cervantes ' fictional character don quixote. a novelist, poet and dramatist as well as philosophy professor at the university of salamanca, unamuno wrote a short story about a priest ' s crisis of faith, saint manuel the good, martyr, which has been collected in anthologies of existentialist fiction. another spanish thinker, ortega y gasset, writing in 1914, held that human existence must always be defined as the individual person combined with the concrete circumstances of his life : \" yo soy yo y mis circunstancias \" (", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5369973885065507, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:4a11b0a2-0262-4b69-9d8a-f6d2255053f1>", "chunk_index": 12, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T10:38:02.751261"}
{"text": ". another spanish thinker, ortega y gasset, writing in 1914, held that human existence must always be defined as the individual person combined with the concrete circumstances of his life : \" yo soy yo y mis circunstancias \" ( \" i am myself and my circumstances \" ). sartre likewise believed that human existence is not an abstract matter, but is always situated, also many thought his plays were absurd ( \" en situacion \" ). although martin buber wrote his major philosophical works in german, and studied and taught at the universities of berlin and frankfurt, he stands apart from the mainstream of german philosophy. born into a jewish family in vienna in 1878, he was also a scholar of jewish culture and involved at various times in zionism and hasidism. in 1938, he moved permanently to jerusalem. his best - known philosophical work was the short book i and thou, published in 1922. for buber, the fundamental fact of human existence, too readily overlooked by scientific rationalism and abstract philosophical thought, is \" man with man \", a dialogue that takes place in the so - called \" sphere of between \" ( \" das zwischenmenschliche \" ). two ukrainian / russian thinkers, lev shestov and nikolai berdyaev, became well known as existentialist thinkers during their post - revolutionary exiles in paris. shestov, born into a ukrainian - jewish family in kiev, had launched an attack on rationalism and systematization in philosophy as early as 1905 in his book of aphorisms all things are possible. berdyaev, also from kiev but with a background in the eastern orthodox church, drew a radical distinction between the world of spirit and the everyday world of objects. human freedom, for berdyaev, is rooted in the realm of spirit, a realm independent of scientific notions of causation. to the extent the individual human being lives in the objective world, he is estranged from authentic spiritual freedom. \" man \" is not to be interpreted naturalistically, but as a being created in god ' s image, an originator of free, creative acts. he published a major work on these themes, the destiny of man, in 1931. gabriel marcel, long before coining the term \" existentialism \", introduced important existentialist themes to a french audience in his early essay \" existence and objectivity \" ( 1925 ) and in his metaphysical journal ( 1927 ). a dramatist as well as a philosopher, marcel found his philosophical starting point in a", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.526282304182734, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:4a11b0a2-0262-4b69-9d8a-f6d2255053f1>", "chunk_index": 13, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T10:38:02.752497"}
{"text": "freedom trilogy had appeared, as had beauvoir ' s novel the blood of others. works by camus and sartre were already appearing in foreign editions. the paris - based existentialists had become famous. sartre had traveled to germany in 1930 to study the phenomenology of edmund husserl and martin heidegger, and he included critical comments on their work in his major treatise being and nothingness. heidegger ' s thought had also become known in french philosophical circles through its use by alexandre kojeve in explicating hegel in a series of lectures given in paris in the 1930s. the lectures were highly influential ; members of the audience included not only sartre and merleau - ponty, but raymond queneau, georges bataille, louis althusser, andre breton, and jacques lacan. a selection from heidegger ' s being and time was published in french in 1938, and his essays began to appear in french philosophy journals. heidegger read sartre ' s work and was initially impressed, commenting : \" here for the first time i encountered an independent thinker who, from the foundations up, has experienced the area out of which i think. your work shows such an immediate comprehension of my philosophy as i have never before encountered. \" later, however, in response to a question posed by his french follower jean beaufret, heidegger distanced himself from sartre ' s position and existentialism in general in his letter on humanism. heidegger ' s reputation continued to grow in france during the 1950s and 1960s. in the 1960s, sartre attempted to reconcile existentialism and marxism in his work critique of dialectical reason. a major theme throughout his writings was freedom and responsibility. camus was a friend of sartre, until their falling - out, and wrote several works with existential themes including the rebel, the stranger, the myth of sisyphus, and summer in algiers. camus, like many others, rejected the existentialist label, and considered his works to be concerned with facing the absurd. in the titular book, camus uses the analogy of the greek myth of sisyphus to demonstrate the futility of existence. in the myth, sisyphus is condemned for eternity to roll a rock up a hill, but when he reaches the summit, the rock will roll to the bottom again. camus believes that this existence is pointless but that sisyphus ultimately finds meaning and purpose in his task,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5034122092128444, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:4a11b0a2-0262-4b69-9d8a-f6d2255053f1>", "chunk_index": 16, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T10:38:02.755594"}
{"text": "is condemned for eternity to roll a rock up a hill, but when he reaches the summit, the rock will roll to the bottom again. camus believes that this existence is pointless but that sisyphus ultimately finds meaning and purpose in his task, simply by continually applying himself to it. the first half of the book contains an extended rebuttal of what camus took to be existentialist philosophy in the works of kierkegaard, shestov, heidegger, and jaspers. simone de beauvoir, an important existentialist who spent much of her life as sartre ' s partner, wrote about feminist and existentialist ethics in her works, including the second sex and the ethics of ambiguity. although often overlooked due to her relationship with sartre, de beauvoir integrated existentialism with other forms of thinking such as feminism, unheard of at the time, resulting in alienation from fellow writers such as camus. paul tillich, an important existentialist theologian following kierkegaard and karl barth, applied existentialist concepts to christian theology, and helped introduce existential theology to the general public. his seminal work the courage to be follows kierkegaard ' s analysis of anxiety and life ' s absurdity, but puts forward the thesis that modern humans must, via god, achieve selfhood in spite of life ' s absurdity. rudolf bultmann used kierkegaard ' s and heidegger ' s philosophy of existence to demythologize christianity by interpreting christian mythical concepts into existentialist concepts. maurice merleau - ponty, an existential phenomenologist, was for a time a companion of sartre. his understanding of husserl ' s phenomenology was far greater than that of merleau - ponty ' s fellow existentialists. [ vague ] it has been said that his work humanism and terror greatly influenced sartre. however, in later years they were to disagree irreparably, dividing many existentialists such as de beauvoir, who sided with sartre. colin wilson, an english writer, published his study the outsider in 1956, initially to critical acclaim. in this book and others ( e. g. introduction to the new existentialism ), he attempted to reinvigorate what he perceived as a pessimistic philosophy and bring it to a wider audience. he was not, however, academically trained, and his work was attacked by professional philosophers for", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5122136439335747, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:4a11b0a2-0262-4b69-9d8a-f6d2255053f1>", "chunk_index": 17, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T10:38:02.756533"}
{"text": "new existentialism ), he attempted to reinvigorate what he perceived as a pessimistic philosophy and bring it to a wider audience. he was not, however, academically trained, and his work was attacked by professional philosophers for lack of rigor and critical standards. influence outside philosophy film and television the french director jean genet ' s 1950 fantasy - erotic film un chant d ' amour shows two inmates in solitary cells whose only contact is through a hole in their cell wall, who are spied on by the prison warden. reviewer james travers calls the film a, \"... visual poem evoking homosexual desire and existentialist suffering, \" which \"... conveys the bleakness of an existence in a godless universe with painful believability \" ; he calls it \"... probably the most effective fusion of existentialist philosophy and cinema. \" stanley kubrick ' s 1957 anti - war film paths of glory \" illustrates, and even illuminates... existentialism \" by examining the \" necessary absurdity of the human condition \" and the \" horror of war \". the film tells the story of a fictional world war i french army regiment ordered to attack an impregnable german stronghold ; when the attack fails, three soldiers are chosen at random, court - martialed by a \" kangaroo court \", and executed by firing squad. the film examines existentialist ethics, such as the issue of whether objectivity is possible and the \" problem of authenticity \". neon genesis evangelion, commonly referred to as evangelion or eva, is a japanese science - fiction animation series created by the anime studio gainax and was both directed and written by hideaki anno. existential themes of individuality, consciousness, freedom, choice, and responsibility are heavily relied upon throughout the entire series, particularly through the philosophies of jean - paul sartre and s\u00f8ren kierkegaard. episode 16 ' s title, \" the sickness unto death, and \u2026 \" ( \u306b \u308b \u3001 \u305d\u3057\u3066 shi ni itaru yamai, soshite ) is a reference to kierkegaard ' s book, the sickness unto death. on the lighter side, the british comedy troupe monty python have explored existentialist themes throughout their works, from many of the sketches in their original television show, monty python ' s flying circus, to their 1983 film monty python ' s the meaning of life. some contemporary films dealing with", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5180834499698019, "token_count": 509, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:4a11b0a2-0262-4b69-9d8a-f6d2255053f1>", "chunk_index": 18, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T10:38:02.757522"}
{"text": "the play is purposefully ambiguous with regards to the rejection of authority ( represented by antigone ) and the acceptance of it ( represented by creon ). the parallels to the french resistance and the nazi occupation have been drawn. antigone rejects life as desperately meaningless but without affirmatively choosing a noble death. the crux of the play is the lengthy dialogue concerning the nature of power, fate, and choice, during which antigone says that she is, \"... disgusted with [ the ]... promise of a humdrum happiness. \" she states that she would rather die than live a mediocre existence. critic martin esslin in his book theatre of the absurd pointed out how many contemporary playwrights such as samuel beckett, eugene ionesco, jean genet, and arthur adamov wove into their plays the existentialist belief that we are absurd beings loose in a universe empty of real meaning. esslin noted that many of these playwrights demonstrated the philosophy better than did the plays by sartre and camus. though most of such playwrights, subsequently labeled \" absurdist \" ( based on esslin ' s book ), denied affiliations with existentialism and were often staunchly anti - philosophical ( for example ionesco often claimed he identified more with ' pataphysics or with surrealism than with existentialism ), the playwrights are often linked to existentialism based on esslin ' s observation. psychoanalysis and psychotherapy a major offshoot of existentialism as a philosophy is existentialist psychology and psychoanalysis, which first crystallized in the work of otto rank, freud ' s closest associate for 20 years. without awareness of the writings of rank, ludwig binswanger was influenced by freud, edmund husserl, heidegger, and sartre. a later figure was viktor frankl, who briefly met freud and studied with jung as a young man. his logotherapy can be regarded as a form of existentialist therapy. the existentialists would also influence social psychology, antipositivist micro - sociology, symbolic interactionism, and post - structuralism, with the work of thinkers such as georg simmel and michel foucault. foucault was a great reader of kierkegaard even though he almost never refers this author, who nonetheless had for him an importance as secret as it was decisive. an early contributor to existentialist psychology in the united states was rollo may, who was strongly influenced by", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5079334226706208, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:4a11b0a2-0262-4b69-9d8a-f6d2255053f1>", "chunk_index": 22, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T10:38:02.762909"}
{"text": "of kierkegaard even though he almost never refers this author, who nonetheless had for him an importance as secret as it was decisive. an early contributor to existentialist psychology in the united states was rollo may, who was strongly influenced by kierkegaard and otto rank. one of the most prolific writers on techniques and theory of existentialist psychology in the usa is irvin d. yalom. yalom states that aside from their reaction against freud ' s mechanistic, deterministic model of the mind and their assumption of a phenomenological approach in therapy, the existentialist analysts have little in common and have never been regarded as a cohesive ideological school. these thinkers - who include ludwig binswanger, medard boss, eugene minkowski, v. e. gebsattel, roland kuhn, g. caruso, f. t. buytendijk, g. bally and victor frankl - were almost entirely unknown to the american psychotherapeutic community until rollo may ' s highly influential 1985 book existence - and especially his introductory essay - introduced their work into this country. a more recent contributor to the development of a european version of existentialist psychotherapy is the british - based emmy van deurzen. anxiety ' s importance in existentialism makes it a popular topic in psychotherapy. therapists often offer existentialist philosophy as an explanation for anxiety. the assertion is that anxiety is manifested of an individual ' s complete freedom to decide, and complete responsibility for the outcome of such decisions. psychotherapists using an existentialist approach believe that a patient can harness his anxiety and use it constructively. instead of suppressing anxiety, patients are advised to use it as grounds for change. by embracing anxiety as inevitable, a person can use it to achieve his full potential in life. humanistic psychology also had major impetus from existentialist psychology and shares many of the fundamental tenets. terror management theory, based on the writings of ernest becker and otto rank, is a developing area of study within the academic study of psychology. it looks at what researchers claim to be the implicit emotional reactions of people confronted with the knowledge that they will eventually die. logical positivist philosophers, such as rudolf carnap and alfred ayer, assert that existentialists are often confused about the verb \" to be \" in their analyses of \" being \". specifically, they argue that the verb is transitive and pre - fixed to a predicate ( e", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5376475094479057, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:4a11b0a2-0262-4b69-9d8a-f6d2255053f1>", "chunk_index": 23, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T10:38:02.765628"}
{"text": "existentialism \". stanford encyclopedia of philosophy. retrieved 2012 - 06 - 14. - marino, gordon. basic writings of existentialism ( modern library, 2004, p. ix, 3 ). - mcdonald, william. \" s\u00f8ren kierkegaard \". in edward n. zalta. stanford encyclopedia of philosophy ( summer 2009 edition ). - watts, michael. kierkegaard ( oneworld, 2003, pp. 4 - 6 ). - lowrie, walter. kierkegaard ' s attack upon \" christendom \" ( princeton, 1969, pp. 37 - 40 ). - guignon and pereboom, derk, charles b. ( 2001 ). existentialism : basic writings. hackett publishing. p. xiii. isbn 9780872205956. - copleston, f. c. ( 2009 ). \" existentialism \". philosophy 23 ( 84 ) : 19 \u2013 37. doi : 10. 1017 / s0031819100065955. jstor 4544850. - lundestad, 1998, pp. 169 - slagstad, 2001, p 89 - seip, 2007, p 352 - ( french ) ( dictionary ) \" l ' existencialisme \" - see \" l ' identite de la personne \" - baird, forrest e. ; walter kaufmann ( 2008 ). from plato to derrida. upper saddle river, new jersey : pearson prentice hall. isbn 0 - 13 - 158591 - 6. - jean - paul sartre. \" existentialism is a humanism, jean - paul sartre 1946 \". marxists. org. retrieved 2010 - 03 - 08. - e keen ( 1973 ). suicide and self - deception. psychoanalytic review - \" despair - definition of despair by the free online dictionary, thesaurus and encyclopedia \". tfd. com. retrieved 2010 - 03 - 08. - either / or part ii p. 188 hong - soren kierkegaard ' s journals and papers vol 5, p. 5 - hong, howard v. \" historical introduction \" to fear and trembling. princeton university press. princeton, new jersey. 1983. p. x - kierkegaard, soren. works of love. harper & row, publishers. new york, n. y. 1962. p. 62 - camus, albert. \" the myth of sisyphus \". nyu. edu", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.526553071737839, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:4a11b0a2-0262-4b69-9d8a-f6d2255053f1>", "chunk_index": 25, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T10:38:02.767806"}
{"text": "jon. kierkegaard and existentialism. p. 38 - flynn, thomas r. sartre, foucault, and historical reason, p. 323. - yalom, irvin d. ( 1980 ). existential psychotherapy. new york : basicbooks ( subsidiary of perseus books, l. l. c. p. 17. isbn 0 - 465 - 02147 - 6 note : the copyright year has not changed, but the book remains in print. - carnap, rudolf, uberwindung der metaphysik durch logische analyse der sprache [ overcoming metaphysics by the logical analysis of speech ], erkenntnis ( 1932 ), pp. 219 \u2013 241. carnap ' s critique of heidegger ' s \" what is metaphysics \". - carruth, gorton ( 1993 ) the encyclopedia of world facts and dates, p. 932 - aron ( 1994 ) in defense of political reason, p. 170 as quoted in brian c. anderson raymond aron : the recovery of the political, p. 170 - marcuse, herbert. \" sartre ' s existentialism \". printed in studies in critical philosophy. translated by joris de bres. london : nlb, 1972. p. 161 - martin heidegger, \" letter on humanism \", in basic writings : nine key essays, plus the introduction to being and time, trans. david farrell krell ( london, routledge ; 1978 ), 208. google books - appignanesi, richard ; and oscar zarate ( 2001 ). introducing existentialism. cambridge, uk : icon. isbn 1 - 84046 - 266 - 3. - appignanesi, richard ( 2006 ). introducing existentialism ( 3rd ed. ). thriplow, cambridge : icon books ( uk ), totem books ( usa ). isbn 1 - 84046 - 717 - 7. - cooper, david e. ( 1999 ). existentialism : a reconstruction ( 2nd ed. ). oxford, uk : blackwell. isbn 0 - 631 - 21322 - 8. - deurzen, emmy van ( 2010 ). everyday mysteries : a handbook of existential psychotherapy ( 2nd ed. ). london : routledge. isbn 978 - 0 - 415 - 37643 - 3. - kierkegaard, s\u00f8ren ( 1855 ). attack upon christendom. - kierkegaard", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5152441114161104, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:4a11b0a2-0262-4b69-9d8a-f6d2255053f1>", "chunk_index": 29, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T10:38:02.771198"}
{"text": ") \" for the chinese character \" thing \" ( ) pronounced \" vat \" in vietnamese. han - viet or \" sino - vietnamese \" is a term which is used by modern scholars in relation to vietnam ' s chinese - language texts to emphasize local characteristics and particularly the phonology of the chinese written in vietnam, though in regard to syntax and vocabulary this sino - vietnamese was no more different from chinese used in beijing than medieval english latin was different from the latin of rome. the term \" han - viet transliteration \" is also used for chinese place names in vietnam. the term chu nom ( \" script for talking \" ) refers to the former transcription system for vernacular vietnamese - language texts, written using a mixture of original chinese characters and locally coined nom characters not found in chinese to phonetically represent vietnamese sounds. \" however the character set for chu nom is extensive, up to 20, 000, and both arbitrary in composition and inconsistent in pronunciation. han - nom may mean either both han and nom taken together, as in the research remit of hanoi ' s han - nom institute, or refer to texts which are written in a mixture of han and nom, or refer to some han texts with parallel nom translations. there is a significant orthographic overlap between han and nom and many characters are used in both han and nom with the same reading. the term quoc ngu ( \u570b \u8a9e \" national language \" ) means vietnamese written in romanized script. this is different from the historical term quoc am ( \u570b \" national sound \" ) meaning chu nom, found in the title of the 16th century poetry collection quoc am thi tap. the chinese domination no writings in chinese by vietnamese writers survive from the chinese domination. in imperial vietnam ( 939 - 1919 ), formal writings were, in most cases, done in classical chinese. this was true both of the language of government and administration, and also of entry into government and administration by the wholly chinese - language confucian examination system in vietnam. chinese was also the language of medicine, astrology, religion, science and high literature such as poetry. vietnamese existed only as an oral language, before the creation of the nom script to preserve and circulate less serious poetry and narrative literature. these writings are indistinguishable from contemporaneous classical chinese works produced in china, korea, or japan. as are the first poems in chu nho by the monk khuong viet and", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5066278845046516, "token_count": 507, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:6e9c7431-91cf-48c4-aec8-a3188fa26951>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T10:38:02.793045"}
{"text": "written taiwanese ( hanji ), written japanese ( kanji ), written chinese ( hanzi ), written korean ( hanja ), and written vietnamese ( han tu ). a logograph is a grapheme which represents a word or a morpheme. \" - hoa son hong han tu nhap mon : tu hoc chu han am viet ( introduction to han tu - teach yourself han script with vietnamese pronunciation ) 1992 - phan van giuong tuttle compact vietnamese dictionary : vietnamese - english 2008 page 392 \" tu 1 n. ( = chu ) chinese character, letter : courtesy name : han tu chinese character ; bieu tu fancy name, nickname ; van tu writing, written language \" - tu thu binh giai ly minh tuan bien soan, nguyen minh tien hieu \u0111inh 1990 \" nhu the, tri co nghia la thong suot, thau hieu su ly. o \u0111ay, tri la dung mieng noi \u0111e thanh tuu cho vat. trong han tu, chu vat ( ) chi chung cac loai trong troi \u0111at. \" - david g marr vietnamese tradition on trial, 1920 - 1945 1984 p141 \" because the chinese characters were pronounced according to vietnamese preferences, and because certain stylistic modifications occurred over time, later scholars came to refer to a hybrid \" sino - vietnamese \" ( han - viet ) language. however, there would seem to be no more justification for this term than for a fifteenth century \" latin - english \" versus the latin written contemporaneously in rome. 8 \" - essays into vietnamese pasts keith weller taylor, john k. whitmore - 1995 p20 \" phu falls into this category ; it was originally a tang ( chinese ) word but was written in a han - viet transliteration.... dang vsn lung and thu linh hypothesize that phu dong is the han - viet transliteration of the name of an ancient tay area,.. \" - hugh dyson walker east asia a new history - 2012 page 262 \"... chu nom, vietnamese transcription, using chinese and nom characters for vietnamese sounds. \" - hannas : asia ' s orthg dilm paper - page 82 wm. c. hannas - 1997 \" the linguistic defects are the same as those noted throughout this book for chinese characters generally, caused by the large number of tokens ( some", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_computing", "similarity_score": 0.5006522094403587, "token_count": 511, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:6e9c7431-91cf-48c4-aec8-a3188fa26951>", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T10:38:02.798165"}
{"text": "conscription is the compulsory enlistment of people in some sort of national service, most often military service. conscription dates back to antiquity and continues in some countries to the present day under various names. the modern system of near - universal national conscription for young men dates to the french revolution in the 1790s, where it became the basis of a very large and powerful military. most european nations later copied the system in peacetime, so that men at a certain age would serve 1 \u2013 3 years on active duty and then transfer to the reserve force. in china, the state of qin instituted universal military service following the registration of every household. this allowed huge armies to be levied, and was instrumental in the creation of the qin empire that conquered the whole of china in 221bc. conscription is controversial for a range of reasons, including conscientious objection to military engagements on religious or philosophical grounds ; political objection, for example to service for a disliked government or unpopular war ; and ideological objection, for example, to a perceived violation of individual rights. those conscripted may evade service, sometimes by leaving the country. some selection systems accommodate these attitudes by providing alternative service outside combat - operations roles or even outside the military, such as zivildienst ( civil service ) in austria and switzerland. most post - soviet countries conscript soldiers not only for armed forces but also for paramilitary organizations which are dedicated to police - like domestic only service ( internal troops ) or non - combat rescue duties ( civil defence troops ) - none of which is considered alternative to the military conscription. as of the early 21st century, many states no longer conscript soldiers, relying instead upon professional militaries with volunteers enlisted to meet the demand for troops. the ability to rely on such an arrangement, however, presupposes some degree of predictability with regard to both war - fighting requirements and the scope of hostilities. many states that have abolished conscription therefore still reserve the power to resume it during wartime or times of crisis. around the reign of hammurabi ( 1791 - 1750 bc ), the babylonian empire used a system of conscription called ilkum. under the system those eligible were required to serve in the royal army in time of war. during times of peace they were instead required to provide labour for other activities of the state. in return for this service, people subject to it gained the right to hold land. it is possible that this right was not to hold land per se but specific land supplied by the state. various forms of avoiding military service are recorded.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5230543962213094, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:68c6df92-db17-4404-bec4-94435db2e9cb>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T10:38:02.849179"}
{"text": "hundreds of people were exposed to radiation, three workers received doses above legal limits of whom two later died. - 2000 : three tokyo electric power co. executives were forced to quit after the company in 1989 ordered an employee to edit out footage showing cracks in nuclear plant steam pipes in video being submitted to regulators. - august 2002 : a widespread falsification scandal starting in that led to the shut down of all tokyo electric power company \u2019 s 17 nuclear reactors ; tokyo electric ' s officials had falsified inspection records and attempted to hide cracks in reactor vessel shrouds in 13 of its 17 units. - 2002 : two workers were exposed to a small amount of radiation and suffered minor burns during a fire at onagawa nuclear power station in northern japan. - 9 august 2004 : four workers were killed after a steam explosion at the mihama - 3 station ; the subsequent investigation revealed a serious lack in systematic inspection in japanese nuclear plants, which led to a massive inspection program. - 2006 : a small amount of radioactive steam was released at the fukushima dai - ichi plant and it escaped the compound. - 16 july 2007 : a severe earthquake ( measuring 6. 8 on the richter scale ) hit the region where tokyo electric ' s kashiwazaki - kariwa nuclear power plant is located and radioactive water spilled into the sea of japan ; as of march 2009, all of the reactors remain shut down for damage verification and repairs ; the plant with seven units was the largest single nuclear power station in the world. nuclear organizations in japan - nuclear safety commission \u539f \u5b50 \u529b \u5b89 \u4f1a - the japanese regulatory body for the nuclear industry. - japanese atomic energy commission ( aec ) \u539f \u5b50 \u529b \u4f1a - now operating as a commission of inquiry to the japanese cabinet, this organization coordinates the entire nation ' s plans in the area of nuclear energy. - nuclear and industrial safety agency ( nisa ) \u539f \u5b50 \u529b \u5b89 \u30fb \u4fdd \u5b89 - the nisa performs regulatory activities and was formed january 6, 2001, after a reorganization of governmental agencies. these organizations are government funded research organizations, though many of them have special status to give them power of administration separate from the japanese government. their origins date back to the atomic energy basic law, but they have been reorganized several times since their inception. - japan atomic energy research institute ( jaeri ) - \u65e5 \u672c \u539f \u5b50 \u529b - the original nuclear energy research organization established by the japanese government under cooperation with u. s. partners. - atomic fuel corporation - \u539f \u5b50", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.5074389226161758, "token_count": 500, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:7b9392d5-90ad-48f6-9077-34e9db9cee39>", "chunk_index": 9, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T10:38:02.926264"}
{"text": "a government - owned corporation, state - owned company, state - owned entity, state enterprise, publicly owned corporation, government business enterprise, commercial government agency, public sector undertaking or parastatal is a legal entity created by a government to undertake commercial activities on behalf of an owner government. their legal status varies from being a part of government to stock companies with a state as a regular stockholder. there is no standard definition of a government - owned corporation ( goc ) or state - owned enterprise ( soe ), although the two terms can be used interchangeably. the defining characteristics are that they have a distinct legal form and they are established to operate in commercial affairs. while they may also have public policy objectives, gocs should be differentiated from other forms of government agencies or state entities established to pursue purely non - financial objectives. government - owned corporations are common with natural monopolies and infrastructure such as railways and telecommunications, strategic goods and services ( mail, weapons ), natural resources and energy, politically sensitive business, broadcasting, demerit goods ( alcohol ) and merit goods ( healthcare ). gocs can be fully owned or partially owned by government. as a definitional issue, it is difficult to determine categorically what level of state ownership would qualify an entity to be considered as \" state - owned \", since governments can also own regular stock, without implying any special interference. as an example, the chinese investment corporation agreed in 2007 to acquire a 10 % interest in the global investment bank morgan stanley, but it is unlikely that this would qualify the latter as a government - owned corporation. government - owned or state - run enterprises are often the result of corporatization, a process in which government agencies and departments are re - organized as semi - autonomous corporate entities, sometimes with partial shares listed on stock exchanges. the term ' government - linked company ' ( glc ) is sometimes used to refer to corporate entities that may be private or public ( listed on a stock exchange ) where an existing government owns a stake using a holding company. there are two main definitions of glcs are dependent on the proportion of the corporate entity a government owns. one definition purports that a company is classified as a glc if a government owns an effective controlling interest ( > 50 % ), while the second definition suggests that any corporate entity that has a government as a shareholder is a glc. a quasi - governmental organization, corporation, business, or agency ( parastatal ) or a \" quasi - autonomous national government organisation \"", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5165100177838802, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:cd82c9af-8724-4b84-8c7e-3a0122c3f21c>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T10:38:02.972575"}
{"text": "), while the second definition suggests that any corporate entity that has a government as a shareholder is a glc. a quasi - governmental organization, corporation, business, or agency ( parastatal ) or a \" quasi - autonomous national government organisation \" ( quango ) is an entity that is treated by national laws and regulations to be under the guidance of the government but separate and autonomous from the government. while the entity may receive some revenue from charging customers for its services, these organizations are often partially or majorly funded by the government. they are usually considered highly important to smooth running of society and are sometimes propped up with cash infusions in times of crisis to help surmount situations that would bankrupt a normal privately owned business. they may possess law - enforcement authority, usually related to their functions. government - owned corporations often operate in sectors where there is a natural monopoly, or where the government has strategic interest. however, government ownership of industry corporations is common. nationalization also forcibly converts a private corporation into a government - owned corporation. in most opec countries, the governments own the oil companies operating on their soil. a notable example is the saudi national oil company, saudi aramco, which the saudi government bought in 1988 and changed its name from arabian american oil company to saudi arabian oil company. the saudi government also owns and operates saudi arabian airlines, and owns 70 % of sabic, as well as many other companies. they are, however, being privatized gradually. in monarchical commonwealth countries, particularly australia, canada and new zealand, country - wide government corporations often use the style \" crown corporation. \" equivalent terms include \" state - owned enterprises \" and \" crown entities \" in new zealand, and government business enterprise ( gbe ) in australia. examples of crown corporations include the canadian broadcasting corporation and air canada before the latter underwent privatization. cabinet ministers ( ministers of the crown ) often control the shares in such public corporations. at the level of local government, territorial or other authorities may set up government corporations such as \" local authority trading enterprises \" ( lates ). many local authorities establish services such as water supply as separate corporations or as a business unit of the authority. in australia the predominant term used for commonwealth government - owned companies is \" government business enterprise \" ( gbe ). various australian states also have gbes, especially with respect to the provision of water and sewerage, but many state - based gbes were privatized in some states during the last decade of the twentieth century. commonwealth gbes include", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5398475886418195, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:cd82c9af-8724-4b84-8c7e-3a0122c3f21c>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T10:38:02.973755"}
{"text": "responsibility for its operation, and vice versa. the assets of unitary enterprises belong to the federal government, a russian region, or a municipality. a unitary enterprise holds assets under the right of economic management ( for both state and municipal unitary enterprises ) or operative management ( for state unitary enterprises only ), and that such assets may not be distributed among the participants, nor otherwise divided. a unitary enterprise is independent in economic issues and obliged only to give its profits to the state. unitary enterprises would have no right to set up subsidiaries, but, with the owner ' s consent, can open branches and representation offices. - state corporation by contrast, a state corporation ( russian : \u0433\u043e\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0430\u044f \u043a\u043e\u0440\u043f\u043e\u0440\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f ) is a non - profit organization which manages its assets as described in its charter. state corporations are not obliged to submit to public authorities documents accounting for activities ( except for a number of documents submitted to the russian government ) and, as a rule, are subordinate not to the government, but to the russian president, and act to accomplish some important goal. control by the government is implemented on the basis of annual corporation meetings, an annual report on the audit opinion of accounting and financial reporting ( accounting ), as well as the conclusion of the auditing commission on the results of verification of financial ( accounting ) statements and other corporation documents. any other federal government departments, organs of state power of subjects of the russian federation, and the local governments have no right to interfere in the activities of state corporations. here is the government owned of the swiss confederation : in 2009, the government of the islamic republic of afghanistan formed the afghan public protection force ( appf ) as a \" state owned enterprise \" subordinate to the ministry of the interior. by presidential decree, the appf is mandated to replace all non - diplomatic private security companies by 20 march 2013 to become the sole provider of pay - for - service security contracts within afghanistan. china, people ' s republic of after 1949, all business entities in the people ' s republic of china were created and owned by the government. in the late 1980s, the government began to reform the state - owned enterprise, and during the 1990s and 2000s, many mid - sized and small sized state - owned enterprises were privatized and went public. there are a number of different corporate forms which result in a mixture of public and private capital. in prc terminology, a state - owned enterprise refers to a particular corporate form, which is increasingly being replaced by", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.522563338800286, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:cd82c9af-8724-4b84-8c7e-3a0122c3f21c>", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T10:38:02.979314"}
{"text": "a lack of expertise and endemic corruption, have largely inhibited economic development. in 1979, a presidential commission went as far as saying that they constituted \" a serious threat to the economy \", and, by 1989, they had still not furthered industrialization or fostered the development of a black business class. in south africa \" the department of public enterprises is the shareholder representative of the south african government with oversight responsibility for state - owned enterprises in key sectors, including : defence, energy, forestry, ict, mining and transport \". the current ( march 2011 ) minister of public enterprises is malusi gigaba. the corporate entities that this department is responsible for are : - alexkor \u2013 mining sector ( diamond mining ) - broadband infraco \u2013 ict sector ( national backbone and international connectivity ) - denel \u2013 aerospace and defence sector ( armaments manufacturer ) - eskom \u2013 energy sector ( national electricity utility ) - pbmr \u2013 energy sector ( development of pebble bed modular reactor nuclear energy technology ) - south african airways \u2013 transport sector ( international airline ) - sa express \u2013 transport sector ( regional and feeder airline ) - safcol \u2013 forestry sector ( manages forestry on state owned land ) - transnet \u2013 transport and related infrastructure sector ( railways, harbours, oil / fuel pipelines and terminals ) - telkom sa \u2013 telecommunications sector ( national fixed line telephone network ( pstn ) ) government - owned companies are divided into public enterprises ( empresa publica ) and mixed - economy companies ( sociedade de economia mista ). the public enterprises are subdivided into two categories : individual \u2013 with its own assets and capital owned by the union \u2013 and plural companies \u2013 whose assets are owned by multiple government agencies and the union, which have the majority of the voting interest. caixa economica federal, correios, embrapa, and bndes are examples of public enterprises. mixed - economy companies are enterprises with the majority of stocks owned by the government, but that also have stocks owned by the private sector and usually have their shares traded on stock exchanges. banco do brasil, petrobras, sabesp, and eletrobras are examples of mixed - economy companies. beginning in the 1990s, the federal government of brazil launched a privatization program inspired by the washington consensus. public - owned companies such as vale do rio doce, telebras, csn, and usiminas ( most of them mixed - economy companies ) were transferred to the private sector as part of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.502918395111176, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:cd82c9af-8724-4b84-8c7e-3a0122c3f21c>", "chunk_index": 10, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T10:38:02.986160"}
{"text": "social skills of children with 22q11 deletion syndrome : a social cognitive neuroscience approach the 22q11 ds is the most common genetic deletion syndrome. the deletion is believed to result in the dysregulation of the dopamine, gaba, and glutamate systems which, in turn, affects the prefrontal cortex, associated circuitry, and cognitive abilities governed by these brain regions. research suggests that 22q11 ds children experience attention and executive function deficits ; clinical observation also suggests impaired social abilities. this study sought to empirically identify if 22q11 ds children experience social skills, executive function, and / or executive attention impairments, and how these skills may be associated. a social cognitive neuroscience approach was used that attempted to relate these three areas of functioning ( neurochemical, neurocognitive, and social ). ^ the study was conducted as part of a longitudinal project at rockefeller university. fifty - one 22q11 ds children and 30 control participants took part in the study. parents completed the social skills rating system ( ssrs ) and behavior rating inventory of executive function ( brief ). the children were administered two computerized tests, the wisconsin card sorting test : 64 - computer version ( wcst : 64 - cv ) and the attention network test for children ( ant ). ^ when compared with control participants, 22q11 ds children were found to : ( 1 ) have more impaired social skills, ( 2 ) be more likely to score in the clinically impaired range on the brief global and subscale measures, and ( 3 ) have more perseverative responses and errors on the wcst : 64 - cv. no significant group differences were found on the ant ; however a group x age interaction was detected. correlational analysis revealed a significant, negative association between the brief and ssrs total scores. a simple regression found that the brief global composite score accounted for 42. 4 % of the variance in affected children ' s social skills. ^ secondary analyses revealed significant associations between ssrs and brief subscale scores. a multiple regression revealed that emotional control, planning, and monitoring skills were significant predictors of total social skills scores in affected children. a significant group x socio - economic status interaction was also found. ^ this study suggests that social and executive function skills are associated in 22q11 ds children. this has direct implications for remediation efforts and supports the validity of utilizing a social cognitive neuroscience approach. ^ psychology, developmental | psychology, clinical | psychology", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5207877911222332, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:eda8f990-9c12-4623-b09a-990e09c202ce>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T10:38:03.027665"}
{"text": "functions and variables in physical science experiments almost all true science experiments involve designing a series of trials where one variable is manipulated and another variable changes as a result of this manipulation. all other variables are held constant. a variable is said to be a function of another variable if, for various values of x, it is possible to establish corresponding values of y, i. e. y = 6x. in today\u0131s lab you will be working with various weights that can be hung on a spring. work in pairs to determine any connections between the variables that you choose to investigate. any spring will deform if you put a large amount of weight on it. the purpose of this lab is not to see how much weight a spring will take before it breaks or deforms. deforming a spring by using an excess of weight, will ruin your experiment and it will force us to buy new springs. you can keep the lab fees from increasing if you use a reasonable amount of weight on the springs. be nice to your springs. when you have written a question and identified the variables you want to investigate, conduct an experiment to see what effect changing one variable has on another variable. prior to beginning your experiment, you need to check your question and your procedure with your instructor. please be sure to describe what experiment you are conducting and what materials you are using ( the procedure ) in your lab notebook ( or if this is the first lab, use this sheet of paper ). the level of detail you include in your procedure should allow someone to repeat your experiment just by reading your procedure. all data, observations, calculations, graphs, diagrams, etc. should be recorded in your lab notebook as well. be sure to include appropriate units with all measurements and results of calculations. you will need to follow the rules for working with significant figures. the expectations for this lab experiments are : a ) you need to run a minimum of two different experiments, b ) you need to collect a minimum of five data points for each experiment, c ) you need to run each experiment twice and average your data, d ) record your data for each experiment in a data table, e ) there are at least two different types of springs, use them, describe them, make a comparison, f ) for each experiment you do, plot a graph using the average values of your variables ( when appropriate ), g ) identify at least two resulting relationships, h ) include an algebraic expression ( a mathematical equation and a written statement ) describing the correlation between your variables, i ) show", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5979889300553181, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:6f94b2b9-5fbc-4865-99d3-00a46b0e2828>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T10:38:03.045583"}
{"text": ", plot a graph using the average values of your variables ( when appropriate ), g ) identify at least two resulting relationships, h ) include an algebraic expression ( a mathematical equation and a written statement ) describing the correlation between your variables, i ) show how your data fits the equation. beginning questions : in this lab you are faced with determining relationships between multiple variables. what are two initial questions that can be answered by doing this lab activity? procedure. identify your dependent variable and your independent variable. what variables are kept constant? data / observations : ( attach a separate piece of paper ) record all data and observations. include appropriate units. graphs ( attach graph paper ). the dependent variable is plotted on the _ _ _ _ _ axis and the independent variable is plotted on the _ _ _ _ _ axis. be sure to calculate the slope of each graph. claims : based on the data collected, the graphs, etc. what claims can be made? evidence : support your claims with appropriate evidence. reading / reflection : what are some of the principles that you have learned or applied in this lab? how does this compare to other groups? how does this compare to information found in a physics textbook? compare graphs when using the thick wire / heavy spring vs. the thin wire / light spring, what physical variable does the slope of these graphs represent? please show how you arrived at your answers to each of the following questions using a ) your algebraic expression, b ) your graph. how does your equation or graph tell the difference between the two springs? if a 63 gram weight is hung on the longer spring, what would be the amount of stretching? what would be the length of the spring? does it make a difference if you investigate the length of the spring or the amount of stretching of the spring? if a 63 gram weight is hung on the shorter spring, what would be the amount of stretching? what would be the length of the spring?", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5429824626942443, "token_count": 390, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:6f94b2b9-5fbc-4865-99d3-00a46b0e2828>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T10:38:03.046523"}
{"text": "an open heart. he ' s friends with unlikely people... people who are very different from him. he might not even understand them, but he still travels with them, jokes with them, and fights for them. you see this with mcclane, too, in the way he befriends a young, aloof limo driver or an eccentric airport groundskeeper. the american hero isn ' t multicultural. wayne and mcclane aren ' t worldly. they are proud of their own culture and not too interested in learning others, but they are accepting of people from any origin. what else might be a characteristic of the archetypal american hero? and can you think of any game characters that come close? i think the master chief in halo and marcus fenix in gears of war might. i ' ve asked my english friend, david, to describe who he thinks is the quintessential british / english hero from film and literature. his gut reaction was sean connery as james bond. i ' ll be interested to see how american heroes compare to heroes of other cultures. my guess is that heroes cross - culturally are basically the same, but there are a number of significant nuances. humility, for example, is not a virtue in all cultures.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5063689930453671, "token_count": 257, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:18a1ff21-5585-43a1-a61b-a0427d08924e>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T10:38:03.055453"}
{"text": "of events and... plotstructure. pps - search structure through short stories literary element describes shows causal arrangement events teaching across generations effective teaching and learning department email @ example. com \u00a9 2005 baker college opening activity take a few moments to think... suffering or having fun - importance of perceived workload in teaching with computer simulation poon, tat hong ( ted ) department of management the hong kong... ted. ppt - search suffering having importance perceived workload computer simulation department management teaching, learning, and technology quotations complied by diana dell, ed. s. it is possible to store the mind with millions of facts and still be entirely uneducated. teaching for successful intelligence robert j. sternberg yale university contact information robert j. sternberg, director pace center department of psychology yale... sternberg. ppt - search successful intelligence robert sternberg contact information director center psychology teaching procedures and skills jennifer peel, ph. d. assistant professor, anesthesiology director of education, gme office remember being taught procedures in 3rd year? teaching reading comprehension in the middle school timothy shanahan university of illinois at chicago firstname. lastname @ example. org why teach reading in the middle school? teaching creativity and teaching for creativity what is creativity? the definition of creativity : \u00bb \u201c the application of knowledge and skills in new ways, to... teaching in a multicultural setting introduction globalization & technological advancement created new complex problems. cultures bring together diverse backgrounds... walingo. ppt - search multicultural setting introduction globalization technological advancement created complex cultures bring together diverse backgrounds teaching styles michele b. lundy m. d. university of arizona faculty development march 5, 2009 facilitative style elicits / accepts student feelings offers feelings...", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5975298598650465, "token_count": 362, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:07fd34e3-6260-4b98-9960-97fa2d389245>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T10:38:03.061493"}
{"text": "\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u062d\u0648\u0627\u0621 \u0644\u0644\u0631\u0634\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0648 \u0627\u062d\u062f\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0632\u064a\u0627\u0621 \u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0636\u0629 \u0648 \u062f\u064a\u0643\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0632\u0644 \u0648 \u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0648\u0633\u0629, \u0641\u0633\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0641\u0631\u0627\u062d, \u062f\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0648\u0628\u0629 \u0648 \u0627\u0637\u0642\u0645 \u0630\u0647\u0628, \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0631 \u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0634\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0639 \u0648\u0635\u0641\u0627\u062a \u062d\u0635\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0641\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0648 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0637\u0628\u062e \u0647\u0645\u0633\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062b\u0646\u064a\u0646 \u060c 29 \u0627\u063a\u0633\u0637\u0633 \u060c 2011 what is a pennyweight of gold? what is a gram of gold? these are the most frequently asked questions we receive at goldfellow. it ' s problematic for everyone as it doesn ' t relate to any measurement we currently use in our daily life. pennyweights, however are still commonly used in the u. s. jewelry industry but we prefer to use the more accurate and globally recognized grams ( metric ) as our unit of measure. there are 20 pennyweights also referred to as dwt in an ounce. there are also 31. 1 grams in an ounce. as we are talking about precious metals i ' ll use gold in my example throughout this post. many of our customers are weighing their valuables on home kitchen or postal scales of either mechanical or digital make. most measure in grams and ounces, particularly when weighing food. the grams shown on your scale are not the same as the grams used in gold! you are measuring on a device that uses 28 grams per ounce while gold is measured in troy ounces. there are 31. 1 grams per troy ounce. the simplest way to use your home scale is to multiply the number showing as ounces by 20. that ' s it. if your scale shows 3. 5 oz you have approximately 70 pennyweight. 1. 5oz is about 30 pennyweight and so on. ( same for silver and platinum ) ok, now for measuring your gold in grams. the scale shows 3. 5 ounces. multiply by 31. 1 and it comes to 108. 85 grams of gold. if it ' s 1. 5 oz x 31. 1 = 46. 65 grams. lastly, if you would like to know a price per gram", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5016137553582589, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:f5279595-4bf1-4a82-b268-06355f6ad760>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T10:38:03.066221"}
{"text": "data appendix for economic growth in the long run abstractthis extended data appendix describes the sources and methods used to construct the data used in our paper \" economic growth in the long run. \" download infoif you experience problems downloading a file, check if you have the proper application to view it first. in case of further problems read the ideas help page. note that these files are not on the ideas site. please be patient as the files may be large. bibliographic infopaper provided by university library of munich, germany in its series mpra paper with number 41325. date of creation : 14 sep 2012 date of revision : physical capital ; human capital ; investment ; schooling ; find related papers by jel classification : - o11 - economic development, technological change, and growth - - economic development - - - macroeconomic analyses of economic development - o47 - economic development, technological change, and growth - - economic growth and aggregate productivity - - - measurement of economic growth ; aggregate productivity ; cross - country output convergence - o15 - economic development, technological change, and growth - - economic development - - - economic development : human resources ; human development ; income distribution ; migration - j24 - labor and demographic economics - - demand and supply of labor - - - human capital ; skills ; occupational choice ; labor productivity this paper has been announced in the following nep reports : please report citation or reference errors to, or, if you are the registered author of the cited work, log in to your repec author service profile, click on \" citations \" and make appropriate adjustments. : - schoellman, todd, 2008. \" the causes and consequences of cross - country differences in schooling attainment, \" 9243, university library of munich, germany. - todd schoellman, 2007. \" the causes and consequences of cross - country differences in schooling attainment, \" 2007 meeting papers 297, society for economic dynamics. blog mentionsas found by econacademics. org, the blog aggregator for economics research : - the latest on growth accounting by economic logician in economic logic on 2012 - 10 - 11 14 : 41 : 00 by himaginary in himaginary\u306e \u65e5 on 2012 - 10 - 13 07 : 00 : 00 for technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact : ( ekkehart schlicht ). if references are entirely missing, you can add them using this form.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5088875067424005, "token_count": 507, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:00c908b7-30b1-46aa-9565-aab6228df884>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T10:38:03.092213"}
{"text": "yesterday i described the gates foundation \u2019 s measuring effective teachers ( met ) project as \u201c an expensive flop. \u201d to grasp just what a flop the project was, it \u2019 s important to consider what success would have looked like. if the project had produced what gates was hoping, it would have found that classroom observations were strong, independent predictors of other measures of effective teaching, like student test score gains. even better, they were hoping that the combination of classroom observations, student surveys, and previous test score gains would be a much better predictor of future test score gains ( or of future classroom observations ) than any one of those measures alone. unfortunately, met failed to find anything like this. if met had found classroom observations to be strong predictors of other indicators of effective teaching and if the combination of measures were a significantly better predictor than any one measure alone, then gates could have offered evidence for the merits of a particular mixing formula or range of mixing formulas for evaluating teachers. that evidence could have been used to good effect to shape teacher evaluation systems in chicago, la, and everywhere else. they also could have genuinely reassured teachers anxious about the use of test score gains in teacher evaluations. met could have allayed those concerns by telling teachers that test score gains produce information that is generally similar to what is learned from well - conducted classroom observations, so there is no reason to oppose one and support the other. what \u2019 s more, significantly improved predictive power from a mixture of classroom observations with test score gains could have made the case for why we need both. met was also supposed to have helped us adjudicate among several commonly used rubrics for classroom observations so that we would have solid evidence for preferring one approach over another. because met found that classroom observations in general are barely related to other indicators of teacher effectiveness, the study told us almost nothing about the criteria we should use in classroom observations. in addition, the classroom observation study was supposed to help us identify the essential components of effective teaching. that knowledge could have informed improved teacher training and professional development. but because met was a flop ( because classroom observations barely correlate with other indicators of teacher effectiveness and fail to improve the predictive power of a combined measure ), we haven \u2019 t learned much of anything about the practices that are associated with effective teaching. if we can \u2019 t connect classroom observations with effective teaching in general, we certainly can \u2019 t say much about the particular aspects of teaching that were observed that most contributed to effective teaching. just so you know that i \u2019", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5253022085909653, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:28076a38-2c9e-4329-928f-822257f3f51c>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T10:38:03.115621"}
{"text": "are associated with effective teaching. if we can \u2019 t connect classroom observations with effective teaching in general, we certainly can \u2019 t say much about the particular aspects of teaching that were observed that most contributed to effective teaching. just so you know that i \u2019 m not falsely attributing to met these goals that failed to be realized, look at this interview from 2011 of bill gates by jason riley in the wall street journal. you \u2019 ll clearly see that bill gates was hoping that met would do what i described above. it failed to do so. here is what the interview revealed about the goals of met : of late, the foundation has been working on a personnel system that can reliably measure teacher effectiveness. teachers have long been shown to influence students \u2019 education more than any other school factor, including class size and per - pupil spending. so the objective is to determine scientifically what a good instructor does. \u201c we all know that there are these exemplars who can take the toughest students, and they \u2019 ll teach them two - and - a - half years of math in a single year, \u201d he says. \u201c well, i \u2019 m enough of a scientist to want to say, \u2018 what is it about a great teacher? is it their ability to calm down the classroom or to make the subject interesting? do they give good problems and understand confusion? are they good with kids who are behind? are they good with kids who are ahead? \u2019 \u201c i watched the movies. i saw \u2018 to sir, with love, \u2019 \u201d he chuckles, recounting the 1967 classic in which sidney poitier plays an idealistic teacher who wins over students at a roughhouse london school. \u201c but they didn \u2019 t really explain what he was doing right. i can \u2019 t create a personnel system where i say, \u2018 go watch this movie and be like him. \u2019 \u201d instead, the gates foundation \u2019 s five - year, $ 335 - million project examines whether aspects of effective teaching \u2014 classroom management, clear objectives, diagnosing and correcting common student errors \u2014 can be systematically measured. the effort involves collecting and studying videos of more than 13, 000 lessons taught by 3, 000 elementary school teachers in seven urban school districts. \u201c we \u2019 re taking these tapes and we \u2019 re looking at how quickly a class gets focused on the subject, how engaged the kids are, who \u2019 s wiggling their feet, who \u2019 s looking away, \u201d says mr. gates. the researchers are also asking students what works in", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.5066012247985303, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:28076a38-2c9e-4329-928f-822257f3f51c>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T10:38:03.116615"}
{"text": "ignacio first noticed the signs of his non - hodgkin lymphoma when he had trouble breathing and was coughing a lot during football practice. he also started having fever without knowing why. he told his parents, and they took him to the doctor. the doctor did an exam and ordered some lab tests and a ct scan. everyone hoped that it would not show anything, but a lump was found. after some more tests, including a biopsy by the surgeon, the doctors diagnosed ignacio with non - hodgkin lymphoma. at first, ignacio was scared when he heard that non - hodgkin lymphoma is a form of cancer. but he quickly learned that it ' s highly treatable, especially if caught early, as his was. ignacio was relieved when his doctor told him that the odds were good that he ' d be cured. what is non - hodgkin lymphoma? a lymphoma is a cancer of the lymphatic system. the lymphatic system is a part of the body ' s immune system and helps filter out bacteria, viruses, and other unwanted substances. most people don ' t notice the workings of their lymphatic systems ; in fact, the only time you might be aware of your lymphatic system is when the lymph nodes ( which are sometimes referred to as glands ) swell up. this often happens when a person is sick \u2014 a sign that the lymphatic system is working hard to filter harmful substances out of the body. non - hodgkin lymphoma is a disease in which cancer cells form in the lymphatic system and start to grow uncontrollably. there are several different types of lymphomas. some involve a particular type of cell ; these are grouped under the heading hodgkin lymphoma. all other forms of lymphoma fall into the non - hodgkin grouping. the different forms of non - hodgkin lymphoma depend on such things as what the cells look like under a microscope. no one really knows what causes non - hodgkin lymphoma. doctors have identified some risk factors ( things that may increase a person ' s chances of developing a particular condition ) for non - hodgkin lymphoma. these include conditions that weaken the immune system, such as acquired immunodeficiency syndrome ( aids ), taking immune -", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5120772765630133, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:50b15ff0-f3df-4380-a8fc-53352c6efb5c>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T10:38:03.151050"}
{"text": "suspects non - hodgkin lymphoma, he or she will refer you to an oncologist, a doctor who specializes in the treatment of cancer. the oncologist will then do tests to diagnose the problem. if someone has swollen lymph nodes, the doctor may want to perform a biopsy if the swelling does not go down after other treatments. a biopsy is a type of test where a doctor removes a tiny bit of tissue from the body and sends it out to a laboratory for a specialist to examine. depending on the type of biopsy a person has, a doctor may use local anesthesia ( where only a part of the body is numbed ) or general anesthesia ( where a person is asleep ) to ensure there ' s no pain. biopsies used to test for non - hodgkin lymphoma include excisional biopsy ( where the doctor opens the skin to remove an entire lymph node ) or incisional biopsy ( where the doctor removes only a part of the lymph node ). another type of biopsy, fine needle aspiration ( where a very thin needle suctions out a small amount of tissue from the lymph node ) is used on some occasions to diagnose non - hodgkin lymphoma. doctors sometimes also perform a bone marrow biopsy, where a needle is used to take samples of the soft tissue found in a bone. your doctor may do other tests to diagnose non - hodgkin lymphoma, including : a chest x - ray, a simple procedure in which the person lies on a table while an x - ray machine takes an image of the chest a computerized tomography ( ct or cat ) scan, which rotates around the patient and creates an x - ray picture of the inside of the body from different angles an ultrasound, which uses high - frequency sound waves to create pictures of the inside of the body a magnetic resonance imaging ( or mri ) scan, which uses magnets and radio waves to allow doctors to see inside the body. a galliumscan, which uses the injection of a material known as gallium and can help show tumors and inflammation a bone scan to detect bone changes a positron emission tomography ( pet ) scan, which can tell the difference between normal and abnormal cells based on metabolic activity once doctors have made a diagnosis of non - hodgkin lymphoma, they use what ' s called a \"", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.505813954484807, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:50b15ff0-f3df-4380-a8fc-53352c6efb5c>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T10:38:03.152858"}
{"text": "aids ( acquired immunodeficiency syndrome ) is a disease that makes it difficult for the body to fight off infectious diseases. the human immunodeficiency virus ( hiv ) causes aids by infecting and damaging part of the body ' s defenses against infection \u2014 its lymphocytes, which are white blood cells in the immune ( infection - fighting ) system that are supposed to fight off invading germs. hiv can be transmitted through direct contact with the blood or body fluid of someone who is infected with the virus. that contact usually comes from sharing needles or by having unprotected sex with an infected person. an infant could get hiv from a mother who is infected. hiv and aids can be treated, but there are no vaccines or cures for them. what hiv does to the body the virus attacks specific lymphocytes called t helper cells ( also known as t - cells ), takes them over, and multiplies. this destroys more t - cells, which damages the body ' s ability to fight off invading germs and disease. when the number of t - cells falls to a very low level, people with hiv become more susceptible to other infections and they may get certain types of cancer that a healthy body would normally be able to fight off. this weakened immunity ( or immune deficiency ) is known as aids and can result in severe life - threatening infections, some forms of cancer, and the deterioration of the nervous system. although aids is always caused by an hiv infection, not everyone with hiv has aids. in fact, some adults who become infected with hiv may appear healthy for years before developing aids. how common is hiv / aids? the first case of hiv was reported in 1981, but the disease may have existed unrecognized for many years before that. hiv infection leading to aids has been a major cause of illness and death among children, teens, and young adults worldwide. in recent years, hiv infection rates have been increasing rapidly among teens and young adults. half of all new hiv infections in the united states occur in people under 25 years old ; thousands of teens acquire new hiv infections each year. most new hiv cases in younger people are transmitted through unprotected sex ; one third are from injected drug usage via the sharing of dirty, blood - contaminated needles. among children, most cases of hiv infections resulted from transmission of the hiv virus from the mother to her child during pregnancy or birth, or through breastfeeding. in rare cases children may have been infected by being", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5267636551099353, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:4efb27d5-01ad-4c58-bc27-99d4ccac6378>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T10:38:03.173187"}
{"text": "news & tips a collection of helpful articles on teachers and teaching iste nets * s part 4 : critical thinking, problem solving, and decision making this is my fourth article in a series of six about iste \u2019 s nets * s ( national educational technology standards for students ). the fourth standard is \u201c critical thinking, problem solving, and decision making. \u201d critical thinking, problem solving, and decision making students use critical thinking skills to plan and conduct research, manage projects, solve problems, and make informed decisions using appropriate digital tools and resources. - identify and define authentic problems and significant questions for investigation. - plan and manage activities to develop a solution or complete a project. - collect and analyze data to identify solutions and / or make informed decisions. - use multiple processes and diverse perspectives to explore alternative solutions. ( excerpted from http : / / www. iste. org / content / navigationmenu / nets / forstudents / 2007standards / nets _ for _ students _ 2007. htm ) i don \u2019 t know if you \u2019 ve been reading all the articles up to this one, but you need to know that i have approached each topic with varying levels of confidence. i concluded that we \u2019 re not doing enough to encourage creativity and innovation, we \u2019 re somewhat better with communication and collaboration, and we \u2019 ve come a long way with research and information fluency. but as i sat down to write this installment, i had a bit of an epiphany. our success with this technology standard depends completely on how willing we are to let go of the reins and let the students drive their own learning. i wish i knew the source of the now - famous \u201c sage on the stage versus guide on the side \u201d metaphor for the shift we need to see in education. oh look, here \u2019 s a webpage that claims to know the origin of the saying. i \u2019 m not even a little surprised that it came out of using inquiry as a tool for critical thinking. that was apparently written in 1993 about changing college teaching. but we now have the tools and the experience to know that we should be using inquiry and critical thinking with our youngest students as well. my epiphany had a \u201c part two \u201d : we don \u2019 t do this enough because our society and culture have conditioned students to be afraid of failure. most of my students are afraid to bring home anything less than an a. the grades are what drive their achievement, not the learning. what they cram for a test is gone within", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.5080953641575414, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:1b1e7269-2aff-4edf-8b60-4f2a1ec9bd30>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T10:38:03.208232"}
{"text": "our society and culture have conditioned students to be afraid of failure. most of my students are afraid to bring home anything less than an a. the grades are what drive their achievement, not the learning. what they cram for a test is gone within weeks, and all they have learned is how to do well on tests. are they using what they \u2019 ve learned? have they retained anything of value? my middle school students just finished up a project in which they created short surveys, had fifty or more people respond to them, and then graphed the results for an analysis report. the older students had a proposed independent variable and dependent variable. their graphs should have helped them determine if there was any kind of correlation between the two variables. i have a speech i give several times over the course of the project, which goes a little something like this : \u201c sometimes all you find out is that these two things have nothing in common, or if they do, you can \u2019 t prove it based on your data. to say otherwise would be a lie, and will cost you points on the grade. \u201d i remind them that thomas edison had a thousand failed ideas before every successful patent achieved. i still suspect they don \u2019 t believe me. we are fighting an uphill battle on this one, folks. how can we get our students to think critically, solve problems, and make decisions, when the dialog inside their minds sounds like this : \u201c which choice will get me the best grade with the least work? which choice will make my parents happy? how can i still get an a if i start on this project two days before it is due? which of my friends is on facebook right now? \u201d we need to encourage students to try things out, with the goal of failing more than they succeed, so that they can come to appreciate that we learn and retain much more from our failures than we do from our victories. for my graduate school cumulative portfolio, i \u2019 ve been reviewing keller \u2019 s arcs model of motivation a lot recently. arcs stands for attention, relevance, confidence, and satisfaction. as i look at the fourth standard, it \u2019 s clear to me that if we can apply these four principles of learner motivation to any problem - based project, we can achieve all the goals of the standard while also providing a very meaningful, motivating learning experience for students. by allowing them to find and choose a problem to solve, we get their attention, keep it relevant to them, enable them to gain confidence by trial and error, and", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.524812478776111, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:1b1e7269-2aff-4edf-8b60-4f2a1ec9bd30>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T10:38:03.209439"}
{"text": "interfaith dialogue hindu jewish contactus at equalsouls. org contactus at equalsouls. org mon may 11 03 : 23 : 18 utc 2009 \" equality based on the soul \" historically christian and muslim faiths have their roots in so at their core concepts about the soul, creation and god are all * i would like to address certain linguistic and philosophical similarities common to both jews and hindus, which may open up a 1. names of god, a. the most holy of all names of god for a jew is kna or kana, rabbi ' s have slapped my face when i have said this name out loud. this is considered to be the most intimate name for god in the old testament. where it is translated, \" i am a jealous god, have no other gods before you \", the literal hebrew translation is, \" my name is el kna ( kana ), have no other gods before you. \" this name expands to kre shtn as rabbi aryeh kapln, in meditation and the kabbalah explains \" on monday, you must intertwine the associated name \" kre shtn \" \" b, from a vedic ( hindu ) view point, kana is also an affectionate name of krishna, the pronunciation used above \" kre shtn \" is very similar to the way south indians pronounce krishna. 2. abraham and brahma : very few know that there are two abrahams in a. there is a description of how the universe was in chaos until abraham appeared. it is said, \" over the whole, there hovered tohu ( chaos ) and as long as tohu dominated, the whole world was not in being or existence. when did that key open the gates and make the it was when abraham appeared. \" [ genesis ii 4 ] as explained in the introduction to the zohar the soncino press ltd - - london new york there is also this reference one needs to ponder it is said, \" angels are supposed to have no back and four faces, so always to be able to [ talmud, cf. ezek i. 6 ] b. in the first canto of the srimad - bhagavatam, there is a long description of how brahma created the planets, stars etc. it is well known that the brahma of this universe has 4 heads. 3. demigods and angels have the same function in both trations. a. the midrash teaches, \" there is no blade of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.52004951324995, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:e4eba301-cf2a-445d-ad84-48b8ed465bef>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T10:38:03.229190"}
{"text": "\" [ meditation and kabbalah p 80 chapter 4, teachings of rabbi abraham abulafia ] \" metatron is therefore not a proper name at all but a designation for the whole category of celestial powers performing a mission. \" [ origins of the kabbalah, iii, 6 ] b. in the creative process, it is from maha - vishnu that all of the universes emanate, sudarshan cakra ( flaming sword that revolves ) controlled by visnu similarly punishes and grants liberation. \" without illumination, nothing can be seen, especially in this the illumination in this world emanates from the effulgence of sudarshan, the original vision of the supreme personality of godhead. the illuminating principles of the sun, the moon and fire emanate similarly, illumination by knowledge also comes from sudarshan. \" [ srimad bhag. 9. 5. 7, purport ] also there is a series of visnu expansions each with a chakra. 7. the lord in the heart a. when the soul is about to descend to this world, it first goes down to the terrestrial garden of eden and sees there the glory of the souls of the righteous, and then goes down to gehinnom and sees the wicked who cry \" woe, woe \", and find no compassion. that holy form ( god ) stands by him until he emerges into the world, after which it keeps him company and grows up with him. \" [ the zohar 43b ] [ ki tazria b. in the bhagavad - gita \" yet in this body there is another, a transcendental enjoyer, who is the lord, the supreme proprietor, who exists as the overseer and permitter, and who is known as the supersoul, paramatma. \" [ bg. 13. 23 ] 8. guru and rabbi a. in judaism, knowledge is also passed from the rabbi to his students, but not everyone is qualified to become a student. \" as a matter of law, the sages state that these mysteries ' cannot even be taught to a single individual, unless he is wise enough to understand with his own knowledge. ' even in such a case, the complete tradition was only given over to the head of the group, and he would then only instruct those whom he saw fit. only individuals possessing the highest qualities of scholarship and piety would be admitted to the circle of initiates. \" [ introduction", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5331878326018155, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:e4eba301-cf2a-445d-ad84-48b8ed465bef>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T10:38:03.234706"}
{"text": "people who have dedicated their lives to the service of god may at times feel unlimited joy or ecstasy while engaged in prayer. it is said, \" permute the letters back and forth, and in this manner, you will reach the first level. as a result of the activity and your concentration on the letters, your mind will become bound to them. the hairs on your head will stand on end and tremble. your lifeblood is in your heart, and regarding this it is written, \" the blood is the soul \" [ deuteronomy 12 : 23 ]. it is likewise written, \" the blood in the soul will atone \" [ leviticus 17 : 11 ]. this blood within you will begin to vibrate because of the permutations that loosen it. your entire body will then begin to tremble, and all your limbs will be seized with shuddering. you will experience the terror of god and will be enveloped with fear of him. you will then feel as if an additional spirit is within you, arousing you and strengthening you, passing through your entire body and giving you leisure. it will seem as you have been anointed with perfumed oil, from head to foot. you will rejoice and have great pleasure. you will experience ecstasy and trembling - - ecstasy for the soul, and trembling for the body. [ meditation and kabbalah, treasury of the hidden eden p85 - 86 ] b. the stage of bhava, love of god, is manifested by eight transcendental symptoms, namely inertness, perspiration, standing of hairs on end, failing in the voice, trembling, paleness of the body, tears in the eyes, and finally trance. [ srimad bhag. 2 : 3 : 24 purport ] 11. god ' s beauty a. the jewish scriptures describe a vision of god. \" his head is a treasure of fine gold. his locks are hanging, black like the raven. \" in both talmudic and kabbalistic traditions, one of the interpretations is that it relates to a vision of god ; \" when he is visualized in battle, he is seen as a young man with black hair. \" [ sefer yetzirah ch 6. 1 ] b. the vedas refer to the form of the lord. in the srimad - bhagavatam it is stated, \" the lord is super excellently beautiful on account of his open and merciful smile and his sidelong glance upon his devotees. his", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5601520044642793, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:e4eba301-cf2a-445d-ad84-48b8ed465bef>", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T10:38:03.237119"}
{"text": "##das refer to the form of the lord. in the srimad - bhagavatam it is stated, \" the lord is super excellently beautiful on account of his open and merciful smile and his sidelong glance upon his devotees. his black hair is curly, and his garments, waving in the wind, appear like flying saffron pollen from lotus flowers. his glittering earrings, shining helmet, bangles, garland, ankle bells, waist belt and various other bodily ornaments combine with the conch shell, disc, club, and lotus flower to increase the natural beauty of the kaustubha pearl on his chest. \" [ srimad bhag. 2. 24. 47 - 48 ] williamglick at gmail. com < mailto : williamglick at gmail. com > if you do not want to receive any more newsletters, to update your preferences and to unsubscribe visit forward a message to someone powered by phplist, www. phplist. com - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - next part - - - - - - - - - - - - - - an html attachment was scrubbed... - - - - - - - - - - - - - - next part - - - - - - - - - - - - - - a non - text attachment was scrubbed... size : 2408 bytes desc : not available more information about the pkg - gnome - maintainers", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5263670531521147, "token_count": 308, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:e4eba301-cf2a-445d-ad84-48b8ed465bef>", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T10:38:03.237649"}
{"text": "interpreting book of mormon geography reviewed by randall p. spackman mormon ' s map is john l. sorenson ' s most recent compilation and discussion of book of mormon passages relating to geography. the book is composed of 128 pages of understandable text ( including seventeen maps illustrating geographical features mentioned in the text ). fifty - four endnotes ( pp. 129 - 34 ), a scripture index ( pp. 135 - 42 ), a subject index ( pp. 143 - 54 ), and various other resources make this book a compact research tool. the inside front cover contains \" mormon ' s map, \" a blue - and - green graphic resembling the maps of biblical lands found at the end of the king james version of the holy bible published by the church in 1979. a legend listing geographical details ( that are indicated on the map only by numbers ) accompanies this map. another multicolored map entitled \" major physical features \" is placed on the inside back cover, permitting the reader to refer quickly to general topographic features. mormon ' s map revisits many of the verses in the book of mormon that were mined for geographical meaning in the author ' s earlier and larger volumes : an ancient american setting for the book of mormon ( 1985 ) and the geography of book of mormon events : a source book ( 1992 ). 1 indeed, the concluding paragraph in mormon ' s map asserts that \" the features found on ' mormon ' s map ' as presented in this book are more carefully defined, more logically cross - checked, and more numerous than the criteria in the 1992 work \" ( p. 128 ). my first impression of mormon ' s map \u2014 the sort of impression one would get in a bookstore after browsing through the book for a few minutes \u2014 was that it provided an attractively packaged, readable, and relatively thorough guide for anyone interested in a reasoned interpretation of book of mormon geography. what is mormon ' s map? sorenson indicates that what he has called \" mormon ' s map \" would, in its ideal form, be a \" two - dimensional rendering of the body of information about geography that mormon possessed in his mind \" ( p. 125 ). however, the version of mormon ' s map set forth in sorenson ' s book can only be \" a reasonable approximation \" ( p. 126 ) of \" the nephites ' conception of their geography \" based on \" all the information [ sorenson has ] been able to elicit from mormon ' s words and those of other book of mormon writers \" ( pp", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5031837887046403, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:d5924cba-8f06-4fa1-81eb-05ff17622132>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T10:38:03.290890"}
{"text": "inscribed stone altar from the seventh or sixth century b. c. ( about the time of lehi ) referring to the tribe of \" nihm. \" 4 such tangible support indicates that the events described in the book of mormon were not the imagined novelties of joseph smith but reasonably could have happened just where and when the book says they occurred. such evidence ( whether geological, topographical, cultural, geographical, or environmental ) is not a prerequisite for the development of a basic understanding and spiritual acceptance of and loyal commitment to the religious message of the book of mormon. the workings of the holy spirit are not dependent on educational attainments, scholarly acceptance, or scientific advances. perhaps these facts are related to sorenson ' s reasons for not expressly mentioning this line of argument. his book seems primarily addressed to latter - day saints who, in the overwhelming majority, are neither educationally ready nor sufficiently funded to develop carefully drawn theories, to pursue and examine potential data, to recognize physical substantiation, and, where necessary, to suggest modifications to prevailing interpretations of book of mormon geography. for such readers, mormon ' s map fills the purpose of providing a reasonably careful guide to current views about the geography of the book of mormon. nonetheless, book of mormon geography is vital to the establishment and management of an efficient and productive process for developing theories about, and seeking and finding material evidence related to, the book of mormon. the lord has declared that the book of mormon \" contains the truth and the word of god \" ( d & c 19 : 26 ), and he has commanded us to \" grow... in the knowledge of the truth \" ( d & c 50 : 40 ). surely that divinely intended growth may involve an organized process for extending our knowledge about the people and geography described in the book of mormon. sorenson does address the issue of latter - day saint church leaders having already settled questions about nephite geography. he makes it clear that early suppositions of church members about a hemispheric geography ignored the evidence to be found in the text of the book of mormon. sorenson also quotes church leaders and publications to show that no authoritative map or geography has ever been revealed or adopted, remarking that \" what logically would seem to be one of the first steps in a systematic investigation \u2014 to construct a map of the american ' land of promise ' based solely on statements in [ the book of mormon ] ( at least 550 passages are relevant ) \u2014 seems not to have occurred to anyone during the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.51879081103434, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:d5924cba-8f06-4fa1-81eb-05ff17622132>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T10:38:03.294002"}
{"text": "of the first steps in a systematic investigation \u2014 to construct a map of the american ' land of promise ' based solely on statements in [ the book of mormon ] ( at least 550 passages are relevant ) \u2014 seems not to have occurred to anyone during the church ' s first century \" ( p. 4 ). the investigative efforts in the second century have resulted in \" tremendous confusion and a plethora of notions that holds no promise of producing a consensus \" ( p. 5 ), primarily because most writers fail to take the first step of detailed textual examination. mormon ' s map is sorenson ' s most recent effort to provide such a first - step analysis for a general latter - day saint audience. 5 a comprehensive process in the book ' s second chapter, sorenson describes the process for developing \" mormon ' s map. \" the starting point, certainly, is the text itself. \" whatever the book of mormon says about its own geography... takes precedence over anything commentators have said of it \" ( p. 9 ). sorenson advises that we must \" intensively examine the text mormon left us ( of course, we have access to it only as it has been transmitted to us in english through joseph smith ) \" ( p. 12 ). this is a premise he also sets forth in the geography of book of mormon events : if we are serious about answering the question [ where were the lands in which book of mormon events took place? ]... what should we do...? well, the question itself has two sides to it. our goal has to be to construct an equation involving the two sides : nephite locations a, b, c, etc. = new world locations x, y, z, etc. we cannot work on the whole equation without first attaining thorough definition of the variables on either side of the equal sign. equipping ourselves with that thorough knowledge demands different capabilities on the one side and on the other. for the external world, we cannot substitute knowledge of scripture for knowledge of climate, topography, hydrography, etc. unavoidably, we must have a profound grasp of the elements of the physical and cultural scene in its own terms \u2014 without any reference to the scripture. most people offering [ geographic ] models show that they have limited knowledge of that world. on the other side, we must know all there is to know about the statements in the book of mormon on the matters at hand \u2014 without any reference to external geography, archaeology, or history. everything done so far in", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5273156548959623, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:d5924cba-8f06-4fa1-81eb-05ff17622132>", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T10:38:03.295066"}
{"text": "limited knowledge of that world. on the other side, we must know all there is to know about the statements in the book of mormon on the matters at hand \u2014 without any reference to external geography, archaeology, or history. everything done so far in studying the geography of book of mormon events [ presumably including sorenson ' s earlier writings ] has been inadequate by reason of incompleteness, if not of real errors. 6 john e. clark addresses the same issue in his article \" a key for evaluating nephite geographies, \" published in 1989. 7 he examines the book of mormon passages he thought were important in developing an understanding of an \" elemental \" geography described in the book. clark seems to be the first to attempt to treat the geography of the book of mormon solely from an internal standpoint and to base his thoughts on \" all the geographical passages in the book of mormon. \" 8 because of the importance of clark ' s 1989 article and sorenson ' s 1992 book with respect to the topic treated in mormon ' s map, this review will refer to these earlier studies. for example, clark addresses the issue of textual examination as follows : it has been my experience that most members of the church, when confronted with a book of mormon geography, worry about the wrong things. almost invariably the first question that arises is whether the geography fits the archaeology of the proposed area. this should be our second question, the first being whether the geography fits the facts of the book of mormon \u2014 a question we all can answer without being versed in american archaeology. only after a given geography reconciles all of the significant geographic details given in the book of mormon does the question of archaeological and historical detail merit attention. the book of mormon must be the final and most important arbiter in deciding the correctness of a given geography ; otherwise we will be forever hostage to the shifting sands of expert opinion. 9 with the fervent injunction ( and leadership ) of clark and sorenson requiring us to focus our attention on the text of the book of mormon as a first step in creating a realistic geography, the next crucial issue seems to be finding all the passages of text on which our focus is to rest. both authors begin with alma 22 and quickly build interpretative links to other passages of text. according to mormon ' s map, the nearest thing to a systematic explanation of mormon ' s geographical picture is given in alma 22 : 27 - 34. in the course of relating an incident involving nephite missionaries and the great king over the lamanites", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5056860607872389, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:d5924cba-8f06-4fa1-81eb-05ff17622132>", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T10:38:03.296102"}
{"text": "verses listed in geography of book of mormon events. that is, of the 637 verses cited in mormon ' s map, neither clark nor sorenson had identified 258 verses earlier as being relevant to book of mormon geography. furthermore, of the 492 \" new \" verses listed in geography of book of mormon events, fully 291 did not receive any mention in mormon ' s map. table 1 below shows the distribution of verses with potential geographical significance cited in clark ' s article and in sorenson ' s geography of book of mormon events and mormon ' s map. as the table depicts, clark ' s study of book of mormon passages relevant to geography relies almost entirely on verses in the books of alma and mosiah ( 86 percent of the cited verses ). these books are also vital to sorenson ' s geography of book of mormon events ( 63 percent of the cited verses ) and mormon ' s map ( 53 percent of the cited verses ). nonetheless, sorenson ' s work indicates a capacity to expand the scope of inquiry outside the books of alma and mosiah and to find geographical inferences in a wide variety of scriptural contexts. this does not mean that clark ' s work is defective ; he apparently did not intend to go beyond an \" elemental \" geography. sorenson, on the other hand, has dedicated a tremendous amount of time to the study of an internal nephite map of book of mormon events. | clark 1989 | | sorenson 1992 | | sorenson 2000 | | word of mormon | | 0 | | 1 | | 0 | after i eliminated duplications and identified all geographically relevant verses used by clark and sorenson combined, i compiled a table of 1, 068 verses that have been thought to carry potential meaning for constructing a nephite conceptual geography. 11 it seems to me that if we are going to become conscious of and accept the idea that we are searching for as good an internal map as we can find, then we really need to be reading these 1, 068 verses in the book of mormon. they would now seem to be the best place to start. are the 637 verses cited in mormon ' s map ( 60 percent of the total ) sufficient to develop an adequate internal map? sorenson clearly believes that his book examines \" mainly the most decisive and clearest statements \" ( p. 15 ). i do not know who could answer the question in any better manner today. a new level of book of mormon interpretative scholarship will have to be reached before our comprehension of the book", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5031675438923717, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:d5924cba-8f06-4fa1-81eb-05ff17622132>", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T10:38:03.300205"}
{"text": "the most decisive and clearest statements \" ( p. 15 ). i do not know who could answer the question in any better manner today. a new level of book of mormon interpretative scholarship will have to be reached before our comprehension of the book ' s internal geography will be more accurate. today, we can primarily refer just to the somewhat different views of clark and sorenson. a comprehending process in addition to including a comprehensive reading of textual passages, the process of reading the book of mormon for geographical meaning must provide us with comprehension of the meanings denoted and connoted by the words in the text. necessarily, this raises the issue of how to interpret the text. sorenson identifies several important principles that guide his interpretation of the book of mormon text. clark also sets forth his assumptions on how to interpret the text. at their most basic level, these principles or assumptions fall into four common categories. the assumption of simplicity rational simplicity and economy are to be assumed. mormon ' s map states : \" we should avoid needlessly complicated synthesis. if two explanations occur to us for solving a geographical problem, the simpler solution \u2014 the one with the fewest arbitrary assumptions \u2014 is probably better \" ( p. 14 ). clark words the assumption of simplicity as follows : \" the best internal reconstruction is one which reconciles all of the data in the book of mormon with a minimum number of additional assumptions. \" 12 these assumptions represent ockham ' s razor, the \" principle attributed to the fourteenth - century english philosopher william of ockham... that one should choose the simplest explanation, the one requiring the fewest assumptions and principles. \" 13 it is the rational principle of parsimony that ought to guide our interpretations of the book of mormon text unless, of course, the text itself unambiguously requires a more complex interpretation. the assumption of consistency in the geography of book of mormon events, sorenson presents the assumption of consistency this way : \" minor slips of the ' pen ' aside, all the information on geography will prove to be consistent. \" 14 in mormon ' s map, he sets forth his assumption in the form of a conclusion about consistency : my personal experience with the text of the book of mormon is that all the geographical information does prove to be consistent, so i conclude that mormon possessed an orderly \" mental map \" of the scene on which his people ' s history was played out.... mormon leaves no evidence of confusion about geography ; he easily persuades me that he could have told us more had", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5462879464551827, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:d5924cba-8f06-4fa1-81eb-05ff17622132>", "chunk_index": 8, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T10:38:03.301345"}
{"text": "i conclude that mormon possessed an orderly \" mental map \" of the scene on which his people ' s history was played out.... mormon leaves no evidence of confusion about geography ; he easily persuades me that he could have told us more had he chosen to do so. even when particular lands or cities are mentioned at widely separated places in the text, the statements fit comfortably together into a plausible whole. he never hints that he did not understand the geography behind the records of his ancestors that he was abridging ; rather, his writing exudes an air of confidence. ( pp. 10 - 11 ) clark also expresses this assumption in his study of book of mormon geography : \" assume that all passages are internally consistent and can be reconciled. \" clark adds two closely related propositions : \" assume no scribal errors unless internal evidence indicates otherwise.... assume no duplication of place names unless the text is unambiguous on the matter. \" 15 i would add the word unmistakably to clark ' s \" scribal error \" assumption. internal evidence must unmistakably indicate an error. that which a reader might initially think is a \" slip of the pen \" ( because of an insufficiently examined interpretation ) usually turns out to be reconcilable when more evidence from the text of the book of mormon is carefully considered. the assumption of uniformity both clark and sorenson rely on the assumption that at the time of the book of mormon, the natural world existed, operated, and was described in ways similar to the natural world we study and understand today. clark makes this a general assumption and mentions, as examples, \" that the locality where the book of mormon events took place was not unrecognizably altered at the time of the crucifixion, that geographic details in the small plates and in the book of ether are therefore compatible with those in mormon ' s and moroni ' s abridgment, and that the principles of natural science that apply to today ' s environments are also pertinent to nephite lands. \" 16 in mormon ' s map, sorenson expresses the sense of a general uniformitarian assumption with two rather simple propositions : \" the expressions ' up, ' ' down, ' and ' over, ' when used in a geographical context, refer to elevation.... nature worked the same anciently as it does today. \" sorenson elaborates with examples : \" we can be sure that the headwaters of rivers were at", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5025844662206527, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:d5924cba-8f06-4fa1-81eb-05ff17622132>", "chunk_index": 9, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T10:38:03.302408"}
{"text": "and ' over, ' when used in a geographical context, refer to elevation.... nature worked the same anciently as it does today. \" sorenson elaborates with examples : \" we can be sure that the headwaters of rivers were at a higher elevation than their mouths, and a river implies the presence of a corresponding drainage basin \" ( p. 13 ). sorenson also confronts the idea that \" we cannot hope to attain clarity because of the great destruction that took place at the time of the savior ' s crucifixion. \" those who suggest such a notion may feel that the destruction \" so changed everything that what could be seen of the landscape in former times would not be recognizable afterward. mormon lets us know that this concern is unfounded \" ( p. 11 ). sorenson then leads us through the textual evidence to conclude that \" most of the basic land forms and ecological conditions had [ not ] been rendered unrecognizable \" ( p. 12 ). hence, both textual evidence and logic require an assumption of uniformity in the way nature operates today and operated in book of mormon times. if one were to assume otherwise, one ' s geographical theory would have to be categorized as being in the realm of science fiction. a fictional geography may be appropriate for a literary work about imaginary characters, but such a geography would not be appropriate for the book of mormon. the events set forth in the book of mormon were perceived to have happened by actual nephite historians and their sources. such events occurred in real geographical settings subject to the normal laws and processes of nature. the assumption of an uncertain cultural comprehension clark suggests, without elaboration, that one should \" assume a literal meaning \" for book of mormon terminology. 17 sorenson seems to recommend otherwise. \" ideas in the record will not necessarily be familiar or clear to us.... book of mormon terminology will not necessarily be clear to us, even in translation, because language and cultural assumptions change.... we must seek to overcome any problems this causes us by striving to think, feel, and see as if we were mormon, rather than supposing that we can read the text ' literally ' ( which actually turns out to mean ' according to unspoken assumptions of our current culture ' ) \" ( pp. 13 - 14 ). neither author is consistent in following his own advice, as will be discussed below. naturally, if one strives to think, feel, and see like mormon, one might simply be thinking,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5670283403135028, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:d5924cba-8f06-4fa1-81eb-05ff17622132>", "chunk_index": 10, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T10:38:03.303518"}
{"text": "culture ' ) \" ( pp. 13 - 14 ). neither author is consistent in following his own advice, as will be discussed below. naturally, if one strives to think, feel, and see like mormon, one might simply be thinking, feeling, and seeing in accordance with one ' s own cultural preconceptions ( including those one has about mormon ). to actually accomplish what sorenson suggests, we must know something about how mormon thought, felt, and viewed the world ; to do that, we should know at least the basics about how others in his part of the world perceived themselves and their world. thus, we must know where mormon lived in order to discover from all this internal book of mormon research where mormon lived! the process is circular and moves forward only with the acceptance and incorporation of more completely developed and understood information. as a result of this circularity, sorenson ' s assumption of uncertainty in cultural terminology and ideas necessarily leads to a delicate exercise in determining when to rest ( one cannot stop entirely ) in this cyclical process of interpreting the text, associating the text with a theoretical world, examining the remains of the real world related to such a theoretical world, and then reinterpreting the text, modifying the theory, conducting further research, reinterpreting the text, etc. these are not tasks that most readers want to or can undertake. hence, sorenson ' s assumption imposes a requirement of special knowledge or expertise and turns the process of reading the book of mormon for geographical purposes into a process that must fundamentally be a scholarly pursuit. while i think sorenson ' s assumption is a correct one, as a general reader of book of mormon geography i also think the assumption is not without interpretative risk ( clark ' s \" shifting sands of expert opinion \" referred to above ). we cannot continue to rely indefinitely on individual scholars working independently to bring about an improved understanding of book of mormon cultural ideas and terminology ( whether having to do with geography or otherwise ). the need for collaborative work continues to grow. the institutions necessary to produce such work ought to be identified, promoted, supported, and managed. but here i am really taking off on a tangent \u2014 an important tangent, nonetheless, that is directly related to sorenson ' s work in mormon ' s map. sorenson is surely correct that we have to take mormon ' s terminology and ideas into account. we must also bear in mind the transmission of the text from mormon ' s language into the english of joseph smith and from there into the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.555922114122004, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:d5924cba-8f06-4fa1-81eb-05ff17622132>", "chunk_index": 11, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T10:38:03.304552"}
{"text": "' s map. sorenson is surely correct that we have to take mormon ' s terminology and ideas into account. we must also bear in mind the transmission of the text from mormon ' s language into the english of joseph smith and from there into the english of our contemporary culture. as mormon ' s map briefly observes, \" english has changed between 1829 and 2000 \" ( pp. 13 - 14 ). does this mean we must strive to think, feel, and see like joseph smith, too? the answer is yes. where did joseph smith live? how did people think, feel, and see in his culture? how did they express themselves? what did they know of mormon ' s world? we must also question how people today think, feel, see, and communicate. indeed, what do we know today about mormon ' s world? thus, we must be aware of three cultural screens \u2014 mormon ' s ( or the nephites ' ), joseph smith ' s, and our own \u2014 standing between us and the world of the book of mormon. we must assume an uncertain comprehension at our own level, at joseph smith ' s level, and, perhaps to a much lesser extent, even at mormon ' s level. all three cultural screens must be taken into account in any serious interpretative process. my own research provides a clear example of the kinds of issues that need to be examined when attempting to interpret passages in the book of mormon and place their meaning into current english language and concepts. mormon ' s map mentions the particular issue of the differences between contemporary and ancient notions about \" many days \" of travel. \" similarly, we might ask, would ' year ' have meant the same to [ mormon ] as it does to us? lasting how long? beginning and ending when? composed of what seasonal variations in climate? \" ( p. 78 ). when i began studying book of mormon chronology, 18 i started with a naive awareness that part of nephite record keeping included the measurement of years. that ' s an english word familiar to me and the same word that joseph smith used to represent calendrical periods expressed by nephi in the sixth century b. c. ( e. g., 2 nephi 5 : 28 \u2014 \" thirty years \" ), by mormon in the fourth century a. d. ( e. g., mormon 6 : 5 \u2014 \" three hundred and eighty and four years \" ), and by moroni in the fourth or fifth century a. d., when he abridged records", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.518569881236634, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:d5924cba-8f06-4fa1-81eb-05ff17622132>", "chunk_index": 12, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T10:38:03.305533"}
{"text": ", must necessarily lead to a distorted book of mormon chronology because it was not the calendar used by the ancient record keepers. nephi, mormon, and the jaredites used distinctive calendars for separate purposes. our interpretative experience can add rich levels of meaning to our literal reading of the word years. can i also, as sorenson proposes, think, feel, and see as mormon did? again, i would say yes \u2014 in a way i can. but sitting in my easy chair and urging myself into some sort of imaginary late - nephite reverie is certainly not the way. once the terminology and ideas expressed in the book of mormon with respect to a specific topic have been fully examined from a textual standpoint, then careful study of external sources ( including other scriptures ) and thoughtful synthesis must be undertaken. that is one of the reasons why mormon ' s map is such a valuable book \u2014 a scholar of sorenson ' s stature has taken the time and effort to clarify his thinking regarding the textual evidence he has examined and interpreted concerning the book of mormon land of promise. interpreting book of mormon directions the assumptions of clark and sorenson appear to differ most in their interpretative effect in relation to issues about directions in the book of mormon. these issues require the adoption of interpretations that are more complex and uncertain because the book of mormon seems, at least on the level of construal undertaken so far, to provide relatively little information about the nephite directional system. as a result, clark and sorenson bring significant external assumptions to their interpretative tasks. these assumptions are valuable for the light they shine on the interpretation process. sorenson ' s treatment of the nephite directional system in mormon ' s map is for me the least satisfying discussion in the entire book. it is not a step forward. 19 to explain my disappointment and to help elucidate the interpretative process yet to be commenced with respect to directions in the book of mormon, i will contrast sorenson ' s treatment of nephite directions with the very limited interpretation undertaken by clark. in mormon ' s map, sorenson devotes a short section to nephite directions. he begins, not with an examination of the text relating to directions, but with textual passages that indicate how limited our understanding of nephite ideas and terminology might be. \" when we examine the text of the book of mormon carefully, we can detect numerous places where cultural assumptions that were second nature to the nephites are quite different than those we hold. we latter - day", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5334029911345906, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:d5924cba-8f06-4fa1-81eb-05ff17622132>", "chunk_index": 14, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T10:38:03.307893"}
{"text": "of mormon having something to do with directions. he begins by mentioning the obvious difference between terms such as north and northward, south and southward. he then jumps to what i consider an unsupportable conclusion. \" by their frequency of using the ' - ward ' suffix, we can infer that mormon and his ancestors used a somewhat different cultural scheme for directions than we do \" ( p. 80 ). why is this a reasonable inference? did mormon use the suffix or did joseph smith, in his attempt to express a nephite concept? how does frequency of use necessarily require a different directional system? what if the nephite directional scheme were exactly the same as ours, but the more important geographic areas were not directly north or south of the nephites? wouldn ' t joseph smith then refer to northward and southward as a matter of accuracy and fact, rather than to indicate a different directional scheme? indeed, in an earlier chapter of mormon ' s map, sorenson uses the term northward to help explain his reason for tilting the hourglass - shaped nephite lands away from a strict north - south axis ( pp. 18 - 20 ). that is, his argument about the need for a tilt in the axis of the nephite land of promise is founded on an interpretation of the nephite directional system so that it included cardinal directions. clearly, this matter has not been thoroughly examined, and we have no reason at this point to disregard a directional system based on cardinal directions. sorenson then provides a second example that he thinks should lead us to be cautious when interpreting the nephite directional system. he contrasts the use of the terms came and went in the book of mormon. he speculates that the distinction may have something to do with the place where the historian was recording the events, but then he notes that this contrast has not yet been analyzed systematically. the best that sorenson seems to be able to muster in this section is an expression of caution. \" beware of making assumptions about meanings that may prove to be misleading because they spring from modern - day assumptions rather than from ancient ways \" ( p. 81 ). however, sorenson has not guided us through an examination of passages leading to the conclusion that a literal reading is not appropriate when it comes to the nephite directional system. in fact, he acknowledges that not enough work has been done on this topic. while commenting that \" directional matters \" are often \" subtle, \" he expressly notes that there is much yet to be considered \" before", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5287495056851075, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:d5924cba-8f06-4fa1-81eb-05ff17622132>", "chunk_index": 16, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T10:38:03.310286"}
{"text": "the nephite directional system. in fact, he acknowledges that not enough work has been done on this topic. while commenting that \" directional matters \" are often \" subtle, \" he expressly notes that there is much yet to be considered \" before we even know all the right questions about nephite direction systems \" ( p. 81 ). in contrast, clark ' s interpretation of the directions used by nephite authors is, at least initially, \" literal \" and thus builds on the foundation of textual analysis. clark specifies his directional assumptions as follows : i assume that the nephite directional system was internally consistent and that this consistency persisted throughout the period of their history. i do not pretend to know how nephite \" north \" relates to the north of today ' s compass, and such information is irrelevant for my present purpose of reconstructing an internal geography. i do assume, however, that regardless of what any \" real \" orientation may have been, nephite north was 180 degrees from nephite south, and both were 90 degrees off of east and west. the directional suffix \" - ward \" is here loosely interpreted to mean \" in the general direction of. \" thus, i read \" northward \" as \" in a general northerly direction. \" finally, all directions are directions from \" somewhere. \" i assume the central reference point was the city of zarahemla, located in the \" center \" of the land of zarahemla ( helaman 1 : 24 - 27 ). 20 clark ' s initial view of nephite directions relies precisely on our own culture ' s cardinal directions. our \" literal \" understanding is, and to my mind must be, our first and most unsophisticated interpretation of the meanings associated with words used in the book of mormon. this \" literal \" approach to book of mormon directions also happens to be consistent with concepts of direction and geographical organization that were familiar to joseph smith and his contemporaries. 21 as joseph translated the book of mormon, he seems to have used the directional and geographical concepts familiar to him. this is, and must be, our second level of interpretation of a word or phrase mentioned in the book of mormon. in most cases, the first and second levels of interpretation probably will be identical, but this need not always be the case. the english language has changed in some respects since the time of joseph smith. near the end of his article, clark describes in much greater detail another related directional pattern when he seeks to interpret helaman", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5137896806787087, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:d5924cba-8f06-4fa1-81eb-05ff17622132>", "chunk_index": 17, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T10:38:03.311522"}
{"text": ", but this need not always be the case. the english language has changed in some respects since the time of joseph smith. near the end of his article, clark describes in much greater detail another related directional pattern when he seeks to interpret helaman 3 : 8. in that verse, the nephites are said to have expanded \" from the land southward to the land northward, and... spread insomuch that they began to cover the face of the whole earth, from the sea south to the sea north, from the sea west to the sea east. \" clark acknowledges that his reading of the book of mormon directional system can be literal only to a point. then another level of interpretation is called for and additional assumptions must be made. clark refers to this change in interpretative process as requiring an explanation that is metaphorical : the passage in helaman may have been meant in a metaphorical rather than a literal way. explaining away difficult passages as metaphors goes against one of my guiding assumptions for dealing with the text, but in this case i think it is well justified. north and south sea probably have no more concrete meaning than the phrases \" filling the whole earth \" and \" as numerous as the sands of the sea. \" mormon waxes poetic whenever describing the nephites ' peaceful golden age of uninterrupted population growth and expansion. this is understandable given the circumstances under which he wrote, and his knowledge of the certain doom of his people. it is interesting that in a parallel passage describing the same sort of population expansion [ helaman 11 : 20 ] no north or south sea is mentioned.... i am convinced that the reference to a north sea and a south sea is devoid of any concrete geographical content. all specific references or allusions to book of mormon seas are only to the east and west seas. any geography that tries to accommodate a north and south sea, i think, is doomed to fail. but we cannot dismiss the reference to these seas out of hand. if they are metaphorical, what was the metaphor? 22 with this piling up of inferences, clark theorizes that the north and south seas mentioned in the text are not physical bodies of water. he bases this theory on the slim fact that these seas are not mentioned in one similar passage in the book of mormon. hence, he moves his interpretation of book of mormon directions from a literal one consistent with our culture ( and joseph smith ' s culture 175 years ago ), where cardinal points are the principal directions", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5155079477811279, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:d5924cba-8f06-4fa1-81eb-05ff17622132>", "chunk_index": 18, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T10:38:03.312529"}
{"text": "not mentioned in one similar passage in the book of mormon. hence, he moves his interpretation of book of mormon directions from a literal one consistent with our culture ( and joseph smith ' s culture 175 years ago ), where cardinal points are the principal directions, to a third level of cultural understanding ( a nephite metaphorical level ) that still may have been somewhat accurately depicted by english words describing a cardinal direction system. clark also notes that this metaphorical interpretation \" would not be out of place in the middle east at the time of lehi ; and it is remarkably close to the mesoamerican view of their world. \" 23 that is, at this third level of interpretation, a nonliteral theory has been created and compared favorably with what clark would consider appropriate external cultures to lend credence to his further sense of the meanings that might be associated with our ( and joseph smith ' s ) cardinal directions. clark ' s conceptualized nephite world, \" as part of a metaphor for the whole earth, \" places zarahemla at the center and expands outward ( in the four cardinal directions ) through lands and wildernesses to the four seas mentioned in helaman 3 : 8. 24 clark ' s literal interpretation of a couple of verses that mention ( and don ' t mention ) north and south seas, his identification of an interpretative problem, and then his creation of a metaphorical solution or theory are procedurally sound ( but not necessarily substantively correct ). he then compares the metaphorical theory with ideas from external sources he assumes were related to the book of mormon. this is a valid interpretative process, but not necessarily one that leads to an accurate interpretation. from a substantive point of view, one must also note that clark ' s problem with the text of helaman 3 : 8 is based on his inference from helaman 11 : 20 that the north and south seas \" probably \" had no real existence. why is that inference \" probably \" accurate? are there no other passages in the book of mormon that might bear on this question? in how many other ways is the term north used in the book of mormon? what about uses of the term south? is it impossible or just unlikely that there were north and south seas? the interpretative process dealing with north and south seas has actually just begun. in mormon ' s map, sorenson seems to throw his required caution to the wind when he interprets north and south seas literally. these seas seem to serve his purpose of tilting the axis of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5295719065074674, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:d5924cba-8f06-4fa1-81eb-05ff17622132>", "chunk_index": 19, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T10:38:03.314324"}
{"text": "is identical to sorenson ' s in one regard : so little work has apparently been done on the topic that we do not yet know all the right questions to ask. where does sorenson think we are today? i have not attempted to provide a substantive evaluation of the chapters of mormon ' s map that deal with sorenson ' s detailed views of book of mormon land forms, topography, environment, distances, and civilization. i have no training or expertise in those subjects. frankly, the task would have to begin with comparisons of sorenson ' s inferences and the 1, 068 verses identified as having potential geographical relevance. that will take a great deal of impartial ( hopefully collaborative ) work. thus, i find myself in the position of virtually every other reader of mormon ' s map ( sorenson excepted ). i must rely on my own rational responses to sorenson ' s detailed interpretations and those responses include \" interesting, \" \" challenging, \" and \" what if... \" but hardly anything substantive. to his credit, sorenson also helps us in this area by concluding mormon ' s map with a chapter entitled \" so how much do we know? \" in essence, he reviews his own work. he compares the version of \" mormon ' s map \" he has been able to construct with the widely duplicated maps that early european cartographers produced : \" they drew in coastlines on the basis of reports that were not very clear or full from voyagers who had traversed portions of the coast. where they did not possess direct information, those mapmakers made inferences \u2014 guesses may be more accurate. as for the interior spaces beyond the coasts, their information was even sketchier. still, the maps they drafted were avidly sought by later voyagers and served them well enough. the comprehensive ' mormon ' s map ' on the inside front cover of this book can prove useful too \" ( p. 126 ). sorenson then lists the three uses to which he thinks \" a map in this tentative condition \" ( p. 127 ) can be put. first, it provides \" a model that we can apply to stories from the record to check their consistency and perhaps shed new light on factors [ the stories ] involved that had not occurred to us before. \" second, \" we may discern new questions about geography... gaps in our knowledge for which we might seek answers by consulting mormon ' s text anew. \" third, \" the map summarizes a set of criteria... against which", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5074705948200582, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:d5924cba-8f06-4fa1-81eb-05ff17622132>", "chunk_index": 21, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T10:38:03.317723"}
{"text": ", \" we may discern new questions about geography... gaps in our knowledge for which we might seek answers by consulting mormon ' s text anew. \" third, \" the map summarizes a set of criteria... against which to evaluate proposals for where in the external world nephite lands were located \" ( p. 127 ). this is a succinct summary of where we are today. \" mormon ' s map \" is surely \" tentative, \" but we may finally be in a position to begin filling in the blank spots in our understanding through a reasoned process. by combining clark ' s \" elemental \" geography and interpretative process with sorenson ' s more comprehensive geography of book of mormon events and mormon ' s map, we have a solid foundation for a collaborative project to consciously produce a generally acceptable interpretation of the nephite map described in the text of the book of mormon. we have a method for identifying interpretative issues, pulling together the textual passages that have been identified on each issue as controlling, determining various interpretative theories about those passages, and then comparing the theories for simplicity, consistency, uniformity, and uncertainty in our interpretation of ideas and terminology. will such a collaborative project necessarily produce a duplicate of clark ' s \" elemental \" geography or sorenson ' s mormon ' s map i have met john clark and john sorenson and admire them both, but i don ' t think i know anyone who could answer that question today. why don ' t we find the answer? when one approaches a landfall from the sea, the barest edge of land first appears as a dark contour rising up on the horizon. mormon ' s map leaves me with a clear sense that it represents just the first contour of a wonderful, exciting, and \" promised \" land filled with information and levels of meaning that are yet to be discovered, understood, and communicated. thank you, professor clark, for your attention to the interpretative process. thank you, professor sorenson, for extending that process into mormon ' s map. \" land ho! \"", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5314551070687148, "token_count": 420, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:d5924cba-8f06-4fa1-81eb-05ff17622132>", "chunk_index": 22, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T10:38:03.318573"}
{"text": "( medical xpress ) - - cambridge scientists have, for the first time, created cerebral cortex cells those that make up the brains grey matter from a small sample of human skin. the researchers findings, which were funded by alzheimers research uk and the wellcome trust, were published today in nature neuroscience. diseases of the cerebral cortex range from developmental conditions, such as epilepsy and autism, to neurodegenerative conditions such as alzheimers. todays findings will enable scientists to study how the human cerebral cortex develops, how it wires up and how that can go wrong ( a common problem leading to learning disabilities ). it will also allow them to recreate brain diseases, such as alzheimers, in the lab. this will give them previously impossible insight, allowing them to both watch the diseases develop in real time and also develop and test new drugs to stop the diseases progressing. dr. rick livesey of the gurdon institute and department of biochemistry at the university of cambridge, principal investigator of the research, said : this approach gives us the ability to study human brain development and disease in ways that were unimaginable even five years ago. for their research, the scientists took skin biopsies from patients and then reprogrammed the cells from the skin samples back into stem cells. these stem cells as well as human embryonic stem cells were then used to generate cerebral cortex cells. dr. livesey added : we are using this system to recreate alzheimers disease in the lab. alzheimers disease is the commonest form of dementia in the world, and dementia currently affects over 800, 000 people in the uk. its a disease that primarily affects the type of nerve cell weve made in the lab, so weve the perfect tool to create a full, human model of the disease in the lab. dr. simon ridley, head of research at alzheimers research uk, the uks leading dementia research charity, said : we are really pleased to have contributed funding for this work and the results are a positive step forward. turning stem cells into networks of fully functional nerve cells in the lab holds great promise for unravelling complex brain diseases such as alzheimers. dementia is the greatest medical challenge of our time we urgently need to understand more about the condition and how to stop it. we hope these findings can move us closer towards this goal.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_computing", "similarity_score": 0.521748964682323, "token_count": 477, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:1e1774d1-80e3-4b12-a740-67bf8d1e8f9c>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T10:38:03.321073"}
{"text": "parkinson ' s disease ( pd ) is a movement disorder. the symptoms get worse over time and can include : - muscle rigidity - tremor at rest - slowing down of movements ( bradykinesia ) - difficulty moving and gait instability pd is caused by a loss of certain nerve cells in the brain. the loss of these cells causes a decrease in the amount of a brain chemical called dopamine. low dopamine levels cause pd symptoms. the brain cells may be lost because of genetic defects, the environment, or some combination of the two. a small amount of people with pd have an early - onset form. this type is caused by an inherited gene defect. secondary pd has similar symptoms but is caused by several factors such as : - antipsychotic drugs, such as haloperidol ( haldol ), fluphenazine ( prolixin ), trifluoperazine ( stelazine ), and chlorpromazine ( thorazine ) - antinausea / gastric motility medications such as prochlorperazine and metoclopramide - cardiovascular drugs, such as some calcium channel blockers and antiarrhythmic drugs - valproic acid ( a medication used for seizures, migraines, and bipolar disorder ) - carbon monoxide poisoning - manganese poisoning - brain tumors - iv drug abuse contaminated by mptp ( a type of neurotoxin ) - reserpine ( medicine to treat schizophrenia and high blood pressure ) - insecticide exposure factors that increase the chance of pd include : symptoms of pd begin mildly. they will worsen over time. - \" pill - rolling \" tremor in the hands - tremors are present at rest, improve with movement, and are absent during sleep - stiffness and rigidity of muscles, usually beginning on one side of the body - difficulty and shuffling when walking - short steps - slowness of purposeful movements - trouble performing usual tasks, due to shaking in hands and slowness of movement - trouble speaking ( often speaking with a low volume ) - flat, monotonous voice - shaky, spidery, or small handwriting - poor balance - difficulty with rising from a sitting position - seborrhea ( a skin problem that causes a red rash and white scales ) - loss of smell - urinary symptoms ( frequency and urgency ) - bowel movement symptoms ( straining, constipation ) - tendency to fall - stooped posture - increasingly mask - like face, with little", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5406845981668251, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:73d9a144-1d03-454e-a2a9-db38dd54050e>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T10:38:03.328434"}
{"text": "is morgellons disease a physical or psychological condition? last year, the u. s. centers for disease control and prevention ( cdc ) launched a study of a curious and controversial condition known as morgellons disease, which is characterized by creeping, crawling and stinging sensations under the skin. the project, whose goal is to identify possible risk factors and causes, was prompted by pressure from afflicted people, along with the advocacy groups and congressmen that represent them, according to cdc spokesperson lola russell. many in the medical community question whether morgellons is an infectious disease or a psychiatric disorder. morgellons has drawn increasing attention since 2002, when a pittsburgh woman named mary leitao launched a web site describing skin sores and filamentlike structures emerging from her two - year - old son \u2019 s s skin. after being inundated with e - mails from people complaining of similar symptoms, leitao founded the morgellons research foundation ( mrf ) to raise awareness and secure research funding for the bizarre condition. since then, nearly 14, 000 families have reported morgellons cases to mrf, although the actual number may be higher, the organization says. to learn more about morgellons, which many patients believe is caused by parasites, we consulted michael cappello, a pediatrics professor and infectious disease specialist at yale university school of medicine in new haven, conn. [ an edited transcript of the interview follows. ] what is morgellons disease? it is a skin condition that does not have an accepted medical definition. the name itself was given not by physicians per se \u2014 at least contemporary physicians \u2014 but by an advocacy group. [ leitao borrowed the name from 17th - century french doctors who observed a similar condition in children. ] what are the symptoms? patients complain of itching and scratching sensations. they get wrapped up in the belief that there is something beneath their skin \u2014 an infectious agent, such as a parasitic worm \u2014 that can be extracted. they often try to pull that something out of their skin, which creates open sores. patients will say, \u201c i scratched and i pulled this living thing out of my skin. \u201d how do the patients describe these living things they believe are beneath their skin? often they describe them as tiny fibers. [ according to the mrf, the fibers or \" filaments \" are \" near microscopic \" and may be white, blue, red or black. in addition to the filaments, there may also be", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5122882764805247, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:1442bb8e-9081-4f7d-9dab-53fd4882693f>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T10:38:03.338013"}
{"text": "providing digital resourcesfor the australian curriculum biological, physical and earth and space sciences for early learners early learners discover the past through toys and games multimedia and inquiry questions about life in ancient times conducting historical inquiry related to australian history this is a short story about the lives of stick insects. living things have basic needs! these videos show how bugs handle their prey. dr tanya hill, astronomer, explains why we experience day and night. dr tanya hill, astronomer, explains changes in the sky and the star patterns. an interactive where students match objects that move the same way. this is a story about toys used by several generations of a family. toys from the museum ' s collection are used to explore continuity and change. children sequence images of toys from the my grandmother ' s toy box story. students investigate primary and secondary sources about the vesuvius eruption. students examine the importance of conserving the remains of pompeii. the features and functions of a roman house are explored in this resource. what does the practice of public bathing tell us about everyday roman life? illustrations of daily life and slaves ' videos prompt an inquiry into slavery. alistair thomson offers advice to students on how to record oral histories. dr moya mcfadzean discusses the role of objects in personal migration stories. michael reason discusses how photographs assist in understanding the past. dr paula hamilton reflects on creating community histories. museum victoria learning lab material is licensed under a creative commons attribution 3. 0 australia license, displayed at the bottom of each learning lab page unless stated otherwise. where website users are directed via links to museum victoria material which is not a component of the learning lab, the applicable copyright notice for that material appears in the rights tab in the page footer. hi haidar - we checked with our live exhibits department with your query, and they have said the following : no - one has ever recorded the life span of a male vi... to read the latest tweets from @ museumvictoria follow museum victoria on hello kristen - if you can upload a clear image to us via our ask the experts page, we will see if the bird can be identified - it would also be useful to know...", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5111212203424672, "token_count": 445, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:016e80f0-5739-4840-8729-d9f497597c77>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T10:38:03.342485"}
{"text": "search national agricultural library ( nal ) digital collections showing item 0 of from your search. a system for estimating bowen ratio and evaporation from waste lagoons - a low - cost system was deployed above a swine waste lagoon to obtain estimates of bowen ratios and characterize lagoon temperatures. the system consisted of humidity and temperature sensors and anemometers deployed above the lagoon, water temperature sensors, and a meteorological station located by the lagoon. to evaluate the system, data was analyzed from the 25th through 28th june 2007. bowen ratios showed diurnal behavior near the lagoon surface characterized by negative values during day and positive ones at night. latent ( evaporation ) and sensible heat fluxes were towards the atmosphere and the lagoon, respectively for most of the day. a diurnal cycle in atmospheric and lagoon temperatures was also observed. furthermore, wind speeds above the lagoon were highest in the afternoon. these variations were linked to lagoon temperature stratifications which became more pronounced as wind speeds increased. temperature stratification at the lagoon indicated increased heat exchange at the lagoon ' s interface with the atmosphere. during the night, the stratification disappeared and temperatures in the water column were almost identical down to about 60 cm. this behavior is similar to that observed in other shallow water bodies that are fetch - limited. lagoon heating was driven by the diurnal cycle of solar radiation and net radiation. this suggests that bowen ratios had an inverse relationship with lagoon heating and its thermal stratification. this also indicates that there was an increase in latent heat flux and evaporation during the daytime. these results are important for characterizing the thermal behavior of the lagoon leading to a better representation of processes responsible for emissions. quintanar, a. i., mahmood, r., loughrin, j. h., lovanh, n., motley, m. v. estimation, evaporation rate, waste lagoons, swine, pig manure, water temperature, sensors, anemometers, meteorological data, temperature profiles - includes references - applied engineering in agriculture 2009, v. 25, no. 6 journal articles, usda authors, peer - reviewed - works produced by employees of the u. s. government as part of their official duties are not copyrighted within the u. s. the content of this document is not copyrighted.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5211012813282274, "token_count": 483, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:08122244-cef7-45be-9a44-1bcf31dd6eef>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T10:38:03.345019"}
{"text": "sunlight is earth \u2019 s most abundant energy source and is delivered everywhere free of charge. yet direct use of solar energy \u2014 that is, harnessing light \u2019 s energy content immediately rather than indirectly in fossil fuels or wind power \u2014 makes only a small contribution to humanity \u2019 s energy supply. in 2008, about 0. 1 % of the total energy supply in the united states came from solar sources. in theory, it could be much more. in practice, it will require considerable scientific and engineering progress in the two ways of converting the energy of sunlight into usable forms. photovoltaic systems are routinely employed to power a host of devices \u2014 from orbiting satellites to pocket calculators \u2014 and many companies make roof - sized units for homes and office buildings. photovoltaic ( pv ) systems exploit the photoelectric effect discovered more than a century ago. in certain materials, the energy of incoming light kicks electrons into motion, creating a current. sheets of these materials are routinely employed to power a host of devices \u2014 from orbiting satellites to pocket calculators \u2014 and many companies make roof - sized units for homes and office buildings. at the present time, however, the best commercial pv systems produce electricity at five to six times the cost of other generation methods, though if a system is installed at its point of use, which is often the case, its price may compete successfully at the retail level. pv is an intermittent source, meaning that it \u2019 s only available when the sun is shining. furthermore, unless pv energy is consumed immediately, it must be stored in batteries or by some other method. adequate and cost - effective storage solutions await development. one factor favoring pv systems is that they produce maximum power close to the time of peak loads, which are driven by air - conditioning. peak power is much more expensive than average power. with the advent of time - of - day pricing for power, pv power will grow more economical. sunlight can also be focused and concentrated by mirrors and the resulting energy employed to heat liquids that drive turbines to create electricity \u2014 a technique called solar thermal generation. existing systems produce electricity at about twice the cost of fossil - fuel sources. engineering advances will reduce the cost, but solar thermal generation is unlikely to be feasible outside regions such as the southwestern united states that receive substantial sunlight over long time periods. despite the challenges, the idea of drawing our energy from a source that is renewable and that does not emit greenhouse gases has powerful appeal.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5598578150674165, "token_count": 496, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:515d3239-de8f-40e7-adc5-50e951db0245>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T10:38:03.349954"}
{"text": "researchers at the university of washington school of public health and community medicine have produced new analyses predicting the risk of heart disease among diverse population groups - - younger women, middle - aged men and older japanese - american men. the findings are being presented on march 26 at the 39th annual american heart association ( aha ) conference on cardiovascular disease epidemiology and prevention in orlando, florida. the analyses are based on results from several studies showing that for every nanometer decrease in low - density lipoprotein ( ldl ) particle diameter or size, heart disease risk increases from 30 to 230 percent, depending on the population studied. ldl particles carry the \" bad cholesterol \" through the bloodstream. smaller ldl particles may more easily become trapped in blood vessel walls than larger ones, possibly increasing risk for atherosclerosis. ldl particle size is determined using a technique called gradient gel electrophoresis that separates ldl particles obtained from blood samples by their diameter and shape. the uw researchers have analyzed data from three different population groups. in a case - control study of 231 primarily caucasian women aged 20 - 44 in western washington, blood samples from women with heart disease had smaller ldl size than control women in the same age group. a one - nanometer decrease in ldl size was associated with a more than two - fold risk for heart disease. the relationship remained after taking into account smoking, diabetes, hypertension and ldl cholesterol level, but was reduced substantially after taking into account triglycerides ( another form of fat carried in the bloodstream ) or high - density lipoprotein ( hdl ) cholesterol, known as the \" good cholesterol \". \" many people think heart disease occurs mainly in men, but heart disease is also the number - one cause of death among women in this country, \" says dr. melissa austin, profes contact : ellen liang university of washington", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5423779061910438, "token_count": 392, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:8a41e861-f493-4c22-9fee-5619170c1f0a>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T10:38:03.361611"}
{"text": "a term used with reference to business transactions to signify the investing of money at a risk of loss on the chance of unusual gain. the word is commonly used only when the risk of loss is greater than ordinary business methods and prudence warrant. a coal merchant who sees grounds for thinking that the coming winter will be severe, and that there will be a general strike among coal miners, shows enterprise if he lays in a large stock of coal with the expectation of reaping more than usual profit from its sale. he incurs the ordinary risks of business, he does not speculate. but if a man thinks, on trivial indications, that there is going to be a great development in the opening up of a new country, and buys large tracts of prairie land in the district on the chance of its rising rapidly in value, he would be said to speculate in land. more specifically, speculation is used to designate dealings in futures and options on the exchanges, especially when the parties to the transaction do not intend any effective transference of commodities or securities, but only the payment of differences between making - up prices and those agreed on. such time - bargains are universally practised nowadays on the world ' s exchanges, and the volume of business done in them vastly surpasses that where effective transfer of securities or commodities is contemplated. the transactions may vary indefinitely in character between bona fide and perfectly lawful buying and selling, on the one hand, and the merest gambling or betting on future prices, on the other. some of the ordinary types of such operations are the following. a speculator buys at the current rate a thousand dollars ' worth of stock for the account at the end of the month. when the day for settlement arrives, if the price has risen, he is paid the difference between the price at which he bought and the making up price. if the price is lower, the speculator loses and pays the difference to the broker. in the slang of the exchange, this is a \" future \", or \" time - bargain or a deal in \" differences \" ; and one who speculates for the rise of prices is called a \" bull \", while one who speculates for the fall is called a \" bear \". when the operator loses, he may prefer to extend the time of settling the account to the next settling day. this may be done by arrangement with the broker, and the transaction is known as \" carrying over \". a speculator may purchase at a fixed rate the right to receive or to refuse a certain amount", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.602443486002596, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:a413a546-e048-46b6-b029-26527c9e6545>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T10:38:03.384239"}
{"text": "of settling the account to the next settling day. this may be done by arrangement with the broker, and the transaction is known as \" carrying over \". a speculator may purchase at a fixed rate the right to receive or to refuse a certain amount of a certain stock or commodity at a future date. this is called an \" option \". if he purchases the right either to sell or to buy, it is a \" put and call \", or a \" double option \". of course no objection can be raised against such contracts as these when they are entered into by merchants or others with a view to the effective transfer of what is bought and sold. a merchant or manufacturer requires a constant and steady supply of what he deals in so as to be able to conduct his business. effective dealings in \" futures \" and \" options \" guarantee the steady supply which is needed, and that at fixed rates settled beforehand. such business methods benefit the dealer and the public as well. they ensure a constant supply of commodities at medium rates. but the speculator does not intend effective transfer. his buying and selling are fictitious ; he only pockets his differences if he wins, and pays them if he loses. his methods give rise to serious moral, economic, and political questions, which have been the subject of much discussion. there is no great moral harm in the practices which have been mentioned if they are considered singly by themselves and in the abstract. without incurring the reproach of great moral obliquity i may buy a thousand dollars ' worth of stock at the current rate from a broker when neither buyer nor seller intends effective transfer of the stock, but merely the payment of differences when the settling day arrives. in essentials the transaction is a bet as to what the price of the stock will be on settling day. and if the buyer and the seller have the free disposal of the money which is staked on the bet, and there is no fraud, unfair dealing, or other evil adjuncts or effects of the transaction, the bet will not be morally wrong. ( see betting ; gambling. ) however, betting and gambling are almost always dangerous pastimes and often morally wrong. just in the same way speculation tends to develop a passion which frequently leads to the ruin of a speculator and his family. the hope of becoming rich quickly and without the drudgery of labour distracts a man from pursuing the path of honest work. the speculator, even if he succeeds, produces nothing ; he reaps the fruit of the to", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5350004540153747, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:a413a546-e048-46b6-b029-26527c9e6545>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T10:38:03.385295"}
{"text": "his family. the hope of becoming rich quickly and without the drudgery of labour distracts a man from pursuing the path of honest work. the speculator, even if he succeeds, produces nothing ; he reaps the fruit of the toil of others, he is a parasite who lives by preying on the community. moreover, in practice, the event on which the bet is laid by one who speculates in futures is seldom left to the operation of natural causes. when large sums of money are at stake the temptation to influence the course of prices becomes almost irresistible ; hence the fierce and frequent contests between \" bulls \" and \" bears \" on the exchanges. cliques of one party, interested to bring about a rise in prices, buy the stock in order that the increased demand may produce the effect desired. often the buying is merely fictitious, but this fact is not known to the outside world. the purchases are published, industriously commented upon by the venal financial press, puffs and mendacious reports are inserted in the papers in order to raise the price of the stock and attract moneyed investors. the opposite party adopts the contrary, but equally immoral, tactics. they indulge in real or fictitious sales and do all they can to depreciate the stock in their favour by fair or foul means. great financiers with command of large sums of money can and do influence the markets almost as they please, and the small speculator is usually swallowed up by them. wealthy financiers and gigantic syndicates can often buy or obtain effective control over all the available supply of some stock or commodity and then charge monopoly prices. such \" rings \", or \" corners \", even when they do not succeed entirely according to the intention of the operator produce widespread inconvenience, hardship, and ruin. the result is that in practice speculation deserves all the evil reputation which attaches to the word. speculation indeed has its defenders and advocates, especially among brokers and jobbers, who claim that it equalizes prices and prevents the fluctuations which would otherwise be inevitable. some affirm that speculative dealings have little appreciable effect on buying and selling for transfer. in volume and number speculative transactions are very much larger than those for effective transfer, but the two are conducted separately and to a great extent between different parties. it is asserted that the speculative market is to a large extent separate and distinct from the real market. these two arguments in favour of speculative dealings mutually destroy each other. if", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5360965813489362, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:a413a546-e048-46b6-b029-26527c9e6545>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T10:38:03.386307"}
{"text": ", but the two are conducted separately and to a great extent between different parties. it is asserted that the speculative market is to a large extent separate and distinct from the real market. these two arguments in favour of speculative dealings mutually destroy each other. if speculative dealings equalize prices, it cannot be true that they have little appreciable effect on the markets. as the result of the speculation depends on the actual market price of the security or commodity in question at the time agreed upon, it cannot be said that speculative transactions are independent of effective buying and selling for transfer. it is patent that the various devices to which \" bulls \" and \" bears \" have recourse do produce some effect. the acute and experienced men who devote themselves to speculative business, and who frequently have recourse to the methods described above in order to influence the market in their favour, would be the last people in the world to expend uselessly time, effort, and money. the contention, then, of producers and consumers that speculation has a disastrous effect on real business transactions seems to be well grounded. they maintain that speculators denaturalize prices. these should be regulated, and are naturally regulated, by the varying costs of production and by the mutual interaction of supply and demand ; but the artificial dealings of speculators tend to fix prices without reference to those natural factors. hence, producers and consumers are robbed by clever men, who manipulate the markets in their own interests, produce nothing, perform no useful social service, and are parasites on commerce. in germany the exchange law of june, 1896, forbade gambling in options and futures in agricultural produce, and after a severe struggle with the berlin exchange the government succeeded in maintaining the law. a similar law was passed in austria in january, 1903. america and great britain as yet have no special laws on the matter, though more measures than one have been proposed to congress. the great difficulty of distinguishing between transactions for effective delivery and mere time - bargains, and the ease with which positive laws on the matter could be evaded, have checked the tendency to positive legislation. in england the existing laws against gambling and fraud have been found sufficiently effective to provide a remedy for cases of special importance. antoine in dictionnaire de theologie catholique ( paris, 1905 ), s. v. bourse ( jeux de ) ; brants, les grandes lignes de l ' economie politique ( louvain, 1908 ) ; ecclesiasticai review,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5361493656914156, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:a413a546-e048-46b6-b029-26527c9e6545>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T10:38:03.387250"}
{"text": "please use this identifier to cite or link to this item : http : / / hdl. handle. net / 1959. 13 / 806880 - older people playing ball : what is the risk of falling and injury? van beurden, eric ; - the university of newcastle. faculty of health, school of medicine and public health - increasing physical activity amongst seniors is important for public health, yet guidance is needed to minimise injury risks. to describe the incidence of falls / injuries in a walking team ball game ( lifeball ) designed for seniors, a prospective cohort study was undertaken amongst community dwelling lifeball participants in australia. players completed a telephone survey soon after commencing lifeball ( 2004 ) and 12 months later ( 2005 ). attendance and incident records were audited for the period. subjects joined a lifeball group with opportunity to play at least once per week. baseline was completed by 284 players aged between 40 and 96 years ( mean 67 years ), with most ( 83. 8 %, 238 / 284 ) female. of 263 followed up, the average attendances was 25, with 19. 3 % attending on fewer than 4 occasions and 14. 3 % attending 52 or more times. most ( 93. 9 % ) reported no injuries requiring medical attention. however, 16 ( 6. 1 % ) had injuries requiring medical attention and their 27 injuries represent an injury rate of 3. 3 per 1000 hours of participation. twenty participants ( 7. 6 % ) had a lifeball fall equating to a fall rate of 2. 8 per 1000 hours of participation. falls in lifeball were not associated with measured predictors ( age, gender, falls history, perceived falls risk or hours played ). incident records showed a trip / stumble involving rushing, walking backwards, or overextending ( all against rules ) as common falling causes. lifeball is not \u2018 risk free \u2019 however due to a lack of comparative data it is difficult to compare injury rate to relevant activities. prevention of injury should concentrate on enforcing safety rules. - journal of science and medicine in sport vol. 12, issue 1, p. 177 - 183 - publisher link - resource type - journal article", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5428767740101197, "token_count": 442, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:a8b94590-8d9d-49c5-a35b-ff6f515bacca>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T10:38:03.390464"}
{"text": "gdr germany - federal office for radiation protection19. 06. 2013 | map | | station list | | status report | | information | | faq | | contact | | imprint | the german gamma dose rate ( gdr ) network consists of about 1800 continuously measuring, automatic probes. in order to make data available to the public as soon as possible, the bfs publishes without prior examination of the data. because of the large number of probes it may happen that some data is missing or shows strange signals due to failures or technical problems ( see information ). it should be noted that such error can occur and that individual values may be corrupted at single stations, while the neighboring probes do not show these abnormalities. the time series ( averaged over one hour ) are updated regularly every 6 hours. in the case of an exceptional increase of the gdr, the probes report their status and the measured dose rate immediately. this alerts the bfs on - call team, who check the values within a short reaction time. often heavy rain showers provoke an increase of the gdr due to the fact that the derivatives of naturally occurring radon in the atmosphere are washed out and deposited on the ground. this may lead to short - term increases in the gdr visible in the measurements, which decays very quickly again. in any case, all new data is checked on a daily basis. this check takes place before 10 : 00 in the morning, thus older data is checked. the check ensures that data with technically induced errors are marked by a member of the team on duty. this marked data is not shown in the time series plots. note : averaged ( mean ) values over one hour, partly unvalidated raw data! daily mean values the time series plots represent the gamma dose rate at the station dransfeld : legend for the time series the measured dose rate depends primarily on the level of natural radioactivity in soil ( terrestrial component ) and on the intensity of the cosmic radiation ( cosmic component ). the site - specific threshold is marked as a horizontal line in the time series. if the threshold is exceeded at two adjacent stations in the network, the management centre will be alarmed to clarify the situation. typical progressions of the gamma dose rate are summarized in the information.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5233141408697697, "token_count": 461, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:7fda0a24-1582-43fd-a9a5-bdacf9d88550>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T10:38:03.400354"}
{"text": "the oxygen content of oxy - water is 5 to 7 times higher than that of regular bottled water and up to 10 times higher than that of some tap water. the oxy - water people do not use only use less than perfect reverse osmosis membranes or mere filters to create their base water, they use steam distillation. not only does distillation remove everything but the water from the water, but it removes any vibrational \" memories \" as well. i often discuss water as possessing the proven quality of \" memory. \" filters and reverse osmosis membranes cannot erase the structural memories that the japanese scientists are photographing in water crystals, but distillation can blank water back to it ' s pure unrecorded and unadulterated state. why distilled water? from the oxy water web site : \" the distillation process removes every kind of bacteria, virus, parasite, pathogen, pesticide, herbicide, heavy metal, and inorganic material, and prepares water to accept and retain the maximum amount of oxygen possible. when ingested, water attracts and dissolves toxins and inorganic mineral deposits stored in our joints, organs, arteries, and nerve tracts, pulling them into our blood to be carried to our excretory organs for discharge. distilled water is an excellent natural solvent. you should know that the human body cannot absorb inorganic materials available in plain tap or spring water : these minerals need to be converted first to an organic state for human assimilation. this is achieved only after they pass through plants, not water. simply put, we need the purest water possible to carry what the body ' s cells need plenty of... oxygen. a recent study concluded each hemoglobin molecule in the blood requires 40 molecules of water to transport efficiently one molecule of oxygen to the cells. an inadequate amount of water can cause the hemoglobin molecule to actually repel oxygen. [ and 80 % of all americans are estimated to be clinically dehydrated. ] pure ( distilled ) water \" wets \" the hemoglobin molecules, allowing them to more effectively pick up and transport oxygen throughout the body. the tiredness many people feel after eating is a result of oxygen being consumed during the digestive process, which diminishes the oxygen available to the rest of the body. \" it seems as though some questions have arisen regarding the ability of the human body to absorb oxygen in water. the oxygen in the oxy - water is absorbed instantly", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.502605622264827, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:04e90758-55b4-4609-8069-49803b528ee0>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T10:38:03.456960"}
{"text": "journal for the theory of social behaviour 42 ( 3 ) : 260 - 282 ( 2012 ) | abstract | | in this article, i demonstrate fundamental weaknesses in the ability of critical understandings of race to produce reliable knowledge of how social actors use social comparisons as a way to align self with ingroup. i trace these weaknesses to two sources : the first is relying on social status as an explanation for race - based assessments, ingroup motivations, and social constructions of otherness. this is opposed to leaning on assessments grounded in social psychological research that links properties of human cognition to the development and maintenance of social identities. the second weakness is an open support for activist research that is often situated in radical multiculturalism. because critical race scholars openly side with racial minorities \u2019 interests, they tend to establish incomplete assessments of social behaviors and social constructs linked to racial identities in order to maintain their stated political allegiances. to demonstrate these and other weaknesses, i draw upon the theoretical insights of social identity theory which is used to reassess bell and hartmann ' s ( 2007 ) critical race analysis of diversity dialogue in american society | | keywords | | no keywords specified ( fix it ) | | through your library | | configure | similar books and articles joshua glasgow ( 2009 ). a theory of race. routledge. ron mallon & daniel kelly ( 2012 ). making race out of nothing : psychologically constrained social roles. in harold kincaid ( ed. ), the oxford handbook of philosophy of social science. oxford university press. ron mallon ( 2004 ). passing, traveling and reality : social constructionism and the metaphysics of race. nous 38 ( 4 ) : 644 \u2013 673. amanda e. lewis ( 2004 ). what group? \" studying whites and whiteness in the era of \" color - blindness. sociological theory 22 ( 4 ) : 623 - 646. ronald r. sundstrom ( 2003 ). race and place : social space in the production of human kinds. philosophy and geography 6 ( 1 ) : 83 \u2013 95. joshua glasgow, julie l. shulman & enrique g. covarrubias ( 2009 ). the ordinary conception of race in the united states and its relation to racial attitudes : a new approach. journal of cognition and culture 9 ( 1 ) : 15 - 38. zeus leonardo ( 2011 ). after the glow : race ambivalence and other educational prognoses. educational philosophy and theory 43 ( 6 ) : 675 - 698. michael", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.600204485859004, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:e9d2a828-364f-4eea-b68d-7b61badd4138>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T10:38:03.476915"}
{"text": "cognition and culture 9 ( 1 ) : 15 - 38. zeus leonardo ( 2011 ). after the glow : race ambivalence and other educational prognoses. educational philosophy and theory 43 ( 6 ) : 675 - 698. michael root ( 2001 ). the problem of race in medicine. philosophy of the social sciences 31 ( 1 ) : 20 - 39. robin o. andreasen ( 2000 ). race : biological reality or social construct? philosophy of science 67 ( 3 ) : 666. douglas mcknight & prentice chandler ( 2012 ). the complicated conversation of class and race in social and curricular analysis : an examination of pierre bourdieu ' s interpretative framework in relation to race. educational philosophy and theory 44 ( 5 - 6 ) : 74 - 97. ron sundstrom ( 2002 ). race as a human kind. philosophy and social criticism 28 ( 1 ) : 91 - 115. michael j. monahan ( 2010 ). liberalism and the challenge of race. social theory and practice 36 ( 4 ) : 689 - 704. added to index2012 - 03 - 16 total downloads5 ( # 161, 910 of 556, 803 ) recent downloads ( 6 months ) 1 ( # 64, 847 of 556, 803 ) how can i increase my downloads?", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5622046724565244, "token_count": 271, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:e9d2a828-364f-4eea-b68d-7b61badd4138>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T10:38:03.477500"}
{"text": "these processes range from complex information processing, through goal pursuit and emotions, to cognitive control and self - regulation. this collection of 20 original chapters by leading researchers examines the cognitive unconscious from... does the unconscious exist? cultural critic antony easthope answers with a witty, lucid, informed \" yes \" and draws out its implications for the way we live, how we enjoy art, and how we think about people in society and history. drawing on the writings of freud and lacan, he argues that the study of the unconscious is a way of analyzing meanings across culture as an effect of desire. easthope tests for unconscious significance in an amazing variety of examples, including jokes, (... ) tampax advertisements, hamlet, hitchcock ' s psycho, the life and death of princess di, terminator 2, bob geldof ' s autobiography, and the film titanic. ( shrink ) this book attempts to answer the question : how much of what we do is the result of conscious and deliberate decisions and how much originates in unconscious, unthought out, automatic directives? the answer is that far more than what we might imagine falls into the second category. we tend to assume responsibility for our unconsciously determined thoughts and actions, and even though we do not know why we think and act the way we do, we make up reasons for it, (... ) which we truly believe. each one of us is really two people in the same body, who in many respects, function quite independently of each other, and yet somehow manage to get along with things, while the other, the outer brain, serves as the spokesperson for both of them. the inner brain is the source of our objectives and generates the emotions that keep us on track in our attainment of them. this book explores the strange relationship between these two parts of us across a spectrum of mental processes including, memory, language, problem - solving, dreams, delusions and hallucinations, and more complex pursuits sucs as the arts, humor and religion. ( shrink ) machine generated contents note : introduction : the historiography of the unconscious ; part i. the subject before the unconscious : 1. a general science of the i : fichte and the crisis of self - identification ; 2. natural autonomy : schelling and the divisions of freedom ; part ii. the romantic unconscious : 3. divining the individual : towards a metaphysics of the unconscious ; 4. the historical unconscious ; 5. post - idealism and the romantic psyche", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.5462006224109726, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:5608ec65-3b09-4b1c-a3ca-d563c5e0d570>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T10:38:03.517517"}
{"text": "autonomy : schelling and the divisions of freedom ; part ii. the romantic unconscious : 3. divining the individual : towards a metaphysics of the unconscious ; 4. the historical unconscious ; 5. post - idealism and the romantic psyche ; part iii. the psychoanalytic unconscious : 6. freud : the geist in the machine ; 7. the liberal unconscious ; conclusion. alasdair macintyre argues that freud ' s conception of the unconscious is complicated by his tendency to use the term in two different ways. macintyre shows how freud uses the term \" unconscious \" both as a straightforward description of psychological phenomena, and as an evaluative notion to explain the links between childhood events and adult behavior. this clarification helps to shed light on the many misunderstandings of psychoanalysis, and to separate out what is and what is not of lasting value in freud ' s account (... ) of the unconscious. this new edition includes a substantial new preface by the author, in which he discusses repression, determinism, transference, and \" practical rationality, \" and offers a rare comparison of aristotle and lacan on the concept of desire. macintyre takes the opportunity to reflect both on the reviews and criticisms of the first edition and also on his own philosophical stance. ( shrink ) the heart of judgment explores the nature, historical significance, and contemporary relevance of practical wisdom. primarily a work in moral and political thought, it also relies extensively on the latest research in cognitive neuroscience to confirm and extend our understanding of the faculty of judgment. ever since the ancient greeks first discussed practical wisdom, the faculty of judgment has been an important topic for philosophers and political theorists. it remains one of the virtues most demanded of our public officials. the (... ) greater the liberties and responsibilities accorded to citizens in democratic regimes, the more the health and welfare of society rest upon their exercise of good judgment. while giving full credit to the roles played by reason and deliberation in good judgment, the book underlines the central importance of intuition, emotion, and worldly experience. ( shrink ) over the past two decades, a new picture of the unconscious has emerged from a variety of disciplines that are broadly part of cognitive science. according to this picture, unconscious processes seem to be capable of doing many things that were thought to require intention, deliberation, and conscious awareness. moreover, they accomplish these things without the conflict and drama of the psychoanalytic unconscious. these processes range from complex information processing,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5781454204668071, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:5608ec65-3b09-4b1c-a3ca-d563c5e0d570>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T10:38:03.518891"}
{"text": "processes seem to be capable of doing many things that were thought to require intention, deliberation, and conscious awareness. moreover, they accomplish these things without the conflict and drama of the psychoanalytic unconscious. these processes range from complex information processing, through goal pursuit and emotions, to cognitive control and self - regulation. this (... ) collection of 20 original chapters by leading researchers examines the unconscious from social, cognitive, and neuroscientific viewpoints, presenting some of the most important developments at the heart of this new picture of the unconscious. the new unconscious will be an important resource on the unconscious for researchers in psychology, cognitive science and neuroscience. ( shrink ) eric rayner, a psychoanalyst in private practice, has written the first clear introduction to matte - blanco ' s key concepts for psychotherapists and psychoanalysts. while matte - blanco ' s theories on the structure of the unconscious and the way in which it operates are generally recognized to be the most original since those of freud, many people find his use of terminology from mathematics and logic difficult to understand. in this book, rayner sets out the central ideas and then shows, with examples, how they relate to (... ) clinical practice. he also describes how the ideas are related to those of people in other disciplines - - mathematics, logic, psychology ( specifically piaget ), and anthropology, among others. drawing on the work of a group of people who have been inspired by matte - blanco ' s thinking to extend their own ideas and test them out in the consulting room, this book reveals the significance of matte - blanco ' s thought for future research. ( shrink ) the sections on schelling, eschenmayer, and schopenhauer in chapters vi and ix appear in the 1992 schopenhauer jahrbuch as \u201c from the world - soul to the will : the natural philosophy of schelling, eschenmayer, and schopenhauer \u201d. what if you could, like a diamond forged through heat and pressure, transform every painful, scary, and stressful experience in your life into one that is meaningful, courageous, and inspiring? what if you were provided with the tools that allow you to tap and manifest the true power that exists within you - - the power to shine? are you ready to discover your path to peace? in this fascinating book, dr. darren weissman shares ancient spiritual wisdom fused with a modern - day understanding of (... ) the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5804084532959568, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:5608ec65-3b09-4b1c-a3ca-d563c5e0d570>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T10:38:03.519933"}
{"text": "power that exists within you - - the power to shine? are you ready to discover your path to peace? in this fascinating book, dr. darren weissman shares ancient spiritual wisdom fused with a modern - day understanding of (... ) the mind ' s relationship to biology and behavior that has implications not only for your health, but for the well - being of the entire planet. you ' ll learn how to use the lifeline technique o - - a philosophy and technology for awakening your infinite potential for healing and wholeness - - and share the experiences of scores of people whose lives have been forever changed as a result. conscious visionaries pronounced more than 40 years ago that the road to peace is paved with the power of love. dr. weissman ' s book provides the steps you can use to learn to walk that path, and it will help you understand why it is your moral imperative to choose love over fear. ( shrink ) beginning with emerson and the transcendentalists, americans have tended to view the unconscious as the psychological faculty through which individuals might come to experience a higher spiritual realm. on the whole, american psychologists see the unconscious as a symbol of harmony, restoration and revitalization, imbuing it with the capacity to restore peace between the individual and an immanent spiritual power. americans and the unconscious studies the symbolic dimensions of american psychology, tracing the historical development of the concept of the unconscious (... ) from its early formulations in nineteenth - century theology through its elaboration by the major schools of contemporary academic psychology. in the process, it provides portraits of william james, early american \" freudians \" and the \" neo - freudians, \" new psychology, and humanistic psychologies. fuller draws attention to the ways in which the concept of the unconscious - - while originating in the world of scientific discourse - - symbolizes philosophical and religious interpretations of human nature, and shows how the \" american unconscious \" helps locate the development of psychological ideas within the broader contexts of american religious and intellectual history. ( shrink ) ever since the publication of his first book, the spectrum of consciousness, written when he was twenty - three, ken wilber has been identified as the most comprehensive philosophical thinker of our times. this introductory sampler, designed to acquaint newcomers with his work, contains brief passages from his most popular books, ranging over a variety of topics, including levels of consciousness, mystical experience, meditation practice, death, the perennial philosophy, and wilber ' s integral approach to reality, integrating", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5901741811039629, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:5608ec65-3b09-4b1c-a3ca-d563c5e0d570>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T10:38:03.521032"}
{"text": "nonword discrimination task and a subsequent recognition task and analyzed the data by means of process - dissociation procedures. in line with our expectations, subjects of both groups showed more false signal detection to threat than to neutral stimuli as indicated by an enhanced response bias, whereas indices of discriminative sensitivity did not show this effect. in addition, patients with panic disorder showed a generally enhanced response bias in comparison to healthy controls. they also seemed to have processed the stimuli less elaborately and less differentially. results are consistent with the assumption that subconscious threat detection can lead to misrepresentations of stimulus significance and that pathological anxiety is characterized by a hyperactive preattentive alarm system that is insufficiently controlled by higher cognitive processes. ( shrink ) puccetti argues that dennett ' s views on split brains are defective. first, we criticise puccetti ' s argument. then we distinguish persons, minds, consciousnesses, selves and personalities. then we introduce the concepts of part - persons and part - consciousnesses, and apply them to clarifying the situation. finally, we criticise dennett for some contribution to the confusion. a much - cited definition of placebo is from shapiro and shapiro ( 1997 ) : \" any therapy ( or that component of any therapy ) that is intentionally or knowingly used for its nonspecific, psychological, or psychophysiological, therapeutic effect, or that is used for a presumed specific therapeutic effect on a patient, symptom, or illness but is without specific activity for the condition being treated \" ( p. 41 ). what nonspecific means and how it relates to the psyche has been written about extensively yet inconclusively. in the end, the (... ) term nonspecific doesn ' t say anything about the crux of the matter. talking about placebo, one first has to distinguish between \" placebo effect proper \" and \" perceived placebo effect. \" the.. ( shrink ) whenever we analyze the issue of spiritual activities, we can never lay aside of the macro - background of \u201c spirit service to life \u201d. spirit is \u201d software \u201d of life. it is essentially to carry out determination of self life and a nervous system which make the information processing and feedback between self life and outside world. it has reasonable structure system and systematical work mechanism. the basic structure system of the spirit of human beings is like this : self is the core and leading (... ) of spirit running, which has properties", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.603471568130398, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:5608ec65-3b09-4b1c-a3ca-d563c5e0d570>", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T10:38:03.525396"}
{"text": "between self life and outside world. it has reasonable structure system and systematical work mechanism. the basic structure system of the spirit of human beings is like this : self is the core and leading (... ) of spirit running, which has properties in three aspects which are will, needs and motility. these properties formed a unity. will mainly shows theessential property of self, which is in the domination and core position. needs mainly shows the main part of life requesting and demanding for objective outside, which is in the conditional and secondary position. if we put the needs in the key position, it will blaspheme the meaning of life and lose the value of life. motility is a centralized reflection of life activity, which could be a means for the implementation of self will and acquisition of self needs. in the tangible world, it is displayed as colorful life activity. in the intangible spiritual world, it is displayed as the information processing ability and information feedback ability of self life. motility has four different levels : emotion, subconsciousness, consciousness, cognition. correspondingly, the development of spirit could also be divided as four levels. in each level, self, activity, requested development degree, property characteristics and main content have certain of differences. in structure system of spirit, there is a correlation among each part and each element, which will interact with own characteristics to form an organic whole. in fact, it is an essential sublimation of tangible body and an intangible life existed with information form. the following figure shows the relationship of each element : [ * electronic editor ' s note : figure in pdf of article * ] this structure system of spirit, which isn \u2019 t a simple frame but an abstract mechanism of spirit running, is life active system of informatization. this system and mechanism make the changeable spiritual activity clear and orderly, and make the abundant and various life activities systematic and vivid. this system \u2019 s self isdeveloping, whose development still comply with the law of life development, symbolizing the development and extension of vitality. this development could be considered as continuance of life progress. in the low - grade life, it is mainly displayed as biological stress stage of promoting the favorable and avoiding the unfavorable as well as blind and instinctive affective response stage ; in the highgrade animals, it is gradually displayed certain of psychological activity ability and study cognition ability. in human beings, it is gradually displayed awake of consciousness and mature of reason, making human beings to control", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.5505399887729917, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:5608ec65-3b09-4b1c-a3ca-d563c5e0d570>", "chunk_index": 8, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T10:38:03.526563"}
{"text": "blind and instinctive affective response stage ; in the highgrade animals, it is gradually displayed certain of psychological activity ability and study cognition ability. in human beings, it is gradually displayed awake of consciousness and mature of reason, making human beings to control themselves and change all things to become the soul of the world. through this structure system and running mechanism, we could get a systematical explanation for theessence of emotion, mystery of psychological activity, process of consciousness awake, occurrence mechanism of dream. meantime, we put forth that human beings must experience the second awakerational awake to become the true society human when human beings become the humans with souls after consciousness awake. ( shrink ) the author attempts to answer the question, how it is possible that many scholars - including those representing prestigious universities and research institutes - are ready to consider creationists critique of the origin - of - life theories as \" valuable \", \" scientifically useful \", \" cogent \", and \" clarifying our thinking \". the answer seems to be simple : the same metascientific assumptions, which constitute a basis of antievolutionistic argumentation, still live in the philosophical consciousness ( or subconsciousness ) of a lot of scientists. among these assumptions is he thesis (... ) that order does not arise from disorder and the principle of the uniformity of nature. ( shrink ) abstract : how it is that one ' s own thoughts can seem to be someone else ' s? after noting some common missteps of other approaches to this puzzle, i develop a novel cognitive solution, drawing on and critiquing theories that understand inserted thoughts and auditory verbal hallucinations in schizophrenia as stemming from mismatches between predicted and actual sensory feedback. considerable attention is paid to forging links between the first - person phenomenology of thought insertion and the posits ( e. g. efference copy, corollary discharge ) of current cognitive (... ) theories. i show how deficits in the subconscious mechanisms regulating inner speech may lead to a ' fractured phenomenology ' responsible for schizophrenic patients ' reports of inserted thoughts and auditory verbal hallucinations. supporting work on virtual environments is discussed, and lessons concerning the fixity of delusional belief are drawn. ( shrink ) let me begin with what may seem a very minor point, but one which i think reveals something about how many philosophers today conceive of their subject. during the past few decades, there has been an increasing", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.600480462371787, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:5608ec65-3b09-4b1c-a3ca-d563c5e0d570>", "chunk_index": 9, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T10:38:03.527529"}
{"text": "of the citadel, or the ideal city, constitutes a spatial deportment. throughout history the two myths have continually molded the built (... ) environment and thought, but the myth of the ideal city \u2013 from plato to descartes to modernity \u2013 came to dominate city - form and ensuing aspects of contemplation. this relationship seems to have shifted during the twentieth century. intellectual dispositions have begun to be largely nurtured by an incongruous city - form emerging from the gap between the incessant promise for an automated, well - functioning city, on the one hand, and looming alienation, coupled with the factual, malfunctioning city, on the other hand. urban decay, a persisting and time - bound urban event that is a byproduct of this configuration, suggests the ascent of the garden myth in post - modern city - form. ( shrink ) how do business leaders make ethical decisions? given the significant and wide - spread impact of business people \u2019 s decisions on multiple constituents ( e. g., customers, employees, shareholders, competitors, and suppliers ), how they make decisions matters. unethical decisions harm the decision makers themselves as well as others, whereas ethical decisions have the opposite effect. based on data from a study on strategic decision making by 16 effective chief executive officers ( and three not - so - effective ones as contrast ), i propose a model for ethical decision making in (... ) business in which reasoning ( conscious processing ) and intuition ( subconscious processing ) interact through forming, recalling, and applying moral principles necessary for long - term success in business. following the ceos in the study, i employ a relatively new theory, rational egoism, as the substantive content of the model and argue it to be consistent with the requirements of long - term business success. besides explaining the processes of forming and applying principles ( integration by essentials and spiraling ), i briefly describe rational egoism and illustrate the model with a contemporary moral dilemma of downsizing. i conclude with implications for further research and ethical decision making in business. ( shrink ) what type of artificial systems will claim to be conscious and will claim to experience qualia? the ability to comment upon physical states of a brain - like dynamical system coupled with its environment seems to be sufficient to make claims. the flow of internal states in such system, guided and limited by associative memory, is similar to the stream of consciousness. minimal requirements for an artificial system that will claim to be", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5713195176055199, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:5608ec65-3b09-4b1c-a3ca-d563c5e0d570>", "chunk_index": 11, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T10:38:03.532626"}
{"text": "coupled with its environment seems to be sufficient to make claims. the flow of internal states in such system, guided and limited by associative memory, is similar to the stream of consciousness. minimal requirements for an artificial system that will claim to be conscious were given in form of specific architecture named articon. (... ) nonverbal discrimination of the working memory states of the articon gives it the ability to experience different qualities of internal states. analysis of the inner state flows of such a system during typical behavioral process shows that qualia are inseparable from perception and action. the role of consciousness in learning of skills, when conscious information processing is replaced by subconscious, is elucidated. arguments confirming that phenomenal experience is a result of cognitive processes are presented. possible philosophical objections based on the chinese room and other arguments are discussed, but they are insufficient to refute claims articon \u2019 s claims. conditions for genuine understanding that go beyond the turing test are presented. articons may fulfill such conditions and in principle the structure of their experiences may be arbitrarily close to human. ( shrink ) this paper speculates upon the reasons for peter drucker ' s ongoing and vigorous denial of the relevance of business ethics. it contemplates whether drucker consciously, or even perhaps subconsciously, associates the aims of business ethics with the aims of those associated with the arbeitsfreude movement in germany prior to the outbreak of the second world war. if this is the case the paper questions whether drucker ' s distaste for some of the more notorious outcomes of that movement in germany are reflected in (... ) his hostility to business ethics. drucker ' s reflections regarding the social responsibilities of business are discussed, as are the limitations which he imposes upon such corporate social responsibility. drucker ' s distinction between societal ethics and individual ethics are also discussed. ( shrink ) this paper evaluates the claim that it is possible to use nature \u2019 s variation in conjunction with retention and selection on the one hand, and the absence of ultimate groundedness of hypotheses generated by the human mind as it knows on the other hand, to discard the ascription of ultimate certainty to the rationality of human conjectures in the cognitive realm. this leads to an evaluation of the further assumption that successful hypotheses with specific applications, in other words heuristics, seem to (... ) have a firm footing because they were useful in another", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.61059527644021, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:5608ec65-3b09-4b1c-a3ca-d563c5e0d570>", "chunk_index": 12, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T10:38:03.533634"}
{"text": "of defences used by an oil refinery and its parent company during an oil spill incident. a hypothetical model of defences built on swajkowski \u2019 s four responses to accusations of organisational misconduct \u2013 refusals, excuses, justifications and concessions \u2013 is tested through this case. on the basis of empirical findings it is obvious that (... ) defences delay, impede and interrupt the mitigation and recovery actions of incidents. it is not possible to break the defence behaviour of individuals because it is a built - in psychological mechanism in all humans serving a valuable purpose of dosing the pain of injury. however, it is possible to separate individual and organisational behaviour so that automatic organisational procedures mitigate, recover and, ultimately, prevent incidents. the organisational psychological task of crisis management is to mitigate the organisation \u2019 s ego defences, recover from its emotional turmoil and prevent further traumas by making its ego stronger and more flexible. the argument of this paper is that in practice organisational defences act as bumpers against becoming too conscious of the gap between the corporate rhetoric and reality, as subconscious breaks against too fast change demands, and as batteries in their preconscious effort to prepare for the change. organisational refusals act as bumpers, excuses as breaks and justifications as batteries, while concessions imply that a change towards a more responsible corporation is taking place. ( shrink ) there is a kinship between owen flanagan ' s the really hard problem and william james ' s the varieties of religious experience that not only can help us to understand flanagan ' s book but also can help scholars, particularly scholars of religion, to be attentive to an important development in the realm of the \" spiritual but not religious. \" specifically, flanagan ' s book continues a tradition in philosophy, exemplified by james, that addresses questions of religious or spiritual meaning in terms accessible to a broad audience outside (... ) the context of organized religions. both james and flanagan are concerned to refute the popular perception that the sciences of the mind pose a threat to meaning and particularly to meaningful processes of human growth and transformation. where james used the subconscious to bridge between science and religion and persuade his readers of the reality of the more, flanagan uses a scientifically grounded understanding of transcendence to enchant his readers into believing in less. although i think that flanagan ' s attempt to link the psychological and sociocultural levels of analysis via the concept of transcendence is scientifically premature, his attempt at a naturalistic spirituality raises questions of definition that scholars of religion", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5682022316635655, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:5608ec65-3b09-4b1c-a3ca-d563c5e0d570>", "chunk_index": 15, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T10:38:03.538426"}
{"text": "into believing in less. although i think that flanagan ' s attempt to link the psychological and sociocultural levels of analysis via the concept of transcendence is scientifically premature, his attempt at a naturalistic spirituality raises questions of definition that scholars of religion need to take seriously. ( shrink ) in this article, i discuss the manner in which dieter henrich \u2019 s theory of subjectivity has emerged from the fundamental questions of german idealism, and in what manner and to what extent this theory effects a reinstatement of metaphysics. in so doing, i shall argue that henrich \u2019 s position represents a viable refutation of the attempt of the physicalist explanation of the world to prove the concept of the subject to be superfluous. henrich \u2019 s metaphysics of subjectivity is primarily focused on the \u2018 ultimate (... ) questions \u2019 which also compose \u201c the deep levels of our subjectivity \u201d and concern the factors that should promote stability in our emotional, moral and intellectual life. i argue with henrich that the indisputable facticity of our conscious life is worthy of our special consideration and interpretation, explanation and clarification, just as the deeper meaning ( the individual and collective subconscious structure ) hidden beneath the layers of apparent comprehensibility calls for urgent investigation. such interpretation and elucidation of life \u2019 s meaning has a tripartite character : first, it consists of clarification of the totality of human experience together with the realities playing a part in it ; second, it builds on the process by which the contents of experience are cognized, and the knowledge thereof which results ; thirdly, it embraces the transcendental precondition enabling each and every one of us to consciously lead our lives \u2014 for life, in a human sense, does not merely happen to one. henrich \u2019 s metaphysical foundation of subjectivity is compared with kolak \u2018 s position, according to which individual consciousness is not insular, but integrated into the totality of overall unity that some have called \u201c the universal self \u201d, \u201c the noumenal self \u201d. ( shrink ) there are a number of reasons to be interested in building humanoid robots. they include ( 1 ) since almost all human artifacts have been designed to easy for humans to interact with, humanoid robots provide backward compatibility with the existing human constructed world, ( 2 ) humanoid robots provide a natural form for humans to operate through telepresence since they have the same kinematic design as humans themselves, ( 3 ) by", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.6292494170936198, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:5608ec65-3b09-4b1c-a3ca-d563c5e0d570>", "chunk_index": 16, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T10:38:03.539685"}
{"text": "interact with, humanoid robots provide backward compatibility with the existing human constructed world, ( 2 ) humanoid robots provide a natural form for humans to operate through telepresence since they have the same kinematic design as humans themselves, ( 3 ) by building humanoid robots that model humans directly they will be a useful tool in (... ) understanding how humans develop and operate as they provide a platform for experimenting with different hypotheses about humans and ( 4 ) humanoid robots, given su cient abilities, will present a natural interface to people and people will be able to use their instinctive and culturally developed subconscious techniques for communicating with other people to communicate with humanoid robots. in this paper we take reason ( 4 ) seriously, and examine some of the technologies that are necessary to make this hope a reality. ( shrink ) abstract if the question of the humanity of \u201c the other \u201c may become a question, and not be reinscribed into western colonizing patterns of thought, then its issuing must concern a limit ( always arising beyond western thought ), a delimitation of existence that is risked and put at risk without recourse to the project or operation of that colonizing thought that situates it. ideas of subjectivity, agency, and power - knowledge potential for progress, as well as rationalist instrumental thought used to recognize those peoples (... ) and cultures excluded and oppressed under the western modern tradition, must be put into question by the very agents claiming recognition, as well as the epistemic structures that sustain these concepts and the dispositions and subconscious expectations constituted by the colonizing practices of bodies and imaginaries that project the very horizons of one ' s existence. ( shrink ) we commonly identify something seriously defective in a human life that is lived in ignorance of important but unpalatable truths. at the same time, some degree of misapprehension of reality may be necessary for individual health and success. morally speaking, it is unclear just how insistent we should be about seeking the truth. robert sparrow has considered such issues in discussing the manufacture and marketing of robot \u2018 pets \u2019, such as sony \u2019 s doglike \u2018 aibo \u2019 toy and whatever more advanced devices may supersede (... ) it. though it is not his only concern, sparrow particularly criticizes such robot pets for their illusory appearance of being living things. he fears that some individuals will subconsciously buy into the illusion, and come to sentimentalize interactions that fail to constitute genuine relationships. in replying", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.5442763237054831, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:5608ec65-3b09-4b1c-a3ca-d563c5e0d570>", "chunk_index": 17, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T10:38:03.540895"}
{"text": "when experiencing alpha decay, atoms shed alpha particles made of 2 protons and 2 neutrons. why can ' t we have other types of particles made of more or less protons? the reason why alpha particles heavily dominate as the proton - neutron mix most likely to be emitted from most ( not all! ) radioactive components is the extreme stability of this particular combination. that same stability is also why helium dominates after hydrogen as the most common element in the universe, and why other higher elements had to be forged in the hearts and shells of supernovas in order to come into existence at all. here ' s one way to think of it : you could in principle pop off something like helium - 3 from an unstable nucleus - that ' s two protons and one neutron - and very likely give a net reduction in nuclear stress. but what would happen is this : the moment the trio started to depart, a neutron would come screaming in saying look how much better it would be if i joined you!! and the neutron would be correct : the total reduction in energy obtained by forming a helium - 4 nucleus instead of helium - 3 would in almost any instance be so superior that any self - respecting ( and energy - respecting ) nucleus would just have to go along with the idea. now all of what i just said can ( and in the right circumstances should ) be said far more precisely in terms of issues such as tunneling probabilities, but it would not really change the message much : helium - 4 nuclei pop off preferentially because they are so hugely stable that it just makes sense from a stability viewpoint for them to do so. the next most likely candidates are isolated neutrons and protons, incidentally. other mixed versions are rare until you get up into the fission range, in which case the whole nucleus is so unstable that it can rip apart in very creative ways ( as aptly noted by the earlier comment ). $ \\ alpha $ particles are really $ he ^ 4 _ 2 $ nucleus i. e made up of 2 neutron and 2 protons. as you can see in this graph, $ he ^ 4 _ 2 $ ion has a high binding energy per nucleon, i. e. it is highly stable among all the neighboring nuclei. this makes them easy to sustain their existence and makes it easier for the nuclei to emit them in radioactive decay thus making the resultant nuclei much more stable than if a $ he _ 2 ^ 3 $ would have escaped.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5755305779100846, "token_count": 500, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:2d293bb8-356c-42d9-9b1f-f5c7779b9986>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T10:38:03.549860"}
{"text": "| mon march 24, 1969 02 : 32pm ( pst ) | this report supersedes any earlier report of this event this event has been reviewed by a seismologist mon march 24, 1969 02 : 32pm ( pst ) mon march 24, 1969 22 : 32 ( gmt ) 30. 1 km ( 18. 7 mi ) ene ( 67. azimuth ) from hanford - 300, wa 31. 7 km ( 19. 7 mi ) sse ( 151. azimuth ) from othello, wa 33. 5 km ( 20. 8 mi ) ne ( 46. azimuth ) from hanford - 400, wa | depth : | | 7. 34 km ( 4. 48 miles ) | | horizontal uncertainty : | | 26. 219 km | | depth uncertainty : | | 25. 22 km | | azimuthal gap : | | 257. 0 deg | | number of phases : | | 7 | depth within the earth where an earthquake rupture initiated. pnsn reports depths relative to sea level, so the elevation of the ground above sea level at the location of the epicenter must be added to estimate the depth beneath the earth ' s surface. a measure of how well network seismic stations surround the earthquake. measured from the epicenter ( in degrees ), the largest azimuthal gap between azimuthally adjacent stations. the smaller this number, the more reliable the calculated horizontal position of the earthquake. number of phases how well the given earthquake location predicts the observed phase arrivals ( in seconds ). smaller misfits mean more precise locations. the best locations have rms misfits smaller than 0. 1 seconds. number of p first motions a p first motion is the direction in which the ground moves at the seismometer when the first p wave arrives. we distinguish between upward and downward first motions. this is the number of observations that were used to obtain the fault plane solution. orientation of first possible fault plane the strike is the angle between the north direction and the direction of the fault trace on the surface, while keeping the dipping fault plane to your right. the dip is the steepness of the fault plane measured as an angle between the fault plane and the surface. for example, 0 degrees is a horizontal fault and 90 degrees is a vertical fault. rake is the angle, measure in the fault plane, between the strike and the direction in which the material above the fault moved relative to the material on the bottom of the fault", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5310977621189479, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:04b85eb8-944d-4176-8e7a-b2e53c9f1916>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T10:38:03.553554"}
{"text": ", 0 degrees is a horizontal fault and 90 degrees is a vertical fault. rake is the angle, measure in the fault plane, between the strike and the direction in which the material above the fault moved relative to the material on the bottom of the fault ( slip direction ). orientation of second possible fault plane the orientation of the two possible fault planes is the best solution we can find to match the observed first motions at the seismometers using a grid search method. the uncertainty of the strike, dip, and rake indicate the number of degrees by which those values can vary and still match the observations satisfactorily. code, or name, to designate a particular seismic station network code indicates the organization responsible for a particular station, the pnsn consists of uw = university of washington, uo = university of oregon, and cc = cascade volcano observatory the quality of an observed p arrival polarity indicates how well you can tell whether it is up or down and can range from 0 ( poor ) to 1 ( good ). the channel name allows one to distinguish between data from different kinds of sensors. the first character indicates the sample rate of the data, examples are e = 100hz, b = 40 or 50hz, h = 80 or 100 hz. the second character indicates whether the channel is a high ( h ) gain or low ( l ) gain velocity channel or a strong - motion acceleration channel ( n ). the third character indicates the direction of motion measured, z = up / down, e = east / west, n = north / south. polarity means the direction of motion, in this context it means whether it is up ( u ) or down ( d ).", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5530718156072132, "token_count": 345, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:04b85eb8-944d-4176-8e7a-b2e53c9f1916>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T10:38:03.554195"}
{"text": "supplement forms / alternate names : - potassium chloride - potassium bicarbonate - chelated potassium ( potassium aspartate, potassium citrate ) principal proposed uses potassium is a mineral found in many foods and supplements. but you will never see pure potassium in a healthfood store or pharmacy \u2014 it is a highly reactive metal that bursts into flames when exposed to water! the potassium you eat, or take as a supplement, is composed of potassium atoms bound to other nonmetallic substances \u2014 less exciting, perhaps, but chemically stable. potassium is one of the major electrolytes in your body, along with sodium and chloride. potassium and sodium work together like a molecular seesaw : when the level of one goes up, the other goes down. all together, these three dissolved minerals play an intimate chemical role in every function of your body. the most common use of potassium supplements is to make up for potassium depletion caused by diuretic drugs. these medications are often used to help regulate blood pressure, but by depleting the body of potassium, they may inadvertently make blood pressure harder to control. potassium is an essential mineral that we get from many common foods. true potassium deficiencies are rare except in cases of prolonged vomiting or diarrhea, or with the use of diuretic drugs. however, in one sense, potassium deficiency is common, at least when compared to the amount of sodium we receive in our diets. it is probably healthy to take in at least five times as much potassium as sodium ( and perhaps 50 to 100 times as much ). but the standard american diet contains twice as much sodium as potassium. therefore, taking extra potassium may be a good idea in order to balance the sodium we consume to such excess. bananas, orange juice, potatoes, avocados, lima beans, cantaloupes, peaches, tomatoes, flounder, salmon, and cod all contain more than 300 mg of potassium per serving. other good sources include chicken, meat, and various other fruits, vegetables, and fish. potassium pills can cause injury to the esophagus if they get stuck on the way down, so make sure to take them with plenty of water. interactions you should know about if you are taking : - loop diuretics or thiazide diuretics : you may need more potassium. - ace inhibitors ( eg, captopril, lisinopril, enalapril ), potassium - sparing diuretics ( eg, triamter", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5257209482207883, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:9feb7806-164f-423b-adb8-04a3bdcce5b4>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T10:38:03.557000"}
{"text": "kiew, ruth ( 1978 ) floristic components of the ground flora of a tropical lowland rain forest at gunung mulu national park, sarawak. pertanika, 1 ( 2 ). pp. 112 - 119. the floristic components of the ground layer at the gunung mulu national park, sarawak, are described. these components are associated with microhabitats. the microhabitats of the riverine system include the shallow stream, rocky banks and banks of larger rivers, and those of the shaded forest include permanently wet areas, rocky litter - free slopes, steep litter covered slopes, surfaces of logs, roots or rocks and the flat well - drained alluvial forest. possible causes of the uneven distribution of the ground layer species of the flat well - drained alluvial forest are discussed. the species composition of this alluvial forest is compared with other published reports from the danum valley, sabah and pasoh forest reserve malaya, and with some other lowland forest types such as kerangas and peat swamp forest in sarawak. the phenomenon of iridescence and variegation of leaves is briefly noted. | keyword : | | floristic components, ground layer, lowland rainforest, microhabitat, distribution of tropical herbaceous plants, variegated foliage. | | faculty or institute : | | faculty of environmental studies | | deposited by : | | nur izyan mohd zaki | | deposited on : | | 09 nov 2009 02 : 45 | | last modified : | | 27 may 2013 06 : 58 | repository staff only : item control page document download statistics this item has been downloaded for since 09 nov 2009 02 : 45.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5002113561236389, "token_count": 342, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:15e5c3bc-5d51-4521-ba3e-866ebe737c67>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T10:38:03.565581"}
{"text": "today is the first official digital archives day. all day, archivists and conservators working in digital archives of all kinds will be sharing their work under the # digitalarchivesday hashtag, and blogging at dayofdigitalarchives. blogspot. com i wanted to take a moment today to briefly talk about an innovation in digital imaging and computing that has become a frustation to many artists that have been experimenting with the web since the early years : anti - aliasing. put simply, anti - aliasing is a method of image processing that uses interpolation, to construct \" new data points within the range of a discrete set of known data points. \" this is a function of digital signal processing that has many many important applications, from helping typefaces look good on screen, to making images not look odd when scaled down. the use of anti - aliasing that we are talking about here though, is quite specific : the display of resized digital images and video in web browsers. to illustrate how anti - aliasing has affected an era of web content, we will look at cory arcangel ' s \" data diaries. \" data diaries on turbulence. org in 2002, when arcangel created \" data diaries, \" if one were set the size of an image or video embedded in a web page larger than it ' s actual size, the browser would use nearest neighbor interpolation to display the image. in other words \u2013 if one were to embed a 50 x 50 px image or video as 100 x 100 px, each pixel would appear to double in size. this default form of nearest neighbor interpolation was exploited to aesthetic ends by many early net artists, including cory. when cory made data diaries, he rendered the original videos at the dimension of 50 x 25 px - so tiny! he embedded these videos at dimensions of 500 x 266 px...", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5023016540940759, "token_count": 394, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:d0219bfd-2486-4426-906f-4171e14e2829>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T10:38:03.593920"}
{"text": "interpreter for zoom language zoom language is new language developed at depaul university by dr. jia. zoom stands for z - based object oriented modeling notation. it ' s made up of 3 different parts : zoom specification notations zoom - s, zoom design notation zoom - d and zoom implementation language zoom - i. the syntax of zoom - i is closely based on syntax of java language. it adds several extensions to java language such as enumerations, set and list formations, relations and function mappings and more. programming language design is a challenging task. development and testing of first implementation of the language is much easier and flexible done by implementing an interpreter. changes to static or dynamic semantics of a language are more easily done in interpreter than compiler. my project is to implement interpreter for the zoom - i language. the interpreter is going to be gui application with easy development of zoom programs. working on basic statements and expressions of zoom - i langauge. - 5 / 11 / 03 : basic java statements and expressions for primitive types - 5 / 19 / 03 : extended expressions for list declaration and manipulation - 5 / 26 / 03 : extended expressions for set declaration and manipulation - 5 / 31 / 03 : start work on object oriented features - 7 / 31 / 03 : object - oriented features finished - 8 / 01 / 03 : tbd - expected completion : november 2003 - initial presentation - power point slides - david a. watt & deryck f. brown. programming language processors in java. prentice hall, 2000. - alfred v. aho, ravi sethi, jeffrey d. ullman. compilers : principles, techniques and tools. addison - wesley, 1988. - ravi sethi. programming languages, concepts & constructs. addison - wesley, 1996. - randy m. kaplan. constructing language processors for little languages. john wiley & sons, inc., 1994.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5067688164979001, "token_count": 379, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:6df337f0-b74a-4b93-a6ac-81d0729d798c>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T10:38:03.607337"}
{"text": "information for contributors every scientist knows the power of engaging students in working with real data. working with data derived from observations in the field, experiments, analyses, remote sensing or modeling lies at the core of being a geoscientist and is one of the most exciting things we do. the ability to learn effectively from our own data and that of others is the mark of an accomplished scientist and is a common goal for our students. this session is designed to allow the entire gsa community to come together to share and discuss how we use data to help students learn concepts, think scientifically, and develop their skills in making interpretations and communicating conclusions. we invite contributions from throughout the geosciences involving all kinds of data in the full spectrum of approaches to helping students of all ages learn geoscience. the contributions to this session will be preserved in an on - line searchable collection designed to foster continued sharing and interaction. to make the session and the resulting collection of highest use as we think about teaching and work to adapt and adopt ideas from colleagues, we ask that each contributor - submit an abstract for session 32 that introduces or summarizes the example they wish to present ( deadline july 15 ) description of session 32, view abstracts - complete the submission form ( offline - no longer valid ) which includes uploading a pdf file of their poster ( deadline oct 31 ) - display your poster at the sunday, november 2, 1 : 00 session at gsa guidelines for poster preparation the form must be completed in a single session ( leaving the session erases the data ) at the same time your poster is uploaded. you may find it simplest to review the questions on the form, compose brief answers to them offline and then actually fill out the form in one go once your poster is complete. as guidelines to help make these presentations both comprehensive and useful, we ask that all abstracts and posters address learning goals ; instructional context ; required data, tools and equipment ; and evaluation strategies in addition to providing a description of the activity and its outcomes. you may wish to use the same text in the poster that you develop for the form below. the session will take place on sunday afternoon, november 1 in the poster hall. there are opportunities for several hundred posters. the one paper rule is waived for this session.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5520858898894669, "token_count": 462, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:70fdd121-a28b-411b-9d87-3280be851240>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T10:38:03.610296"}
{"text": "the scene : scientist jian chen adjusts optics mounted for an experiment at one of several pulse laser laboratories housed at slac. ( pulse is a joint slac / stanford university laser science institute. ) in this experiment, a small fleck of sample material is held in a special \u201c diamond anvil cell \u201d and torqued to pressures up to 12 gigapascals \u2014 120, 000 times greater than atmospheric pressure, similar to conditions deep inside the earth. chen and colleagues then use three separate, highly precise beams of pulsed laser light, bouncing variously through the specialized optics, to measure the behavior of electrons in the material under pressure. experiments of this sort give scientists clues about the nature and dynamics of the atomic world that could aid in developing new materials with exotic properties. the shot : canon 5d mk ii, 17 - 35mm / f2. 8l lens @ 17mm, f / 7. 1. iso 200, 1 / 40 sec exposure. three lights ( all speedlites ), one triggered with a pocket wizard ii, the others with optical slaves : one camera left ( close, with a red gel ), one camera right ( at full power, to cast the hard shadows ), and one camera left ( farther from the camera, with grid, visible in frame ) to illuminate chen. used a tripod and remote trigger for this one. ( all while wearing the same goggles chen is wearing \u2026 tough way to shoot! )", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.6062266957735638, "token_count": 295, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:aa900d17-ee05-43a1-9828-f3db9c23769c>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T10:38:03.612668"}
{"text": "geared toward upper - level undergraduates and graduate students, this elementary introduction to classical umbral calculus requires only an acquaintance with the basic notions of algebra and a bit of applied mathematics ( such as differential equations ) to help put the theory in mathematical perspectiv... read more customers who bought this book also bought : our editors also recommend : infinite sequences and series by konrad knopp careful presentation of fundamentals of the theory by one of the finest modern expositors of higher mathematics. covers functions of real and complex variables, arbitrary and null sequences, convergence and divergence, cauchy ' s limit theorem, more. infinitesimal calculus by james m. henle, eugene m. kleinberg introducing calculus at the basic level, this text covers hyperreal numbers and hyperreal line, continuous functions, integral and differential calculus, fundamental theorem, infinite sequences and series, infinite polynomials, more. 1979 edition. introductory discrete mathematics by v. k. balakrishnan this concise, undergraduate - level text focuses on combinatorics, graph theory with applications to some standard network optimization problems, and algorithms. more than 200 exercises, many with complete solutions. 1991 edition. technical calculus with analytic geometry by judith l. gersting well - conceived text with many special features covers functions and graphs, straight lines and conic sections, new coordinate systems, the derivative, much more. many examples, exercises, practice problems, with answers. advanced undergraduate / graduate - level. 1984 edition. geared toward upper - level undergraduates and graduate students, this elementary introduction to classical umbral calculus requires only an acquaintance with the basic notions of algebra and a bit of applied mathematics ( such as differential equations ) to help put the theory in mathematical perspective. subjects include sheffer sequences and operators and their adjoints, with numerous examples of associated and other sequences. related topics encompass the connection constants problem and duplication formulas, the lagrange inversion formula, operational formulas, inverse relations, and binomial convolution. the final chapter offers a glimpse of the newer and less well - established forms of umbral calculus. 1984 edition. unabridged republication of the edition published by academic press, inc., orlando, florida, 1984. this book was printed in the united states of america. dover books are made to last a lifetime. our us book - manufacturing partners produce the highest quality books in the world and they create jobs for our fellow citizens. manufacturing in the united states also ensures that our books are printed", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5533988590018326, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ff8f0d0f-ba97-417b-9f82-035e954a67bf>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T10:38:03.637154"}
{"text": "a new survey finds that one in three homeless people in boston are clinically obese, a number that casts in relief the strange reality of food in the 21st century united states. not long ago, malnourishment was embodied by emaciation. now it \u2019 s far more likely to be hidden in folds of fat. \u201c this study suggests that obesity may be the new malnutrition of the homeless in the united states, \u201d wrote the researchers, led by harvard medical school student katherine koh, in an upcoming journal of urban health study. the findings are the latest and most dramatic illustration of what \u2019 s called the \u201c hunger - obesity paradox, \u201d a term coined in 2005 by neurophysiologist lawrence scheier to describe the simultaneous presence of hunger and obesity. around that time, a vernacular sea change occurred, with \u201c hunger \u201d and its connotations of starvationreplaced by \u201c food insecure, \u201d a term more descriptive of people who might consume enough raw calories but not enough nutrients. the paradox fit with a general modern relationship in the united states between weight and wealth. whereas obesity was once a sign of wealth, it now tracks with poverty. the poorer and less food - secure people are, the more likely they are to be overweight or obese.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5031967880729555, "token_count": 263, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:8a7a4b7d-dcb1-4560-bff3-cf5cd3d08d25>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T10:38:03.645394"}
{"text": "hate [ heyt ] show ipa | part of speech : | | verb | | definition : | | dislike very strongly | | synonyms : | | abhor, abominate, allergic to, anathematize, be disgusted with, be hostile to, be loath, be reluctant, be repelled by, be sick of, be sorry, bear a grudge against, can ' t stand, contemn, curse, deprecate, deride, despise, detest, disapprove, disdain, disfavor, disparage, down on, execrate, feel malice to, have an aversion to, have enough of, have no use for, loathe, look down on, nauseate, not care for, object to, recoil from, scorn, shudder at, shun, spit upon, spurn | | notes : | | hate means to ' dislike intensely, loathe ' and despise means ' look down on contemptuously ' | | category : | | 1. social affections | hate, hatred, vials of hate., disaffection, disfavor ; alienation, estrangement, coolness ; enmity ; animosity., umbrage, pique, grudge ; dudgeon, spleen bitterness, bitterness of feeling ; ill blood, bad blood ; acrimony ; malice ; implacability ( revenge )., repugnance ( dislike ) ; demonophobia, gynephobia, negrophobia ; odium, unpopularity ; detestation, antipathy ; object of hatred, object of execration ; abomination, aversion, bete noire ; enemy ; bitter pill ; source of annoyance. hate, detest, abominate, abhor, loathe ; recoil at, shudder at ; shrink from, view with horror, hold in abomination, revolt against, execrate ; scowl ; disrelish ( dislike )., owe a grudge ; bear spleen, bear a grudge, bear malice ( malevolence ) [ more ] ; conceive an aversion to., excite hatred, provoke hatred ; be hateful ; stink in the nostrils ; estrange, alienate, repel, set against, sow dissension, set by the ears, envenom, incense, irritate, rile ; horri", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5320264170456134, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:3efbb0de-94e3-4919-88c3-dfc9d7f88a6e>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T10:38:03.653961"}
{"text": "puts glory, honour, majesty, as well as courage, under such stress that they often fracture, but are not utterly destroyed. \" tolkien personified his feelings about concepts like glory, honour, and courage in the peoples of rohan. rohan is at constant war with the orcs and wild men, and like the dunedain must remain ever alert, guarding against encroaching evil. they believe that death on the battlefield, while sorrowful, is never in vain as long as their acts are remembered. thus the wistful ( and my personal favorite ) bit of tolkien poetry, the lament for eorl the young : where now the horse and the rider? where is the horn that was blowing? where is the helm and the hauberk, and the bright hair flowing? where is the hand on the harpstring, and the red fire glowing? where is the spring and the harvest and the corn growing? they have passed like rain on the mountain, like a wind in the meadow ; the days have gone down in the west behind the hills into shadow. who shall gather the smoke of the dead wood burning, or behold the flowing years from the sea returning? this piece captures tolkien ' s ambivalent feelings about war. the poem on the one hand portrays the magnificence of eorl, resplendent in his war gear and the full flower of his years, using the symbolic language of spring and harvests and growing corn. but the song also mourns his death, asking again and again \" where has he gone? \" in a question that cannot be answered. eorl ' s passing leaves no trace, like a whisp of smoke. for the living only his memories remain. the riders of rohan remember their dead with songs like these and through the simbelmyne, a small white flower which grows on their graves and tombs. according to the encyclopedia of arda, \" simbelmyne is translated as ' evermind ' : a reference to the memories of the dead on whose tombs the flower grew. \" tolkien does not take war lightly and the men of rohan, though portrayed in a sympathetic light, are not his ideal. that place is held by faramir, tolkien ' s portrayal of man at his best. faramir sees war with a keen eye, and tells sam and frodo that the high men of numenor, of which he is a descendant, have \" fallen \" and are becoming like the rohirrim, loving", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5009815350811506, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:76afe83f-249b-423e-bde9-a338c95e1f38>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T10:38:03.668229"}
{"text": "there are a number of ways of exciting standing waves in ropes and springs using non - commercial vibrators such as loudspeakers, 1 jigsaws, 2 motors, 3 or a simple tuning fork, 4 including the rhythmical shaking of a handheld slinky. we have come up with a very simple and cheap way of exciting stationary waves in a string, which anyone, particularly children, can try at home. it consists of using an electric toothbrush to produce a regular sideways motion that can be easily transmitted to an elastic cord. most suitable for this experiment is the kind of unit that has a metal rod protruding from the front ( see fig. 1, which shows our braun oral - b\u00ae ) to which a brush is normally affixed. the ends of the cord are attached to stands. elastic cords that come with some school notebooks work well for this experiment, but a longer cord allows the observation of a larger number of modes. the toothbrush unit is placed near one end of the cord, which is wrapped once around the rod. as the toothbrush vibrates at a fixed frequency, standing waves ( see fig. 2 ) may be tuned by changing the tension of the cord while keeping its length constant. we have found up to five harmonics with a 150 - cm cord. the toothbrush can be connected to a small potentiometer to reduce the dc voltage and hence the frequency of the motor, allowing the tuning of the standing waves with a fixed tension.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5834744413675832, "token_count": 301, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:48cbf5ad-4f61-4cce-929a-7019acdd29f7>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T10:38:03.672420"}
{"text": "the \" methane \" experiment was proposed during the transcom 2008 meeting in utrecht. the first protocol was discussed during the post - icdc8 transcom meeting in jena, followed by the final protocol in 2010. since then 16 models or model variants have performed the simulations. previous transcom experiments focused on chemically non - reactive species ( sf6, co2, 222rn ). a ch4 intercomparison requires introduction of atmospheric chemistry, which means a significant new model development for the traditional transcom participants. however, to focus on model transport properties, the ch4 chemistry is reduced to offline radical ( oh, o1d, cl ) only, which means the full - chemistry modellers have to scale down chemistry. during discussion at jena, methyl chloroform ( ch3ccl3 ) was included for tracking tropospheric oh abundance in the models, as well as sf6 and 222rn for model transport evaluations. prescribed fluxes are input to a transport model and 20 years of simulation is run with meteorological forcing appropriate for 1988 - 2007. hourly concentrations of all species are output for 280 locations. at 115 locations, species profiles, surface fluxes and meteorological variables are also output. the protocol ( version 7 ). it details the input fluxes, regridding instructions and lists of the output sites and required file formats ( similar to transcom continuous experiment ). instructions are included for accessing the ftp site for downloading input files and uploading model submissions. the model output is freely available for research purposes but please note the \" conditions of use \". the data are available in two formats : the original model submissions containing output for all sites. output files can be downloaded from ftp fxp. nies. go. jp ( refer to the protocol files for access information ). in an effort towards ease of access, time series at a subset of surface sites are archived at the wmo world data centre for greenhouse gases ( http : / / gaw. kishou. go. jp / ) publications and presentations patra, p. k., s. houweling, m. krol, p. bousquet, l. bruhwiler, and d. jacob ( 2010 ), protocol for transcom ch4 intercomparison, version 7, april ( available online at transcom. project. asu. edu / pdf / transcom / t4. methane. protocol _ v7. pdf ). patra, p", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5372275711394314, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:fafff650-2a32-4b22-b6ba-3ad9c568a763>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T10:38:03.680313"}
{"text": "transcom ch4 intercomparison, version 7, april ( available online at transcom. project. asu. edu / pdf / transcom / t4. methane. protocol _ v7. pdf ). patra, p. k., s. houweling, m. krol, p. bousquet, d. belikov, d. bergmann, h. bian, p. cameron - smith, m. p. chipperfield, k. corbin, a. fortems - cheiney, a. fraser, e. gloor, p. hess, a. ito, s. r. kawa, r. m. law, z. loh, s. maksyutov, l. meng, p. i. palmer, r. g. prinn, m. rigby, r. saito, c. wilson, transcom model simulations of ch4 and related species : linking transport, surface flux and chemical loss with ch4 variability in the troposphere and lower stratosphere, atmos. chem. phys. discuss., submitted, 2011. presentations at the 10th transcom workshop, university of california, berkeley, 2010, ( saturday session ) are available on the transcom - ch4 ftp server at nies. for more information", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5484202457896113, "token_count": 278, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:fafff650-2a32-4b22-b6ba-3ad9c568a763>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T10:38:03.681166"}
{"text": "tri states public radio staff fri september 7, 2012 volcano shoots geyser of water up into space originally published on tue october 9, 2012 10 : 53 am what we have here is a moon \u2014 a small one ( slightly wider than the state of arizona ) \u2014 circling saturn. if you look closely, you will see a small splay of light at its top, looking like a circular fountain. that ' s because it is a fountain \u2014 of sorts. a bunch of volcano - like jets are sending fantastically high geysers of water vapor up into the sky, so high that you can see them in this remarkable print by michael benson, back lit by light bouncing off of saturn. it turns out this moon, called enceladus, is a snowball containing what may be a sea of liquid water, warmed by the squishes and stretches of saturn and other moons that pass nearby ( plus it may have a hot, rocky core. ) all that gravity pushing and pulling on this little ball squeezes the liquid inside so it shoots up through some fissures at the top. nobody knew these fountains were there until the cassini spacecraft flew near enough to enceladus to find them. but now comes the amazing part. water hose in the sky some of that water vapor turns into ice and the crystals fall like snow back onto the moon at a rate of 0. 02 inches a year ; but some ice is thrown so high, it joins a ring around saturn, one of the outer rings, labeled \" e. \" take a look at this image of the same moon, enceladus \u2014 it ' s the dark spot inside the bright flare \u2014 getting real close to the e ring. according to sascha kempf of the max planck institute for nuclear physics in heidelberg, this moon is \" feeding \" water crystals into saturn ' s ring. who knew that a moon could spray ice onto a planetary ring? before these photos were taken, scientists thought teeny meteorites, called micrometeoroids, would slam into saturn ' s moons kicking up dust ( adding to dust from a long exploded moon ) and that ' s how the rings were formed. nobody imagined that the rings would be fed by geysers. but that seems to be what ' s happening to the e ring. according to kempf, the ring will carry those ice nuggets around saturn for an orbit or two, until they meet the moon again and are recaptured. but some crystals just keep circling and circling for 50, maybe", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5072680884788661, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:36b9fd02-b922-4e8c-bf6d-7649f1bf6e32>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T10:38:03.685631"}
{"text": "happening to the e ring. according to kempf, the ring will carry those ice nuggets around saturn for an orbit or two, until they meet the moon again and are recaptured. but some crystals just keep circling and circling for 50, maybe 400 years. the e ring is astonishingly thin. its debris is thousands of miles across, but often only 3 meters ( about 9. 3 feet ) high. a giraffe traveling on this ring would poke out like a giant. seeing \" true color \" michael benson just published his print of water shooting off enceladus from a digital transmission sent by the cassini probe. it appears in his about - to - be published book planetfall : new solar system visions. what cassini saw came back as a batch of digital information \u2014 lots of ones and zeroes \u2014 which can be turned into black and white images. working from a series of picture fragments that cassini transmits in small batches, michael put them together into a single shot, then chose the hues and levels of light based on what is called \" true color, \" what a person would see if he happened on the scene. \" i believe i was the first to see this sight the way it would appear to an actual visitor, simply by virtue of having logged the time to create the composite image, which is made of 19 raw spacecraft frames, and took several days to composite, \" he wrote me. this is the way i like to tour the solar system. find a chair. sit. turn some pages. gaze. wonder. the price isn ' t bad, either.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5161582406825692, "token_count": 325, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:36b9fd02-b922-4e8c-bf6d-7649f1bf6e32>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T10:38:03.686260"}
{"text": "sept. 19, 2011 \u2013 university of utah engineers who built wireless networks that see through walls now are aiming the technology at a new goal : noninvasively measuring the breathing of surgery patients, adults with sleep apnea and babies at risk of sudden infant death syndrome ( sids ). because the technique uses off - the - shelf wireless transceivers similar to those used in home computer networks, \u201c the cost of this system will be cheaper than existing methods of monitoring breathing, \u201d says neal patwari, senior author of a study of the new method and an assistant professor of electrical engineering. while he estimates it will be five years until such a product is on the market, patwari says a network of wireless transceivers around a bed can measure breathing rates and alert someone if breathing stops without any tubes or wires connected to the patient. \u201c we can use this to increase the safety of people who are under sedation after surgery by knowing if they stop breathing, \u201d he says. \u201c we also envision a product that parents put around their baby \u2019 s crib to alert them if the baby stops breathing. it might be useful for babies at risk of sids. \u201d the american academy of pediatrics says there is \u201c no evidence that home monitors are effective \u201d for preventing sids. since 2005, the group has opposed the use of breathing monitors to prevent sids, but has said they \u201c may be useful in some infants who have had an apparent life - threatening event, \u201d including some combination of apnea [ abnormal interruptions in breathing ], color change, limpness and choking or gagging. \u201c the aap recognizes that monitors may be helpful to allow rapid recognition of apnea, airway obstruction, respiratory failure, interruption of supplemental oxygen supply, or failure of mechanical respiratory support, \u201d the group states. in addition to other possible uses, patwari wants to conduct research with doctors to test his method as an infant - breathing monitor, and, if it proves useful, develop it as a medical device that would need federal approval. he also says it may be useful for adults with sleep apnea, which causes daytime fatigue and impairs a person \u2019 s performance. sids monitors now on the market include fda - approved medical devices that measure heart rate and respiration and are connected to babies with wires, electrodes and - or belts. other monitors, which are non - medical and over - the - counter versions, detect a lack of sound, or use mattress sensors to detect a lack of movement. patwari", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.5431305305164287, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:5eb9d454-265e-4de3-a51a-a3a29ad15b5e>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T10:38:03.718148"}
{"text": "and are connected to babies with wires, electrodes and - or belts. other monitors, which are non - medical and over - the - counter versions, detect a lack of sound, or use mattress sensors to detect a lack of movement. patwari says that with the new method, \u201c the patient or the baby doesn \u2019 t have to be connected to tubes or wired to other sensors, so they can be more comfortable while sleeping. if you \u2019 re wired up, you \u2019 re going to have more trouble sleeping, which is going to make your recovery in the hospital worse. \u201d some opposition to sids monitors is based on a fear that parents will depend on monitors instead of following other, more effective medical measures, including always placing babies on their backs to sleep, keeping redundant bedding and soft objects out of the crib, and not having babies share a bed with adults. yet many parents want monitors too. the aap acknowledges \u201c distribution of home monitors continues to be a substantial industry in the united states. \u201d new uses for wireless technology wireless technology has become pervasive, from wireless phones to wireless networks linking home computers. in 2009, patwari and then - graduate student joey wilson showed how a couple dozen wireless transceivers \u2013 devices that transmit and receive radio signals \u2013 could be used to literally see through walls to detect the location of a burglar, people trapped by a fire or hostages held captive inside a building. they formed a university of utah spinoff company, xandem technology llc, which is commercializing the wireless networks for use as motion detectors for burglar alarm systems, to help police locate hostages and even to alert out - of - town, vacationing parents if a crowd of teenagers is partying at their home during their absence. patwari \u2019 s new study points out pros and cons of adding wireless detection of breathing to the motion - detecting capability. \u201c a search and rescue team may arrive at a collapsed building and throw transceivers into the rubble, hoping to detect the breathing of anyone still alive inside, \u201d patwari and colleagues write. \u201c police or swat teams may deploy a network around a building to determine if people are inside. \u201d \u201c on the other hand, the ability to measure breathing from a wireless network has privacy implications, \u201d they add. \u201c we have shown previously that a network deployed around external walls of a building can detect and track a person who is moving or changing position. if this system can also detect and monitor a sleeping person \u2019 s breathing, it would", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.5432344287096529, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:5eb9d454-265e-4de3-a51a-a3a29ad15b5e>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T10:38:03.719891"}
{"text": ", \u201d they add. \u201c we have shown previously that a network deployed around external walls of a building can detect and track a person who is moving or changing position. if this system can also detect and monitor a sleeping person \u2019 s breathing, it would have additional utility for eavesdroppers or thieves. \u201d the study : using wireless transceivers to detect breathing because of efforts to patent the new use of the wireless breathing - detection technology \u2013 which has been named breathtaking \u2013 patwari is posting his study on the online scientific preprint website arxiv this week before submitting it to a journal for formal publication. patwari conducted the study with wilson ; sai ananthanarayanan, a postdoctoral electrical engineer ; sneha kasera, an associate professor of computer science ; and dwayne westenskow, a professor of anesthesiology and research professor of bioengineering. the research was funded by the national science foundation. in a new study, patwari showed a network of 20 wireless transceivers placed around a hospital bed could reliably detect breathing and estimate breathing rate to within two - fifths of a breath per minute based on 30 seconds of data. this is different than using wireless transmitters to relay measurements from conventional breathing monitors. the motion of the chest and abdomen during breathing impedes the wireless radio signals crisscrossing a bedridden patient, who in the study was patwari himself. each of the 20 transceivers or \u201c nodes \u201d can transmit and receive to the other 19, meaning there can be up to 380 measurements ( 20 times 19 ) of radio signal strength within a short period of time ( the transceivers transmit one after the other ). the study was conducted in a clinical room used for research at the university of utah school of medicine \u2019 s department of anesthesiology. patwari reclined on a hospital bed and listened to a metronome to time his breathing so he inhaled and exhaled 15 times per minute \u2013 about the average breathing rate for a resting adult. his breathing was measured two ways : by the experimental wireless network, and by a carbon dioxide monitor connected to his nostrils by tubes. it calculated breathing rate by measuring the amount of carbon dioxide exhaled with each breath. patwari also tested the wireless network with no one in the hospital bed. the study found the wireless network could measure breathing within 0. 4 to 0. 2 breaths per minute, an insignificant error rate given that most breathing monitors round to the nearest breath per minute", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.5544185722765622, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:5eb9d454-265e-4de3-a51a-a3a29ad15b5e>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T10:38:03.721830"}
{"text": "also tested the wireless network with no one in the hospital bed. the study found the wireless network could measure breathing within 0. 4 to 0. 2 breaths per minute, an insignificant error rate given that most breathing monitors round to the nearest breath per minute, he says. if a bedridden person or baby moves, the wireless system detects the movement but cannot measure their breathing at the same time. to decide if someone is breathing or not, the wireless system uses a computer algorithm \u2013 basically, a set of formulas. patwari says his algorithm squares the amplitude or loudness of the signal on each link between nodes, then averages it over all 380 links. a number larger than 1. 5 indicates breathing has been detected. patwari also measured how many nodes were required to measure breathing accurately. the minimum was 13 nodes or transceivers, while the rate of incorrect breathing measurements fell to zero when 19 nodes were used. the study also showed the height of the nodes around the hospital bed didn \u2019 t significantly affect breathing measurements. patwari plans more research on whether different or multiple radio frequencies might detect breathing better than the one 2. 4 gigahertz frequency used in the study. he also wants to test whether the system can detect two people breathing at the same rate but not in sync \u2013 something that might make it possible to design a system that could detect not only the location of hostages in a building, but the number held together.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.5202886462970805, "token_count": 291, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:5eb9d454-265e-4de3-a51a-a3a29ad15b5e>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T10:38:03.722692"}
{"text": "resistance mechanisms are employed by bacterial organisms to gain a growth advantage in conditions that impose a tremendous selective pressure, resulting in the materialization of isolates that are resistant to multiple classes of antimicrobials. surveillance systems are commonly used in human medicine to track the frequency and emergence of these strains, and this information is used to implement infection control policies aimed at reducing the number of these organisms. the implementation and sophistication of these monitoring programs in veterinary medicine lags behind the human counterpart. with the increasing prevalence of methicillin - resistant staphyloccus aureus ( mrsa ) in humans, particular emphasis is placed on methicillin - resistant staphylocci ( mrs ) at the osu - vmc. all staphylococcal species isolated during routine microbiological examination are screened for the presence of the meca gene, which defines an isolate as being methicillin - resistant. this gene is carried on the staphylococcal cassette chromosome ( sccmec ), which can be used to help further classify mrs organisms. healthcare - associated methicillin - resistant staphylococcus aureus ( ha - mrsa ) is typically isolated from patients in a healthcare setting, tends to be multidrug resistant, and is usually associated with sccmec types i, ii, or iii. community - associated methicillin - resistant staphylococcus aureus ( ca - mrsa ) is typically isolated from young, healthy individuals with no history of indwelling medical devices, recent visitation to a healthcare facility, or any other risk factors for ha - mrsa. ca - mrsa is usually associated with skin and soft tissue infections, is generally susceptible to multiple antimicrobial classes, contains the panton - valentine leukocidin ( pvl ) gene, and is most often associated with sccmec types iv, v, vi, and vii. additionally, using dna fingerprinting methods, ha - mrsa strains are generally most related to usa types 100, 500, and 800, while ca - mrsa are most related to usa types 300 and 400. bidirectional transmission facilitates the zoonotic potential of these organisms. unlike human medicine, long term veterinary studies are lacking, so little information is available to determine how the prevalence of mrsa and mrsp have changed over time. however, the availability of dna fingerprinting methods such as pfge have facilitated efforts to determine if isolates from separate", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5108564383382802, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:00ea19d0-78d3-49d2-abaf-a6f2d45fe5b6>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T10:38:03.735253"}
{"text": "viticulture - n. : the cultivation or culture of grapes enology - n. : a science that deals with wine and wine making the v & e department combines the sciences of viticulture and enology in a single research and teaching unit that encompasses all of the scientific disciplines that impact grape growing and winemaking. for over one hundred years the university of california has maintained an active and productive program in research and education in viticulture and enology. the continuing excellence of the department has enabled california growers and vintners to develop practices that have allowed the golden state to achieve its potential and become a premier wine - producing region. uc davis extension short courses the university of california offers many courses to the general public to assist in furthering their educational goal. these courses are offered through the university ' s outreach division uc davis extension. while uc davis extension offers courses for a wide variety of topics, in conjunction with the department of viticulture & enology, they have developed a number of excellent wine making and grape growing classes. within the last few years we have begun to adapt classes so that they may be offered as distance learning courses via the internet. more information on class schedules and requirements can be found on the university extension web site. read more >", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5437398348281737, "token_count": 259, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:905bbeec-6f6c-452c-b1c7-f77a2e1f4549>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T10:38:03.766649"}
{"text": "| title : | | sticky graphics : creating memorable graphic design using mnemonics and visual hooks | | publisher : | | switzerland : rotovision sa | | issue date : | | 2006 | | additional links : | | http : / / www. wlv. ac. uk / default. aspx? page = 16092 | | abstract : | | the researchers question the ways in which visual factors play a vital role in affecting memory, specifically examining the ways in which the visual language of graphic design plays a vital role in modifying memory. glaser and knight discusses what personal influences and world issues influence memory ( for example family and individual preference ). this research emerges from their interest in mnemonics and the fact that there was a lack of research specifically relating to visual mnemonics within graphic design. the strategies involve interdisciplinary text based research and original research with professionals leading to analysis and synthesis. the book is organized in terms of visual content and its spatial context, the pursuit of emotional response, tactile response and closes with a chapter on metaphor, metonomy and simile. the work is referenced to experienced, professional graphic designers, with examples of visual communication from around the world. the authors collate archive, analyze and present visual examples that demonstrate how visual language can aid memory. glaser \u2019 s primary focus is on the visual aspects, while knight \u2019 s is upon linguistic content. | | description : | | glaser and her co - author examine working methodologies, communication strategies, audience comprehension and retention within contemporary visual communication practices. the research focuses on the roles of graphic wit and shock, image, colour and composition, visual figures of speech and the use of materials and processes in the context of creating visual mnemonics. | | appears in collections : | | art, design and creative technology | | files in this item : | there are no files associated with this item. all items in wire are protected by copyright, with all rights reserved, unless otherwise indicated.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5302576390941773, "token_count": 407, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:b3f284fc-4771-4675-ab09-6a0c0b8237ac>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T10:38:03.773408"}
{"text": "plants to be studied : tomato, especially solanum lycopersicum and solanum pennellii. - project objectives : plants acquire the bulk of their energy from light capture by leaves, and leaf shape has direct consequences on the efficiency of light capture and photosynthetic carbon fixation. as a result, leaf shape must be optimized in response to variation in light quality. to understand the genetic programs controlling fundamental developmental processes, genetic networks regulating both environmental response and morphological form must be integrated. this proposal uses a genomics approach to understand natural variation in leaf morphology and light response, and to investigate the mechanism by which these two genetic networks are integrated to ensure optimal developmental pattern. - experimental approaches : to elucidate developmental networks, we are using a \" genetical genomics \" approach, taking advantage of near isogenic mapping lines ( nils ) where regions of the s. pennellii genome have been introgressed into s. lycopersicum. importantly, the parental species vary significantly in both light response and leaf complexity. we are sequencing the parental line transcriptomes to deep coverage to acquire genome - wide mrna sequence and snp information. the resulting data will be used to expand the tomato unigene set and to develop a dense genome - wide marker database for s. lycopersicum and s. pennellii. the nil population will be phenotyped for leaf development and light - response traits and characterized for genome - wide transcript levels and genotypes by massively parallel short - read sequencing. construction of genetic networks regulating leaf morphology and light development from this genotype, phenotype, and trancript profile data will be coupled with genetic and transgenic approaches to identify central regulators of development and developmental variation. the resulting network will then be used as a guide to survey natural variation found in additional wild tomato accessions.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5097071391224842, "token_count": 380, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:9d8cac09-f3e0-48a5-841c-5bd3bb77ec82>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T10:38:03.786343"}
{"text": "with summer just around the corner, the days are getting longer and the nights are getting shorter. this means more hours a day that the sun is in contact with your skin. with this prolonged uv exposure, it is important to keep your skin protected. keep reading for some helpful tips on using sunscreen to effectively guard your skin during the summer months. choosing your sunscreen do you ever wonder how effective your sunscreen really is? are certain types better than others? does spf actually mean anything? keep reading for some tips on choosing sunscreen. what kind is the best? there are two main types of sunscreen : physical blockers and chemical blockers. each one has its pros and cons. physical blockers are made from titanium dioxide and zinc oxide, which are materials that sit on the surface of the skin and are not quickly absorbed. because of this, physical blockers reflect uv rays. this type of sunscreen lasts longer than chemical blockers, but because it is not absorbed can be easily washed or sweated off. chemical blockers, on the other hand, are made up of benzophenones. these chemicals help to absorb uv radiation. because this type of sunscreen does soak into the skin, it is much more water resistant than physical blockers. however, it wears off much faster, and therefore needs to be reapplied more frequently. both chemical and physical blockers are effective in protecting your skin from uv rays, but which one you use should depend on the situation. if you are going to be in water or sweating a lot, a chemical blocker would probably be the best choice. any other sun exposure would most likely be fine with a physical blocker. what does spf even mean? spf stands for sun protection factor. a common misconception about spf is that the higher the number, the less you have to reapply. in actuality, the spf number is only a guide to how long you can go without reapplying. a good rule of thumb is to multiply the number of minutes it takes you to burn without sunscreen times the spf number to find your maximum sun exposure time with sunscreen. for example, if it normally takes you 15 minutes to burn, and you use a sunscreen of 20 spf, then you can go a maximum of 300 minutes in the sun before reapplying. this equation is not always accurate, however, because most people use less sunscreen than the amount used in testing ; therefore", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.511584403550172, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:fd1f7078-3b6a-49e6-9c0f-fd5f241c9391>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T10:38:03.807595"}
{"text": "& 8fe1 | | beq - 20 - - > & 8fe8 | | beq 96 - - > & 9060 ' = ' return from function call ( fn ) | | 032 166 155 | | 20 a6 9b | | jsr & 9ba6 check end of statement | | bne - 78 - - > & 8fbd skip the rest of the line ( until ' < cr > ' found ) & process the next program line | | beq - 10 - - > & 900b | | bcc 12 - - > & 9025 | | 124 077 135 | | 7c 4d 87 | | 032 224 142 | | 20 e0 8e | | jsr & 8ee0 get next non - space character pointed to by ptr a | | bcs - 12 - - > & 9019 | | 032 009 153 | | 20 09 99 | | jsr & 9909 evaluate variable / array name & return the address of the value | | bne 27 - - > & 904f create variable ( let ) | | bcs - 75 - - > & 8feb | | 032 134 155 | | 20 86 9b | | jsr & 9b86 check for ' = ' | | 032 084 152 | | 20 54 98 | | jsr & 9854 create new variable name in variable pointer table | | bne 1 - - > & 9045 | | 032 131 152 | | 20 83 98 | | jsr & 9883 allocate space for variable disassembly for 9b86 check for ' = ' routine | | 032 213 142 | | 20 d5 8e | | jsr & 8ed5 get next non - space character ( ptr b ) | | bne - 45 - - > mistake error", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_computing", "similarity_score": 0.5310053789430564, "token_count": 387, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:75381642-4786-4ac9-8b1c-b624c81890af>", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T10:38:03.871363"}
{"text": "freezing parkinson ' s in its tracks wednesday, may 2, 2012 tau researcher developing therapy to halt symptoms in parkinson ' s patients parkinson ' s disease, a disorder which affects movement and cognition, affects over a million americans, including actor michael j. fox, who first brought it to the attention of many tv - watching americans. it ' s characterized by a gradual loss of neurons that produce dopamine. mutations in the gene known as dj - 1 lead to accelerated loss of dopaminergic neurons and result in the onset of parkinson ' s symptoms at a young age. the ability to modify the activity of dj - 1 could change the progress of the disease, says dr. nirit lev, a researcher at tel aviv university ' s sackler faculty of medicine and a movement disorders specialist at rabin medical center. working in collaboration with profs. dani offen and eldad melamed, dr. lev has now developed a peptide which mimics dj - 1 ' s normal function, thereby protecting dopamine - producing neurons. what ' s more, the peptide can be easily delivered by daily injections or absorbed into the skin through an adhesive patch. based on a short protein derived from dj - 1 itself, the peptide has been shown to freeze neurodegeneration in its tracks, reducing problems with mobility and leading to greater protection of neurons and higher dopamine levels in the brain. dr. lev says that this method, which has been published in a number of journals including the journal of neural transmission, could be developed as a preventative therapy. guarding dopamine levels as we age, we naturally lose dopamine - producing neurons. parkinson ' s patients experience a rapid loss of these neurons from the onset of the disease, leading to much more drastic deficiencies in dopamine than the average person. preserving dopamine - producing neurons can mean the difference between living life as a parkinson ' s patient or aging normally, says dr. lev. the researchers set out to develop a therapy based on the protective effects of dj - 1, using a short peptide based on the healthy version of dj - 1 itself as a vehicle. \" we attached the dj - 1 - related peptide to another peptide that would allow it to enter the cells, and be carried to the brain, \" explains dr. lev. in pre - clinical trials, the treatment was tested on mice utilizing well - established toxic and genetic models for parkinson ' s disease. from both a behavioral and biochemical standpoint, the mice that received the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5143789390373179, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:901838ad-5dfa-4acb-aa39-bb42551fc5b5>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T10:38:03.915385"}
{"text": "idea and its magnificent implementation in stone. it ' s hard to describe the range of feelings you experience while walking the grounds of swaminarayan akshardham. you feel harmony, tranquility, and strength of your spirit. the only time i experienced something similar was during my visit to the meteora monasteries in greece. our guide told us that the temple has no iron elements in its structure, and no cement. the concrete was used only in the foundation. the rest was made of stone. marble and granite for the construction was delivered from all over the world. it was processed using special technology, and then joint together. all pillars of the temple are stacked, and all stone elements are turned 90 degrees after being connected. it was done to provide seismic resistance in case of earthquakes, which sometimes happen in india. imagine the level of precision required for stone processing to assemble this big \" puzzle \". beside the buildings ' structure, wall facing is quite impressive : stone figurines cover the walls all around! the size of the carvings ranges greatly : from actual size to palm size, but even the smallest figurines have the highest level of detail. the time of our excursion flew by. i was heading toward the exit, but felt confident that we would be back here. we were called the following evening and granted the permit to photograph swaminarayan akshardham. our first photo session was scheduled early in the morning, just before the site opens for tourists. pigeons, flying in the morning sky, quickly welcomed our rc helicopter to their flock. it was the most comfortable photo session we had in india : both by the atmosphere and the working process. everything indeed went very smoothly. the temple security arranged an area for us in the center of the alley for the night shooting. the temple lighting was switched on 15 minutes earlier than usual especially for our photo shoot. we just couldn ' t do a bad job in these perfect conditions. leaving premises i realized that i had just completed my most important photo shoot in india. it wasn ' t taj mahal that won me over in this extraordinary and amazing country, but swaminarayan akshardham! i truly hope to return to this temple one more time someday. nikunjnik ' s shingala, india \" i did not know about this temple. it is magnificent and i hope to visit it some day. thanks! \" birgit blume, germany c d patel, india pravinbhai thaker, india nitin thacker ca, india \" i", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5343281697015332, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:44d3f954-27a9-4757-8368-c087048fb31f>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T10:38:03.937942"}
{"text": "huntington ' s disease ( hd ) by giuliano binetti in 1872 g. huntington described the variety of chorea that came to bear his name. his description contains all the essential features considered disgnostic of huntington \u2019 s disease ( hd ) : a progressive disorders combining chorea with behavioral disturbances and dementia, transmitted via an autosomal dominant inheritance pattern. huntington \u2019 s disease is the prototypic neurogenetic disorder, one of the first to be mapped ( 1983 ) and subsequently cloned ( 1993 ), and the model on which presymptomatic genetic testing is based. symptoms and course it is usually apparent in the forth or fifth decades, but may occur at almost any age. no clear sex preponderance is evident. low prevalence rates have been noted in japan and among african and american blacks, and most patients are of northern european ancestry. the clinical triad of movement disorder, psychiatric features, and eventual dementia will be well known to neurologists. chorea is the first manifestation in about two thirds of patients, initially a mild fidgetiness apparent only to the careful observer, which gradually progresses and may be the only clinical manifestation of hd for several years. personality change and eye movement disorders including slow saccades, and head thrusting or blinking to generate saccadic eye movements, are also common early features. a wide range of movement disorders including parkinsonism, loss of postural stability, and dystonia eventually supervene, leading to increasingly functional impairment. progressive weight loss, often resulting in cachexia, is common. the juvenile onset form of hd may present with parkinsonism, the so - called westphal variant, while late onset forms may cause chorea alone. the majority of the patients exhibit neuropsychiatric symptoms, the most prevalent being dysphoria, agitation, irritability, apathy, and anxiety. symptoms range from mild to severe and are unrelated to dementia and chorea. the cognitive disturbances associated to hd may begin early in the disease course and include deficit in attention and concentration, memory retrieval, \u201c executive \u201d functions, and psychomotor speed. the constellation of cognitive and behavior deficits associated with hd forms a so called \u201c subcortical dementia syndrome \u201d tht is distinct from the frank amnesia, aphasia, apraxia, and agnosia that embodies the cortical dementia syndrome associated to disorders such as alzheimer disease. death most often results from dysphagia through aspiration pneumonia or suffocation, usually between 10", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5626092626188265, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:2e27074f-3015-40bd-a701-05e765bd5770>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T10:38:03.953224"}
{"text": ". expansion of a polyglutamine ( cag ) trinucleotide repeat beyond the critical threshold of 36 repeats results in disease, and forms the basis of the polymerase chain reaction based genetic test. inheritance is dominant with full penetrance, meaning that almost all mutation carriers will eventually develop the disease, except those with 36 \u2013 39 repeats where penetrance is reduced. predictive genetic testing of asymptomatic at - risk relatives of affected patients is governed by international guidelines. prenatal testing in known mutation carriers is routinely available, while linkage based exclusion testing is available to those at - risk women who do not wish to know their own gene status. the latter depends on termination of a pregnancy where linkage shows the fetus to have the same 50 % genetic risk as the mother. care and treatment chorea may respond to dopamine antagonists, both presynaptic ( tetrabenazine or reserpin ) and postynaptic ( neuroleptics such as haloperidol ). the high incidence of serious adverse reactions to these agents limits their use where the movements disorder are truly disambling. ongoing research / clinical trials current research is exploring possible drug treatments, which would prevent the accumulation of anomalous proteins in cells. other research efforts include the development of a mouse model for huntington ' s disease and the care - hd study, a clinical drug trial underway at about 20 huntington study group sites. researchers are evaluating the combination of a medication ( remacimide ) and co - enzyme q - 10. both basic ( laboratory ) and clinical ( testing of medications and treatments ) research continues to pursue avenues to facilitate new drug testing and experimental surgical techniques. international huntington association callunahof 8 7217 st harfsen the netherlands tel : + 31 - 573 - 431 595 ) fax : + 31 - 573 - 431 719 email @ example. com www. huntington - assoc. com / - bilney b, morris me, perry a. effectiveness of physiotherapy, occupational therapy, and speech pathology for people with huntington ' s disease : a systematic review. neurorehabil neural repair. 2003 mar ; 17 ( 1 ) : 12 - 24. - feigin a, zgaljardic d. disease : implications for experimental therapeutics. curr opin neurol. 2002 aug ; 15 ( 4 ) : 483 - 9. - mcmurray ct. huntington ' s disease :", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5436592723520368, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:2e27074f-3015-40bd-a701-05e765bd5770>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T10:38:03.955752"}
{"text": "how is it diagnosed? alzheimer ' s disease is a form of dementia but is not necessarily caused by the same factors which cause other forms of dementia. however, despite a considerable amount of research, the actual cause of the disease remains unknown. there is no single test to determine whether someone has alzheimer ' s disease. it is diagnosed by a process of elimination, as well as a careful examination of a person ' s physical and mental state, rather than by finding actual evidence of the disease. a carer or relative may be asked to provide information about the person ' s behaviour, e. g. difficulties getting dressed, washing, handling finances, keeping appointments, travelling alone, managing at work and using household appliances. a neuropsychological assessment is usually carried out. this involves finding out about possible problems with memory, language, planning and attention. a simple test called the mini - mental state examination is often used. this involves the person being asked to answer questions such as : what is the date? what city are we in? what is this called? ( shown a watch ). another part of the test is to follow a series of simple instructions. a number of tests may be carried out ( e. g. blood and urine samples ) in order to rule out the possibility of other illnesses which might explain the dementia syndrome or illnesses which might aggravate an already existing case of alzheimer ' s disease. in addition to this, a few methods of brain imaging have been developed which produce images of the living brain, thereby revealing possible differences between the brains of people with alzheimer ' s disease and those of non - affected individuals. these tests provide a risk - free and pain - free means of examining the brain of a living person. although they cannot lead to a certain diagnosis of alzheimer ' s disease, some doctors may use one or more of these techniques to give more weight to a diagnosis. methods of brain imaging magnetic resonance imaging this permits an extremely detailed image of the brain ' s structure. when one image is placed over another, taken a few months ' later, it is possible to see changes at an early stage in a certain part of the brain. ct ( computed tomography ) scanning this measures the thickness of a part of the brain which becomes rapidly thinner in people with alzheimer ' s disease. spect ( single photon emission computed tomography ) scanning this can be used to measure the flow of blood in the brain, which has been found to be reduced in people with alzheimer ' s disease as a consequence of nerve cells not working properly.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.5170268650805466, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:aa47fc0a-2be4-4573-b443-89220a70c8c8>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T10:38:03.965013"}
{"text": ". spect ( single photon emission computed tomography ) scanning this can be used to measure the flow of blood in the brain, which has been found to be reduced in people with alzheimer ' s disease as a consequence of nerve cells not working properly. pet ( positron emission tomography ) the use of this scanning technique is often limited to research settings. it can detect changes in the way the brain of someone with alzheimer ' s disease functions. it can, for example, detect abnormal patterns of glucose usage by the brain. the importance of an early diagnosis although it is not possible to accurately predict dementia, it is extremely important that people who have dementia obtain an early diagnosis. it is only by obtaining a diagnosis that the correct medical treatment can be prescribed. existing drug treatment is most effective in the early stages, so delaying diagnosis prevents people from benefiting from the latest medical advances, which in many cases lead to a temporary improvement of symptoms. however, memory problems are not always a sign of dementia. although mental faculties change with age, ageing is not synonymous with dementia. many older people need more time to assimilate information and this may affect their capacity to learn and remember things. nevertheless, older people are often worried about these changes and are afraid that they might be developing dementia. at the same time, many people do not know what the symptoms are. this is not surprising, as different kinds of dementia have different symptoms. furthermore, some forms of dementia ( e. g. alzheimer ' s disease ) are insidious. the following table describes some of the early symptoms of different kinds of dementia. - difficulties with memory and orientation - difficulty finding one \u2019 s words - personality change - lack of interest in hobbies - slowing down of thought and movement pick ' s disease and frontal lobe degeneration - loss of control and inhibitions - personality change - difficulties with language dementia with lewy bodies - cognitive decline - similar symptoms to those of parkinson ' s disease - visual hallucinations - odd lapses of memory and mood swings - lack of co - ordination - inclination to withdraw from social activities - attention difficulties ( very rapid progression usually ) the presence of one or more of these symptoms does not necessarily mean that a person has dementia. in fact, in the case of older people, the symptoms of depression are very similar to those observed in the early stages of dementia and it is not uncommon for the two to be mixed up. sometimes, the symptoms are linked to other disorders such as thyroid gland dysfunction, lack of vitamin b12, disorders", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.5500142972893861, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:aa47fc0a-2be4-4573-b443-89220a70c8c8>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T10:38:03.967052"}
{"text": "symptoms of depression are very similar to those observed in the early stages of dementia and it is not uncommon for the two to be mixed up. sometimes, the symptoms are linked to other disorders such as thyroid gland dysfunction, lack of vitamin b12, disorders of the metabolic system, alcohol or drug abuse, infections, surgical operations, stress and intolerance of medication. in such cases, the symptoms may be reversible. a differential diagnosis is clearly essential in order to rule out other causes for the symptoms experienced and correctly diagnose dementia. in case of concern, the family doctor / general practitioner should be consulted. he or she will carry out a few tests and if his / her suspicions are confirmed refer the person concerned to the relevant specialists for further tests. what are the different kinds of diagnosis? there are three possibilities for a diagnosis of alzheimer ' s disease : possible, probable and certain alzheimer ' s disease. possible alzheimer ' s disease a diagnosis of possible alzheimer ' s disease is based on the observation of clinical symptoms and the deterioration of two or more cognitive functions ( e. g. memory, language or thought ) when a second illness is present which is not considered to be the cause of dementia, but makes the diagnosis of alzheimer ' s disease less certain. probable alzheimer ' s disease the diagnosis is classed as probable on the basis of the same criteria used to diagnose possible alzheimer ' s disease, but in the absence of a second illness. certain alzheimer ' s disease identification of characteristic plaques and tangles in the brain is the only way to confirm with certainty the diagnosis of alzheimer ' s disease. for this reason, the third diagnosis, that of certain alzheimer ' s disease, can only be made by brain biopsy or after an autopsy has been carried out. should the person be informed of their diagnosis? nowadays more and more people with alzheimer ' s disease are being informed of their diagnosis. this is perhaps due to a greater awareness of the disease. some people might not want to be informed of the diagnosis. however, it is generally considered that everyone should have the right and be given the opportunity to decide whether they would rather know or waive this right. there are pros and cons involved in informing someone of their diagnosis. also once the decision has been made to inform someone about their diagnosis the problem may arise of how to inform the person. pros and cons of telling the person in many cases a diagnosis is made as a result of concern expressed by members of the family. often the person with dementia is unaware or does", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5252202146324018, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:aa47fc0a-2be4-4573-b443-89220a70c8c8>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T10:38:03.968246"}
{"text": "another earth day has passed us and just as we make resolutions on new year \u2019 s day, you might have planned to change your energy wasting ways. those new year \u2019 s resolutions are difficult to maintain, because we often try to do too much. making just a few small changes is helpful and can be the key to lasting change. lisa abraham at ohio. com has compiled her tips for saving energy in the kitchen. they include being creative when using kitchen appliances and modifying some eating habits. limit the time the stove / oven is used never light the oven or turn on a burner when a small appliance will do the job. microwave ovens, toaster ovens, electric griddles, panini makers and, yes, even a slow cooker all consume less energy than a traditional gas or electric stove. consistently using these small appliances can make a huge difference in your energy consumption, jackie newgent a dietitian, cooking instructor and cookbook author of the newly released big green cookbook ( wiley, 2009 ). said. even though slow cookers are typically on for hours at a time, they will burn less energy than a traditional oven to prepare the same dish, such as a roast. look for ways to lessen the amount of time the oven and burners are on. when cooking pasta, newgent recommends using skinny varieties, like angel hair, that will cook more quickly. she also uses a method she dubs \u201d lid cooking \u201d to turn the stove off sooner. newgent brings a pot of water to a boil, adds her pasta and brings it up to a boil again. but then she turns the heat off, puts a lid on the pot, and lets the pasta finish cooking from the heated water. when baking something, turn the oven off five minutes before the item is done and allow the residual heat in the oven to finish the job, she said. consider making one meal each week that doesn \u2019 t require using the stove at all, such as a salad. eat more fruits and vegetables, less meat newgent suggests eating one meatless meal per week. it requires more energy to produce meat than vegetables and fruits. cutting meat out of just one meal per week can lead to significant energy savings over a year, she said. that salad fits in well here. think of it as a chance to be a more adventurous eater. run an energy - efficient kitchen while new major kitchen appliances may not be in the budget for many homeowners, most would see an immediate savings on electric bills with the conversion", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5068122954323209, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:f8af2d1b-acb0-404c-8f93-4c09f699f258>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T10:38:04.000827"}
{"text": "many studies have shown that interval training is a very effective way to boost metabolism and burn more fat calories. in addition, interval training is one of the most efficient ways to build fitness. but what exactly is interval training? the following article explains the theory and concept of interval training and offers suggestions for how to apply it to your specific sport. interval training is a workout that combines varying levels of difficulty for specific time durations. most interval workouts alternate between high and low intensities. the high intensity portions are often for a shorter time duration and thus are referred to as sprints. sprints may be as short as 15 seconds for anaerobic workouts or as long as 20 minutes for aerobic training. a rest interval follows the sprint and allows the athlete to slowly recover by performing the same exercise at a much lower intensity. the duration of the rest interval depends on the fitness level of the athlete as well as the duration of the sprint. interval training utilizes both the aerobic and anaerobic systems of the body. during the sprints, the anaerobic system uses the stored energy from your muscles ( glycogen ). since no oxygen is being used during this type of exercise, your body produces lactic acid, which continues to build and eventually forces the athlete into oxygen debt. the rest interval allows the heart and lungs to \" pay back \" the oxygen debt and break down the lactic acid that has been building up in the muscles. because the resting interval utilizing the aerobic system, the body uses oxygen to convert stored carbohydrates into expendable energy. thus, the theory behind interval training is if you practice at higher intensity levels your body will adapt and burn lactic acid at a much more efficient rate during exercise. through this adaptation, athletes can perform at a higher intensity for a longer time period before pain or fatigue alters their performance. the physiological adaption that occurs with interval training increases the body ' s ability to deliver oxygen to the muscles and its tolerance of lactic acid accumulation. as a result of these adaptations, athletes experience greater performance, speed and endurance. another benefit of interval training is the higher caloric expenditure. calories are burned faster when an athlete performs short, high intensity exercise. even though there are less intensive resting periods, the higher, anaerobic intervals boost metabolism and burn more calories. while interval training is most often thought of for running workouts, many other forms of exercise can be adapted to this type of training. biking, swimming, rowing,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5122160381839871, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:a73efdbd-b132-4b80-8d43-250b23609e48>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T10:38:04.029237"}
{"text": "air is surprisingly heavy stuff. the air under an average coffee table weighs about 1kg, which means when we push large quantities of it through the small pipes of an engine at high speed it has a significant amount of momentum. engines breathe in huge quantities of air, each 100bhp consumes about 35 pints of air per second and expels about three times that volume in exhaust gas. all this flow needs to be carefully controlled, the flow into the cylinders is not constant but stops and starts many times a second with each cycle, inertia has to be allowed for so that enough time is available for the gas to speed up or slow down. this is all achieved with the camshaft, a long steel rod with lumps on that pushes the valves up and down. it ' s spun round in synchronisation with the crank and pistons so that the lumps, called lobes, hit the top of the valve stems via the follower or other links and force them open at just the right moment. the valve is gradually opened and shut to avoid excessive forces which would increase wear. because it takes time for the air to get moving the cam opens the intake valve before the piston starts the intake stroke ( i ' ll come back to this situation later ), as the piston draws the air in the speed increases and gains momentum, then when the piston is at the bottom of the stroke and starts coming up the momentum continues to force air in whilst the valve gradually shuts. so rather than the intake valve being only open for the 180 degrees of the intake stroke, it is more usually open for over 230 degrees in total. after it shuts and the compression stroke is followed by the expansion stroke it becomes time to open the exhaust valve, but again rather than waiting for the power stoke to finish and the exhaust stroke to start the exhaust valve is actually opened a bit early. near the end of the power stroke very little useful power is being transmitted to the crank, the exhaust is opened and gradually exhaust gas speed increases. initially the exhaust gas is forced out by combustion pressure, but as the piston travels up on the exhaust stroke it pushes the remaining exhaust gas out, further increasing momentum. near the top of the stroke there is still enough gas momentum to drag the remaining exhaust gas out of the chamber even as the piston starts going back down on the intake stroke. the exhaust valve is then gradually closed. this does mean that there is a period at the end of the exhaust stroke and the beginning of the intake stroke where both the intake and", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5186741443497864, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:7c9b0e5d-dfa1-415a-80a2-0725d01f7dca>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T10:38:04.043133"}
{"text": "the chamber even as the piston starts going back down on the intake stroke. the exhaust valve is then gradually closed. this does mean that there is a period at the end of the exhaust stroke and the beginning of the intake stroke where both the intake and exhaust valves are open, the exhaust momentum prevents it going the wrong way and even helps to drag fresh intake air into the cylinder. this situation is referred to as valve overlap. matching cam timing to the valve size and port diameter is vital, big valve / port engines have lower gas speeds, less momentum and during the overlap phase the exhaust gas can reverse direction and flow into the intake more easily at low engine speeds, but at high engine speeds a big valve head with a large overlap phase can make the engine breathe in much more air than it would normally do, effectively the gas momentum cramming more intake charge in just like a supercharger does. that is why race engines can make so much more power than road engines, but struggle to idle smoothly and can be unpleasant to drive at light throttle. cams are generally referred to by the total duration the valve is open for in degrees, most cams have the same duration for the intake and exhaust, but some race cams may use different amounts, particularly on turbo or supercharged engines. a standard cam may have a duration of 240 to 260 degrees, a sporty road cam might have about 275 to 285 degrees, but a full bore race cam could keep the valves open for as much as 310 degrees, although that probably wouldn ' t idle below 4000rpm! the cam designed is a complex subject but the design has a massive effect on how well the engine breaths, many tuning companies offer performance cams sold as ' stage 1 ' etc., but there is no technical definition of a ' stage ' and this is simply a marketing term, one company ' s stage 1 cam might be equivalent to another companies stage 3. the cams are driven by either a chain or a toothed belt that is driven by the crank so everything is synchronised. the crank has to go round twice for the pistons to do all four strokes on a 4 stroke engine, so the cams are driven at half the speed of the crank, this is done by having the cog on the crank half the size of the cogs on the cams. a very small number of engines use a series of gears instead of a belt or chain, one example being the old rolls royce v8, which has the advantage of never needing replacement and maintaining accurate", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5142297949313195, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:7c9b0e5d-dfa1-415a-80a2-0725d01f7dca>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T10:38:04.044086"}
{"text": "in several installations the generator manufacturer has installed the brushes so they trail the commutator. in this case, if the generator drive shaft is rotated opposite the normal direction, brush damage can occur. many operators elect to replace their own brushes in the field. this is usually not a problem as long as brush spring tensions are tested and adequate brush seating techniques are used. one nonrecommended technique used for brush seating is after installation of two brush sets ( 180 degrees apart ) in a starter generator to complete two successive ground power starts. after the second start, the brushes are seated. unfortunately, implementing this technique results in excessive arcing between the brushes and the commutator during the first start. the reason the brushes are so well seated after the second start is the arcing causes the commutator surface to resemble a rough cut file. so much for extended brush life. attention should always be paid to the manufacturer ' s recommendations prior to conducting any maintenance on a starter generator. aircraft using separate starters can incorporate brushless generators or rectified alternators. there are several distinct differences in the internal operation of these devices as compared with a unit using brushes. one primary difference is that a brushless unit will include a permanent magnet generator ( pmg ). anytime the shaft of this device is rotating, the pmg has relative movement with a series of coils. this means that even if the cockpit switch is selected \" off \" there will still be excitation power available when the engine is in operation. frequently, three phase ac power is supplied from this pmg to a generator control unit. here the excitation power is converted to dc and is then metered into the main excitor winding within the generator case. the magnetic field produced by this stationary excitor winding works in conjunction with ( usually three ) main power coils installed on the rotor. output from each power coil is ac and is directed through a diode circuit to change the ac into a rippled dc. feeder cables are used to connect this output into the aircraft electrical distribution system. the generator control unit will also monitor this output and adjust the regulation system according to voltage deficiencies or surges. numerous avionic / airframe system problems arise from anomalies in the power systems. most autoflight systems, as well as electronic flight instrument systems ( efis ), are voltage sensitive. in the event of voltage drop below a specific threshold, the autopilot may disconnect or the efis could black out. in one", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.50039066839976, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:8ad914c7-159a-4897-bd6a-3edae3e3ba20>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T10:38:04.051523"}
{"text": "warning : in the list of prokaryotic names with standing in nomenclature, an arrow ( - - - > ) only indicates the sequence of valid publication of names and does not mean that the last name in the sequence must be used ( see : introduction ). classification - list of genera included in the order - list of families included in the order - warning : see also the file \" classification of prokaryotes : introduction \". picrophilales cavalier - smith 2002, ord. nov. ( type order of the class \u00a4 picrophilea cavalier - smith 2002 ). type genus : \u00a4 picrophilus schleper et al. 1996. etymology : n. l. masc. n. picrophilus, type genus of the order ; suff. - ales, ending denoting an order ; n. l. fem. pl. n. picrophilales, the picrophilus order. reference : cavalier - smith ( t. ) : the neomuran origin of archaebacteria, the negibacterial root of the universal tree and bacterial megaclassification. int. j. syst. evol. microbiol., 2002, 52, 7 - 76. original article in ijsem online copyright \u00a9 j. p. euzeby the information on this page may not be reproduced, republished or mirrored on another webpage or website. see, legal rights and disclaimers", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5312825136181338, "token_count": 300, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ee9ad6cc-035f-4c4d-bbbf-63b8c3f5793e>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T10:38:04.053858"}
{"text": ". there are several reasons for this, but one is fundamental : even with the best of intentions, it is difficult to properly ascertain the effectiveness of a hands - on therapy like chiropractic. only one form of study can truly prove that a treatment is effective : the trial. ( for more information on why such studies are so crucial, see why does this database rely on double - blind studies? ) however, it isn \u2019 t easy to fit chiropractic into a study design of this type. consider the obstacles : what could researchers use for placebo chiropractic treatment? and how could they make sure that both participants and practitioners would be kept in the dark regarding who was receiving real chiropractic manipulation and who was receiving fake manipulation? because of these problems, all studies of chiropractic manipulation fall short of optimum design. many have compared chiropractic treatment against no treatment. however, studies of this type cannot provide reliable evidence about the efficacy of a treatment. if a benefit is seen, there is no way to determine whether it was caused by chiropractic manipulation specifically, or just attention generally. ( attention alone will almost always produce some reported benefit. ) more meaningful trials used some sort of unrelated fake treatment for the control group, such as phony laser acupuncture. however, it is less than ideal to use a placebo treatment that is so very different in form from the treatment under study. better studies compare real chiropractic manipulation against sham forms of manipulation, such as light touch. studies of this type are a definite step forward. however, it is quite likely that the practitioners at least unconsciously conveyed more enthusiasm and optimism when performing the real therapy than the fake therapy ; this, too, could affect the outcome. it has been suggested that the only way to get around this problem would be to compare the effectiveness of trained practitioners to actors trained only enough to provide a simulation of treatment ; however, such studies have not been reported. still other studies have simply involved treating people with chiropractic spinal manipulation and seeing whether they improve. these trials are particularly meaningless ; it has been long since proven that both participants and examining physicians will at least think that they observe improvement in people given a treatment, regardless of whether the treatment does anything on its own. finally, other trials have compared chiropractic manipulation to competing therapies, such as or conventional physical therapy. however, neither of these therapies has been proven effective. when you compare un", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.5026334752164399, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:edcb6b5b-fc08-4cff-91a8-4f72033359e3>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T10:38:04.077395"}
{"text": "if he casts the right fly, an angler can catch some really big fish. scientists are the same way, needing the right type of microscope to visualize nature ' s smallest molecules and atoms. now, researchers are redesigning their light microscopes to catch a glimpse of some of the most miniscule molecules, those that make proteins in bacteria and archaea. a promising solution is the use of fluorescence in situ hybridization ( fish ) and stochastical optical reconstruction microscopy ( storm ). together, these techniques are improving our understanding of how bacteria and archaea transcribe dna to rna and then translate rna to proteins. in addition, they are re - shaping how cell biology studies relate to environmental microbes. luring and lighting biomolecules \" light microscopy has been a workhorse in cell biological research, \" says harvard biophysicist xiaowei zhuang. she says scientists want to use light microscopy to study cells, especially live ones, because it is non - invasive. the problem, however, with zooming in on biomolecules and their movements in bacteria and archaea is the small size of the individual cells. at only about three micrometers long and a micrometer wide, bacterial and archaeal cells come into focus just around the diffraction limit of light, which is about 200 nanometers. with light microscopy, scientists can see a cell but not its nuclear and cellular machinery. even though these cells are relatively simpler than mammalian cells and other eukaryotic ones, scientists still know little about them. to get a better look, zhuang and her collaborators developed storm in 2008 ( 1 ). zhuang ' s group has used it to image individually labeled proteins in live cells, including bacteria and archaea. and, like pairing the right fly with a great bait, other researchers are using storm with their own techniques to \" look at the distribution and dynamics of nuclear targets at a resolution that is far from the reach of conventional microscopy, \" says bakshi. for example, cristina moraru of the max planck institute for marine microbiology in germany and colleagues wanted to know where ribosomes sit within the cell because those molecular machines interact with the nucleoid \u2014 the carrier of the genetic information in archaea and bacteria. based on where ribosomes are located, there are different models of interactions, which can significantly shape regulation of transcription, translation, and other cellular processes. in a paper recently published in systematic and applied microbiology ( 2 ), moraru", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.5822731965585239, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:321fbaa9-de0c-4c46-9752-a86ab7c290c2>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T10:38:04.092130"}
{"text": "bacteria. based on where ribosomes are located, there are different models of interactions, which can significantly shape regulation of transcription, translation, and other cellular processes. in a paper recently published in systematic and applied microbiology ( 2 ), moraru \u2019 s group reported on a combined storm and fish approach to locate ribosomes in an escherichia coli cell. moraru \u2019 s team used fish to label specific sequences of ribosomal rna with fluorescent probes, and then imaged the samples with storm. \" in the end, all these differences could reflect in the way the cell answer to environmental changes, and therefore, in the fitness and survival, \" says moraru. in the near future, she adds, scientists could use storm, fish, and other super - resolution techniques to count of the number of ribosomes in a bacterium. ribosomal catch and release counting the number of ribosomes is essential to understanding how bacteria grow. moraru explains that \" the regulation of ribosome numbers in microbial cells is complex and, probably, there will not always be a direct correlation between ribosome numbers and metabolic activity. \" but it is likely that a cell with a high ribosome content will be more active compared with one with a low ribosome content. if scientists can count ribosomes, they could get a sense of the level of metabolic activity in microbial cells. but scientists have not yet counted the exact numbers of ribosomes per cell ; the fish protocol and rna probes need to be more efficient at hybridization. \" work in this direction is in progress, and we are confident that there is only a matter of time till ribosome quantification per cell will be achieved, \" says moraru. so far, prokaryotic cell biology studies have been limited because many methods are not compatible with uncultivated microorganisms. but because the fish - storm approach uses rna probes that target different microbial taxa in environmental samples, scientists could study ribosome variation across bacterial species. \" by looking at samples from different environmental conditions, from warm season versus cold season, or, from high salinity versus low salinity, the variation of ribosome number across environmental conditions could be assessed, \" says moraru. in structured environments, such as biofilms, activated sludge and tissue samples, fish also preserves the spatial information and reveals potential interactions between different species and community members in a sample. \" targeting rrna by super - resolution fish", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5380364379957856, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:321fbaa9-de0c-4c46-9752-a86ab7c290c2>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T10:38:04.093226"}
{"text": "says moraru. in structured environments, such as biofilms, activated sludge and tissue samples, fish also preserves the spatial information and reveals potential interactions between different species and community members in a sample. \" targeting rrna by super - resolution fish is only the beginning. in the near future, we envision targeting the other nucleic acid components of microbial cells to reveal the sub - cellular localization and numbers of specific genes and mrnas, \" says moraru. a different kettle but the fish - storm approach isn ' t the only way to bait biomolecules in small cells. bakshi, a graduate student in university of wisconsin - madison chemist james weisshaar ' s lab, uses a technique called pointillism to do sub - diffraction limit imaging. with this technique, he constructs an image of a cell by localizing a large number of single molecules iteratively. this requires labels that can be switched on and off, but generates resolution up to 20 \u2013 30 nanometers. in contrast to fish, bakshi \u2019 s approachcan be used for live - cell imaging. to truly understand the complexity and heterogeneity of the behavior of any biomolecule, says bakshi, requires that scientists can probe one molecule at a time. his team ' s technique gives them the position and movement of a single object in a cell at a high spatio - temporal resolution. \" when we are looking at a ribosome, it enables us to determine which molecules are involved in translation and where they are inside the cell, \" he says. in a 2012 paper published in molecular microbiology ( 3 ), he and weisshaar reported that most of e. coli ' s translation is not coupled with transcription \u2014 a discovery that runs counter to the common view in the scientific literature. bakshi says that since bacteria lack a nuclear membrane \u2014 which separates the nucleoid from the rest of the cytoplasm \u2014 co - transcriptional translation is possible in the cells. to what extent the translation process is coupled to transcription, however, was not clear. electron microscope images of ribosomes in cell extract, published in the 1970s, suggested that all translating ribosomes are joined to the chromosome through transcriptional coupling. \" when we found that our results suggest that most translation is actually happening without such coupling, we were very surprised, \" says bakshi. the team eventually figured out that the lifetime of an mrna in e. coli is much longer than the time taken for its", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.5865816234863537, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:321fbaa9-de0c-4c46-9752-a86ab7c290c2>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T10:38:04.094495"}
{"text": "we found that our results suggest that most translation is actually happening without such coupling, we were very surprised, \" says bakshi. the team eventually figured out that the lifetime of an mrna in e. coli is much longer than the time taken for its transcription. the mrna gets released from proteins associated with the nucleoid once transcription terminates and is then translated by ribosomes without being attached to dna for the rest of its lifetime, he says. the techniques \u2014 whether it ' s fish, storm, or something else \u2014 ultimately let biologists cast deeper lines into individual cells of bacteria and archaea, learning more about their molecular and metabolic dynamics. 1. huang, b., w. wang, m. bates, and x. zhuang. 2008. three - dimensional super - resolution imaging by stochastic optical reconstruction microscopy. science 319 ( 5864 ) : 810 - 813. 2. moraru, c. and amann, r. ( 2012 ). \" crystal ball : fluorescence in situ hybridization in the age of super - resolution microscopy. \" systematic and applied microbiology. in press. 3. bakshi, s. et al. ( 2012 ). super - resolution imaging of ribosomes and rna polymerase in live escherichia coli cells. \" molecular microbiology 85 ( 1 ) : 21 \u2013 38 4. wang, w. et al. ( 2011 ). \" chromosome organization by a nucleoid - associated protein in live bacteria. \" science 333 : 1445 - 1449.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5641474167451315, "token_count": 312, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:321fbaa9-de0c-4c46-9752-a86ab7c290c2>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T10:38:04.095159"}
{"text": "at least a thousand years before the jewish concept of humans being made in the image of god ( genesis 1, 27 ), african sages said the sanctity of life is the central pillar inside each human being. this concept was introduced in the sebait of kheti for his son meritkara in the first intermediate period, more specifically in the 9th dynasty ( c. 4042 - 3633 bce ). kheti \u2019 s comments not only provide the earliest known concept of humans as the images of god, but they also pose them as the children or offspring of god ( karenga, maat, p. 225, 318 ). out of this evolved concepts of the sanctity of human life and humans as the bearers of dignity and divinity \u2014 both characterizing what it means to be human \u2014 and both constituting the source of good character. thus, ones dignity is the absolute reality and significance of ones selfhood and ones divinity is the subtle and hidden qualities of god \u2019 s consciousness that requires cultivation throughout ones lifetime. by being of a spiritual nature both are without degrees. this ancient africans belief in man being made in the image of god ( snn ntr ; imago dei ) became the spiritual grounding or meaning for human dignity and divinity ; for the sacredness of life ; and for moral responsibility. hence it followed that the moral relationship between one human and another ought to be that of acknowledgement of the dignity and divinity bestowed on every person and the appreciation of whatever flows out of and / or contributes to either or both. to appreciate ones dignity demands the acquisition of african - type moral character. african - type moral character is fashioned around the spark of the divine presence within each human being. this means that whereas dignity and divinity are birth gifts, ones dignity must be displayed around ones divinity while ones divinity must be cultivated into enlightenment. when one esteems who one is, based upon ones dignity, and then attaches to ones dignity the tasks one does in life and carries those tasks to completion, one exhibits self - respect. selfhood mastery means one maintains moral character every time one is being severely tested. | < prev | | next > |", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5126198745355108, "token_count": 440, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:acb22090-7eac-4489-a537-ff9d4ac8bee6>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T10:38:04.101601"}
{"text": "sounding conversation ). these - bots were easy to anthropomorphize, and more or less harmless - unlike, say, an autonomous evil cyborg. more recently, twitter has been colonized by a host of twitterbots, little programs that automatically find, create, or send data. many are annoying and spammy, bombarding the poor souls who happen to tweet about ipads or other hot products with commercial messages. but some are pure entertainment, such as a comedybot, which automatically posts bits from comedians, or @ einsteinbot, which autotweets quotes from albert einstein. friendlier words seem to be more easily suffixed with - bot. there are guidebots and guardbots, helpbots and healthbots, medbots and newsbots, shopbots and teachbots. the chalkbot writes inspirational messages in chalk on the roadway ; the dustbot is an \u201c on - call robotic rubbish collection service \u201d being tried in italy. the suffix - bot is also popular in product names - there \u2019 s jambot ( musical software ), kegbot ( a beer dispenser that tracks how much you \u2019 ve consumed ), and wattbot ( which helps you figure out whether you can save money through renewable energy sources ). dorkbot is an organization for those interested in electronic art ; makerbot is a company that creates 3d printers - which can also make parts for more makerbots. when - bot words do turn unfriendly, they emphasize the knee - jerk automaticity of what \u2019 s being done, and so are often political. there are obamabots and randbots ; romneybots, republibots, and dembots, conserva - bots, bushbots, palinbots, paulbots ( ron paul enthusiasts ), and limbots ( followers of rush limbaugh ). the scariest - bot may be the fembot, encompassing the evil - but - hot fembots of austin powers, ads for svedka vodka, and the robyn song that insists that \u201c fembots have feelings too. \u201d why don \u2019 t we call them robo - femmes? because they \u2019 re still more sexy than scary : thus the - bot suffix. so what happened to make robo - take the aggressive path and - bot the cute and friendly one? other words that have split into prefix - suffix pairs have clearer rationales for their separate meanings : alcoholic \u2019 s more common - holic suffix is used for any addiction, with alco", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5246362316124284, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:1747cfee-f319-4905-87ab-7cb14a1e47ea>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T10:38:04.113390"}
{"text": "mobility / stability statistics for 2011 - 2012 definitions of terms used the total ( cumulative ) number of students in membership at any time during the academic year. instructional program service type ( ipst ) : services provided by schools and / or districts for students identified as belonging to one or more of the categories below. students with disabilities : students who have been formally identified as having physical or health conditions that may have a significant impact on the student \u2019 s ability to learn and therefore warrant placing the student on an individual educational program ( iep ). limited english proficient : this designation encompasses all students identified as either non - english proficient or limited english proficient. non - english proficient is defined as a student who speaks a language other than english and does not comprehend, speak, read, or write english. limited english proficient is defined as a student who comprehends, speaks, reads, or writes some english, but whose predominant comprehension or speech is in a language other than english. districts must provide language services to all limited english proficient students. student qualifies for either the free or reduced lunch program. the federal national school lunch act establishes eligibility for the reduced price lunch program for families with income up to 185 percent of the federal poverty level ( in 2009, this amount was $ 39, 220 for a family of four ). families with income up to 130 percent of the federal poverty level qualify for the free lunch program ( in 2009 this amount was $ 27, 560 for a family of four ). students enrolled in a specially designed program for children who are, or whose parent or spouse is a migratory agricultural worker, and who, in the preceding 36 months, in order to obtain, or accompany such parent or spouse in order to obtain, temporary or seasonal employment in agricultural work has moved from one school district to another. students that are identified by the school as failing, or most at risk of failing, to meet the state \u2019 s challenging student academic achievement standards on the basis of multiple, educationally related, objective criteria established by the school. according to the mckinney act, a \u201c homeless individual \u201d : lacks a fixed, regular, and adequate nighttime residence. gifted and talented : students who have been formally identified, using district - wide procedures aligned with cde guidelines, as being endowed with a high degree of exceptionality or potential in mental ability, academics, creativity, or talents ( visual, performing, musical arts, or leadership. for additional information, e - mail :", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.5722089287065586, "token_count": 494, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:78bbb2d7-43c3-4072-b7ea-bb86a3593f19>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T10:38:04.235919"}
{"text": "march 26, 2012 contact : john ascenzi, children \u2019 s hospital of philadelphia, phone : ( 267 ) 426 - 6055, ascenzi @ email. chop. edu new biological research reveals how an invading virus hijacks a cell \u2019 s workings by imitating a signaling marker to defeat the body \u2019 s defenses. by manipulating cell signals, the virus destroys a defensive protein designed to inhibit it. this finding, from studies in human cell cultures, may represent a broader targeting strategy used by other viruses, and may lay the scientific groundwork for developing more effective treatments for infectious diseases. \u201c learning details of how cells respond to viruses helps us to understand key cellular machinery better, \u201d said study leader matthew d. weitzman, ph. d., of the center for cellular and molecular therapeutics at the children \u2019 s hospital of philadelphia. \u201c this study tells us how a virus overcomes intrinsic host defenses. in this case the virus mimics signals used during normal dna repair mechanisms. \u201d the study team, formerly based at the salk institute for biological studies in la jolla, calif., published their current findings online march 8 in molecular cell. biologists have long known that viruses hijack cellular processes to replicate themselves, while host cells have evolved intrinsic defense systems to resist viral invasion. to replicate, viruses must deliver their own dna into a cell \u2019 s nucleus, so a viral infection entails a conflict between two genomes \u2014 the dna of the host cell versus the foreign dna of the virus. viruses mount their attack by interacting with specific cell proteins as a way of penetrating the cell \u2019 s defenses. \u201c in this study, we asked how the herpes simplex virus finds the specific proteins that it interacts with, \u201d said weitzman. \u201c by describing the mechanism of this particular interaction between a virus and a cell protein, we have pinpointed key regulators of a cell \u2019 s processes, and shed light on how a cell regulates its defenses. \u201d this laboratory study focused on herpes simplex virus type - 1 ( hsv - 1 ), a common human virus that results in recurrent infections alternating with inactive periods. like other viruses, hsv - 1 is known to manipulate cellular processes in order to infect cells, but the specific mechanisms by which it acts on the dna repair pathway were previously unknown. weitzman \u2019 s study team was studying a viral protein called icp0 that overcomes host defenses by targeting cellular proteins for destruction. they found that icp0 exploits ph", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5394353511717049, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:dc334540-4ac9-4d93-b902-cbe7c7eca3fd>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T10:38:04.259132"}
{"text": "mechanisms by which it acts on the dna repair pathway were previously unknown. weitzman \u2019 s study team was studying a viral protein called icp0 that overcomes host defenses by targeting cellular proteins for destruction. they found that icp0 exploits phosphorylation, a chemical mark that is often used in cells to promote interactions between proteins, especially as part of the cellular signaling response to dna damage. in hsv - 1 infection, the phosphorylation signal on icp0 attracts a cellular dna damage response protein, rnf8, which binds to the false signaling marker and is then degraded. because rnf8 normally inhibits viral replication, its destruction leaves the cell vulnerable to hsv - 1 infection, as the virus takes over the cell \u2019 s machinery. the researchers also found that icp0 exploits the same phosphorylation signal to bind to other cellular proteins in addition to rnf8, a hint that it may play a broader role in defeating antiviral defenses and manipulating cellular machinery. weitzman will continue to investigate hsv - 1 infection in neurons and in animal models. he also plans to extend his research into other viruses, which may act on different pathways than hsv - 1 does. \u201c ultimately, \u201d he added, \u201c better knowledge of molecular mechanisms in infection may suggest strategies to interrupt the viral life cycle and treat infections. \u201d the national institutes of health, the salk institute, the american cancer society and the howard hughes medical institute were among the funders of this research. \u201c viral e3 ubiquitin ligase - mediated degradation of a cellular e3 : viral mimicry of a cellular phosphorylation mark targets the rnf8 fha domain, \u201d molecular cell, published online march 8, 2012, to appear in print, april 13, 2012. doi : 10. 1016 / j. molcel. 2012. 02. 004", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5490945825674053, "token_count": 389, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:dc334540-4ac9-4d93-b902-cbe7c7eca3fd>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T10:38:04.260969"}
{"text": "carbon savings - promoting tangible methods of conservation ( finalist. ) ymca - toronto office updates based on feedback : many have felt this proposal is based on measuring a person ' s carbon footprint, instead we are helping people estimate the economic and environmental benefits they can expect to achieve by switching to a new light bulb, showerhead or even by adding a rain barrel. we will be getting the word out through our own marketing efforts but also see this as a resource to support the many organizations that are already out there. we provide traction to the envrionmental movement and use money and environmental benefits as incentives for people to consider and try new products. we are looking to work with sustainability networks, housing associations, builders, manufactuers and retailers ( to help market their products ), real estate agents, mortgage specialists, educational programs, speakers and the list goes on. - if you are one of these people or know someone who is, we would love to hear from you! carbon savings is committed to reducing society \u2019 s demand on natural resources by promoting environmentally preferred products ( epps ). to do this, carbon savings focuses on public awareness by helping people to understand how to conserve water and energy and then to estimate the financial and environmental benefits associated with each method. this is done through calculators which help people estimate their annual savings, payback period and co2 reductions. please view http : / / carbonsavings. org / product. php? item = faucet for an example. the organization was founded on the following premises : - people would prefer to reduce their impact on the environment as long as it does not affect their standard of living - the majority of people are motivated to action based on financial considerations - people are hesitant to spend money when the resulting savings are unknown in order to support the transition towards a low carbon economy, carbon savings has decided to concentrate its efforts on a two pronged approach. the first is to help homeowners and businesses find tangible methods to conserve energy and water. there are roughly 30 household technologies that are good for the environmental and have a fast payback period, yet many of them are unfamiliar to the public. as a result, carbon savings is building a comprehensive and easy - to - use website for consumers to view all of their options and learn about each one. the second approach is to help companies communicate the benefits of their epps to the public. this allows manufacturers and retailers to promote their products by demonstrating the economic and environmental benefits to the customer. in essence, the calculators", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5037736550062238, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:91671e4e-ae1c-4b07-a2aa-f8053633bbd5>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T10:38:04.284931"}
{"text": "learn about each one. the second approach is to help companies communicate the benefits of their epps to the public. this allows manufacturers and retailers to promote their products by demonstrating the economic and environmental benefits to the customer. in essence, the calculators become interactive marketing tools to help companies sell more products. at the end of the day, increased sales translate into greater adoption of conservation. background & details the concept of carbon savings was born in 2010 as part of a sustainability course in engineering at queen \u2019 s university. since that time, the idea has evolved and gained momentum. today, the company has teamed up with a number of non - profit organizations to provide traction to their environmental efforts. one of carbon savings \u2019 core beliefs is that in order to achieve mainstream conservation, consumers must first know what their options are and then be convinced these products are worth buying. as a result, the company has created a working prototype at www. carbonsavings. org to allow users to browse through different product categories, such as showerheads and thermostats, in order to learn about them and their importance. each technology is highlighted with its own interactive calculator to help users estimate the financial and environmental benefits. the calculators are pre - loaded with average household data to help people that may not be aware of reasonable input values. these numbers can be changed to generate customized estimates. in addition to the 30 household technologies, there are roughly 40 commercial technologies that can be adopted at work to generate even greater savings. as the site develops, the goal is to provide a user experience geared towards helping people and companies explore practical opportunities to achieve conservation. by highlighting all of these technologies, carbon savings is looking to offer the most extensive collection of environmental products and their calculators in one location. beyond the educational website, carbon savings will leverage its impact by creating marketing tools for manufacturers and retailers. the calculators can be customized to be product specific and can be placed on the retailer \u2019 s site beside the product, which positions the calculators in front of people at the point of sale. it also enables companies to provide personalized estimates without sending their customers away from their website. the calculators have a lot of flexibility in terms of look, feel and the number of questions asked of the user. they must also be approved by carbon savings for accuracy and then carry the carbon savings logo, providing third party verification. companies do not currently have the option to license energy savings calculators and therefore, cannot benefit from the various advantages they have", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5071859031821868, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:91671e4e-ae1c-4b07-a2aa-f8053633bbd5>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T10:38:04.285949"}
{"text": "contact lens prescription by mary jameson, bhs, coa, nclc, cpot what do the numbers on a contact lens prescription mean? how do they relate to a patient ' s eyes? how important are they? with all of the controversy surrounding the issue of releasing contact lens prescriptions, we should understand what every detail of the prescription means. measuring base curve the back of a contact lens features a series of curves. these curves help the contact lens fit the contour of a cornea. the main back surface curve of a lens is the base curve. it represents the central radius of curvature of the back of the lens. the base curve corresponds to the keratometry reading, the measurement of a patient ' s corneal curvature. we typically record keratometry measurements in diopters of power and typically measure the base curve reading in millimeters of radius. you can use a conversion chart to transition from diopters to millimeters of radius. when you select a trial lens, you can choose a base curve that is on k ( meaning it matches the corneal curvature reading ), steeper than k ( meaning the base curve is smaller than the corneal curvature reading ) or flatter than k ( meaning that the base curve is larger or longer than the corneal curvature reading ). an \" on k fit \" is not always the ideal. you can compare this to shopping for shoes or clothing - - if you are a certain size in one brand, you may not be the same size in another. the same is true for contact lenses. patients need to try contact lenses on to make sure the fit is the best possible. the power of a lens represents the prescription that will neutralize the power of the patient ' s eye. this number is not always the same for a contact lens fitting as it is for a spectacle prescription. you must take the vertex distance ( the distance from the surface of the cornea to the back of the spectacle lens ) into consideration because the contact lens fits onto the cornea. you can use an effectivity chart to make the appropriate power adjustments. also, the over - refraction during the lens fit will help finalize the patient ' s prescription. when you fit gas permeable lenses, you must consider the relationship of the base curve to the cornea. when you fit a lens steeper or flatter than the keratometry reading, a lacrimal lens forms between the cornea and the back curvature of the lens. if you fit a lens steeper than", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5323201838766063, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:6c5b8301-3543-4cd2-995c-fbf2d819b413>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T10:38:04.291217"}
{"text": "problem code : manyleft all submissions for this problem are available. the classical game of oneleft is played as follows. some pegs are placed on an nxn grid. initially, at least one cell is empty and at least one contains a peg ( each cell contains at most one peg ). a move consists of jumping one peg over an adjacent peg to an empty cell, and removing the peg that was jumped over. formally, if there is a peg in cell ( x1, y1 ), and cell ( x2, y2 ) is empty, and ( x1 - x2, y1 - y2 ) is one of ( 0, 2 ), ( 0, - 2 ), ( 2, 0 ), or ( - 2, 0 ), and there is a peg in cell ( ( x1 + x2 ) / 2, ( y1 + y2 ) / 2 ), then the peg in cell ( x1, y1 ) may be moved to cell ( x2, y2 ) and the peg in cell ( ( x1 + x2 ) / 2, ( y1 + y2 ) / 2 ) removed. the coordinate ( 0, 0 ) indicates the top - left corner, ( n - 1, 0 ) indicates the top - right corner, ( 0, n - 1 ) indicates the bottom - left corner, and ( n - 1, n - 1 ) indicates the bottom - right corner. the game continues until no more moves are possible. normally the goal of oneleft is to leave a single peg on the grid. however, in this problem the goal is to leave as many pegs as possible. optimal solutions are not required, but solutions that leave more pegs will score more points. input begins with an integer n, the size of the grid. n lines follow with n characters each, representing the grid. a '. ' character indicates an empty cell, and a ' * ' character indicates a peg. for each test case, first output the number of moves in your solution. then output each move in the form \" x1 y1 x2 y2 \", which indicates a peg moving from ( x1, y1 ) to ( x2, y2 ). any whitespace in your solution will be ignored. your score for each test case is the fraction of cells containing pegs after performing the moves in your solution. your overall score is the average of your scores on the individual test cases. invalid solutions", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5762461871410614, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:10a71f1c-8636-40cd-89c4-9ed64a89cea3>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T10:38:04.304453"}
{"text": ". any whitespace in your solution will be ignored. your score for each test case is the fraction of cells containing pegs after performing the moves in your solution. your overall score is the average of your scores on the individual test cases. invalid solutions will be judged as \" wrong answer \". in particular, if any legal moves exist after the moves in your solution have been performed, your solution will considered invalid. sample input 1 6.. *.. * *.. *. * * * *. * *. * * *.. * * * *.. * *. *. * sample output 1 13 1 3 1 1 3 3 1 3 0 5 0 3 0 2 0 0 3 5 3 3 5 2 3 2 5 0 5 2 3 2 3 0 2 4 0 4 0 3 0 5 3 0 1 0 0 0 2 0 0 5 2 5 sample input 2 5. *. *... *.. *... *... *.. *... sample output 2 the first sample output scores 8 / 36 = 0. 2222. the second sample output scores 7 / 25 = 0. 28. recall that the goal is to maximize your score. test case generation for each official test file, n is chosen randomly and uniformly between 10 and 30, inclusive. a real number d is chosen randomly and uniformly between 0. 5 and 0. 95, then each cell is independently chosen to contain a peg with probability d. | time limit : | | 1 sec | | source limit : | | 50000 bytes | | languages : | | ada, asm, bash, bf, c, c99 strict, caml, cloj, clps, cpp 4. 0. 0 - 8, cpp 4. 3. 2, cs2, d, erl, fort, fs, go, hask, ick, icon, jar, java, js, lisp clisp, lisp sbcl, lua, nem, nice, nodejs, pas fpc, pas gpc, perl, perl6, php, pike, prlg, pyth, pyth 3. 1. 2, ruby, scala, scm guile, scm qobi, st, tcl, text, wspc | fetching successful submissions", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5588035646022906, "token_count": 487, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:10a71f1c-8636-40cd-89c4-9ed64a89cea3>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T10:38:04.305413"}
{"text": "imagine a moment from the age of dinosaurs frozen in time : primitive birds, bees, insects, early mammals, the first known flowering plants and of course, dinosaurs, all exquisitely preserved in fine - grained fossils from chinaa\u20ac\u2122s liaoning province. volcanic eruptions killed and buried victims quickly in this dinosaur pompeii, capturing soft, fragile features not normally preserved in fossils a\u20ac \u201d notably the feathers on animals that had never been known to have them before. now, with state - of - the - art animation to bring this lost world to life, nova investigates the mysterious feathered dinosaurs that are challenging old ideas about the origin of bird flight. the central character in this drama is a strange little dinosaur with wings on its legs as well as its arms. the pigeon - sized microraptor is the smallest adult dinosaur ever found, perhaps the first known tree dweller. but could it really fly? is it the key to understanding the origin of flight or merely an evolutionary dead end unrelated to the ancestry of birds? to help solve the riddle, nova assembles a team of top paleontologists, aeronautical engineers and paleo - artists to reconstruct the microraptor and build a sophisticated model for a wind tunnel experiment. the results have surprising implications for long - accepted ideas about how winged flight began. a", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5193286863493283, "token_count": 270, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:a06d5cbd-7638-4d02-a67b-2291f47aa17c>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T10:38:04.315240"}
{"text": "about seven years ago, a brain scientist was working with primate brain signals three floors underground. the scientist was using special neurological amplifiers that amplified micro - volt signals. he called me to solve a strange, sporadic noise problem that had appeared in his amplifier outputs. his laboratory had been in operation for many years before this problem appeared. when confronted with a mysterious problem, i always ask one particular question : \" what is changed, what is different? \" but in this case, the answer was nothing. connecting up a scope, i soon saw a signal on the screen that coincided with a noise from a speaker connected to a neural amplifier output. we heard a distinctive \" click \u201d sound. by slowing the horizontal time period to one second / division, we could see the entire several - millisecond - long noise pulse. but this was no ordinary noise pulse - - it was actually a perfect bipolar square wave. envision a single period of a full sine wave on a scope screen, then convert that same wave pattern to fit a bipolar square wave. that ' s exactly what it was. every few seconds it appeared, but each time, the starting and ending polarity was flipped. there was no question this was an intelligently generated signal - - but from where? soon, a pattern was discernible. pulse spacing was a consistent 5. 5 seconds. remember, this laboratory was about 60 feet underground. the building had corrugated steel plates as the base, with three reinforced concrete floors up above. line of sight with the local radar dish required that you travel through wet dirt, steel, rock, and reinforced concrete for about two miles at a slight upward angle to reach the local airport dish. and microwaves will not travel through any of these materials very well. certain types of microwave sources contain a property few engineers know about - - scalar energy. scalar electromagnetic waves have the e and b fields in phase, unlike normal electromagnetic waves where e and b fields are typically 90 degrees out of phase. there is another interesting characteristic of scalar waves - - they are not stopped by shielding, even by a faraday cage. when e and b fields are in phase, they do not interact with metal molecules like conventional rf does, which makes shielding useless. usually, only distance can stop scalar waves. based on the waveform period, there could be only one source of this signal. i called the local international airport tracon group, which stands for tracking and control. my one question to the engineer on duty was simply this", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.6234979877532227, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:d693ac58-a8f8-4e56-b0ae-f9ef0568c695>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T10:38:04.349227"}
{"text": "scalar waves. based on the waveform period, there could be only one source of this signal. i called the local international airport tracon group, which stands for tracking and control. my one question to the engineer on duty was simply this : \" what is the rotation period of your radar dish? i ' m certain i ' m picking up your signal at the university. \" he replied : \" let me look out the window and see. \" a short time later, he came back to the phone, saying : \" about five and a half seconds. \" ah ha! there was my signal source. conventional microwave theory says this was impossible, but there it was. clearly these were not conventional microwaves at all. the engineer then asked where i was picking up their signal and i told him. he mumbled, \" guess it would be good for tracking submarines, too. \" apparently, i was correct. this scalar signal disappeared overnight and never returned. as for the real purpose of this scalar pulse, which traveled through two miles of dirt, reinforced concrete, steel, and rock? it remains unknown to this day. shutting down that short - lived signal, which was transmitted for just one day, did not cause the airport to close. apparently, it had little to do with air traffic control. here is the strangest part of all : it was a signal that was dc - based and detected by a neural amplifier with a - 3db bandwidth of 50hz. no diode detector, no rf amplifier, no demodulators, no if stages, no dish, no waveguides, none of the usual rf components. yet, this very low frequency signal definitely originated from a radar dish after traveling through about two miles of dirt and other materials. this entry was submitted by ted twietmeyer and edited by rob spiegel. ted twietmeyer \u2019 s background includes a patented optical backplane technology. he also has more than 30 years of experience in defense and aerospace systems engineering, project management, and the training of customer technical personnel. since 2000, ted has been designing advanced, custom - designed, high - performance systems at the board level. tell us your experience in solving a knotty engineering problem. send stories to rob spiegel for sherlock ohms.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5874340115498529, "token_count": 466, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:d693ac58-a8f8-4e56-b0ae-f9ef0568c695>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T10:38:04.350166"}
{"text": "above the bit : where the horse evades the rider ' s aids by raising the head above the level of the rider ' s hands. this reduces the amount of control the rider has over the horse. action : the movement of the horse ' s legs. aids : signals or cues by which the rider communicates his wishes to the horse. the \" natural \" aids include the voice, the legs, the hands, and weight. \" artificial \" aids include the whip and spurs. airs above the ground : high school movements performed by highly trained horses, where either the front legs or all four legs are off the ground. airs above the ground include the levade and the capriole. amble : the slower form of the lateral pacing gait. ( see pacer ) back : to step a horse backward. barrel racing : a timed event in western riding where horse and rider complete a cloverleaf pattern around three barrels. bascule : term used to describe the arc a horse makes as it jumps a fence. blistering : application of a caustic agent, or blister, to the leg. formerly and, occasionally, still used in the treatment of a number of conditions, such as spavin, ringbone, and bowed tendon. thought to encourage internal healing in some cases. bosal : a braided noseband used in western equitation. western bitless bridle. breaking, or breaking - in : the early education of the young horse, where it is taught the skills it will need for its future life as a riding or driving horse. broken - in / broke to ride : horse that has been accustomed to the tack and the rider and has begun initial training. ( also called greenbroke. ) buck : a leap in the air with the head lowered and the back arched. canter : three - beated gait of the horse in which one hind leg strides first ( the leading leg ), followed by the opposite diagonal pair and finally the opposite foreleg. called the lope in western riding. capriole : one of the airs above the ground in which the horse leaps with all four legs and strikes out with the hind legs in mid - leap. cavelletti : adjustable low wooden jumps used in the schooling of horse and rider. chip / chip - in : when a horse puts in a short, additional stride in front of a fence. chukker : a seven - and - one - half - minute period in a polo game ; from hindu meaning \" a circle", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5403107201835579, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:74843ce7-d535-40c9-bbc5-a898a192fc90>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T10:38:04.373370"}
{"text": "and rider. chip / chip - in : when a horse puts in a short, additional stride in front of a fence. chukker : a seven - and - one - half - minute period in a polo game ; from hindu meaning \" a circle. \" class : a grouping of horses in a show involving horses with riders or shown at hand that perform according to the class specifications as described in the rulebook of that show. collected : controlled gait : a correct coordinated action. collection : where the rider, by means of carefully balanced driving and restraining aids, causes the horse ' s frame to become compacted and the horse light and supple in the hand. the baseline is shortened, the croup is lowered, the shoulder is raised and the head is held on the vertical. cooling out : cooling down a heated horse by walking, brushing, giving very small drinks of water, and sponging him off after he has been worked. counter canter : school movement in which the horse canters in a circle with the outside leg leading, instead of the more usual inside leg. courbette : one of the airs above the ground. after performing the levade, the horse bounds or hops forward on bent hind legs. combined training : equestrian competition held over one or three days and including the disciplines of dressage, cross country, and show jumping. also known as eventing. cross - firing : condition in which the hind foot strikes the opposite front leg or hoof. crow hopping : when a horse hops or leaps repeatedly in the air, with all four feet off the ground at the same time, he is said to be crow hopping. crow hops : mild bucking motions. cues : another name for aids. signals by which the rider communicates his wishes to the horse. dishing : a faulty action, where the foot of the foreleg is thrown outward in a circular movement with each stride. disunited : canter in which the horse ' s legs are out of sequence. diagonals : the horse ' s legs move in pairs at the trot, called diagonals. the left diagonal is when the left foreleg and right hindleg move together, the right diagonal is when the right foreleg and the left hindleg move together. dressage : ( i ) the art of training the horse so that he is totally obedient and responsive to the rider, as well as supple and agile in his performance. ( ii ) competitive sport which, by a series of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5372585420022524, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:74843ce7-d535-40c9-bbc5-a898a192fc90>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T10:38:04.374527"}
{"text": ". dressage : ( i ) the art of training the horse so that he is totally obedient and responsive to the rider, as well as supple and agile in his performance. ( ii ) competitive sport which, by a series of set tests, seeks to judge the horse ' s natural movement and level of training against an ideal. driving : a discipline in which a horse or horses pull a vehicle such as a carriage, cart, or wagon. engagement : the hindlegs are engaged when they are brought well under the body. english pleasure : a saddleseat class judged on manners, performance, attitude, and quality of the horse. equitation : the art of horse riding. eventing : equestrian competition held over one or three days and including the disciplines of dressage, cross country, and show jumping. also known as combined training. extension : the extension of the paces is the lengthening of the frame and stride. the opposite of collection. extravagant action : high knee and hock action such as that seen in the hackney and the saddlebred. flat race : a race without jumps. floating : the action associated with the trotting gait of the arabian horse. flying change : change of canter lead performed by the horse to rebalance during turns and changes of direction. forefooting : roping an animal by the forefeet. forging : a fault in a gait which occurs when a hind foot strikes the bottom of the front foot on the same side. four - in - hand : a team of four harness horses. fox trot : a short - step gait, as when passing from walk to trot. gait : the paces at which horses move, usually the walk, trot, canter, and gallop. gallop : four - beated gait of the horse, in which each foot touches the ground separately, as opposed to the canter, which is a three - beat gait. going : term used to describe the nature of the ground, i. e. deep, good, rough. green : a horse that is in the early learning stage of his particular discipline is said to be green. greenbroke : horse that has been accustomed to the tack and the rider and has begun initial training. ( also called broken - in or broke to ride. ) ground line : pole placed on the ground in front of a fence to help the horse and / or rider judge the take - off point. gymkhana : mounted games,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5229410178300569, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:74843ce7-d535-40c9-bbc5-a898a192fc90>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T10:38:04.375699"}
{"text": "initial training. ( also called broken - in or broke to ride. ) ground line : pole placed on the ground in front of a fence to help the horse and / or rider judge the take - off point. gymkhana : mounted games, including bending poles, sack race, musical sacks, and a variety of other games and races. gymnastic : combination of fences placed at relative distances to each other, used in the training of the jumping horse. habit : traditional riding attire for sidesaddle riders. half halt : an exercise, basically a \" pay attention, please \" used to communicate to the horse that the rider is about to ask for some change of direction or gait, or other exercise or movement. half pass : dressage movement performed on two tracks in which the horse moves sideways and forwards at the same time. halter - broke : term used to describe a young horse that has been accustomed to the very basics of wearing a halter. halt : when the horse is at a standstill. hand gallop : an extension of the canter. haute ecole : the classical art of advanced riding. see also airs above the ground. high school : advanced training and exercise of the horse. horsemanship : the art of equitation or riding. hunt seat : an english discipline which includes riding on the flat and over fences to demonstrate suitability to the hunt field. impulsion : strong, but controlled, forward movement in the horse ( not to be confused with speed ). in front of the bit : a term used to describe a horse which pulls or hangs heavily on the rider ' s hand. in hand : when a horse is controlled from the ground rather than being ridden. indirect rein : the opposite rein to the direction in which the horse is moving. when giving an indirect rein aid, the instruction comes by pressing the opposite rein against the horse ' s neck. inside leg : the legs of both horse and rider which are on the inside of any circle or curved track being travelled. inside : in a ring, the side of the horse closer to the center of the ring. interference : faulty gait in which a foot strikes the fetlock or cannon of the opposite foot ; most often done by base - narrow, toe - wide, or splay - footed horses. jog : western riding term for trot. also used to describe a slow, somewhat shortened pace in english riding. leader : either of the two leading horses in a team of four, or a single horse harnessed in front of one", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5577216124016385, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:74843ce7-d535-40c9-bbc5-a898a192fc90>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T10:38:04.376657"}
{"text": "horses. jog : western riding term for trot. also used to describe a slow, somewhat shortened pace in english riding. leader : either of the two leading horses in a team of four, or a single horse harnessed in front of one or more horses. the \" near \" leader is the left hand horse and the \" off \" leader is the right hand horse. leg up : method of mounting in which an assistant stands behind the rider and supports the lower part of his left leg and giving a boost as necessary as the rider springs up off the ground. leopard : a rope which attaches to the halter that is used to lead or tie a horse with. levade : a classical air above the ground in which the forehand is lifted with bent forelegs on deeply bent hind legs - a controlled half - rear. line - up : a command used in the show ring for riders to come to the center of the ring and form a line. lope : slow western canter. manege : an enclosure used for training and schooling horses. also called a school. nearside : the left hand side of the horse. offside : the right hand side of the horse. on the bit : a horse is said to be \" on the bit \" when he carries his head in a near vertical position and he is calmly accepting the rider ' s contact on the reins. outfit : the equipment of rancher or horseman. outside : when riding in a ring, the side closest to the rail or fence of the ring. overface : to present a young horse at a fence which is beyond his level of training, or beyond his physical capability. overreaching : faulty gait in which the hind foot steps on the heel of the front foot on the same side. occurs most often when the horse is galloping or jumping. pacer : a horse which moves its legs in lateral pairs, rather than the conventional diagonal pairs. pace : a lateral two - beat gait mostly performed by gaited horses. paddling : throwing the front feet outward as they are picked up ; most common in toe - narrow or pigeon - toed horses. passage : dressage movement in which the horse trots in an extremely collected and animated manner. passenger : one who rides a horse without control, letting the horse go as he wishes. performance registry : a record book in which the performance of animals is recorded and preserved. piaffe : dressage movement in which the horse trots in place, with forehand elevated and cr", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5547272739098125, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:74843ce7-d535-40c9-bbc5-a898a192fc90>", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T10:38:04.377688"}
{"text": "horse without control, letting the horse go as he wishes. performance registry : a record book in which the performance of animals is recorded and preserved. piaffe : dressage movement in which the horse trots in place, with forehand elevated and croup lowered. pirouette : dressage movement in which the forelegs of the horse describe a small circle, while the hind legs remain in place, one of them acting as a pivot. plantation pleasure : an english class judged on manners and way of going to include tennessee walking horses, which will show at the flat walk, running walk, and canter. pleasure driving : a class of horses pulling carts which is judged on manners and way of going. pointing : perceptible extension of the stride with little flexion ; likely to occur in the long - strided thoroughbred and standardbred breeds - animals bred and trained for great speed. posting trot : the action of the rider rising from the saddle in rhythm with the horse ' s trot. ( also called rising trot. ) pounding : heavy contact with ground instead of desired light, springy movement. rack : the fifth gait of the american saddlebred - a flashy four - beat gait. rein back : when a horse moves backward with the hooves being set down almost simultaneously in diagonal pairs. reining : type of western riding in which advanced movements such as spins and slides are executed in various patterns. reverse : a command used in the show ring to indicate a change of direction. rising trot : the action of the rider rising from the saddle in rhythm with the horse ' s trot. ( also called posting trot. ) running walk : a four - beat gait faster than a walk, often over 6 miles per hour. saddle seat : a discipline of riding which is typically used for breeds that show with high knee and hock action and a very flashy, animated way of going. school movements : the gymnastic exercises performed in the school or manege. school : enclosed, marked out area used for the training and exercise of the horse. ( see also manege. ) serpentine : school movement in which the horse, at any pace, moves down the center of the school in a series of equal - sized loops. shoulder - in : two - track movement in which the horse is evenly bent along the length of its spine away from the direction in which it is moving. showmanship : a class at a horse show judged on the exhibitor ' s ability", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.509123737813056, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:74843ce7-d535-40c9-bbc5-a898a192fc90>", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T10:38:04.378663"}
{"text": "loops. shoulder - in : two - track movement in which the horse is evenly bent along the length of its spine away from the direction in which it is moving. showmanship : a class at a horse show judged on the exhibitor ' s ability to fit ( prepare ) and show a horse at halter being poised and confident while leading a well - groomed and conditioned horse through a precise pattern. side - wheeler : a pacer that rolls the body sidewise as he paces. single - foot : a term formerly used to designate the rack. speedy cutting : the inside of diagonal fore and hind pastern make contact ; sometimes seen in fast - trotting horses. spread : to stretch or pose. trailer : transportation vehicle of one or more horses, which is towed behind another vehicle. transition : the act of changing from one pace to another. walk to trot and trot to canter are known as \" upward transitions. \" canter to trot and trot to walk are known as \" downward transitions. \" trappy : a short, quick, choppy stride ; a tendency of horses with short, straight pasterns and straight shoulders. traverse or side up : lateral movement without forward or backward movement. tree : the wooden or metal frame of a saddle. trot : moderate - speed gait in which the horse moves from one diagonal pair of legs to the other, with a period of suspension in between. two track : school movements in which the hindlegs follow a separate track from that made by the forelegs. vaulting : equestrian sport involving gymnastic exercises done on the back of a moving horse. vertical : upright fence with no spread. can be rails, planks, gate, or wall. walk : a slow four - beat gait. warming - up : the process of going through the gaits while performing suppling exercises to limber up both horse and rider in the beginning of a workout. whoa : a verbal command used to signal a well - trained horse to stop. usually combined with gently pulling back on the horse ' s reins. wrangling : rounding up ; saddling range horses.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5278031041134316, "token_count": 436, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:74843ce7-d535-40c9-bbc5-a898a192fc90>", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T10:38:04.379499"}
{"text": "per square meter warm - up : relationships in ecosystems ( 10 minutes ) 1. begin this lesson by presenting the powerpoint, \u201c per square meter \u201d. 2. after the presentation, ask students to think of animal relationships that correspond to each of the following types ; competition, predation, parasitism, and mutualism a. for example, two animals that compete for food are lions and cheetahs ( they compete for zebras and antelopes ) 3. record the different types of relationships on the board. activity one : my own square meter ( 30 minutes ) 1. have students go outside and pick a small area ( about a square meter each ) to explore. it is preferable that this area be grassy or \u2018 natural \u2019. the school playground might be a good spot. 2. each student should keep a list of both the living organisms and man - made products found in their area ( i. e grass, birds, insects, flowers, sidewalk etc. ) students are allowed to collect a few specimens from this area to show to the class. if students do not have jars, they can draw their observations. * see reproducible # 1 activity two : who lives in our playground? ( 10 minutes ) 1. after listing, collecting, and drawing specimens, students should return to the classroom and present their findings. a. have the students sit in a circle. each student should read his or her list of findings out loud. if they collected specimens or drew observations, have them present them to the class. 2. make a list of these findings on the board. only write repeated findings once ( to avoid writing grass as many times as there are students ). keep one list of living organisms and one list of man - made products. 3. for now, focus on the list of living organisms. as a class, help students name possible relationships between the organisms. see if they can find one of each type of relationship. for example, a bee on a flower is an example of mutualism because the nectar from the flower nourishes the bee and in return, the bee pollinates the flower. activity three : humans and the environment : human effect on one square meter ( 15 minutes ) 1. now that students have focused on the animal relationships of their square meter, it is time to examine the effect of humans on the natural environment. focus on the human - made product list. ask students to consider the possible relationships between the human - made products and the environment. prompt a brief class discussion on the effects", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5253325390593063, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:c76adb43-fdc6-442d-882e-b7781f7e7d83>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T10:38:04.396617"}
{"text": "meter, it is time to examine the effect of humans on the natural environment. focus on the human - made product list. ask students to consider the possible relationships between the human - made products and the environment. prompt a brief class discussion on the effects of man - made products on the environment. use the following questions as guidelines. a. what is the effect of an empty drink bottle ( or any other piece of trash ) in a grassy field? will it decompose? will it be used by an animal as a habitat or food? answer : trash is an invasive man - made product. most trash is non - bio degradable and is harmful to the environment and to eco - system relations. therefore, it is a harmful addition to the square meter. b. who left the bottle there? do you think they are still thinking about it? did they leave it there on purpose? why did they leave it there? answer : most people litter thoughtlessly. they are not thinking about their actions and how they may effect the environment or eco - systems. it is important that people recognize that litter has a major effect on the environment. c. what about a bench? does a park bench have the same effect on the environment as a piece of trash? answer : a park bench can be considered as a positive human - made product. a park bench has little negative effect on the environment and even helps humans further appreciate eco - systems. the park bench may even provide shelter or a perch for the eco - systems living organisms. d. is there a difference between positive human - made products and negative ones? what are some examples of each? answer : yes, there is a difference between positive and negative human - made products. positive products have minimal effect on the functioning of eco systems whereas negative products have major effects on eco systems. an example of a positive human - made product would be a solar powered house. an example of a negative human - made product would be a car that produces a lot of pollution. wrap up : our classroom eco - web ( 20 - 30 minutes ) 1. have students create classroom artwork by illustrating the relationships between their eco - systems. 2. each student should draw at least two components of his or her square meter. 3. after everyone has finished their illustrations, create a web relating the illustrations. draw arrows between illustrated components with written indications of the type of relationship exemplified. 4. post the finished product in the classroom so that students can see the interconnectedness of the earth \u2019 s eco - systems. extension", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.532621008036626, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:c76adb43-fdc6-442d-882e-b7781f7e7d83>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T10:38:04.398431"}
{"text": "dinosaurs ' active lifestyles suggest they were warm - blooded h. pontzer, v. allen, j. r. hutchinson / plos one whether dinosaurs were warm - blooded or cold - blooded has been a long - standing question in paleobiology. now, new research on how two - legged dinosaurs walked and ran adds new evidence to the argument for warm - bloodedness, and suggests that even the earliest dinosaurs may have been warm - blooded. warm - blooded ( or endothermic ) dinosaurs \u2014 able to regulate their own body temperatures \u2014 would have been more active and could have inhabited colder climates than cold - blooded ( or ectothermic ) dinos, which would have functioned more like modern reptiles \u2014 animals that become animated only as temperatures warm. endothermic dinosaurs would have also required more energy to maintain their higher metabolic rates. evidence such as rapidly growing bones, bird - like feathers and athletic builds have led most paleontologists to believe that dinosaurs were endothermic, says paleobiologist greg erickson of florida state university in tallahassee, fla., who was not involved in the new research. but many scientists are still averse to the idea of warm - blooded dinosaurs. for example, some researchers have suggested that larger, more massive dinosaurs may have radiated much less heat than smaller dinosaurs \u2014 and thus, they could have been cold - blooded while still able to maintain relatively high body temperatures. in the new study, published today in plos one, biomechanist herman pontzer of washington university in st. louis, mo., and colleagues sought to figure out whether the lower metabolism of an ectotherm would have afforded dinosaurs the energy they needed to walk and run. to test this possibility, the team looked at two factors thought to be linked with energy requirements in modern animals : hip height and the volume of muscle used to hold up and move an animal \u2019 s body forward. if the limb length and active muscle volumes of dinosaurs required more energy than an ectotherm \u2019 s metabolism would have been able to provide, pontzer and colleagues reasoned, then the dinosaurs were likely endothermic. the team studied 13 different two - legged dinosaur species, ranging in size from tyrannosaurus to the tiny, bird - like archaeopteryx, as well as one early dinosaur relative, marasuchus. based on hip height, the results showed that the five largest dinosaurs ( including tyrannosaurus ) would have needed endothermic metabolisms just to have", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5129030406010433, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:a459a3fc-e2ca-4318-b2d2-359bd270ce2f>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T10:38:04.403740"}
{"text": "\" sustainable development is development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs \" sustainability embodies \" stewardship \" and \" design with nature, \" well established goals of the design professions and \" carrying capacity, \" a highly developed modeling technique used by scientists and planners. the most popular definition of sustainability can be traced to a 1987 un conference. it defined sustainable developments as those that \" meet present needs without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their needs \" ( wecd, 1987 ). robert gillman, editor of the in context magazine, extends this goal oriented definition by stating \" sustainability refers to a very old and simple concept ( the golden rule )... do onto future generations as you would have them do onto you. \" these well - established definitions set an ideal premise, but do not clarify specific human and environmental parameters for modeling and measuring sustainable developments. the following definitions are more specific : - \" sustainable means using methods, systems and materials that won ' t deplete resources or harm natural cycles \" ( rosenbaum, 1993 ). - sustainability \" identifies a concept and attitude in development that looks at a site ' s natural land, water, and energy resources as integral aspects of the development \" ( vieira, 1993 ) - \" sustainability integrates natural systems with human patterns and celebrates continuity, uniqueness and placemaking \" ( early, 1993 ) in review of the plurality of these definitions, the site or the environmental context is an important variable to most working definitions of sustainability. this emphasis is expressed in the following composite definition : sustainable developments are those which fulfill present and future needs ( wecd, 1987 ) while [ only ] using and not harming renewable resources and unique human - environmental systems of a site : [ air ], water, land, energy, and human ecology and / or those of other [ off - site ] sustainable systems ( rosenbaum 1993 and vieria 1993 ). these fundamental human - environmental exchanges of the community \u2019 s \" site \" were found very useful in developing critical \" input - output \" modeling techniques or indicators which directs the community ' s regenerative process. this selected network of a community \u2019 s human and environmental interrelationships were measured and placed in balance by the selected set of integrated design and planning strategies.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5759980849791017, "token_count": 469, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:da6ed99c-dcf6-4035-aa98-0c01cebf7535>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T10:38:04.411767"}
{"text": "depression : using positive thinking what is an actionset? depression is an illness that makes a person feel sad and hopeless much of the time. it ' s different than feeling a little sad or down. depression can be treated with counseling or medicine, or both. positive thinking also can help prevent or control depression. if you would like more information, see the topic : return to topic : positive thinking, or healthy thinking, is a way to help you stay well by changing how you think. it ' s based on research that shows that you can change how you think. and how you think affects how you feel. cognitive - behavioral therapy, also called cbt, is a type of therapy that is often used to help people think in a healthy way. cbt can help you learn to replace negative thoughts with positive ones. these negative thoughts are sometimes called irrational or automatic thoughts. working on your own or with a counselor, you can practice these three steps : the goal is to have positive thoughts come naturally. it may take some time to change the way you think. so you will need to practice positive thinking every day. test your knowledge cognitive - behavioral therapy ( cbt ) is a type of therapy that can help change how you think about yourself. you need to see a counselor to do cbt. changing the way you think can help you replace negative thoughts with helpful ones. this can help you cope with depression and may help keep it from coming back. 1 maybe you weren ' t able to close a sale or get a big project done at work. or perhaps a relationship has ended. it ' s normal to feel down. but you ' ve had trouble sleeping. you can ' t enjoy many of your usual activities. and you ' re blaming yourself. \" i ' m a failure at everything, \" you tell yourself. the more you think about yourself in a negative way, the harder it is to feel hopeful and positive. the negative thinking makes you feel bad. and that can make you feel more depressed, which leads to more bad thoughts about yourself. it ' s a cycle that ' s hard to break. but with practice, you can retrain your brain. after all, you weren ' t born telling yourself negative things. you learned how to do it. so there ' s no reason you can ' t teach your brain to unlearn it and replace negative thinking with more helpful thoughts. positive thinking also can help you manage stress. too much stress can raise your blood pressure and make your heart work harder, which can increase", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.528449728606551, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:12a9c28d-e5c8-42df-bd3a-1fa07db8bc75>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T10:38:04.420538"}
{"text": "for reducing pollution in major cities. other new hydrocarbon energy frontiers include heavy oils and where oil is contained in sand and shales, contaminated and tight gas and coal - bed methane. there is lots of coal, too, particularly in the us and china. at shell we are testing an environmentally sensitive way of unlocking the large potential of oil shale in colorado using electric heaters to heat the rock formation and release light oil and gas. coal gasification offers a way of using coal more efficiently, cleanly and flexibly. the resulting \u201c syngas \u201d can fuel efficient combined cycle power plants. it can also be used, with the same technology as gas to liquids, to produce high - quality liquid fuels. the world will need these resources. but they are more carbon - intensive and increase the urgency of finding ways of tackling carbon emissions. so my vision is for \u201c green fossil fuels \u201d with much of their co2 captured and sequestrated underground or in inert materials. in the medium term, this could be cheaper, more convenient and more flexible than alternative energies. a typical one - gigawatt coal - fired power plant produces the same carbon emissions as 1. 5m cars. china alone is building about 17 of these plants a year. this is why sequestration should be a priority for power plants. one prerequisite for success is ensuring sufficient investment to access more difficult resources and undertake long - term technology development. the international energy agency estimates that meeting global energy needs will require investing more than $ 17, 000bn by 2030. given the urgent investment needs, exacting windfall taxes is counterproductive, particularly in an industry with a history of volatile prices. so, while the good news is that there is a wide variety of energy sources to deal with the energy challenge, our industry has its work cut out for it. it will have to mobilise its experience and talents but also rely on governments and consumers to recognise that we share common concerns and have to respond to changing circumstances. the writer is chief executive of royal dutch shell", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5275013992076445, "token_count": 416, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:e5ae3d50-a2fe-4ee5-825e-8d9d0268ca83>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T10:38:04.428380"}
{"text": ". research has been focused on the neurochemical and neuroanatomical substrates that mediate cocaine ' s reinforcing effects. although a number of neurotransmitter systems are involved, there is growing evidence that cocaine ' s effects on dopaminergic neurons in the mesolimbic and / or mesocortical neuronal systems of the brain are most closely associated with its reinforcing and other behavioral effects. the initial site of action in the brain for its reinforcing effects has been hypothesized to be the dopamine transporter of mesolimbocortical neurons. cocaine action at the dopamine transporter has the effect of inhibiting dopamine re - uptake, resulting in higher levels of dopamine at the synapse. these dopaminergic pathways may mediate the reinforcing effects of other stimulants and opiates as well. a substantial body of evidence suggests that dopamine plays a major role in mediating cocaine ' s reinforcing effects, although it is clear that cocaine affects not only the dopamine but also the serotonin and noradrenaline systems. in addition to blocking the re - uptake of several neurotransmitters, cocaine use results in central nervous system stimulation and local anesthesia. this latter effect may be responsible for the neural and myocardial depression seen after taking large doses. cocaine use has been implicated in a broad range of medical complications covering virtually every one of the body ' s organ systems. at low doses, cocaine causes increases in heart rate, blood pressure, respiration, and body temperature. there have been suggestions that cocaine ' s cardiovascular effects can interact with ongoing behavior, resulting in increased toxicity. cocaine intoxication has been associated with cardiovascular toxicity, related to both its local anesthetic effects and its inhibition of neuronal uptake of catecholamines, including heart attacks, stroke, vasospasm, and cardiac arrhythmias. cocaine is generally taken in binges, repeatedly, for several hours or days, followed by a period in which none is taken. when taken repeatedly, chronic cocaine intoxication can cause a psychosis, characterized by paranoia, anxiety, a stereotyped repetitive behavior pattern, and vivid visual, auditory, and tactile hallucinations. less severe behavioral reactions to repeated cocaine use include irritability, hypervigilance, paranoid thinking, hyperactivity,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5120146427390968, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ada52778-bfae-498e-adea-e19714d04742>", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T10:38:04.454438"}
{"text": ", anxiety, a stereotyped repetitive behavior pattern, and vivid visual, auditory, and tactile hallucinations. less severe behavioral reactions to repeated cocaine use include irritability, hypervigilance, paranoid thinking, hyperactivity, and eating and sleep disturbances. in addition, when a cocaine binge ceases, there appears to be a crash response, characterized by depression, fatigue, and eating and sleep disturbances. initially, the crash is accompanied by little cocaine craving, but as time increases since the last dose of cocaine, compulsive drug seeking can occur in which users think of little else but the next dose. nonhuman research subjects. one of cocaine ' s characteristics, as a psychomotor stimu - lant, is its ability to elicit increases in the motor behavior of animals. single low doses produce increases in exploration, locomotion, and grooming. with increasing doses, locomotor activity decreases and stereotyped behavior patterns emerge ( continuous repetitious chains of behavior ). when administered repeatedly, cocaine produces increased levels of locomotor activity, increases in stereotyped behavior, and increases in susceptibility to drug - induced seizures ( i. e., \" kindling \" ). this sensitization occurs in a number of different species and has been suggested as a model for psychosis or schizophrenia in humans. although sensitization to cocaine ' s unconditioned behavioral effects generally occurs, such effects are related to dose, environmental context, and schedule of cocaine administration. for example, sensitization occurs more readily when dosing is intermittent rather than continuous and when dosing occurs in the same environment as testing. learned behaviors, typically generated in the laboratory using operant schedules of reinforcement in which animals make responses that have consequences ( e. g., press a lever to get food ), generally show a rate - dependent effect of cocaine. as with amphetamine, cocaine engenders increases in low rates of responding and decreases in high rates of responding. environmental variables and behavioral context can modify this effect. for example, responding maintained by food delivery was decreased by doses of cocaine that either had no effect or increased comparable rates of responding maintained by shock avoidance. cocaine ' s effects can also be modified by drug history. although repeated administration can result in the development of sensitization to cocaine ' s effects on unlearned behaviors, repeated administration generally results in tolerance to cocaine ' s effects on schedule - controlled responding. this decrease in effect of the same", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5323706537271868, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ada52778-bfae-498e-adea-e19714d04742>", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T10:38:04.455360"}
{"text": "drug history. although repeated administration can result in the development of sensitization to cocaine ' s effects on unlearned behaviors, repeated administration generally results in tolerance to cocaine ' s effects on schedule - controlled responding. this decrease in effect of the same dose after repeated dosing is influenced by behavioral as well as pharmacological factors. human research subjects. a major behavioral effect of cocaine in humans is its mood - altering effect, generally believed related to its potential for abuse. traditionally, subjective effects have provided the basis for classifying a substance as having abuse potentialnd the cocaine - engendered profile of subjective effects is prototypic of stimulant drugs of abuse. thus, cocaine produces dose - related reports of \" high, \" \" liking, \" and \" euphoria \" ; increases in stimulant - related factors, such as increases on vigor and friendliness scale scores ; ratings of \" stimulated \" ; and decreases in various sedation scores. subjective effects correlate well with single intravenous or smoked doses of cocaine, peaking soon after administration and dissipating in parallel with decreasing plasma concentrations. when cocaine is administered repeatedly, tolerance develops rapidly to many of its subjective effects and the same dose no longer exerts much of an effect. this means that the user must take increasingly larger amounts of cocaine to achieve the same effect. tolerance to the cardiovascular effects of cocaine is less complete ; the result here is a potential for drug - induced toxicity, since more and more drug is taken when the subjective effects are not present but the disruptions in cardiovascular function are still present. although users of stimulant drugs claim that their performance of many activities is improved by cocaine use, the data do not support their assertions. in general, cocaine has little effect on performance except under conditions in which performance has deteriorated from fatigue. under those conditions, cocaine can bring it back to nonfatigue levels. this effect, however, is relatively short - lived, since cocaine has a half - life of less than one hour. despite substantial efforts directed toward treatment of cocaine abuse, in the mid - 1990s we are still unable to treat successfully many of the cocaine abusers who seek treatment. for many years the only approach to treating these people was psychological or behavioral. as of 1994, the most promising of these include behavioral therapy, relapse prevention, rehabilitation ( e. g., vocational, educational, and social - skills training ) and supportive psychotherapy. a major problem with these treatment approaches is related to their lack", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5050394862238913, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ada52778-bfae-498e-adea-e19714d04742>", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T10:38:04.456296"}
{"text": "beyond buzzwords with soa soa has had time to mature, but discussions around it are still laden with buzzwords and unrealistic expectations. learn what soa is and isn ' t with the first of a new series. a service - oriented architecture ( soa ) facilitates flexibility and cost savings for businesses, but its flexibility is also at fault for diluting the concept of soa. many technologies can be used in support of designing systems that may be described as soa, which leads to a global misunderstanding of the true spirit of soa. we often get bogged down talking about the technology, so this article is going to take a step back and explain what it \u2019 s really about. what soa is not soa is not any single system, technology, or application. it is an architecture, or put another way : a way to design a group of system ; a methodology. the service - oriented part speaks to the notion that systems interaction should be done via network - enabled services. most often, since they provide the most flexibility, web - based services and technologies are employed for this task. what soa is soa can be broken into two parts : it systems and the software that runs on them. in the systems design sense, soa spells out the best way to design complex systems to ensure they are multi - functional. it is at this point where many people like to compare a big erp system to soa. with a large erp system, you will have a set of servers that only interact with a database, and all the functionality is contained within that monolithic system. features and extensibility are dependent on what the vendor allows you to do. with an soa design, you can plug in features at - will, since they will interact with various \u201c services \u201d in a standard way. in reality, erp is a task, and even the largest monolithic systems usually have some extensibility built - in. we most often see soa proponents with the same erp system everyone else uses, but they have likely extended it much further. in the software engineering sense, soa is about code re - use. not in the object - oriented programming sense of re - use ; soa actually takes it much further. traditionally we might abstract common functions in software into libraries, and then share those libraries so that people don \u2019 t have to re - implement the same code. think of a simple banking system \u2019 s online credit application. one function might require that we look up the applicant", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5125207921984568, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:a54c5725-eb44-44fd-a6a7-5707bcd04479>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T10:38:04.462679"}
{"text": "abstract common functions in software into libraries, and then share those libraries so that people don \u2019 t have to re - implement the same code. think of a simple banking system \u2019 s online credit application. one function might require that we look up the applicant \u2019 s ssn to see if they have other accounts. we might call this function listuseraccounts. when called, it will return a list of all past and current accounts associated with the applicant. the function contains all the logic, and knows where to look for this information. it simply returns the proper information for use by the program that called instead of requiring that software run on a single system that has access to listuseraccounts, an soa - enabled environment will provide a network - accessible service whereby many systems can access this function. in short, software functions are turned into network - aware services instead of internal functions accessible by only a few programs. the same listuseraccounts function could be used by an online banking application when a person wants to see what their account balances are. without careful design, large systems often paint themselves into a corner. soa helps designers think in such a way that avoids creating single - purpose silos, and instead creates re - usable functionality. nothing new to see here please realize that soa does not represent a silver bullet install - it - and - realize - benefits technology. it is, in effect, simply a tool that has opened eyes worldwide and allowed systems and software designers to speak a consistent language. critics of soa often claim infrastructures naturally evolve toward this type of architecture. this is absolutely correct, but soa \u2019 s value is that it provides a unified dictionary and set of best practices for companies to follow. best practices are often a scary concept, making businesses implement things they don \u2019 t really need, but the nature of soa helps alleviate the downsides of traditional \u201c best practices religion. \u201d soa, thankfully, requires businesses to design systems that map directly to their needs. implementations require that architects understand business processes as well as the capabilities of their computer systems before soa can be implemented. each implementation is different, and that does a long way toward avoiding the \u201c me too \u201d mentality too often found at it organizations around the world. that is not to say that many it shops aren \u2019 t grinding away implementing soa services in a haphazard fashion, just that in spite of it, the projects are sure to improve systems to some degree. the other big problem with soa is", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5354208359024616, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:a54c5725-eb44-44fd-a6a7-5707bcd04479>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T10:38:04.464790"}
{"text": "here are the l - i - g - h - t - s to the word of god : literal interpretation, illumination by the holy spirit, grammatical principles, historical context, teaching ministry, scriptural harmony. principles of biblical interpretation ought to be determined before developing one \u2019 s theology, but in practice the reverse is often true. cultists in particular consistently read their deviant theologies into the biblical text instead of allowing the text to speak for itself. faith teachers are also guilty of this practice, as i document in my book \u201c christianity in crisis \u201d. in view of this growing problem, it would be productive to consider some of the primary principles of hermeneutics. before you run off because of the formidable sound of this term, however, let me quickly point out that hermeneutics is simply a \u201c fifty - cent \u201d word that describes the science of biblical interpretation. the purpose of hermeneutics is to provide the student of scripture with basic guidelines and rules for \u201c rightly dividing the word of truth \u201d ( 2 tim. 2 : 15 ). to help ensure that you will remember these principles, i \u2019 ve developed the acronym l - i - g - h - t - s. just remember that the science of biblical interpretation \u201c lights \u201d your path as you walk through theword. the l in lights will remind you of the literal principle of biblical interpretation. in simple terms, this means that we are to interpret the word of god just as we interpret other forms of communication \u2014 in its most obvious and literal sense. most often, the biblical authors employed literal statements to communicate their ideas ( such as when the apostle paul said of jesus, \u201c by him all things were created, both in the heavens and on earth \u201d \u2014 col. 1 : 16 ). and where the biblical writers express their ideas in literal statements, the interpreter must take those statements in a literal sense. in this way, the interpreter will grasp the intended meaning of the writer. of course, this is not to deny that scripture employs figures of speech. indeed, the biblical writers often used figurative language to communicate truth in a graphic way. and, in most cases, the meaning of such language is clear from the context. when jesus says he is \u201c the door \u201d ( john 10 : 7 ), for example, it is obvious he is not saying he is composed of wood and hinges. rather, he is the \u201c way \u201d to salvation. illumination by the holy spirit the i in lights will remind you of the illumination of scripture that can only come", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5664365257551662, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:74cd2b98-2b11-4f4c-8e27-f9f8d6896476>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T10:38:04.475425"}
{"text": "for example, it is obvious he is not saying he is composed of wood and hinges. rather, he is the \u201c way \u201d to salvation. illumination by the holy spirit the i in lights will remind you of the illumination of scripture that can only come from the spirit of god. first corinthians 2 : 12 says : \u201c we have not received the spirit of the world but the spirit who is from god, that we may understand what god has freely given us. \u201d because the author of scripture \u2014 the holy spirit ( 2 pet. 1 : 21 ). \u2014 resides within the child of god ( 1 cor. 3 : 16 ), he or she is in a position to receive god \u2019 s illumination ( 1 cor. 2 : 9 - 11 ). and, indeed, the spirit of truth not only provides insights that permeate the mind, but also provides illumination that can penetrate the heart. the g in lights will remind you that scripture is to be interpreted in accordance with typical rules of grammar \u2014 including syntax and style. for this reason, it is important for the student of scripture to have a basic understanding of grammatical principles. it is also helpful to have a basic grasp of the greek and hebrew languages. if you do not know greek or hebrew, however, don \u2019 t panic. today there are a host of eminently usable tools to aid you in gaining insights from the original languages of scripture. besides commentaries, there are \u201c interlinear \u201d translations that provide the hebrew and greek text of the bible in parallel with the english text. as well, strong \u2019 s concordance has a number - coding system by which you can look up the greek or hebrew word ( along with a full definition ) behind each word in the english bible. moreover, there are dictionaries of old and new testament words that are keyed to strong \u2019 s concordance. tools such as these make it easy for the layperson to obtain insights on the original hebrew or greek of the bible without being fluent in these languages. the h in lights will remind you that the christian faith is historical and evidential ( luke 1 : 1 - 4 ). the biblical text is best understood when one is familiar with the customs, culture, and historical context of biblical times. thankfully, there are a host of excellent bible handbooks and commentaries to aid us in the process of understanding the people and places of the bible. the t in lights will remind you that even though the illumination of scripture ultimately comes through the ministry of the holy spirit, god has", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5455656087176145, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:74cd2b98-2b11-4f4c-8e27-f9f8d6896476>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T10:38:04.476339"}
{"text": "host of excellent bible handbooks and commentaries to aid us in the process of understanding the people and places of the bible. the t in lights will remind you that even though the illumination of scripture ultimately comes through the ministry of the holy spirit, god has also provided the church with uniquely gifted human teachers ( eph. 4 : 11 ). therefore, as we seek to rightly interpret god \u2019 s word ( 2 tim. 2 : 15 ), we would do well to consult those whom god has uniquely gifted as teachers in the church ( cf. tit. 2 : 1 - 15 ). of course, following the example of the bereans ( acts 17 : 11 ), we should always make sure that what human teachers say is in line with scripture ( cf. 1 thess. 5 : 21 ). the s in lights will remind you of the principle of scriptural harmony. individual passages of scripture must always be in harmony with scripture as a whole. the biblical interpreter must keep in mind that all of scripture \u2014 though communicated through various human instruments \u2014 has a single author ( god ). and, of course, god does not contradict himself. studying the bible is the noblest of all pursuits, and rightly understanding it, the highest of all goals. the six principles listed above can help you attain this goal. and as the science of biblical interpretation continually lights your path through scripture, you will find yourself growing in your understanding of him who is the light of the world \u2014 jesus christ ( john 8 : 12 ).", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5386098292001739, "token_count": 310, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:74cd2b98-2b11-4f4c-8e27-f9f8d6896476>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T10:38:04.476896"}
{"text": "a user - interface for proofs and certified software by janet bertot, yves bertot, yann coscoy, healfdene goguen and francis montagnac by making it possible to express the properties of procedures and functions, proofs assistants can be used to help develop certified software. however, these proof assistants are often complicated to use and deserve real user - interfaces to make software development feasible. since 1990, the croap team at inria sophia - antipolis has been studying the development of user - interfaces for theorem provers to reduce this level of complication. we have implemented a powerful prototype, ctcoq, that has been used successfully in the development of certified algorithms for program manipulation or polynomial mathematics. the last version of this proof environment has been released in february 1997. the semantics of programs can be mathematically described using relations between inputs and outputs or using functions from the domain of inputs to the domain of outputs. when these relations and functions are formally described, it is possible to use a computer to check mechanically some of their properties. this leads to the perspective of checking that programs fulfil a formal specification and ultimately to zero - default software. since the correction of a given program may rely on an arbitrarily complex corpus of mathematics, the system used for the verification needs to have very powerful proving capabilities. to date, only the systems known as theorem provers or proof checkers provide enough mathematical capabilities for this task. the coq proof assistant is one such proof checker ( see previous article ). it uses type theory to express the properties of functions and encode powerful mathematical tools such as recursion and algebraic structures. intuitively, the types used in a programming language like pascal or c make it possible to verify simple consistency properties between the components of a software. when using language with more expressive types, the properties that can be expressed using types can actually cover the complete specification of a software system. the ctcoq user - interface is an independent front - end for the coq proof assistant. it uses technologies from the domain of programming environments to help the proof developer in several ways. the first element taken from programming environment technology is the use of syntax directed tools. these tools use a precise description of the proof assistant ' s syntax to help in the rapid construction of syntactically correct logical sentences, specifications, and proof commands. for instance, syntax directed menus make it possible to perform transformations on expressions or commands that respect the syntactic correctness of these expressions, thus", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.6089247687159185, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:a67667a3-9a44-48a3-9476-dff878b94636>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T10:38:04.481392"}
{"text": "help in the rapid construction of syntactically correct logical sentences, specifications, and proof commands. for instance, syntax directed menus make it possible to perform transformations on expressions or commands that respect the syntactic correctness of these expressions, thus reducing the time spent in correcting low - level errors. syntax aware tools also make it easier to recognize usual mathematical notations and render them using multiple - font display, in a wysiwyg fashion. these tools make semantic manipulation of data possible, with interpretation of the user ' s pointing or dragging gestures using the mouse. for instance, pointing at an expression can be interpreted guiding the proof process towards this expression. in the same realm, dragging an expression can be used to rearrange data when the algebraic properties make it possible. other tools taken from programming environments use the analysis of dependence graphs between functions, mathematical objects, and proof commands. this analysis can lead to quicker tools to help finding and correcting errors in specifications, thus making the development of completely proved software quicker. powerful analyses also make it possible to extract natural language presentation from proofs data structures, thus making the results of proof developments understandable by mathematicians and engineers outside the community of coq and ctcoq users. the ctcoq proof environment has been used successfully in the development of algorithms for symbolic computation, trajectory planning, and program partial evaluation. future research around this user - interface aims on one side at a better integration with symbolic computation and computer algebra systems and on the other side at a better use of dependency graphs to make large proof maintenance and re - engineering feasible. publication references for this research can be found at : http : / / www. inria. fr / croap / publications. html the ctcoq system can be retrieved by following the instructions found at : http : / / www. inria. fr / ctcoq / ctcoq - eng. html yves bertot - inria tel : + 33 4 9365 7739", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_computing", "similarity_score": 0.5917829442128378, "token_count": 402, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:a67667a3-9a44-48a3-9476-dff878b94636>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T10:38:04.482284"}
{"text": "contact : jules asher nih / national institute of mental health caption : our brains are all made of the same stuff. despite individual and ethnic genetic diversity, our prefrontal cortex shows a consistent molecular architecture. for example, overall differences in the genetic code ( \u201c genetic distance \u201d ) between african - americans ( aa ) and caucasians ( cauc ) showed no effect on their overall difference in expressed transcripts ( \u201c transcriptional distance \u201d ). the vertical span of color - coded areas is about the same, indicating that our brains all share the same tissue at a molecular level, despite distinct dna differences on the horizontal axis. each dot represents a comparison between two individuals. the aa : : aa comparisons ( blue ) generally show more genetic diversity than cauc : : cauc comparisons ( yellow ), because caucasians are descended from a relatively small subset of ancestors who migrated from africa, while african americans are descended from a more diverse gene pool among the much larger population that remained in africa. aa : : cauc comparisons ( green ) differed most across their genomes as a whole, but this had no effect on their transcriptomes as a whole. credit : joel kleinman, m. d., ph. d., nimh clinical brain disorders branch usage restrictions : none related news release : our brains are made of the same stuff, despite dna differences", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5765932339142605, "token_count": 276, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:85c6f98d-b521-4958-ac9f-4b58b631029b>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T10:38:04.483754"}
{"text": "what are tachyons? tachyons are hypothetical particles that can only travel faster than the speed of light. as you probably know, objects with a real number for mass can never travel at the speed of light because of einstein ' s theory of relativity. as a consequence of this theory, as a objects velocity increases its mass increases. as is it can be seen by the following formula mass = rest _ mass * 1 / sqrt ( 1 - v ^ 2 / c ^ 2 ). at the speed of light the mass becomes infinite. so, it would take an infinite amount of energy for a massive particle to reach the speed of light. these objects are sometimes called tardyons. photons can travel at the speed of light because they have no mass and their energy is e = planck ' s constant * nu ( frequency of the photon ). in order for something to travel at the speed of light it would have to have an imaginary number for its mass. an imaginary number is a number that is a multiple of the square root of a negative number. as a particle travels faster than the speed of light the denominator of mass = rest _ mass * 1 / sqrt ( 1 - v ^ 2 / c ^ 2 ) becomes imaginary, the imaginary mass would counteract this and we ( in the rest frame ) would see something that had real mass in the rest frame but something that always traveled faster than the speed of light. there have been a few experiments to find tachyons using a detector called a cerenkov detector. this detector is able to measure the speed of a particle traveling through a medium. photons travel at a slower speed inside a medium. if a particle travels though a medium at a speed that is greater than light for that medium cerenkov radiation occurs. this is analogous to the sonic boom produced when an airplane travels faster than the speed of sound in air or the shock wave at the bow of a ship. if tachyons existed you would be able to see cerenkov radiation in a vacuum. a few cerenkov experiments were conducted in a vacuum and no radiation was found, so it is generally accepted that tachyons do no exist. i hope this helped you. christina l. hebert graduate student at fermilab | last modified 12 / 11 / 1999 firstname. lastname @ example. org |", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5841285326770086, "token_count": 479, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:0a836341-2dd7-41a3-aa34-9109e795e68e>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T10:38:04.525368"}
{"text": "our focus will be on how film, art, literature, and music produce and represent global culture in new york city. we will study the changing venues for international art, the influence of diasporic communities, and the ways in which representations of new york city have changed since the attacks of 2001. critical examination of economic, political, and cultural processes that have defined what we mean by globalization. issues such as the political economy of film and music, the role of identity politics in literature and art, the problems of capital and labor in the global city will provice a strong historical and theoretical background for more specific investigations in our other courses. mapping the city through literature, film and new media readings and activities that will introduce students to the histories and cultures of new york as they are represented in books and on screens large and small. students will receive credit for working in a media or media - related organization. weekly blackboard entries will allow the class to talk together about their experiences. exploration and focused analysis of one form of contemporary media and its relations to globalization in order to suggest answers to one or more of the follow questions : what are the themes and values that inform works or activities that are considered \" universal \" or \" global \"? how does localization or culture identity persist in a global context? what approaches to or forms of media allow for individual or collective negotiation of the terrain or culture differences and convergences?", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5075391510566831, "token_count": 284, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:c0a6edea-c208-4ded-94fb-34763776f92f>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T10:38:04.605308"}
{"text": "during a fluorescein eye stain test, a dark orange dye ( fluorescein ) is placed onto the outer surface of your eye, called the cornea. a blue light is then shone onto the eye. the dye will show any scratches, tears or foreign particles on your eye as a green color under the light. based on the staining, your doctor can identify any problems with your cornea or diagnosis certain conditions. this test is usually ordered if your doctor suspects you have damage on your cornea or foreign objects in your eye. if you wear contact lens, your doctor might do this test to see whether the contacts are damaging your cornea. you doctor may recommend a fluorescein eye stain test if he or she suspects you have abrasions, or scratches, on your cornea. the cornea is a clear surface that covers your outer eye. it is made up of cells and proteins. unlike most of your body \u2019 s other tissues, the cornea contains no blood vessels. it is protected and nourished by tears. it has two main functions \u2014 to protect the eye from dust, germs, and other harmful irritants ; and to permit and direct light as it enters the eye. the cornea is highly sensitive. if it becomes scratched or damaged, new cells quickly cover the injury to prevent infection from occurring. deeper scratches will take longer to heal and may cause scars. a fluorescein eye stain test can help detect corneal injuries, small foreign objects or particles in the eye, and abnormal tear production. the test may also help your doctor determine if your contact lenses are irritatingyour corneas. according to the developmental disabilities health alliance, this test has a 93 to 97 percent accuracy rate for detecting corneal problems. your ophthalmologist ( eye doctor ) will use either a small eyedropper or piece of blotting paper to place dye into your eye. he or she will ask you to blink several times to allow the dye to completely cover the surface of the cornea. blinking spreads the dye throughout your tear film \u2014 the wet surface of your eyeball that lubricates and protects the eye. the tear film is made up of water, oil, and mucus. you may feel a slight stinging sensation when the dye is first applied. after a few moments though, the dye will feel like normal liquid on the eye and will no longer be uncomfortable. the doctor will then shine a cobalt - blue light onto your eye. the combination", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.506675692468386, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:7956d2a7-2f67-4804-ae7f-dd8f3bccde1f>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T10:38:04.617892"}
{"text": "a slight stinging sensation when the dye is first applied. after a few moments though, the dye will feel like normal liquid on the eye and will no longer be uncomfortable. the doctor will then shine a cobalt - blue light onto your eye. the combination of this light and the dye will make any abnormalities or abrasions on the cornea appear green. from this, your ophthalmologist will be able to determine the location of any problems and evaluate the level of damage. if your eye is healthy and the cornea is undamaged, the dye will remain in the film on the surface of your eye and not cause areas to turn green. abnormal results from this test may be caused by corneal abrasions, or scratches on the surface of the eye. these abrasions may be a result of : - a poke in the eye from a fingernail, make - up brush, or other object - dust, ash, or dirt that has blown into the eye - a chemical burn - rubbing your eyes too roughly - dirty, old, or poorly - fitting contact lenses - not protecting the eyes during general anesthesia ( if they are not closed, the cornea will dry out ) - the presence of foreign bodies, such as an eyelash - other injuries or trauma to the eye in some cases, the damage could be caused by abnormal tear production ( or dry eye ). this is a condition in which there are insufficient tears to nourish and protect the eye, leading to inflammation of the cornea. your test may also reveal a blocked tear duct. this test is risk - free. however, the fluorescein dye may stain for a few days if it touches the skin around your eye. in general, there is nothing you need to do to prepare for this test. if you wear contact lens, you will be asked to take them out beforehand. after the test, your doctor will use the results to diagnosis any problems you are having with your eyes. he or she will meet with you to discuss the damage discovered on your cornea and plan any necessary treatment. treatment options may include : - removal of the foreign object from the eye - using prescription eye drops or ointment - wearing a temporary eye patch or bandage contact lens - leaving contact lenses out until the cornea has healed - taking pain medications if your injury has only affected the surface of your cornea, it should heal in about two days. if the injury has penetrated the surface of the eye, healing will take longer, depending on the cause", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5132016382173945, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:7956d2a7-2f67-4804-ae7f-dd8f3bccde1f>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T10:38:04.618937"}
{"text": "gurdy also frequently appears in texts and in pictures ; this is an indication that its harmonies were not dissonant when it was played together with various other instruments. the instruments played simultaneously which are mentioned in texts were arranged by the authors in various ways, and often a grouping according to certain points of view can be established. all instruments played in the same way are named one after the other, such as wind, percussion, plucked or bowed instruments. they may also be arranged according to their loudness of tone, such as loud and soft. the instruments with which the hurdy - gurdy was grouped in these lists vary. a grouping according to related tonal effects is frequently found in connection with the hurdy - gurdy. the hurdy - gurdy is often grouped with other string instruments in the lists, ( ill. 3, 24, 25 ) [ figlink ], partly separated from other bowed instruments by the plucked instruments, partly directly associated with these : \" que gigue, harpen e simphonie \" ; [ fn ] harpe ende symphonien \" ; [ fn ] \" ay [ sp ] [ a - y / macron ] auje cinfonjas farpa giga e rota \" ; [ fn ] \" harpes, gigues et cyfonies \" ; [ fn ] \" harpeors et bretons, giges et chifonie \" ; [ fn ] \" audivi suon di gighe e ciunfonie \" ; [ fn ] \" rubebes, leuths, vielles, syphonie \" ; [ fn ] \" symphonies, rotes, sautier \" [ fn ] \" cistole, rothe, syphonie \" ; [ fn ] \" citole i ot e viele e synphan, q ' amour novele \". [ fn ] next to this are found also instrument lists in which the individual instruments appear arranged in pairs. in these sources the hurdy - gurdy is always named together with a bowed instrument which either has drone strings, like the vielle, or which is played together with the hurdy - gurdy as a descant instrument : \" de gighe sot, de simphonie \" ; [ fn ] \" et sifonies et vieles \" ; [ fn ] \" cil porte gige cil simphonie \" ; [ fn ] \" videln und symp", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5053305405121737, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:0a8a720e-0eaa-4862-a397-12ad36642c1e>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T10:38:05.076668"}
{"text": "remittuntur. [ fn ] equaliter enim dividimus dupla proportione organistrum avolubili etta [ fn ] usque ad locum quo ponenda est prima littera scilicet c, et relicto primo passu vacuo et in fine alterius c posito ut diximus, iterum redimus ad ettam novenis passibus et primo passu d invenimus epogdoa proportione. similiter a d ettam novem passus facientes primo passu e ponimus, f vero a c ut g a d usque ad ettam disponimus sesquitercia proportione, a vero a d ut \u00fe quadratum ab e invenimus sesqualtera proportione. synemenon vero equa divisione illius toni qui est inter a et \u00fe quadratum invenimus. volens autem item alia mensura quis organistrum disponere a c viiii passus usque ad separationem chordae faciat, primus d ponit, item a d viiii passus fiant, primus e ponit, a c vero iiii passus faciat, primusque ponit f, item a c tres passus metiantur, primusque g ponit, a d quoque tres passus fiant, primusque a ponit, ab f autem iiii passus faciat, et primus b rotundum, id est synemenon ponit, ab e tres ponantur passus, primusque \u00fe ponit quadratum, quod si adhuc c acutam que dyapason cum c gravi sonat ponere voluerit, iiii passibus a g usque in finem dimensis c supra dictam reperiet. \" [ fn ] a further tuning method, in which the wheel is mentioned, also dates from the 13th century. according to this treatise as well the hurdy - gurdy is given a pythagorean tuning. \" si organistrum regulariter mensurandi notitiam subtilem habere volueris, mediocritas magaga ut magna post rotam ponatur. in primis inveniat, ut", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5239766626372968, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:0a8a720e-0eaa-4862-a397-12ad36642c1e>", "chunk_index": 10, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T10:38:05.090597"}
{"text": "harmonize them. following this the writer remarks that these are the 16 strings of the monochord, and that the newer ones have an additional two strings. at the end of the treatise come a few remarks about the consonance of the fifth, fourth and octave. for a better overview the placements of the keys according to the individual tuning methods will be shown again. in this schematic representation the bracketed arabic numerals behind the starting note show into how many equal parts from there onwards the string is to be divided in ordered to produce the note to which the arrow points. this also indicates the note from which new notes are reached. the arrow in reverse indicates that the string is divided from the starting note to the end of the string, but that the note is not reached in the same direction, but by the transfer of a part of the division to the opposite direction [ fn ]. [ editor ' s note : the translator included some observations on this table, which have been included below. the editor cannot support, confirm or deny any of the statements and conclusions reached by the translator. ] [ translator ' s note : i have failed to see how the directions above, the schemas as given, and the note [ fn ] below correspond. the schema gec [ fn ] should give, according to the directions above, 5 / 8, for c = 1 / 2 [ sp ] of the entire length of the string, and if this length in turn is divided into four equal parts, increments of 1 / 8 of the entire string length will result. there are four of these increments from the end of the string to c, and hence the addition of one more will result in 5 / 8 for g. but g, according to the tuning directions of the first treatise, equals 2 / 3. note 1 appears to refer to this locating of g since it is the first instance of a reverse arrow and the only instance of finding any note from c. but note 1 shows the length of string from c to the end as being divided into three parts, not four. if the ' 4 ' in gec [ fn ] is changed accordingly to ' 3 ', then the result is the one desired ; for 1 / 3 of the length c - to - the - end - of - the - string is 1 / 6 of the entire length of the string. ' c ' represents 3 / 6 ( one half of the string ) and thus the addition of one more inc", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5516727032509128, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:0a8a720e-0eaa-4862-a397-12ad36642c1e>", "chunk_index": 13, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T10:38:05.093566"}
{"text": "of the length c - to - the - end - of - the - string is 1 / 6 of the entire length of the string. ' c ' represents 3 / 6 ( one half of the string ) and thus the addition of one more increment will make g 4 / 6 or 2 / 3. the schemata can hence be rendered serviceable if in all cases of the ' reverse arrow ' the numeral in brackets is reduced by one ( 1 ). by the way, a formula useful for translating the schemata is the following : let l = the fraction length equivalent to the starting letter ( c = 1 ) and n = the numeral in brackets and x = the fraction length equivalent to the note sought ; then if l ( n ) dx, then l - ( l / n ) = x and if xe l ( n ), then ( l / n - 1 ) + l = x example : eea ( 4 ) = ( 16 / 27 ) + 16 / 27 = 64 3 81 ] what is noteworthy about these treatises is that the tunings are all in major keys, observed by hugo reinmann. [ fn ] implicated in the use of a major tonality is however is also the use of major thirds, that is, pure thirds in the relationship 4 / 5 ( or 386. 3 cents ). compared with the pure third the pythagorean ditonus, formed from two major tones with the relationship 8 / 9 ( each 204 cents ), is 64 / 81 ( 408 cents ) too high. this third sounds dissonant in harmony since beats are formed that can clearly be heard. on instruments which were built to be played harmonically and which show an obvious major tonality, one would expect a pure tuning ; as a matter of fact however all the tuning methods preserved depict pythagorean tuning. in this however these treatises do not differ from the likewise pythagorean tuning for the monochord or for the organ [ fn ], which in the middle ages was also a drone instrument. it must be said to this however that the pythagorean tuning is not contrary to pure tuning, since it does not exclude pure thirds. rather the pythagorean tuning leads almost necessarily to pure thirds, as soon as in the chain of fifths b - flat f c g d a e b eight tones have been passed. if a ninth note e - flat is tuned to the eight notes,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5710854679396883, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:0a8a720e-0eaa-4862-a397-12ad36642c1e>", "chunk_index": 14, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T10:38:05.094864"}
{"text": "against the string would not be strong enough to evoke a clear tone. the string then must lie low enough between the two end bridges so that when the other bridge is vertical the string is really shortened ( b ). this method of stringing results in a premature contact between bridge and string when the form is set upright, so that the pitch is not insignificantly changed before the bridge reaches its upright position ( c ). sliding keys offer a similar possibility to the player. the keys have wooden tangents attached to them which perform the function of shortening the string ( see page 102 ). on most hurdy - gurdies the keys can be pushed further into the keybox than is necessary to produce the desired pitch. thus the string touched by the tangent is stretched more and the pitch raised ( a ). my own attempts sometimes resulted in raising the pitch more than a semitone, especially with the higher notes. this changing of the pitch by pressure was consciously used with the hurdy - gurdy. the contemporary french instrument has two full chromatic octaves ( d ' - d ' ' ' ), in which due to lack of space, one note ( c # ' ' ' ) has been left out. the usual practice is to produce the c # ' ' ' simply by applying more pressure to the c ' ' ' key, which with some practice succeeds with amazing exactitude. \" le vielleur modifie la hauteur en appuyant sur les touches \" [ fn ]. on the first hurdy - gurdies to be preserved there is to be observed, besides the technique of varying the pressure on the key, yet another method of correcting the pitch. the tangents serving to shorten the string do not sit firmly in the round holes in the keys made for them ( a ). the part of the tangent that fits into the keys is also round, so that the player is able to turn the tangent back and forth ( b ), which implies a change in the pitch. with this technique the fine tuning of the individual notes on the two unison tuned melody strings of the french hurdy - gurdy is attained even today. since there are various ways of changing the pitch, an exact measurement of the individual tones is hard to achieve. at the beginning of this century ludwig riemann investigated the pitches of the various notes of a \" baurenleyer \" [ peasant hurdy - gurdy ] from zurich [ fn ]. he emphasizes however that the result of his investigations are subjective.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5020363123794057, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:0a8a720e-0eaa-4862-a397-12ad36642c1e>", "chunk_index": 16, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T10:38:05.101835"}
{"text": "were indeed limited as to type, but these nevertheless corresponded to the earliest known forms of medieval polyphony. the term used for this music practice, ' organum ', shows that there was a connected between these polyphonic forms and the musical instruments, which can be recognized clearly in the name for the organ ( ' organum ' ) and for the hurdy - gurdy ( ' organistrum ' ). ' organum ' does not denote just the organ and the polyphonic music practice, but also, quite generally, an ' instrument '. [ fn ] if ' organum ' still had a general meaning ( instrument ) and a special meaning ( organ ) for augustine and isidor, then later authors used this term to denote just the organ. [ fn ] it was known from augustine and isidor in the early middle ages that ' organum ' was the name for the organ or another instrument. if this name was later given to a polyphonic music practice, then the connection between musical instruments and the polyphonic organa cannot be simply disregarded. the use of this name as a term for a music practice leads to the conclusion that this type of polyphony was first executed instrumentally. this is indicated for example by johannes affligemensis, who speaks of naming a particular method of playing after an instrument. [ fn ] the parallel organum accordingly was \" named in view of the effect organum already known in the instrumental music : this was a characterization which, used for a choir of human voices, can only be explained in that this manner of singing was intended to imitate the instrument ( organa ) \". [ fn ] next to the thesis that parallel organa were performed solely by voices [ fn ] the opinion has also been aired that the musical instrument were only subsequently constructed so as to meet the requirements of the vocal parallel organum. [ fn ] both interpretations contradict the sources which lead to the conclusion that the term ' organum ' first indicated an instrument and then was transferred to a polyphonic choral practice with instrumental accompaniment. thus heinrich husmann attempted to explain the origin of the term ' organum ' for a choral practice as a transfer from the byzantine organ, since this had a ' mixtur ' register which sounded several pipes with parallel octaves and fifths when played on one key. since in principle this is the construction of the primitive parallel organum, its name ( in the first beginning phase ) could have been borrowed from the parallel technique of the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5484460150750607, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:0a8a720e-0eaa-4862-a397-12ad36642c1e>", "chunk_index": 20, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T10:38:05.110979"}
{"text": "which sounded several pipes with parallel octaves and fifths when played on one key. since in principle this is the construction of the primitive parallel organum, its name ( in the first beginning phase ) could have been borrowed from the parallel technique of the organ of that period. \" [ fn ] that this form of polyphonic choral practice has its origins in instruments is shown by the comparison of the singing with the hurdy - gurdy ' s sound : \" a donc seront les voiz ohiez en semblance de chifoniez \". [ fn ] the theoretician ' s sources also speak for a participation of instruments in the execution of ' organa '. [ fn ] besides the \" dyaphonia basilica \" the author of the \" summa musicae \" mentions instrumental participation in the \" organica dyaphonia. \" [ fn ] the same author clearly indicates an instrumental execution of the lowest voice when he remarks that the cantus organicus goes so low that it cannot be sung. [ fn ] the anonymous iv even testifies to the performance of the drones on the organ, [ fn ] and the anonymous from st. emmeram thinks of organum as being a mixed vocal and instrumental presentation, whereby the author characterizes the instrumental tenor as being a ' burdo. ' ( see page 48 ). [ fn ] if however the term ' organum ' served to denote an instrumental practice, then the terms derived from it are also connected with instruments. [ fn ] cosuequently the term ' organisare ' can denote \" to play polyphonically ', and ' organistra ' denotes the ' organ ' or ' instrument player ', [ fn ] and the term ' organicus punctus ' can be interpreted, not just literally but in reference to the instrument as ' organ point '. [ fn ] the later addition of the human voice to an instrumentally performed polyphonic music is indicated by the naming of the accompanying voice as ' vox organalis '. it was of course not just the human voice that was denoted by ' vox ', but also the voice of an instrument, so that it does not appear to be wrong to think of an instrumental voice with the ' vox organalis '. [ fn ] ernst ludwig waeltner believes that the term ' organum ' was originally not used for the entire practice, but just for that of the ' vox organalis '. the accompanying voice was", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5012768717894032, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:0a8a720e-0eaa-4862-a397-12ad36642c1e>", "chunk_index": 21, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T10:38:05.112727"}
{"text": "with the ' vox organalis '. [ fn ] ernst ludwig waeltner believes that the term ' organum ' was originally not used for the entire practice, but just for that of the ' vox organalis '. the accompanying voice was hence first used in connection with the instruments. only then was the term applied to the entire practice. \" the adoption of the term ' organum ' indicates that the use of instruments was an important factor of this method of presentation. \" [ fn ] the connection between ' organum ' as a polyphonic music practice and ' organum ' as instrument is clearest however in the term ' musica organica ' which was common in the middle ages for denoting instrumental music. [ fn ] since apparently the term ' organum ' was transferred from instruments to a certain manner of presenting polyphonic music, these instruments must have already been polyphonic. however t here was a great number of such instruments in the middle ages. therefore it can be assumed that instruments of this type were used also in the presentation of organa practice, although the sources of early polyphonic music which have been preserved do not indicate to what extent musical instruments participated. [ fn ] probably this will never be known since a strict distinction between vocal and instrumental music was not known until modern times, as for example the addition of a ' da cantare o suonare ' to many title pages of old music shows. [ fn ] even for the 16th century music the question as to whether it is to be performed instrumentally, instrumentally and vocally, or just vocally cannot be answered since there were not set rules. \" music was played just how the instruments and the voices were available. \" [ fn ] with instrumental accompaniment for vocal music the instruments available were played, whereby these could fulfill various functions : they could support the harmony or substitute for missing voices. [ fn ] the participation of instruments was not exhausted however in these two duties. it can no longer be established what function the individual instruments had, but the medieval instrumentarium which has been preserved in word and picture shows nevertheless such a great number of various types and forms that the conclusion seems to be justified that musical instruments were extensively used in that period. there must have been accordingly a marked instrumental practice about which however only suppositions can be made, since the preservation of instrumental music began only very late and even these sources do not usually give any information about the use of certain instruments. this may be connected with the fact that while there", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5031693390596179, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:0a8a720e-0eaa-4862-a397-12ad36642c1e>", "chunk_index": 22, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T10:38:05.117872"}
{"text": "function as a harmonic tonal foundation, over which it is freely improvised. the numerous instruments serve \" through improvisation to increase the splendor of the organum ' s chordal pillars. it was therefore music which set large masses and means in motion in order to achieve the fullest possible sound \" [ fn ]. since the musical instruments apparently already had such a great significance for the execution of parallel organum, they must have been even more in demand for the drone organum. long sustained drone tones are found in sacred music first in the drone organa of the 11th and 12th centuries. already guido of arezzo gives an example of the drone organum [ fn ] ; this type of organum is further described in a 12th century anonymous treatise [ fn ]. the constant return to the primary tone and to the fifth have a drone character in sequences, the texts of which frequently mention musical instruments [ fn ]. \" both tones are so to speak drone tones and are executed as such with instrumental accompaniment \" [ fn ]. as in two short tonal pieces by perotin a \" dyaphonia basilica ' ( see page 47 ) is also found in a 15th century manuscript from innsbruck ( innsbruck hs. univ. ms. 457 ) [ fn ] ; in a ' organum quadruplum ' by perotin in the f of the tenor is held for over 130 measures [ fn ], and this could be performed on the hurdy - gurdy or on wind - bag instruments ( organ, bagpipes ). the thesis of the instrumentally executed tenors is also supported by the fact that the low drone of the tenor gave its name to the lowest octave on keyboard instruments. in the instrument making treatise of henricus arnaut of zwolle ( c. 1440 ), the notes of the lowest octave of a keyboard instrument are called ' barduni ' [ fn ], as was also the low unshortened string of the bowed - instrument vielle, which ran along the side of the finger - board, characterized by hieronymus de moravia as a drone string : \" secunda ( chorda ), quae bordunus est aliarum, d solum facit \" [ fn ]. an excellent source for sacred instrument presentation practices is provided by the organa of the saint jacob ' s liturgy of the codex calixtinus [ fn ]. this codex originated in santiago de compostela, the most important", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5090266421358693, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:0a8a720e-0eaa-4862-a397-12ad36642c1e>", "chunk_index": 27, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T10:38:05.124312"}
{"text": "b. this picture clearly shows the construction of the keys, which when turned 90 degrees upward simultaneously contact all three strings. the rotating keys of the hurdy - gurdy effected a simultaneous shortening of all the strings. if the instrument had several strings and all the strings could only be shortened simultaneously, the question arises as to how these strings were tuned. van waesberghe is of the opinion that all the strings were tuned to one pitch : \" zoals men ziet, wordt met een draaing van de pennen de snaar ( of de gelijkgestemde snaren ) ingekort... dit ' organistrum ' kende aanvankelijk een, twee, of drie snaren die allen dezelfde toon voortbrachten \" [ fn ]. [ trans : jw : \" as can be seen, the string ( or strings tuned in unison ) are shortened with a turning of the keys... this ' organistrum ' knew, originally one, two, or three strings that all produced the same tone. \" ] tuning all the strings to one pitch would have meant that the particular features which the hurdy - gurdy had to offer would not have been utilized. as illustration 2 shows however, the instrument was so built that mixed tones could be played, and it certainly did not correspond to the idea behind the construction to avoid such sounds by tuning the strings to the same pitch. the hurdy - gurdy had with ' organistrum ' a name derived from ' organum '. ' organum ' however denoted not only the organ, which could without doubt produce a mixture of tones [ fn ], but also a polyphonic music practice. this polyphonic organum practice was known even in spain, despite the domination of the arabs, [ fn ] and hence it is that area from which the first preserved representations of the hurdy - gurdy come. the chronicler vergilius cordubensis of spain, in his listing of the professors and departments at the university in cordoba, mentions also two music masters and expressly the type of music which they taught : \" et duo magistri legebant de musica, de ista arte quae dicitur organum \" [ fn ]. only one representation of the hurdy - gurdy from this period seems to depict a one - stringed instrument ( ill. 13 ) [ figlink ] ; on", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5254563084293562, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:0a8a720e-0eaa-4862-a397-12ad36642c1e>", "chunk_index": 31, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T10:38:05.128854"}
{"text": "] [ trans : sb : \" the organistrum thus produced three tones simultaneously and could be sustained indefinitely. \" ] on this hurdy - gurdy then harmonies in the sense of the fixed parallel organum were realized with the use of the keys. edmond de coussemaker considers therefore the hurdy - gurdy to be an instrument constructed for the performance of the parallel organum : \" l ' instrument qui porte ce cachet de la maniere la plus frappante est ' l ' organistrum '. son nom... en est lui - meme une preuve manifeste : car ' l ' organum ' etait precisement le nom des accords formes de reunions d ' octaves, de quintes ou de quartes, ce qui indique parfaitement sa destination \" [ fn ]. [ trans : sb : the instrument which demonstrates this characteristic the most strikingly is the ' organistrum '. its name... is in itself manifest proof of this : for the ' organum ' was precisely the name of the chords formed by the joining of octaves, fifths or fourths, which clearly demonstrates the purpose of the organistrum. \" ] as the treatises and illustration 2 prove, the hurdy - gurdy normally had the tonal range of one octave beginning with c and including b - flat and b natural. deviations from parallel sounds were not possible for the hurdy - gurdy with rotating keys, on the other hand however the instrument already had accidentals of necessity. if one accepts the tuning of the strings in the interval of the lower fifth, or at another time the lower fourth, the following notes result : with the construction of the hurdy - gurdy which provided only these rotating keys for all three strings, the musical possibilities of the instrument were exhausted in the performance of the parallel organum. the limitations of the instrument is not due to the simultaneous shortening of all three strings, but rather to the shortening of the strings at exactly the same points, which means that the chords playable on the instrument were always similarly constructed. since the distances between keys were fixed and in each case always remained the same, no change could be brought about in the construction of individual chords. this instrument was indeed excellently suited for the presentation of a parallel organum, even without the participation of other instruments, but by its nature its tonal possibilities were so limited that its harmonies were unavoidably uniform. it could therefore not be avoided", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5107529725715894, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:0a8a720e-0eaa-4862-a397-12ad36642c1e>", "chunk_index": 33, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T10:38:05.133110"}
{"text": "14 june 2012, 10 : 10 bst getting ever louder in its calls for the world to get serious about climate change, the international energy agency ( iea ) is also increasingly concrete about what needs to be done. global investments in renewable energy must double by 2020 to $ 23. 9 trillion to keep global temperatures from rising beyond 2\u00b0c, says iea in its new book, energy technology perspectives 2012. and they must grow to $ 140 trillion by 2050. that ' s $ 36 trillion more than currently projected where controlling emissions is not a priority - the equivalent of $ 130 per person each year. it sounds like an enormous amount of money, but the plan more than pays for itself. by 2025, reduced spending for fossil fuels would outweigh the investment, and for every $ 1 invested, $ 3 would be saved by 2050, adding up to at least $ 100 trillion in savings. \" the window of opportunity is closing rapidly on achieving the 2\u00b0c target. the investments made today will determine the energy system that is in place in 2050 ; therefore, the lack of progress in clean energy is alarming, \" says iea. \" continued heavy reliance on a narrow set of technologies and fossil fuels is a significant threat to energy security, stable economic growth and global welfare, as well as to the environment. \" \" renewable energy resources and significant potential for energy efficiency exist virtually everywhere, in contrast to other energy sources, which are concentrated in a limited number of countries. reduced energy intensity, as well as geographical and technological diversification of energy sources, would result in far - reaching energy security and economic benefits. \" in april, iea released the tracking clean energy progress report, warning that despite recent progress in deploying renewable energy, it must be sped up. iea ' s 2\u00b0c scenario prioritizes the clean energy technologies that can ensure an 80 % chance of limiting long - term global temperature increase to 2\u00b0c. it starts with energy efficiency to cut energy consumption in the world economy by two - thirds before 2050. annual improvements in energy intensity must double, from 1. 2 % over the last 40 years to 2. 4 % in the coming four decades. economic incentives and more stringent standards are necessary, particularly in buildings and transportation. while more mature technologies - hydro, biomass, onshore wind and solar pv - are making sufficient progress, others lag. \" particularly worrisome is the slow uptake of energy efficiency technologies, the lack of progress in carbon capture and storage and", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.518319774651218, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:7c6f8734-aae0-4479-b396-6d4b326d5624>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T10:38:05.162787"}
{"text": "social bases of west german politics, 1953 ( icpsr 7104 ) principal investigator ( s ) : unesco institut fur sozialwissenschaften this study, conducted in west germany prior to the federal election in september 1953, covered four main areas : politics, the respondents ' occupational background, family relations, and social relations. respondents were asked about their intended vote in 1953 and their past vote in 1949. additional questions explored the extent of the respondents ' political information and political interest, and how often and with whom they discussed politics. the occupational background section of the interview probed whether respondents had achieved their occupational goals in life. employed respondents were queried about their occupational histories and job satisfaction, while unemployed respondents were asked about their interest in entering the labor force. another portion of the study inquired about the respondents ' relationships with their families. variables assessed whether the respondents lived with relatives or shared financial support. the interview also asked about discussions between husbands and wives, and whether they shared opinions. the fourth major area covered by the study ascertained how frequently and with whom the respondents had long talks, discussed personal problems, or wrote letters. this section also surveyed the respondents ' membership and activity in voluntary associations and church - related initiatives. the personal data section of the interview covered the education, income, marital status, sex, age, and religious preference of each respondent. additional items provide information about the respondents ' geographic mobility and place of residence. these data are available only to users at icpsr member institutions. because you are not logged in, we cannot verify that you will be able to download the data. unesco institut fur sozialwissenschaften. social bases of west german politics, 1953. icpsr07104 - v2. ann arbor, mi : inter - university consortium for political and social research [ distributor ], 2006 - 08 - 15. doi : 10. 3886 / icpsr07104. v2 persistent url : http : / / dx. doi. org / 10. 3886 / icpsr07104. v2 this survey was funded by : - united nations educational, scientific and cultural organization scope of study subject terms : attitudes, elections, family life, interpersonal communication, job history, job satisfaction, job security, opinions, party membership, political awareness, political participation, social contact, social networks, voter attitudes, work attitudes date of collection : universe : citizens 18 - 79 years of age in the federal republic of germany, registered in", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5022416636713223, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:dd28ec8a-7b64-4152-a291-dc40d141e3b2>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T10:38:05.169051"}
{"text": "job satisfaction, job security, opinions, party membership, political awareness, political participation, social contact, social networks, voter attitudes, work attitudes date of collection : universe : citizens 18 - 79 years of age in the federal republic of germany, registered in the community central registry of inhabitants ( \" einwohnermeldekartei \" ). persons living in private households and group quarters were included in the sample, as well as institutional populations. data types : survey data sample : a stratified, multistage, random sampling procedure was utilized in this study. the sample was drawn in three stages : first, the sampling points were designated, then households were chosen within each sampling point, and finally, individuals were selected within each household. weight : the study contains a weight variable ( v3 ) that produces a representative sample of citizens of the federal republic 18 - 79 years of age when used in analysis. the weight variable corrects for sex and age biases in the sample, and was constructed by comparing the age by sex distribution of the sample with the census distribution. the weighted n for this sample is 3, 256. 8. original icpsr release : 1984 - 06 - 19 - 2006 - 08 - 15 this study has been updated from osiris and now includes sas, spss, and stata setup files, a sas transport ( xport ) file, a spss portable file, and a stata system file. use any of the notification links to add this study to your rss feed ; you will then receive notification if the study is substantively updated. - citations exports are provided above. export study - level metadata ( does not include variable - level metadata ) if you ' re looking for collection - level metadata rather than an individual metadata record, please visit our metadata records page.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5121310995285657, "token_count": 364, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:dd28ec8a-7b64-4152-a291-dc40d141e3b2>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T10:38:05.169743"}
{"text": "do radioisotope clocks need repair? testing the assumptions of isochron dating using k - ar, rb - sr, sm - nd, and pb - pb isotopes by steven a. austin, ph. d. rate ii : radioisotopes and the age of the earth : results of a young - earth creationist research initiative, ( volume ii ), l. vardiman et al., eds. ( san diego, ca : institute for creation research and the creation research society, 2005 ) the assumptions of conventional whole - rock and mineral isochron radioisotope dating were tested using a suite of radioisotopes from two precambrian rocks. amphibolite from the beartooth mountains of wyoming shows evidence of thorough metamorphism by isochemical processes from andesite by an early precambrian magma - intrusion event. a diabase sill, exposed within the wall of grand canyon at bass rapids, formed by a rapid intrusion event. the event segregated minerals gravitationally, apparently starting from an isotopically homogeneous magma. although k - ar, rb - sr, sm - nd, and pb - pb methods ought to yield concordant isochron dates for each of these magmatic events, these four radioisotope pairs gave significantly discordant ages. special allowance was made for larger - than - conventional uncertainties expressed as 2\u03c3 errors associated with the calculated \u201c ages. \u201d within a single beartooth amphibolite sample, three discordant mineral isochron \u201c ages \u201d range from 2515\u00b1110 ma ( rb - sr mineral isochron ) to 2886\u00b1190 ma ( sm - nd mineral isochron ). the diabase sill in grand canyon displays discordant isochron \u201c ages \u201d ranging from 841. 5\u00b1164 ma ( k - ar whole - rock isochron ) to 1379\u00b1140 ma ( sm - nd mineral isochron ). although significant discordance exists between the k - ar, rb - sr, sm - nd, and pb - pb radioisotope methods, each radioisotope pair appears to yield concordant \u201c ages \u201d internally between whole - rocks and minerals. internal concordance is best illustrated from the bass rapids diabase sill by the tightly constrained rb - sr whole - rock and mineral isochron \u201c ages \u201d of 1055\u00b146 ma and 1060\u00b124 ma, respectively", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5108357319442383, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:22201536-2f4b-440e-b7c3-52532dee3e4e>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T10:38:05.172921"}
{"text": "during the \u201c automation scare \u201d in the 1950s, people were intrigued yet suspicious about the power of computers. would they someday send us into permanent unemployment? could robots eventually take over the world? the original goal of artificial intelligence was to build a person out of silicone. although scientists made quick progress in building computers and robots that amazed us, they never came close to actually replicating the human brain. \u201c machine learning \u201d was first introduced 50 years ago. this concept focuses on computers \u2019 ability to \u201c learn \u201d not through human programming, but through experience and pattern identification. for example, machine learning allows a computer to become a masterful chess player by observing good and bad moves and learning from mistakes. while a computer looks at every possible move up to 20 to 40 moves ahead, humans use more conceptual skills to decide how to make moves. in a recent pbs nova documentary \u201c the smartest machine on earth, \u201d researchers explore powerful new tools in computing, like \u201c watson, \u201d a supercomputer with a brain, or central processing unit, that can process 500 gigabytes, or the equivalent of a million books, per second. in 2009, jeopardy producers came to ibm to size up watson \u2019 s abilities. you might remember when 74 - win jeopardy! champion ken jennings went head - to - cpu with watson a few years back. during watson \u2019 s \u201c training \u201d for the match, the scientists at ibm had to constantly expose watson to large amounts of possible answers to questions so that it would have sufficient rules and logic to come up with correct answers. having studied thousands of questions, within a few milliseconds watson analyzed every possible answer. it learned to make statistical judgments based on how pieces of evidence work together in the database of information scientists gave to it. in the end, the competition was close, but watson pulled ahead and won the show. scientists who worked with watson point out that there are two ways of building intelligence. we can either write down the recipe or let it grow by itself. it \u2019 s clear that we don \u2019 t know how to write down the recipe, according to scientists. machine learning enables computers to grow their own intelligence. scientists continue to debate the ability of machines to truly displace us. there is so much that we know that we don \u2019 t even realize we know, such as the fact that ice is cold and sandpaper is rough. our common sense knowledge seems too complex to program into a computer. human intelligence is deeply rooted in language and emotion. without experience or emotion, can computers", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.5351049942615226, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:3020c353-cba8-4d3a-8b9b-a0bd6890cc69>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T10:38:05.185118"}
{"text": "t even realize we know, such as the fact that ice is cold and sandpaper is rough. our common sense knowledge seems too complex to program into a computer. human intelligence is deeply rooted in language and emotion. without experience or emotion, can computers ever understand the world the way we do? they don \u2019 t connect to human cognition on an emotional level, such as the way a symphony or a play can move us. language and context are barriers for understanding. for example, figuring out the meaning of a sentence like \u201c i shot an elephant wearing pajamas \u201d is very difficult for computers. was the shooter wearing pajamas or was the elephant? was a camera or a gun used to do the shooting? of course machine learning goes far beyond winning trivia game shows. it \u2019 s driving a computing revolution. according to an article in wired magazine, today artificial intelligence isn \u2019 t trying to re - create the brain. instead, it relies on machine learning, massive data sets, sophisticated sensors, and clever algorithms to master discrete tasks. \u201c in short, we are engaged in a permanent dance with machines, locked in an increasingly dependent embrace. \u201d machine learning makes it possible to predict the weather days in advance. it lets companies like amazon or zappos suggest products for you based on what you \u2019 ve chosen before. it allows doctors to better diagnose medical conditions. it \u2019 s even helping us communicate with people through speech recognition, which was once though impossible. computers are now trained with millions of patterns of human speech, and the accuracy continues to improve. there are even apps for the ipad and iphone that you can use to quickly record something and translate it on the spot when talking to a person who speaks another language. ibm imagines a time when a computer will operate like the one in star trek \u2014 as information - seeking tools that communicates with us to ensure we get what we want. this thinking signals a shift in the way we use and accept computers in our lives, compared to the fear and suspicion we felt half a century ago.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_computing", "similarity_score": 0.5565679133938849, "token_count": 410, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:3020c353-cba8-4d3a-8b9b-a0bd6890cc69>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T10:38:05.186139"}
{"text": "epiphenomenalism is a position in the philosophy of mind according to which mental states or events are caused by physical states or events in the brain but do not themselves cause anything. it seems as if our mental life affects our body, and, via our body, the physical world surrounding us : it seems that sharp pains make us wince, it seems that fear makes our heart beat faster, it seems that remembering an embarrassing situation makes us blush and it seems that the perception of an old friend makes us smile. in reality, however, these sequences are the result of causal processes at an underlying physical level : what makes us wince is not the pain, but the neurophysiological process which causes the pain ; what makes our heart beat faster is not fear, but the state of our nervous system which causes the fear etc. according to a famous analogy of thomas henry huxley, the relationship between mind and brain is like the relationship between the steam - whistle which accompanies the work of a locomotive engine and the engine itself : just as the steam - whistle is caused by the engine \u2019 s operations but has no causal influence upon it, so too the mental is caused by the workings of neurophysiological mechanisms but has no causal influence upon their operation. table of contents - what is epiphenomenalism? - epiphenomenalism in the 18th and 19th century - epiphenomenalism in the 20th century - arguments for epiphenomenalism - arguments against epiphenomenalism - references and further reading in the beginning epiphenomenalism was known as the doctrine of \u201c automatism \u201d or as the \u201c conscious automaton theory. \u201d the term \u201c epiphenomenalism \u201d seems to have been introduced in 1890 in william james \u2019 s the principles of psychology ( it occurs once in the chapter entitled \u201c the automaton - theory ; \u201d other than that james uses the terms \u201c automaton - theory \u201d or \u201c conscious automaton - theory ; \u201d see robinson 2003 ). the term \u201c epiphenomenon \u201d was used in medicine in the late nineteenth century as a label for a symptom concurrent with, but not causally contributory to, a disease ( an epiphenomenon is thus something like a secondary symptom, a mere afterglow of real phenomena ). accordingly, epiphenomenalism in the philosophy of mind holds that our actions have purely physical causes ( neurophysiological", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5562797137982989, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:bc08d6f0-964c-4257-b3be-da849d757dd4>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T10:38:05.245052"}
{"text": ", and its history. \u201d huxley argued that brute animals and ( presumably ) human beings are conscious automata : they enjoy a conscious mental life, but their behavior is determined solely by physical mechanisms. huxley was convinced that the body of humans and animals is a purely physical mechanism and that the physical processes of life are explainable in the same way as all other physical phenomena. this mechanistic conception, he held, \u201c has not only successfully repelled every assault that has been made upon it, but [... ] is now the expressed or implied fundamental proposition of the whole doctrine of scientific physiology \u201d ( huxley 1874, 200 ). already descartes had argued that non - human animals are mere mechanical automata and subject to the same laws as other unconscious matter, and huxley wholeheartedly embraced descartes \u2019 s defense of automatism by appeal to reflex actions ( huxley 1874, 218 ). huxley observed that a frog with certain parts of his brain extracted was unable to initiate actions but nevertheless able to carry out a range of reflex - like actions. since he thought that the partial leucotomy made sure the frog was totally unconscious, he concluded that consciousness was not necessary for the execution of reflex actions : the frog walks, hops, swims, and goes through his gymnastic performances quite as well without consciousness, and consequently without volition, as with it ; and, if a frog, in his natural state, possesses anything corresponding with what we call volition, there is no reason to think that it is anything but a concomitant of the molecular changes in the brain which form part of the series involved in the production of motion. ( huxley 1874, 240 ) huxley agreed with descartes that animals are automata, but he was unwilling to accept that they are devoid of mentality : \u201c sleeping dogs frequently appear to dream. if they do, it must be admitted that ideation goes on in them while they are asleep ; and, in that case, there is no reason to doubt that they are conscious \u201d ( huxley 1898, 125 ). huxley therefore segregated the question of consciousness from the question of the status of an automaton : animals do experience pain, but that pain is, like their bodily movements, just a result of neurophysiological processes. animals are conscious automata. in contrast to descartes, huxley argued that considerations similar to those about reflex actions in frogs also suggest that we are conscious automata. he referred", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.5574377893292578, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:bc08d6f0-964c-4257-b3be-da849d757dd4>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T10:38:05.248879"}
{"text": "movements, just a result of neurophysiological processes. animals are conscious automata. in contrast to descartes, huxley argued that considerations similar to those about reflex actions in frogs also suggest that we are conscious automata. he referred to a case study of a certain dr. mesnet who had examined a french soldier who had suffered severe brain damage during the franco - prussian war in 1870. from time to time this soldier fell into a trance - like state in which he was able to execute a series of complex actions while apparently being unconscious : if the man happens to be in a place to which he is accustomed, he walks about as usual ; [... ] he eats, drinks, smokes, walks about, dresses and undresses himself, rises and goes to bed at the accustomed hours. nevertheless, pins may be run into his body, or strong electric shocks sent through it, without causing the least indication of pain ; no odorous substance, pleasant or unpleasant, makes the least impression ; he eats and drinks with avidity whatever is offered, and takes asaf\u0153tida, or vinegar, or quinine, as readily as water ; no noise affects him ; and light influences him only under certain conditions. ( huxley 1874, 228 ) since mesnet \u2019 s patient could carry out actions ordinarily performed with consciousness as initiating or coordinating element while apparently being unconscious, consciousness did not seem to be necessary for their execution. since it was impossible to prove that the patient was indeed unconscious in his abnormal state, huxley did not claim to have proven that humans are conscious automata, but he at least thought that \u201c the case of the frog goes a long way to justify the assumption that, in the abnormal state, the man is a mere insensible machine \u201d ( huxley 1874, 235 ). huxley \u2019 s naturalistic or mechanistic attitude towards the body convinced him that the brain alone causes behavior. at the same time, his dualism convinced him that the mental is essentially non - physical. he reconciled these apparently discordant claims by degrading mentality to the status of an epiphenomenon. most contemporary philosophers reject substance dualism and the question that plagued descartes \u2013 how can an immaterial mind whose nature is to think and a material body whose nature is to be spatially extended causally interact? \u2013 no longer arises. moreover, many philosophers even reject huxley \u2019 s event - dualism in favor of psychophysical event - identities.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.56878433739515, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:bc08d6f0-964c-4257-b3be-da849d757dd4>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T10:38:05.249831"}
{"text": "mind whose nature is to think and a material body whose nature is to be spatially extended causally interact? \u2013 no longer arises. moreover, many philosophers even reject huxley \u2019 s event - dualism in favor of psychophysical event - identities. according to one version of non - reductive physicalism, for instance, every concrete mental event ( every event token ) is identical to a concrete physical event, although there are no one - one correlations between mental and physical properties ( event types ). since fear is identical to the neurophysiological event which causes the increased heart rate, fear causes the increased heart rate, too, and epiphenomenalism seems avoided. however, the charge of epiphenomenalism re - arises in a different guise. there is a forceful intuition that events cause what they cause in virtue of some of their properties. suppose a soprano sings the word \u201c freedom \u201d at a high pitch and amplitude, causing a nearby window to shatter. the singing which causes the shattering is both the singing of a high c and the singing of the word \u201c freedom. \u201d intuitively, only the former, not the latter, is causally relevant for the singing \u2019 s causing the shattering : \u201c meaningful sounds, if they occur at the right pitch and amplitude, can shatter glass, but the fact that the sounds have meaning is irrelevant to their effect. the glass would shatter if the sounds meant something completely different or if they meant nothing at all \u201d ( dretske 1989, 1 - 2 ). if events cause their effects in virtue of some of their properties but not in virtue of others, the question arises whether mental events ( even if they are identical to physical events ) cause their effects in virtue of their mental, their physical or both kinds of properties. if mental events cause their effects only in virtue of their physical properties, then their being mental events is causally irrelevant and mental properties are, in a certain sense, epiphenomena ( three reasons for thinking that mental properties are causally irrelevant are discussed in section 4b ). following brian mclaughlin, one can thus distinguish between event - or token - epiphenomenalism on the one hand and property - or type - epiphenomenalism on the other ( see mclaughlin 1989, 1994 ). according to the event - or token - epiphenomenalism defended by huxley, concrete physical events are causes, but mental events cannot cause anything. according to the kind of property - or type - epip", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.6169266947840415, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:bc08d6f0-964c-4257-b3be-da849d757dd4>", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T10:38:05.250882"}
{"text": "mclaughlin 1989, 1994 ). according to the event - or token - epiphenomenalism defended by huxley, concrete physical events are causes, but mental events cannot cause anything. according to the kind of property - or type - epiphenomenalism that threatens modern non - reductive physicalism, events are causes in virtue of their physical properties, but no event is a cause in virtue of its mental properties. if event - epiphenomenalism is wrong, mental events can be causes ; but if they are causes solely in virtue of their physical properties, property - epiphenomenalism is still true, and some consider this to be no less disconcerting than huxley \u2019 s original epiphenomenalism ( see arguments in favor of a philosophical theory typically focus on its advantages compared to other theories \u2014 that it can explain more phenomena or that it provides a more economical or a more unifying explanation of the relevant phenomena. there are no arguments for epiphenomenalism in that sense. epiphenomenalism is just not an attractive or desirable theory. rather, it is a theory of last resort into which people are pushed by the feeling that all the alternatives are even less plausible. even epiphenomenalists admit that, from the first - person point of view of a thinking and feeling subject, they don \u2019 t like it. why, then, do people embrace epiphenomenalism? epiphenomenalism required an intellectual climate in which two apparently discordant beliefs about the world were equally well entrenched : a dualism with respect to mind and body on the one hand and a scientific naturalism or mechanism concerning the body on the other. to most thinkers of the eighteenth and nineteenth century, it seemed obvious that human beings enjoy a mental life that resists incorporation into a purely materialist ontology. our thoughts, sensations, desires etc. just seemed to be too dissimilar from ordinary physical phenomena for them to be \u201c nothing but \u201d physical phenomena. at the same time, however, science saw the advent of a decidedly naturalistic attitude towards the human body, motivated by the successes of mechanistic physics in other areas and characterized by a desire to identify the underlying causal structure of every observed phenomenon in terms of matter and motion alone. in particular, neurophysiological research was unable to reveal any mental influence upon the brain or the body. eventually, with the demise of vitalism regarding the forces governing animate", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.6101718750516373, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:bc08d6f0-964c-4257-b3be-da849d757dd4>", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T10:38:05.251993"}
{"text": "structure of every observed phenomenon in terms of matter and motion alone. in particular, neurophysiological research was unable to reveal any mental influence upon the brain or the body. eventually, with the demise of vitalism regarding the forces governing animate life, the conception of the physical as a causally closed system, in which physical forces are the only forces, became almost universally accepted. when combined with the naturalistic assumption that human beings are a part of the physical world and governed by its laws, this left no room for any causal efficacy of our mental life. there simply seemed to be \u201c no gaps \u201d ( mclaughlin 1994, 278 ) in the causal mechanisms that could be filled by non - physical phenomena. therefore, epiphenomenalism can be regarded as the inevitable result of the attempt to combine a scientific naturalism with respect to the body with a dualism with respect to the mind. human beings are exhaustively governed by physical laws so that no non - physical causes must be invoked to explain their behavior, but since they are also subjects of non - physical minds, these minds must be causally irrelevant. whenever our trust in the causal authority of the physical is overwhelmed by our first - person experience of ourselves as creatures with an essentially non - physical mind, epiphenomenalism is waiting in the wings. this holds for huxley \u2019 s version of epiphenomenalism no less than for modern property - epiphenomenalism \u2013 both are driven by the idea that some of our mental life is distinct from that part of the physical that is the ultimate and only authority with regard to causation. those who defend epiphenomenalism typically do so because they fail to see how it could not be true. how could our mind make a causal difference to our physical body? this is the so - called \u201c problem of mental causation. \u201d that there is mental causation is part and parcel of our self - conception as freely deliberating agents that are the causal origins of their actions and do what they do because they have the beliefs and desires they have. yet, the how of mental causation constitutes a serious philosophical problem. its solution requires an account that shows exactly how the mental fits into the causal structure of an otherwise physical world in such a way as to exert a genuine causal influence, and any such account faces at least three difficulties. first, causation seems to require laws, but there are grounds for denying the existence of appropriate laws connecting the mental and", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5939759763673796, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:bc08d6f0-964c-4257-b3be-da849d757dd4>", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T10:38:05.254004"}
{"text": "physical world in such a way as to exert a genuine causal influence, and any such account faces at least three difficulties. first, causation seems to require laws, but there are grounds for denying the existence of appropriate laws connecting the mental and the physical ( the \u201c argument from the anomaly of the mental \u201d ). second, causation is arguably a local or intrinsic affair, while in the case of beliefs and desires, for instance, those aspects constitutive of them insofar as they are mental are arguably relational or extrinsic ( the \u201c argument from anti - individualism \u201d ). third, we do not understand how the mental can be causally efficacious without coming into conflict with other parts of the causal structure we know ( or at least suspect ) to play an indispensable causal role in the production of physical effects ( the \u201c argument from causal exclusion \u201d ). the anomalous monism of donald davidson was one of the earliest versions of non - reductive physicalism ( see davidson 1970 ). davidson devised it to reconcile the idea that the mental is part of the physical causal network with the idea that we are autonomous agents in voluntary control of our actions. the problem is that the latter idea requires, while the former explicitly denies, that \u201c [ m ] ental events such as perceivings, rememberings, decisions, and actions resist capture in the nomological net of physical theory \u201d ( davidson 1970, 207 ). on the one hand, since cause and effect must always fall under a strict causal law, if the mental is to be causally efficacious, it must be subject to strict laws. on the other hand, we can be autonomous agents only if the mental is not part of the potentially deterministic nomological network of physics ; true autonomy requires that there be no strict laws connecting mental events with other mental events or with physical events and that the concepts necessary to describe, explain and predict actions and to ascribe attitudes not be reducible by definition or natural law to the concepts employed by physical sciences ( davidson 1970, 212 ). the exact nature of davidson \u2019 s argument for this \u201c anomaly of the mental \u201d is a matter of dispute, but his idea seems to be that the existence of strict psychophysical or psychological laws, together with the strict and potentially deterministic physical laws, would be at odds with the essentially holistic and rational nature of belief attributions ( davidson 1970, 219 - 221. ) if", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.595250125551912, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:bc08d6f0-964c-4257-b3be-da849d757dd4>", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T10:38:05.255253"}
{"text": "the existence of strict psychophysical or psychological laws, together with the strict and potentially deterministic physical laws, would be at odds with the essentially holistic and rational nature of belief attributions ( davidson 1970, 219 - 221. ) if causation requires causes and effects to fall under strict laws, and if there are no strict laws concerning mental events, mental causation seems to be impossible. this is the \u201c argument from the anomaly of the mental. \u201d one response would be to abandon the requirement that causes and effects must fall under strict laws. another response would be to retain the causal law requirement but to deny that the mental is anomalous in the relevant sense. davidson himself did neither of these. his anomalous monism was designed to show that mental causation is in fact compatible with the causal law requirement and the absence of strict psychological and psychophysical laws. davidson derived anomalous monism from the following three seemingly inconsistent premises : ( 1 ) principle of causal interaction : at least some mental events causally interact with physical events. ( 2 ) principle of the nomological character of causality : events related as cause and effect fall under strict causal laws. ( 3 ) principle of the anomalism of the mental : there are no strict psychological or psychophysical laws on the basis of which mental events can be predicted and explained. ( 1 ) and ( 2 ) apparently imply the falsity of ( 3 ) : \u201c it is natural to reason that the first two principles [... ] together imply that at least some mental events can be predicted and explained on the basis of laws, while the principle of the anomalism of the mental denies this \u201d ( davidson 1970, 209 ). davidson \u2019 s goal was to interpret ( 1 ), ( 2 ), and ( 3 ) in such a way that they are not only consistent but jointly entail that particular mental events which causally interact with other events are identical to physical events. according to davidson, ( 1 ) is an extensional claim about a relation between particular events : although the assertion of the causal relation between two events c and e requires describing them, the causal relation itself holds \u201c no matter how they are described \u201d ( davidson 1993, 6 ; 1970, 215 ). in contrast, ( 2 ) and ( 3 ) concern laws. since \u201c laws are linguistic \u201d ( davidson 1970, 215 ) and thus an intensional affair, particular events fall under laws \u201c only as described. \u201d ( 2 ) says that whenever two", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.5696688686219413, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:bc08d6f0-964c-4257-b3be-da849d757dd4>", "chunk_index": 8, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T10:38:05.256221"}
{"text": "contrast, ( 2 ) and ( 3 ) concern laws. since \u201c laws are linguistic \u201d ( davidson 1970, 215 ) and thus an intensional affair, particular events fall under laws \u201c only as described. \u201d ( 2 ) says that whenever two events c and e are related as cause and effect, there are descriptions \u201c dc \u201d and \u201c de \u201d of c and e, respectively, under which c and e instantiate a causal law, although there may be descriptions \u201c d * c \u201d and \u201c d * e \u201d under which they do not instantiate a causal law ( although \u201c d * c caused d * e \u201d is nevertheless a true singular causal statement ). given this, it is easy to see why davidson thinks that ( 1 ), ( 2 ), and ( 3 ) entail that mental events which causally interact with other events must be identical to physical events. by ( 1 ), some mental event m causes or is caused by a physical event p. by ( 2 ), m and p must therefore instantiate a strict causal law. that is, there must be descriptions \u201c dm \u201d and \u201c dp \u201d of m and p, respectively, such that \u201c dm - events cause dp - events \u201d ( or \u201c dp - events cause dm - events \u201d ) is a strict causal law. by ( 3 ), this can only be a physical law. hence, \u201c dm \u201d and \u201c dp \u201d must belong to the vocabulary of physics. since events are mental or physical \u201c only as described \u201d and since m has with \u201c dm \u201d at least one physical description, m must thus be a physical event ( davidson 1970, 224 ). however, while causation may admittedly be an extensional relation between particular events, many philosophers have argued that which causal relations an event enters into is determined by which event - types it falls under. the singing \u2019 s being the singing of a high c, it seems, is causally relevant for its causing the shattering, while its being the singing of the word \u201c freedom \u201d is not. according to anomalous monism, davidson \u2019 s critics claim, only the strict laws of physics can be causal laws, and hence events seem to be causally related only in virtue of falling under physical event - types, rendering mental event - types causally irrelevant : davidson \u2019 s argument for anomalous monism shows that any causal relation involving a mental event and a physical event holds only because a strict physical law subsumes the two events", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.6311480690896899, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:bc08d6f0-964c-4257-b3be-da849d757dd4>", "chunk_index": 9, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T10:38:05.257690"}
{"text": "physical event - types, rendering mental event - types causally irrelevant : davidson \u2019 s argument for anomalous monism shows that any causal relation involving a mental event and a physical event holds only because a strict physical law subsumes the two events under physical kinds or descriptions. the fact that the mental event is a mental event, or that it is the kind of mental event that it is, appears to be entirely immaterial to the causal relation. [... ] individual mental events [... ] do have causal efficacy, but only because they fall under physical kinds, and the mental kinds that they are have [... ] nothing to say about what causal relations they enter into. the causal structure of the world is wholly determined by the physical kinds and properties instantiated by events of this world. ( kim 2003b, 126 ) this is a prominent objection against anomalous monism ( see, for example, honderich 1982 ; kim 1989a, 1993a ; sosa 1993 ). anomalous monism may avoid token - or event - physicalism, but it seems to succumb to type - or property - epiphenomenalism : mental events, by being identical to physical events, are causally efficacious, but that they are the kind of mental event they are adds nothing to their causal efficacy ( for responses on behalf of anomalous monism see campbell 1997, 1998 ; davidson 1993 ; lepore & loewer 1987 ; mclaughlin 1989 ). anti - individualism or externalism holds that the content of mental states and the meaning of some natural language terms is a relational, or extrinsic, rather than a local, or intrinsic, property ( see burge 1979 ; putnam 1975 ). what are local or relational properties? suppose sarah weighs 110 pounds, is four foot five, has blond hair and is taller than jack. the first three properties seem to be local in the sense that they supervene upon sarah \u2019 s internal make - up and sarah can acquire or loose them only if she herself undergoes some change. the fourth property, in contrast, seems to be relational in the sense that sarah has it only by courtesy of certain external facts, namely, only if there is someone else, jack, who is smaller than she is. if jack grows tall enough, sarah loses the property of being taller than jack, although she herself does not undergo any change. according to hilary putnam, meanings of natural kind terms are relational properties ( see putnam 1975", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.6317675200764201, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:bc08d6f0-964c-4257-b3be-da849d757dd4>", "chunk_index": 10, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T10:38:05.260064"}
{"text": ", who is smaller than she is. if jack grows tall enough, sarah loses the property of being taller than jack, although she herself does not undergo any change. according to hilary putnam, meanings of natural kind terms are relational properties ( see putnam 1975 ). what sarah means by an utterance of, say, \u201c water, \u201d \u201c tiger, \u201d \u201c elm, \u201d or \u201c gold \u201d is not determined solely by her internal make - up, but also by her environment. consequently, such terms can mean different things in the mouth of molecularly identical twins that are indistinguishable with regard to their local properties. meanings \u201c just ain \u2019 t in the head, \u201d as putnam famously put it. moreover, the contents of the corresponding thoughts seem to be relational properties, too : what sarah believes when she has a belief she would express as, say, \u201c water is wet \u201d is determined by the way the world is and not solely by how things are \u201c inside \u201d her. tyler burge went even further and argued that natural kind terms are not the only terms whose meaning is determined by external factors and that not only differences in the physical environment can affect the meaning of a term or the content of a belief, but also differences in a subject \u2019 s historical, linguistic, or social environment ( see burge 1979 ). externalism or anti - individualism makes mental causation problematic. causality seems to be an entirely local affair in the sense that a system \u2019 s behavior apparently supervenes upon its internal make - up. consequently, two systems exactly alike in all internal respects will behave in exactly the same way, so that relational properties like being a genuine dollar coin or being a photo of sarah do not seem to make a difference to the behavior of, say, a vending machine or a scanner : as long as the piece of metal inserted into a vending machine has a certain set of local properties, the vending machine will exhibit a certain behavior, no matter whether the piece of mental inserted is a genuine dollar coin or a counterfeit, and a scanner will produce a certain distribution of pixels on the screen, no matter whether the object scanned is a photo of sarah or a piece of paper locally indistinguishable from a photo of sarah. the assumption that causation is a local affair, when combined with externalism or anti - individualism, leads to epiphenomenalism : the meaning or content of a mental state, being a relational property, threatens to be as irrelevant for our", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.6524954990898432, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:bc08d6f0-964c-4257-b3be-da849d757dd4>", "chunk_index": 11, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T10:38:05.261713"}
{"text": "that causation is a local affair, when combined with externalism or anti - individualism, leads to epiphenomenalism : the meaning or content of a mental state, being a relational property, threatens to be as irrelevant for our behavior as the property of being a genuine dollar coin is for the behavior of a vending machine. in order to avoid epiphenomenalism, we must either eschew anti - individualism or show how relational mental properties can make a causal difference. jerry fodor tried to explicate a notion of \u201c narrow content \u201d according to which the mental states of intrinsically indistinguishable subjects must have the same contents, although their relationally individuated \u201c wide contents \u201d may differ ( see fodor 1987, ch. 1, 1991 ). since narrow contents supervene upon the intrinsic make - up of a subject, fodor held, the charge of epiphenomenalism can be avoided. however, he has recently given up on this idea because it proved extremely difficult to say exactly what narrow contents are ( see fodor 1995 ). frank jackson and philip pettit argue that relational properties can be causally relevant in virtue of figuring in so called \u201c program explanations, \u201d although strictly speaking the causal work is done solely by local properties ( see, for example, jackson & pettit 1990 ). in a similar vein, lynne rudder baker and tyler burge claim that the charge of epiphenomenalism \u201c just melts away \u201d ( baker 1993, 93 ) if we acknowledge that our explanatory practice which undoubtedly treats explanations in terms of relational properties as causal explanations trumps any metaphysical armchair argument to the contrary ( see baker 1993, 1995 ; burge 1993 ). and fred dretske argues that while the triggering causes of behavior are always local, relational mental properties can make a causal difference in virtue of being structuring causes of behavior, that is, in virtue of structuring a causal system in such a way that the occurrence of a triggering neurophysiological cause causes a given behavioral effect ( see, for example, dretske 1988 ). most philosophers nowadays defend some version of non - reductive physicalism. according to non - reductive physicalism, all scientifically respectable entities are physical entities, where entities which cannot be straightforwardly reduced to physical entities \u2014 mental events or properties, for instance \u2014 are physical at least in the broad sense that they superven", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.622364610841726, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:bc08d6f0-964c-4257-b3be-da849d757dd4>", "chunk_index": 12, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T10:38:05.262901"}
{"text": "to non - reductive physicalism, all scientifically respectable entities are physical entities, where entities which cannot be straightforwardly reduced to physical entities \u2014 mental events or properties, for instance \u2014 are physical at least in the broad sense that they supervene or depend upon physical entities. non - reductive physicalism is attractive because it promises to respect the naturalistic attitude characteristic of our modern scientific time while at the same time also preserving our self - conception as autonomous agents. for decades, however, jaegwon kim has argued that non - reductive physicalists unwittingly commit themselves to epiphenomenalism. his master argument is the so - called causal exclusion argument, which he uses as a reductio ad absurdum of non - reductive physicalism : if the mental were merely supervenient upon but not reducible to the physical, as non - reductive physicalism holds, it would be causally irrelevant ( barring overdetermination ). non - reductive physicalism is thus unable to steer a safe path between the scylla of reductionism on the one hand and the charybdis of epiphenomenalism on the other, so that those unwilling to embrace outright reductionism are forced to accept epiphenomenalism. kim \u2019 s most recent version of the causal exclusion argument, the so - called supervenience argument, has two stages. stage one holds that mental properties ( or, rather, their instances \u2013 a qualification that will be omitted from now on ) can cause other mental properties only if they can cause physical properties. stage two then holds that mental properties can cause physical properties only if they are reducible to physical properties or genuinely overdetermining. since overdetermination can be ruled out, the only remaining alternatives are \u201c reduction or causal impotence \u201d ( kim 2005, 54 ). suppose a mental property m causes a mental property m *. since mind - body supervenience \u201c is a shared minimum commitment of all positions that are properly called physicalist \u201d ( kim 2005, 13 ), non - reductive physicalism must posit a physical supervenience base p * of m * which is ( non - causally ) sufficient for m *. what, then, is responsible for m * \u2019 s occurrence \u2014 m or p *? there appears to be \u201c a tension between vertical determination and horizontal causation \u201d ( kim 2003a, 153 ) : \u201c under the assumption", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.5984300542441003, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:bc08d6f0-964c-4257-b3be-da849d757dd4>", "chunk_index": 13, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T10:38:05.266532"}
{"text": "for m *. what, then, is responsible for m * \u2019 s occurrence \u2014 m or p *? there appears to be \u201c a tension between vertical determination and horizontal causation \u201d ( kim 2003a, 153 ) : \u201c under the assumption of mind - body supervenience, m * occurs because its supervenience base p * occurs, and as long as p * occurs, m * must occur [... ] regardless of whether or not an instance of m preceded it. this puts the claim of m to be a cause of m * in jeopardy : p * alone seems fully responsible for, and capable of accounting for, the occurrence of m * \u201d ( kim 1998, 42 ). the upshot of this first stage of the argument is that the tension between m and p * can be resolved only by accepting that \u201c m caused m * by causing its supervenience base p * \u201d ( kim 2005, 40 ). stage two then goes on to argue that mental - to - physical causation is impossible. given the so - called causal closure of the physical, p * must have a sufficient and completely physical cause p, leading to a competition between m and p for the role of p * \u2019 s cause. barring overdetermination, m seems bound to loose this competition : if p is a sufficient cause of p *, then once p is instantiated all that is required for p * to occur is done and there is nothing left for m to contribute, causally speaking. this completes stage two of the causal exclusion argument. both steps together seem to lead to epiphenomenalism \u2013 unless mental properties are reducible or genuinely overdetermining, they must be causally inert, so that with the overdetermination option and the reduction option ruled out, epiphenomenalism is the inevitable consequence. in response, non - reductive physicalists have offered compatibilist accounts of mental causation designed to explain how irreducible mental properties can play a substantial causal role in the production of physical effects, given that the causal work is done solely by physical properties. the common core of these attempts is the idea that there is some compatibilist condition c such that ( 1. ) fulfilling c is sufficient for being causally relevant ; ( 2. ) properties which do not do any real causal work can fulfill c ; ( 3. ) c can be fulfilled by two or more properties without leading to any kind of \u201c causal competition", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.5978000552646698, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:bc08d6f0-964c-4257-b3be-da849d757dd4>", "chunk_index": 14, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T10:38:05.267603"}
{"text": ") fulfilling c is sufficient for being causally relevant ; ( 2. ) properties which do not do any real causal work can fulfill c ; ( 3. ) c can be fulfilled by two or more properties without leading to any kind of \u201c causal competition ; \u201d and ( 4. ) mental properties can fulfill c. prominent compatibilist candidates for c include figuring in counterfactual dependencies ( see lepore & loewer 1987 ) or program explanations ( see jackson & pettit 1990 ), being a determinable of the physical properties which do the causal work ( see yablo 1992 ), or falling under non - strict causal laws ( see fodor 1989 ; mclaughlin 1989 ). intuition tells us that we, as conscious selves, are in charge of our actions, and the man in the street finds the idea that consciousness is a causally irrelevant by - product of brain processes preposterous. empirical scientists, however, have long questioned these assumptions. many of them think that the brain causes our actions and then makes us think that it was us who did it : \u201c the unique human convenience of conscious thoughts that preview our actions gives us the privilege of feeling we willfully cause what we do. in fact, unconscious and inscrutable mechanisms create both conscious thought about action and the action, and also produce the sense of will we experience by perceiving the thought as cause of the action \u201d ( wegner 2002, 98 ). no empirical research has provoked more philosophical discussion than benjamin libet \u2019 s experiments concerning the relationship between unconscious brain activity and the subjective feeling of volition during the initiation of simple motor actions ( see libet et al. 1983 ; libet 1985 ). previous research had shown that actions that are perceived to be the result of a conscious feeling of volition are also preceded by a pattern of brain activity known as the \u201c readiness potential. \u201d the question libet and his colleagues wanted to answer was : what comes first \u2014 the feeling of volition or the readiness potential? they instructed subjects to perform a simple motor activity, like pressing a button, within a certain time frame at an arbitrary moment decided by them ( \u201c let the urge to act appear on its own any time without any preplanning or concentration on when to act \u201d ; libet et al. 1983, 625 ). the subjects were asked to remember exactly when they made the decision, when they were first aware of the \u201c urge to act, \u201d by noticing the position of a dot circling a clock face (", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.5806878377408516, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:bc08d6f0-964c-4257-b3be-da849d757dd4>", "chunk_index": 15, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T10:38:05.268641"}
{"text": "\u201d ; libet et al. 1983, 625 ). the subjects were asked to remember exactly when they made the decision, when they were first aware of the \u201c urge to act, \u201d by noticing the position of a dot circling a clock face ( the \u201c clock \u201d being a cathode ray oscilloscope modified so as to be able to measure time intervals of roughly fifty milliseconds ). the time when the action was carried out, when the subjects actually pressed the button, was measured by electronically recording the position of the dot. on average, it took about 200 milliseconds from the first conscious feeling of voliton to the actual pressing of the button. but libet and his collaborators also recorded the subjects \u2019 brain activity by means of an eeg. they found that an increased electrical activity, the so - called \u201c readiness potential, \u201d was built up ( primarily in the secondary motor cortex ) on average approximately 500 milliseconds before the button was pushed, and that means approximately 300 milliseconds before the subjects felt the conscious \u201c urge to act \u201d ( libet \u2019 s experiments have been repeated and improved several times ; see, e. g. keller & heckhausen 1990 ; haggard & eimer 1999 ; miller & trevena 2002 ; trevena & miller 2002 ). it is tempting to interpret this result as showing that the allegedly free decision of the subject was in fact determined by unconscious brain processes and that, at least insofar as decisions to act are concerned, our mind is a mere epiphenomenon, but it remains a controversial issue exactly what philosophical consequences we ought to draw from libet \u2019 s experiments ( see pockett et al. 2006 ). epiphenomenalism has had few friends. it has been deemed \u201c thoughtless and incoherent \u201d ( taylor 1927, 198 ), \u201c unintelligible \u201d ( benecke 1901, 26 ), \u201c quite impossible to believe \u201d ( taylor 1963, 28 ) and \u201c truly incredible \u201d ( mclaughlin 1994, 284 ). the resistance stems from the fact that many think that if epiphenomenalism were correct, we could not be the kind of being we are and we could not occupy the place in the world we occupy. we would instead be at the mercy of our brains and we would have to say that our actions are all our brains \u2019 actions and that ultimately \u201c we \u201d have nothing to do with them. if the eyebrows are raised they are not raised by us", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.5846917877474053, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:bc08d6f0-964c-4257-b3be-da849d757dd4>", "chunk_index": 16, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T10:38:05.269675"}
{"text": ". we would instead be at the mercy of our brains and we would have to say that our actions are all our brains \u2019 actions and that ultimately \u201c we \u201d have nothing to do with them. if the eyebrows are raised they are not raised by us. what is done is not done by us. [... ] we go piggy - back, and we cannot get off. where it goes, we go. what \u2019 s \u201c it \u201d? the body / brain is \u201c it. \u201d \u201c it \u201d is not us, is the point. epiphenomenalism would be the ruin of the self and that self \u2019 s life. [ \u2026 ] our supposed self is illusory, and we are deluded. [... ] we lose ourselves when consciousness ceases to be effective in what we chose. ( hyslop 1998, 68 ) in his book the fundamental questions of philosophy, alfred cyril ewing introduced epiphenomenalism as a theory that can be disposed of in a \u201c conclusive fashion \u201d ( ewing 1953, 127 ) : \u201c that epiphenomenalism is false is assumed in all practical life [... ] and it is silly to adopt a philosophy the denial of which is implied by us every time we do anything \u201d ( ewing 1953, 128 ). but what exactly is it that renders epiphenomenalism so evidently absurd? epiphenomenalism is counterintuitive. there \u2019 s no doubt about that. yet, philosophy, like all science, is not concerned with intuitiveness but with truth, and that a theory is counterintuitive does not show that it is not true. in fact, a host of widely accepted and feted theories are counterintuitive at first and some remain so forever : the copernican system, the freudian theory of the unconscious, einstein \u2019 s theories of special and general relativity or quantum mechanics. einstein \u2019 s theory of relativity, for instance, is much less intuitive than newtonian physics, but ultimately the fate of a theory depends on whether there are good arguments in favor of it, not on whether it is intuitive. if there are reasons for taking epiphenomenalism seriously, then we should do that, just as we do it in the case of the theory of relativity : \u201c epiphenomenalism may be counterintuitive, but it is not obviously false, so if a sound argument forces it on us, we should accept it \u201d (", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.5487741632661896, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:bc08d6f0-964c-4257-b3be-da849d757dd4>", "chunk_index": 17, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T10:38:05.270763"}
{"text": "as we do it in the case of the theory of relativity : \u201c epiphenomenalism may be counterintuitive, but it is not obviously false, so if a sound argument forces it on us, we should accept it \u201d ( chalmers 1996, 159 ). it might seem as if we can be introspectively aware of chains of mental occurrences, one of which is causing the other, for instance when we reason through an argument, write a piece of prose, or acquire a new belief by inferring it from previously held beliefs. we just know, it seems, that in these cases there is mental causation. the same may be said to be true of various chains of occurrences both inside and outside of our mind, for instance when volitions give rise to appropriate behavior, when a pain results in a wincing, or when fear makes our heart beat faster \u2013 one might say that in these cases, too, we have some immediate cognitive access to the causal efficacy of the mental. if we could indeed be in some sense \u201c directly acquainted \u201d with the fact that such sequences are the result of genuinely causal processes, epiphenomenalism would not be an option. yet, our awareness of regular successions does not and cannot reveal their causal nature. the awareness of the psychological or psychophysical sequences that make up our everyday life is no more awareness of causal processes than awareness of the sequence of shadows a moving car casts ( lachs 1963, 189 ). whatever those who hold that epiphenomenalism is \u201c incompetent to take account of the obvious facts of mental life \u201d ( taylor 1927, 198 ) mean, they cannot mean that it is contradicted by our immediate cognitive access to our mind \u2019 s causal effectiveness, because there is no phenomenological difference between a situation in which epiphenomenalism is false and a situation in which epiphenomenalism is true. one of the earliest objections to epiphenomenalism starts with the observation that we have the properties we have because they contributed positively to our ancestors \u2019 differential fitness and that a property which endows an organism with an evolutionary advantage must make a causal difference to its survival. since we have mental properties, while our ancient ancestors did not, the argument continues, these properties must have evolved over time and therefore must be capable of making a causal difference ( this argument is frequently attributed to popper & eccles 1977, but it was endorsed already by james 1879 ). epiphen", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.583819828282601, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:bc08d6f0-964c-4257-b3be-da849d757dd4>", "chunk_index": 18, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T10:38:05.271843"}
{"text": "not, the argument continues, these properties must have evolved over time and therefore must be capable of making a causal difference ( this argument is frequently attributed to popper & eccles 1977, but it was endorsed already by james 1879 ). epiphenomenalists respond that mental properties may have evolved as nomologically necessary by - products of adaptive traits. a polar bear \u2019 s having a heavy coat decreases its fitness ( by slowing it down ), but is nevertheless an evolved trait because it was an inevitable by - product of a highly adaptive trait, namely, having a warm coat : \u201c having a heavy coat is an unavoidable concomitant of having a warm coat [... ], and the advantages for survival of having a warm coat outweighed the disadvantages of having a heavy one \u201d ( jackson 1982, 134 ). likewise, it could be that we enjoy our mental life because its neurophysiological causes contributed positively to our ancestors \u2019 differential fitness by making them \u201c fitter \u201d compared to those who lacked such neurophysiological equipment. maybe we have a mind because it was evolutionary adaptive to have a big brain and it is nomologically impossible to have a big brain without having a mind. the problem with this response is that while we understand perfectly well why polar bears can have warm coats only in virtue of having heavy coats, we have little or no idea why it should be necessary to have a mind in order to have a big brain. why should of all neurophysiological structures only those with a causally irrelevant mind as by - product be able to do what was required for our ancestors \u2019 survival? if a company claims that religion is not an employment criterion, but it turns out that all its employees are of the same religion, that cries out for an explanation, and the same holds if the epiphenomenalist claims that although our mind is totally ineffective, during the course of evolution only brain structures have evolved that are accompanied by a mind as a by - product. another problem is that epiphenomenalism seems to render our standard response to the other minds problem impossible. according to that response, our belief that our fellow human beings have a mental life similar to ours is justified by an argument from analogy, stated in its classic form by john stuart mill and bertrand russell ( mill 1865, 190 - 191 ; russell 1948, 208 - 209 & 501 - 504 ). since our own body and outward behavior are observably similar to", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5639213401460645, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:bc08d6f0-964c-4257-b3be-da849d757dd4>", "chunk_index": 19, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T10:38:05.273835"}
{"text": "from analogy, stated in its classic form by john stuart mill and bertrand russell ( mill 1865, 190 - 191 ; russell 1948, 208 - 209 & 501 - 504 ). since our own body and outward behavior are observably similar to the body and the behavior of our fellow human beings, we are justified by analogy in believing that they enjoy a mental life similar to ours. the idea is to infer like mental causes from like behavioral effects and this does not work for the epiphenomenalist who denies that there are any mental causes. ( this is an objection to epiphenomenalism only if the argument from analogy does indeed provide a good solution to the other minds problem, and that is far from obvious \u2013 notoriously, inductions based on a single positive instance are problematic and in the case of other minds there is no independent way of verifying the conclusion. ) the epiphenomenalist can employ the same strategy as in the case of the argument from evolution and insist that our inference to the mental life of others need not advert to causality all the way up. if the similar behavior and the similar body of others provide evidence for anything, they provide evidence for the assumption that they are in physical states relevantly similar to those which, in us, are causally responsible for our mental life. this inference is not one from outward behavior to inward mental causes, but from outward behavior to inward neurophysiological causes and from there on further to inward mental effects, but it seems that it is no less reliable ( see benecke 1901 ; jackson 1982 ). davidson famously pointed out that i may have a reason for performing an action, perform that action, and yet not perform it for that reason ( davidson 1963, 9 ). suppose, for instance, i want to meet my mistress and i believe that i can attain this goal by giving her a call ; suppose i also have a second - order desire to get rid off my first - order desire and i believe that i can attain this goal by calling my psychiatrist. when i finally walk to the phone, it seems, i have a reason for doing so ( my first - order desire plus my corresponding belief ) which is not the reason for which i walk to phone ( wilson 1997, 72 ). according to davidson, the reasons for an action and the reasons for which the action is performed can be easily distinguished : the reasons for which an action is performed are those which cause the action. this explanation is not available to the ep", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5768359393313137, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:bc08d6f0-964c-4257-b3be-da849d757dd4>", "chunk_index": 20, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T10:38:05.275320"}
{"text": ", 72 ). according to davidson, the reasons for an action and the reasons for which the action is performed can be easily distinguished : the reasons for which an action is performed are those which cause the action. this explanation is not available to the epiphenomenalist who holds that no reason ever causes an action. ( again, this is an objection against epiphenomenalism only if davidson \u2019 s distinction makes sense ; see latham 2003 for the view that it doesn \u2019 t. ) in response, however, the epiphenomenalist can hold that the reasons for which an action is performed are those that are caused by the neurophysiological cause of the action. knowledge, memory, justification, meaning and reference all seem to require the causal efficacy of what is known, remembered, believed, meant or picked out. how, for instance, could we say that sarah knows that there is orange juice in the fridge or that her belief that there is orange juice in the fridge is justified, if her belief were in no way causally connected to the fridge or the orange juice? the causal relation does not have to be direct \u2013 it may be that sarah \u2019 s mother saw the orange juice in the fridge, told it to sarah \u2019 s sister who in turn told it to sarah, causing her thereby to believe that there is orange juice in the fridge. most of our knowledge depends upon such indirect causal chains. we are not in direct causal contact with plato, the cholera, caesar \u2019 s crossing of the rubicon or the outbreak of world war i, but we can have knowledge about these things because we are linked to them by long causal chains starting with someone who was in direct causal contact with them. according to a causal theory of knowledge, knowledge is impossible without such a causal chain, and something similar holds for justification, memory, meaning, and reference. if sarah believes that it rained on february 1, 1953 in amsterdam, but the rain on february 1, 1953 in amsterdam is not causally related in any way to sarah \u2019 s belief, then it seems that her belief cannot be justified ; if the rain on that day is not causally related to sarah \u2019 s current mental states in any way, then it seems that she cannot remember the rain on february 1, 1953 in amsterdam ; and one reason why sarah \u2019 s twin on putnam \u2019 s famous twin earth ( see putnam 1975 ) cannot refer to water and why by using the word \u201c water \u201d she cannot mean water is that she never did causally interact with", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5825941229484815, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:bc08d6f0-964c-4257-b3be-da849d757dd4>", "chunk_index": 21, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T10:38:05.277170"}
{"text": "1953 in amsterdam ; and one reason why sarah \u2019 s twin on putnam \u2019 s famous twin earth ( see putnam 1975 ) cannot refer to water and why by using the word \u201c water \u201d she cannot mean water is that she never did causally interact with water. if knowledge, justification, memory, meaning and reference require a causal contact with what is known, believed, remembered, meant and picked out, epiphenomenalism implies that we cannot have knowledge of or justified beliefs about mental states ( our own or those of others ), that we cannot remember past mental states, cannot refer to mental states and cannot make meaningful statements about them. however, it is absurd to hold that sarah cannot know that she is having a toothache, that she cannot remember the feeling she had when she fell in love for the first time etc. moreover, if a causal theory of meaning or reference is correct, then the very statements the epiphenomenalist uses to formulate her position are meaningless : \u201c if the mental contributes nothing to the way in which the linguistic practices involving \u2018 [ psychological ' terms are developed and sustained in the speech - community [... ] then [ this ] would deprive the epiphenomenalist of the linguistic resources to enunciate his thesis \u201d ( foster 1996, 191 ). to the extent that epiphenomenalism aspires to make a meaningful statement about the nature of our mental life, it would thus be self - refuting since that is impossible if it is true ( see robinson 2006 for a discussion of this problem and for a reply on behalf of epiphenomenalism ). even if the epiphenomenalist could somehow formulate her position, it would be a pointless exercise from her point of view to try to convince us of its truth, because if she is right, rational considerations can have no causal influence upon our beliefs and actions. in response, the epiphenomenalist could argue that a causal chain cannot always be required because sarah can know, justifiably believe or remember that bachelors are unmarried and that two plus two equals four, or use the term \u201c the biggest star in the universe \u201d to refer to an object even if she never causally interacted with bachelors, the number two or the biggest star in the universe. the problem, however, is that our knowledge and our memories of and our talk about our mental states seem to be fundamentally different from the typical examples of knowledge, memory, or reference that", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.6004528515468823, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:bc08d6f0-964c-4257-b3be-da849d757dd4>", "chunk_index": 22, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T10:38:05.279388"}
{"text": "her feeling to her current state of knowledge or memory. why should such a chain be less capable of grounding knowledge or memory than a causal chain which starts with the toothache or the feeling itself? to insist without further explanation that the link has to be causal through and through does not tell us what the apparently indispensable je - ne - sais - quois about such a causal link is, without which knowledge, memory etc. are supposed to be impossible ( see pauen 2006 and staudacher 2006 for further discussion ). there are various objections against epiphenomenalism, nearly all of which are based upon the claim that this or that undeniable fact would be impossible if epiphenomenalism were true. in response, the epiphenomenalist typically points out that the causal relation she says holds between mental states and their neurophysiological correlates ensures that whenever her opponents appeal to a mental cause to account for some apparently undeniable fact, she can appeal to a physical cause which is correlated with the alleged mental cause with nomological necessity and does exactly the same causal job. - baker, l. ( 1993 ). metaphysics and mental causation, mental causation, hrsg. v. j. heil & a. mele, 75 - 95. oxford : clarendon press. - baker, l. ( 1995 ). explaining attitudes. cambridge : cambridge university press. - benecke, e. ( 1901 ). on the aspect theory of the relation of mind to body. proceedings of the aristotelian society, 1, 18 - 44. - birnbacher, d. ( 2006 ). causal interpretations of correlations between neural and conscious events. journal of consciousness studies, 13, 115 - 128. - bonnet, c. ( 1755 ). essai de psychologie. ou considerations de l \u2019 ame, sur l \u2019 habitude et sur l \u2019 education. london. reprinted 1978, hildesheim : georg olms verlag. - burge, t. ( 1979 ). individualism and the mental. midwest studies in philosophy, 4, 73 - 121. - burge, t. ( 1993 ). mind - body causation and explanatory practice, mental causation, hrsg. v. j. heil & a. mele, 97 - 120. oxford : clarendon press. - campbell, n. ( 1997 ). anomalous mon", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.5948652517167772, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:bc08d6f0-964c-4257-b3be-da849d757dd4>", "chunk_index": 24, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T10:38:05.285499"}
{"text": "and explanatory practice, mental causation, hrsg. v. j. heil & a. mele, 97 - 120. oxford : clarendon press. - campbell, n. ( 1997 ). anomalous monism and the charge of epiphenomenalism. dialectica, 52, 23 - 39. - campbell, n. ( 1998 ). the standard objection to anomalous monism. australasian journal of philosophy, 75, 373 - 382. - chalmers, d. ( 1996 ). the conscious mind : in search of a fundamental theory. oxford : oxford university press. - davidson, d. ( 1963 ). actions, reasons, and causes. journal of philosophy, 60, 685 - 700. reprinted in essays on actions and events, 3 - 19. oxford : clarendon press 1980. - davidson, d. ( 1970 ). mental events, experience and theory, ed. l. foster & j. w. swanson, 79 - 101. amherst, ma : the university of massachusetts press and duckworth. reprinted in essays on actions and events, 207 - 225. oxford : clarendon press 1980. - davidson, d. ( 1993 ). thinking causes, mental causation, ed. j. heil a. mele, 3 - 17. oxford : clarendon press. - dretske, f. ( 1988 ). explaining behavior : reasons in a world of causes. cambridge, ma : mit press. - dretske, f. ( 1989 ). reasons and causes. philosophical perspectives, 3, 1 - 15. - ewing, a. ( 1953 ). the fundamental problems of philosophy. new york : macmillan. - fodor, j. ( 1987 ). psychosemantics. cambridge, ma : mit press. - fodor, j. ( 1989 ). making mind matter more. philosophical topics, 17, 59 - 79. reprinted in a theory of content and other essays, 137 - 160. cambridge, ma : mit press 1990. - fodor, j. ( 1991 ). a modal argument for narrow content. journal of philosophy, 88, 5 - 26. - fodor, j. ( 1995 ). the elm and the expert : mentalese and its semantics. cambridge, ma : mit press. - foster, j. ( 1996 ). the immaterial self. london : routledge. - haggard, p. & eimer, m.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.6027548146058403, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:bc08d6f0-964c-4257-b3be-da849d757dd4>", "chunk_index": 25, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T10:38:05.286858"}
{"text": "the elm and the expert : mentalese and its semantics. cambridge, ma : mit press. - foster, j. ( 1996 ). the immaterial self. london : routledge. - haggard, p. & eimer, m. ( 1999 ). on the relation between brain potentials and the awareness of voluntary movements. experimental brain research, 126, 128 - 133. - hodgson, s. ( 1965 ). time and space : a metaphysical essay. london : longmans, green. - honderich, t. ( 1982 ). the argument for anomalous monism. analysis, 42, 59 - 64. - huxley, t. h. ( 1874 ). on the hypothesis that animals are automata, and its history. fortnightly review, 22, 555 - 580. reprinted in collected essays : volume i, method and results, 195 - 250. london : macmillan 1893. - huxley, t. h. ( 1898 ). hume with helps to the study of berkeley. new york : d. appleton and company. - hyslop, a. ( 1998 ). methodological epiphenomenalism. australasian journal of philosophy, 76, 61 - 70. - jackson, f. ( 1982 ). epiphenomenal qualia. philosophical quarterly, 32, 127 - 136. - jackson, f. & pettit, p. ( 1990 ). program explanation : a general perspective. analysis, 50, 107 - 117. - james, w. ( 1879 ). are we automata? mind, 4, 1 - 22. - keller, i. & heckhausen, h. ( 1990 ). readiness potentials preceding spontaneous motor acts : voluntary vs. involuntary control. electroencephalography and clinical neurophysiology, 76, 351 - 361. - kim, j. ( 1989a ). the myth of nonreductive materialism. proceedings of the american philosophical association, 63, 31 - 47. reprinted in supervenience and mind : selected philosophical essays, 265 - 284. cambridge : cambridge university press 1993. - kim, j. ( 1993a ). can supervenience and \u2018 non - strict laws \u2019 save anomalous monism?, mental causation, ed. j. heil & a. mele, 19 - 26. oxford : clarendon press. - kim, j. ( 1998 ). mind in a physical world : an essay on the mind -", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.6272975027244504, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:bc08d6f0-964c-4257-b3be-da849d757dd4>", "chunk_index": 26, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T10:38:05.289721"}
{"text": "?, mental causation, ed. j. heil & a. mele, 19 - 26. oxford : clarendon press. - kim, j. ( 1998 ). mind in a physical world : an essay on the mind - body problem and mental causation. cambridge, ma : mit press. - kim, j. ( 2003a ). blocking causal drainage and other maintenance chores with mental causation. philosophy and phenomenological research, 67, 151 - 176. - kim, j. ( 2003b ). philosophy of psychology, donald davidson, ed. k. ludwig, 113 - 136. oxford : clarendon. - kim, j. ( 2005 ). physicalism \u2013 or something near enough. cambridge, ma : princeton university press. - lachs, j. ( 1963 ). the impotent mind. review of metaphysics, 17, 187 - 199. - latham, n. ( 2003 ). are there any nonmotivating reasons for action?, physicalism and mental causation : the metaphysics of mind and action, ed. s. walter & h. d. heckmann, 273 - 294. thoverton : imprint academic. - lepore, e. & loewer, b. ( 1987 ). mind matters. journal of philosophy, 84, 630 - 642. - lewis, d. ( 1983 ). extrinsic properties. philosophical studies, 44, 197 - 200. - libet, b. ( 1985 ). unconscious cerebral initiative and the role of conscious will in voluntary action. behavioral and brain sciences, 8, 529 - 539. - libet, b., gleason, c., wright, e. & pearl, d. ( 1983 ). time of conscious intention to act in relation to onset of cerebral activities ( readiness - potential ) : the unconscious initiation of a freely voluntary act. brain, 106, 623 - 642. - mclaughlin, b. ( 1989 ). type epiphenomenalism, type dualism, and the causal priority of the physical. philosophical perspectives, 3, 109 - 135. - mclaughlin, b. ( 1994 ). epiphenomenalism, a companion to the philosophy of mind, ed. s. guttenplan, 277 - 288. oxford : blackwell. - mill, j. s. ( 1865 ). an examination of sir william hamilton \u2019 s philosophy. collected works of john stuart mill, vol. 9", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.573420428209815, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:bc08d6f0-964c-4257-b3be-da849d757dd4>", "chunk_index": 27, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T10:38:05.290997"}
{"text": "mind, ed. s. guttenplan, 277 - 288. oxford : blackwell. - mill, j. s. ( 1865 ). an examination of sir william hamilton \u2019 s philosophy. collected works of john stuart mill, vol. 9, ed. j. m. robson. toronto : university of toronto press, 1979. - miller, j. & trevena, j. ( 2002 ). cortical movement preparation and conscious decisions : averaging artifacts and timing biases. consciousness and cognition, 11, 308 - 313. - pauen, m. ( 2006 ). feeling causes. journal of consciousness studies, 13, 129 - 152. - pockett, s., banks, w. & gallagher, s. ( 2006 ). does consciousness cause behavior? cambridge, ma : mit press. - popper, k. & eccles, j. ( 1977 ). the self and its brain. new york : springer. - putnam, h. ( 1975 ). the meaning of \u2018 meaning \u2019. minnesota studies in the philosophy of science, 7, 131 - 193. reprinted in mind, language, and reality : philosophical papers, vol. 2, 215 - 271. cambridge : cambridge university press 1975. - robinson, w. ( 1982 ). causation, sensations and knowledge. mind, 91, 524 - 540. - robinson, w. ( 2003 ). epiphenomenalism, the stanford encyclopedia of philosophy ( spring 2003 edition ), hrsg. v. e. zalta, url = < >. - robinson, w. ( 2004 ). understanding phenomenal consciousness. cambridge : cambridge university press. - robinson, w. ( 2006 ). knowing epiphenomena. journal of consciousness studies, 13, 85 - 100. - russell, b. ( 1948 ). human knowledge : its scope and limits. london : allen & unwin. - sosa, e. ( 1993 ). davidson \u2019 s thinking causes, mental causation, ed. j. heil & a. mele, 41 - 50. oxford : clarendon press. - staudacher, a. ( 2006 ). epistemological challenges to qualia - epiphenomenalism. journal of consciousness studies, 13, 153 - 175. - taylor, a. ( 1927 ). plato : the man and his work. new york : macveagh. - taylor, r. ( 1963 ). metaphysics. englewood cliffs :", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.6121422567110466, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:bc08d6f0-964c-4257-b3be-da849d757dd4>", "chunk_index": 28, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T10:38:05.291827"}
{"text": "four laws that drive the universe by peter atkins ( oxford university press, usa, hardcover, 9780199232369, 130pp. ) publication date : november 2007 written by peter atkins, one of the worlds leading authorities on thermodynamics, this powerful and compact introduction explains what these four laws are and how they work, using accessible language and virtually no mathematics. guiding the reader a step at a time, atkins begins with zeroth ( so named because the first two laws were well established before scientists realized that a third law, relating to temperature, should precede them - - hence the jocular name zeroth ), and proceeds through the first, second, and third laws, offering a clear account of concepts such as the availability of work and the conservation of energy. atkins ranges from the fascinating theory of entropy ( revealing how its unstoppable rise constitutes the engine of the universe ), through the concept of free energy, and to the brink, and then beyond the brink, of absolute zero. c. p. snow once remarked that not knowing the second law of thermodynamics is like never having read a work by shakespeare. this brief but brilliant book introduces general readers to one of the cornerstones of modern science, four laws that are as integral to the well - educated mind as such great dramatic works as hamlet or macbeth.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.6483294530393807, "token_count": 276, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:e313392d-83f3-4599-88cc-d8a92122ac02>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T10:38:05.301533"}
{"text": ", pp. 79 - 109. idem, \u201c a selection from the cuneiform historical texts from nineveh ( 1927 - 32 ), \u201d iraq 7, 1940, pp. 85 - 131. s. r. tokhtas \u2019 ev, \u201c scythica v trudakh ii vsesoyuznogo simpoziuma po drevnei istorii prichernomor \u2019 ya ( tskhaltubo, 1979 ), \u201d vdi, 1984a, pp. 133 - 43. idem, \u201c kimmeriiskyaya toponimiya i, \u201d in etnogenez narodov balkan i severnogo prichernomor \u2019 ya, moscow, 1984b, pp. 142 - 48. p. k. uslar, drevneishie skazaniya o kavkaze, tiflis, 1881. yu. g. vinogradov, \u201c polis v severnom prichernomor \u2019 e, \u201d in antichnaya gretsiya i, moscow, 1983, pp. 366 - 420. f. wehrli, die schule des aristoteles vii. herakleides pontikos, basel, 1953. c. b. welles, royal correspondence in the hellenistic period, new haven, conn., 1934. ( sergei r. tokhtas \u2019 ev ) originally published : december 15, 1991 last updated : october 20, 2011 this article is available in print. vol. v, fasc. 6, pp. 563 - 567", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5048424823482867, "token_count": 326, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:f0295a22-3da0-4429-ba88-933f87b11ba5>", "chunk_index": 14, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T10:38:05.348405"}
{"text": "light behind the fall : japan \u2019 s electricity consumption, the environment, and economic growth by vaclav smil the phenomenon is unmistakable ( albeit largely unnoticed ), and the contrast lends itself to all kinds of symbolic interpretations : japan \u2019 s unending retreat from being a highly respected polity and economic powerhouse, widely expected to become the 21st century \u2019 s global ichiban, has entered troubled waters. as a result of that downward economic trend, whose beginning was signaled by the collapse of the nikkei index in 1990, japan \u2019 s gdp managed the real ( inflation - adjusted ) annual growth of just 1. 1 % between 1991 and 2006, while during the preceding 15 years the country \u2019 s gdp had nearly doubled. but this long - lasting economic and social malaise has been accompanied by a substantial ( 17 % ) increase in japan \u2019 s primary energy consumption. this is remarkable because pre - 1990 japan was the world \u2019 s most consistently, and most admirably, energy - efficient economy that had always managed to do with relatively less energy. overall efficiency of japan \u2019 s energy conversion ( usually measured as the amount of primary commercial energy used to generate a unit of gdp ) was high before the first opec oil price crisis in 1973 - 74, when the western nations were wasting energy with abandon. during the early 1970s it took about twice as much energy to produce a dollar of gdp in the us as it did in japan. and when europe and north america belatedly embarked on unprecedented energy conservation programs during the late 1970s, they found that the already frugal japan was becoming even more energy - parsimonious. this great energy conservation drive was going strong through 1985, when opec \u2019 s hold on the global oil market collapsed and oil prices fell from the historic high of nearly $ 40 in 1981 to less than $ 10 ; its effects would linger through the 1980s. by 1990 the us needed about 30 % less energy to produce a dollar of gdp than it did in 1974 \u2014 but japan had lowered the average energy of its economy by another 35 %. consequently, despite the pronounced appreciation of its currency ( by 1990 the purchasing power parity was \u00a5193 / us $ ), japan was thus even further ahead of the us in energy conservation than it had been before the first oil price crises of the early 1970s. but then an unexpected reversal took place. between 1990 and 2005, the energy intensity of the us economy ( using inflation - adjusted monies ) fell by another 12 %, but the energy intensity of the japanese economy", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5190965734628779, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:241e6d3e-5708-4bc8-b71d-db191d57db72>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T10:38:05.368764"}
{"text": "oil price crises of the early 1970s. but then an unexpected reversal took place. between 1990 and 2005, the energy intensity of the us economy ( using inflation - adjusted monies ) fell by another 12 %, but the energy intensity of the japanese economy first stagnated and then, by the year 2000, was actually about 6 % above the 1990 value. by the year 2005 it was still about 3 % higher. a closer look at the reasons for this reversal shows two surprising factors. first, japan \u2019 s fabulous industrial energy conservation machine had seized up ( fig. 1 ). energy intensities ( that is, energy used per unit value of product ) of all major industries \u2014 after falling by 20 - 50 % between 1973 and the late 1980s \u2014 had reached their lowest levels between 1988 and 1990, and had risen and stagnated afterwards : by the year 2000, the energy intensity for the iron and steel industry, manufacturing, and ceramics were about 12 %, 15 %, and 17 % above the 1989 level respectively. fig. 1. energy intensities of japan \u2019 s major industries why did this happen? fig. 1 clearly indicates that the rate of improvement was already considerably lower during the late 1980s than it had been during the late 1970s and early 1980s, and hence it would have been unrealistic to expect further large efficiency gains during the 1990s. this sequence is universal : the least expensive, technically the easiest or the most rewarding energy conservation measures ( \u201c low - hanging fruit \u201d in the engineering parlance ) are taken first, and subsequent improvements depend much more on the cost of energy : during the 1990s, world oil prices remained stable and low, discouraging more expensive conservation measures. but this does not explain the post - 1990 reversals of industrial energy intensity trends. those are attributable to several concurrent trends. first, as large numbers of more efficient energy converters and processes that were installed before 1990 began to age, their performance began to deteriorate. assiduous maintenance and upgrading can prevent such deterioration, but in many cases these steps were not taken because companies were short of funds as they faced contracting markets and foreign competition, or as they channeled their investment into setting up new facilities overseas ( especially in china ) and neglected the domestic infrastructure. contraction and stagnation of the japanese economy and foreign competition also meant that many industries began to use their assets less intensively, and lower utilization capacities often translate into higher energy ( and monetary ) costs per unit of production. finally, some industries tried to", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5590635382374715, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:241e6d3e-5708-4bc8-b71d-db191d57db72>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T10:38:05.370024"}
{"text": "and stagnation of the japanese economy and foreign competition also meant that many industries began to use their assets less intensively, and lower utilization capacities often translate into higher energy ( and monetary ) costs per unit of production. finally, some industries tried to stay competitive by concentrating on production of higher - quality items that are often much more energy - intensive than the mass produced varieties that now come increasingly from china and india ( stainless steel vs. ordinary sheet steel ; composite materials vs. ordinary ceramics ). the second reason was that japanese citizens \u2014 after generations of relatively frugal living \u2014 had finally began to spend more on their interior environment, and nowhere has this increase been clearer than in the rising consumption of electricity. between 1990 and 2005, japan \u2019 s generation of electricity rose by about 33 % in absolute, and by about 28 % in per capita terms \u2014 but per capita residential electricity consumption rose by about 45 %, to roughly 2, 200 kwh / year. this was by far the fastest increase in using any form of residential energy : between 1990 and 2005, consumption of liquid fuels ( dominated by kerosene for heating ) barely changed ( going up by less than 3 % ), and the combustion of natural gas ( for cooking and heating ) went up by less than a quarter. japan \u2019 s excellent surveys of the ownership of household electricity converters explain the reasons for this rise ( table 1 ). table 1. ownership of household electric converters ( units / 1, 000 households ) between 1990 and 2005 the ownership of automatic washing machines tripled ; installation of room air conditioners more than doubled ; there were 50 % more stereos, about 40 % more vcrs, 20 % more large refrigerators ( with the volume in excess of 300 liters ), and about 10 % more color tvs. moreover, in 2005, virtually every household had a personal computer, and nearly a fifth of them had a dishwasher, items that were relatively rare in 1990. and japanese bought more lights : between 1990 and 2005, the average consumption of electricity for residential lighting went up by about 50 %, to nearly 300 kwh / year / capita or nearly 950 kwh / household ; this was still slightly less than half of the average u. s. household rate, but more than 20 % higher than that of germany, 30 % higher than that of the uk, and twice as high as that of france. consequently, it would seem that japanese homes are increasingly filled with electric ( and electronic ) gadgets. the fact that they still have", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5415373037019402, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:241e6d3e-5708-4bc8-b71d-db191d57db72>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T10:38:05.371015"}
{"text": "higher than that of germany, 30 % higher than that of the uk, and twice as high as that of france. consequently, it would seem that japanese homes are increasingly filled with electric ( and electronic ) gadgets. the fact that they still have fewer lights per household than the three largest european economies \u2014 17, compared to 18. 5 in france, 20. 1 in the uk and 30. 3 in germany ( the u. s. mean is 43 ) \u2014 is not a useful comparative metric. japanese lights are far more efficient than those in other affluent countries, because 95 % of them are fluorescent lights \u2014 mostly the tubes that produce up to 95 lumens of light per watt compared to just 10 - 15 lumens per watt ( lm / w ) for standard incandescent bulbs. in contrast, only about 45 % of europe \u2019 s lights and 35 % of u. s. lights are either linear or compact fluorescents ( fig. 2 ). fig. 2. shares of different lights in 2005 consequently, the proper indicator of lighting intensity is the actual quantity of illumination, the amount of lumens available per unit of household area. in japan ( using the average household area of 95 m2 ), this rate is about 515 lm / m2 compared to 315 lm / m2 in the u. s. and 450 lm / m2 in germany : high lighting efficiency and the relatively small area of japanese dwellings more than compensate for a significantly smaller number of lights in japanese homes ( table 2 ). but it is by no means clear to what side of an international comparative ledger this primacy belongs. table 2. residential lighting in japan, usa and germany ( 2005 ) on one hand, light usage in japan points to strongly collective japanese behavior and exemplary frugality ( 95 % use efficient fluorescent lights ), traits that other nations would find useful in their effort to lessen the impact of modern civilization on the global environment ; on the other hand, standard linear fluorescent lights are neither the most spectrally - optimized nor beautiful sources of illumination, and hence their near - universal usage can be seen as a sign of relative impoverishment and, as is so often the case in japan, as yet another inexplicable acceptance of bad taste in a culture that is so devoted to beautiful design. and the japanese, people with an even greater chronic sleep deficit than americans, keep their fluorescent tubes and compacts lit much longer than do people in any other affluent nation, averaging about 3. 4 hours a day", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5381253437245106, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:241e6d3e-5708-4bc8-b71d-db191d57db72>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T10:38:05.372110"}
{"text": "that is so devoted to beautiful design. and the japanese, people with an even greater chronic sleep deficit than americans, keep their fluorescent tubes and compacts lit much longer than do people in any other affluent nation, averaging about 3. 4 hours a day per light, compared to 1. 9 hours in the u. s., 1. 5 hours in germany and a mere hour in france. in a search for specific factors that would explain this significant difference i suggest three realities, none of them unique to japan but all of them quite pronounced in that country. the first factor that contributes to longer use of electric lights is japan \u2019 s ubiquitous long - distance commuting that often starts and ends in darkness. consequences of the chronic cumulative sleep deficit induced by this practice are well illustrated by a recent survey by infoplant market research : two - thirds of males and 71 % of females sleep when riding a train. the second factor is a sleep pattern common among japanese high - school students : napping ( inemuri ) during the late afternoon and then studying late at night and into the early morning. steger concluded that \u201c regardless of possible considerations of whether it makes sense, this rhythm seems to be a set sleeping pattern for students in general, and in particular for high - school students preparing for exams. since everyone follows a similar rhythm, it is difficult for an individual to change or even seriously question it. \u201d finally, there is a traditional japanese arrangement of infants and small children sleeping with the parents, who are readily accessible to children during waking episodes : this practice obviously leads to more light - switching at night, besides making yonaki, sleep - related nighttime crying, more common and a matter of concern for the country \u2019 s pediatricians. there is little doubt that the japanese would illuminate their households even more if electricity prices were lower. japan \u2019 s national electricity market was expanded in 2005, but ( unlike in many other countries ) large ( and vertically integrated ) utility companies ( dominated by the giant tokyo electric ) do not allow their customers to switch to other suppliers. even so, the mere threat of further market reforms has helped to reduce electricity prices, albeit only modestly : between 2000 and 2005 they fell by about 5 %. for decades the combination of increasing intensity of outdoor lighting and high densities of japan \u2019 s residential and industrial areas, and of the country \u2019 s transportation corridors, has created large bright patches of light across large parts of the archipelago seen on nighttime satellite images ( fig. 3 ). good news is that,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.543907636715841, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:241e6d3e-5708-4bc8-b71d-db191d57db72>", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T10:38:05.373205"}
{"text": "high densities of japan \u2019 s residential and industrial areas, and of the country \u2019 s transportation corridors, has created large bright patches of light across large parts of the archipelago seen on nighttime satellite images ( fig. 3 ). good news is that, regardless of what is going on in the outside world, there is now also considerably more light inside the japanese homes. fig. 3. nighttime satellite image of japan \u2019 s lights superimposed on a daylight satellite image of the archipelago and its eastern neighbors. vaclav smil is distinguished professor, university of manitoba, canada. his interdisciplinary research has roamed broadly over issues of environment, energy, food, population, economics, and policy studies. he wrote this article for japan focus. published on april 2, 2007. his article \u201c japan and china : the next fifty years, \u201d is available from japan focus. he can be reached via email and his homepage. 1. calculated from annual data series in : statistics bureau. japan statistical yearbook. tokyo : statistics bureau. the most recent volume is online : www. stat. go. jp / english / data / nenkan. 2. i dealt with various consequences of that transformation in : smil, v. 2006. japan and china : the next fifty years. japan focus summer 2006 : www. japanfocus. org / products / details / 2213. 3. see, among many others : smil, v. 1987. energy food environment : realities, myths, options. oxford : oxford university press ; smil, v. 1992. how efficient is japan \u2019 s energy use? current politics and economics of japan 2 ( 3 / 4 ) : 315 - 327. 4. i have used purchasing power parity, rather than official exchange rate, to calculate the japanese value from official energy and gdp statistics. 5. for the us data see : energy information administration. 2007. energy consumption, expenditures, and emissions indicators, 1949 - 2005. available online : www. iea. doe. gov / emeu / aer / txt / ptb0105. html. for the japanese data see : the energy conservation center. 2006. handbook of energy & economic statistics in japan. tokyo : the energy conservation center. 6. energy conservation center japan. 2007. japan energy conservation handbook. tokyo : eccj. 7. statistics bureau. 2007. japan statistical yearbook 2007. tokyo : statistics bureau. 8. compiled from data in 2007 and 1992 editions of japan statistical yearbook. 9. waide, p", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5512400065320162, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:241e6d3e-5708-4bc8-b71d-db191d57db72>", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T10:38:05.374272"}
{"text": ". japan energy conservation handbook. tokyo : eccj. 7. statistics bureau. 2007. japan statistical yearbook 2007. tokyo : statistics bureau. 8. compiled from data in 2007 and 1992 editions of japan statistical yearbook. 9. waide, p. 2006. light \u2019 s labour \u2019 s lost : policies for energy - efficient lighting. paris : international energy agency. available online : www. iea. org / textbase / work / 2007 / cfl / waide. pdf. 10. improvements in the efficacy of electric lights are traced in detail in : smil, v. 2005. creating the 20th century : technical innovations of 1867 - 1914 and their lasting impact. new york : oxford university press ; smil, v. 2003. energy at the crossroads : global perspectives and uncertainties. cambridge, ma : the mit press. compiled and calculated from data in waide, japan statistical yearbook and statistical abstract of the united states. 11. even in sub - arctic sweden with short winter days the average usage is only 1. 35 hours / lamp. 12. trains are the japanese second bedroom. what japan thinks, 7 december 2005. available online : whatjapanthinks. com / 2005 / 12 / 07 / trains - are - the - japaneses - second - bedroom 13. steger, b. 2006. sleeping through class to success : japanese notions of time and diligence. time & society 15 ( 2 - 3 ) : 197 - 215. if you have electronic access to time & society, i highly recommend this illuminating analysis. 14. fukumizu, m. et al. sleep - related nighttime crying ( yonaki ) in japan : a community - based study. pediatrics 115 ( 1 ) : 217 - 224. 15. sioshansi, f. p. and w. pfaffenberger, eds. 2006. electricity market reform : an international perspective. amsterdam : elsevier. 16. the image is available at : kitamoto, a. 2007. earth in the night : nighttime lights of the world data by dmsp satellites. tokyo : national institute of informatics : agora. ex. nii. ac. jp / ~ kitamoto / research / rs / world - lights. html. en", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5613759384271895, "token_count": 462, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:241e6d3e-5708-4bc8-b71d-db191d57db72>", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T10:38:05.375358"}
{"text": "in the research. \" it is extremely well done and the sample meticulously characterized. \" the new investigation, led by the icelandic firm decode genetics, analyzed genetic material taken from blood samples of 78 parent - child trios, focusing on families in which parents with no signs of a mental disorder gave birth to a child who developed autism or schizophrenia. this approach allows scientists to isolate brand - new mutations in the genes of the child that were not present in the parents. most people have many of these so - called de novo mutations, which occur spontaneously at or near conception, and a majority of them are harmless. but recent studies suggest that there are several such changes that can sharply increase the risk for autism and possibly schizophrenia - and the more a child has, the more likely he or she is by chance to have one of these rare, disabling ones. some difference between the paternal and maternal side is to be expected. sperm cells divide every 15 days or so, whereas egg cells are relatively stable, and continual copying inevitably leads to errors, in dna as in life. still, when the researchers removed the effect of paternal age, they found no difference in genetic risk between those who had a diagnosis of autism or schizophrenia and a control group of icelanders who did not. \" it is absolutely stunning that the father ' s age accounted for all this added risk, given the possibility of environmental factors and the diversity of the population, \" said dr. kari stefansson, the chief executive of decode and the study ' s senior author. \" and it ' s stunning that so little is contributed by the age of the mother. \" dr. stefansson ' s co - authors included c. augustine kong of decode and researchers from the university of iceland, aarhus university in denmark, and the company illumina cambridge ltd. dr. stefansson said that it made sense that de novo mutations would play a significant role in brain disorders. at least 50 percent of active genes play a role in neural development, so that random glitches are more likely to affect the brain than other organs, which have less exposure. in the end, these kinds of mutations may account for 15 to 30 percent of cases of autism, and perhaps schizophrenia, some experts said. the remainder is likely a result of inherited genetic mutations and environmental factors that are the subjects of numerous studies. dr. stefansson and other experts said that an increase in the average age of fathers has most likely led to more cases of autism. unlike other theories proposed to explain the increase, like", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.5153518292414934, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:83b744be-33a2-4562-a93a-24a3d3abe8bb>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T10:38:05.407827"}
{"text": "genetic mutations and environmental factors that are the subjects of numerous studies. dr. stefansson and other experts said that an increase in the average age of fathers has most likely led to more cases of autism. unlike other theories proposed to explain the increase, like vaccinations, it is backed by evidence that scientists agree is solid. but this by itself hardly explains the overall increase in diagnoses, at least in the united states. the birthrate of fathers age 40 and older has increased by more than 30 percent since 1980, according to government figures, but the diagnosis rate has jumped tenfold, to 1 in 88 8 - year - olds in the most recent government survey. and it is not clear whether the rate of schizophrenia diagnosis has increased at all in that time. nonetheless, if these study findings hold up and extend to other brain disorders, wrote alexey kondrashov, of the university of michigan, in an editorial accompanying the study, \" then collecting the sperm of young adult men and cold - storing it for later use could be a wise individual decision. \" that very much depends on the individual, of course. \" you are going to have guys who look at this and say, ' oh no, you mean i have to have all my kids when i ' m 20 and stupid? ' \" said evan e. eichler, a professor of genome sciences at the university of washington in seattle. \" well, of course not. you have to understand that the vast majority of these mutations have no consequences, and that there are tons of guys in their 50s who have healthy children. \" this story, \" father ' s age is linked to risk of autism and schizophrenia, \" originally appeared in the new york times. ( copyright 2012 by nbc and new york times. all rights reserved. this material may not be published, broadcast, rewritten or redistributed. )", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5053557626483656, "token_count": 383, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:83b744be-33a2-4562-a93a-24a3d3abe8bb>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T10:38:05.409069"}
{"text": "lesson plans for teaching organization a collection of learn nc ' s lesson plans for teaching organization, the second of the five features of effective writing. - getting paragraphing down p. a. t. - one way to remember when to indent and begin a new paragraph is when ( p ) the place changes, ( a ) the action changes, and ( t ) the time changes ( p - a - t ). in this lesson, students will learn how to identify appropriate places to indent new paragraphs in their writing. - great beginnings - good beginnings hook readers and make them want to continue reading. students will learn the features of good beginnings by reading the beginnings of several narrative picture books, and then writing good beginnings for their own narratives. - great endings - sometimes authors end their stories with a memory, a feeling, a wish, or a hope. other times they end the story by referring back to the language of the beginning. in this lesson, students will examine the characteristics of good endings by reading good endings of narrative picture books. they will then practice writing good endings for their own narratives. - little bit? big bit? little bit - this lesson helps students who tend to jump right in and tell their entire story in the first few sentences and then struggle to complete their story. students will learn to start and end their stories with just a \u201c little bit \u201d about the setup and closure of the story. - meanwhile - transition words that connect ideas - students will identify transition words in picturebooks that they can use in their own writing. transition words are the glue that holds sentences and paragraphs together. they signal that this is a new part of the story. - transition words and phrases - students will learn to combine sentences using two kinds of transition words : time transitions and thought ( logical ) transitions. transition words link related ideas and hold them together. they can help the parts of a narrative to be coherent or work together to tell the story. coherence means all parts of a narrative link together to move the story along. think of transition words as the glue that holds a story together. using transition words helps avoid the \u201c listing \u201d problem in stories. - cause and effect writing : what it looks like and who reads it - students examine the causes and effects presented in a brochure called \u201c ozone : the good and the bad. \u201d they also examine the language of the brochure with regard to audience appropriateness. students then write their own brochures examine their classmates \u2019 brochures for cause and effect and for", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5088633729931493, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:e3c8f011-1af4-424e-89b8-b37560a91447>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T10:38:05.433684"}
{"text": "##re called \u201c ozone : the good and the bad. \u201d they also examine the language of the brochure with regard to audience appropriateness. students then write their own brochures examine their classmates \u2019 brochures for cause and effect and for audience appropriateness. - helping students understand text structures : informational problem / solution - this exercise teaches students to understand the organizational structure of problem / solution essays by having them write \u201c what it says \u201d and \u201c what it does \u201d statements about a text. asking students to write these statements about a text will enable students to read the text closely and will ensure that they understand the structure of a problem / solution text. - examining effective openers and closures in writings - students will listen to a reading of dr. seuss \u2019 and jack prelutsky \u2019 s hooray for difendoofer day! students will then work cooperatively to edit one another \u2019 s rough drafts of analytical essay, focusing on openers and closures. - practicing elaboration in a problem / solution essay - one theory suggests that students tend to list in an essay because they lack the tools to elaborate. because they do not have the strategies, they attempt to fill up the empty space by introducing new primary ideas instead of fleshing out the ideas they have already presented. this activity attempts to make students aware of the need to elaborate and to provide students with some workable strategies for elaborating. using a powerpoint presentation, the teacher demonstrates the necessity for elaboration in a problem / solution essay. students then choose a particular point in the powerpoint presentation to expand through elaboration. - making patterns, make sense - students will analyze organizational patterns in analytical writing by reading, oh, the places you \u2019 ll go! by dr. seuss. students will then apply these patterns to their own writing by creating children \u2019 s books about success. - thematic and organizational patterns in mclaurin \u2019 s \u201c the rite time of night \u201d - students will learn to identify and color - code thematic and organizational patterns found in the narrative and then use two - column notetaking to highlight how these patterns helped mclaurin give his story focus and organization. as a suggested follow - up activity, students are given ideas for writing their own narratives, using similar techniques as mclaurin.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5036921257479703, "token_count": 471, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:e3c8f011-1af4-424e-89b8-b37560a91447>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T10:38:05.434588"}
{"text": "this conception appears often in the works of the tragedians ; for instance, in the \" oedipus tyrannus \" of sophocles, where the main motive is the judgment which waits upon even unwitting violations of natural ties. still, this prosperity is external, consisting either in wealth, or power, or exemption from calamity. with the philosophers a moral element comes definitely into the word. the conception rises from outward propriety to inward correctness as the essence of happiness. but in all of them, from socrates onward, virtue depends primarily upon knowledge ; so that to be happy is, first of all, to know. it is thus apparent that the greek philosophy had no conception of sin in the bible sense. as virtue depended on knowledge, sin was the outcome of ignorance, and virtue and its consequent happiness were therefore the prerogative of the few and the learned. the biblical use of the word lifted it into the region of the spiritual, as distinguished from the merely intellectual, and besides, intrusted to it alone the task of representing this higher conception. the pagan word for happiness ( eujdaimonia, under the protection of a good genius or daemon ) nowhere occurs in the new testament nor in the scriptures, having fallen into disrepute because the word daemon, which originally meant a deity, good or evil, had acquired among the jews the bad sense which we attach to demon. happiness, or better, blessedness, was therefore represented both in the old and in the new testament by this word makariov. in the old testament the idea involves more of outward prosperity than in the new testament, yet it almost universally occurs in connections which emphasize, as its principal element, a sense of god ' s approval founded in righteousness which rests ultimately on love to god. thus the word passed up into the higher region of christian thought, and was stamped with the gospel signet, and laden with all the rich significance of gospel blessedness. it now takes on a group of ideas strange to the best pagan morality, and contradictory of its fundamental positions. shaking itself loose from all thoughts of outward good, it becomes the express symbol of a happiness identified with pure character. behind it lies the clear cognition of sin as the fountain - head of all misery, and of holiness as the final and effectual cure for every woe. for knowledge as the basis of virtue, and therefore of happiness, it substitutes faith and love. for the aristocracy of the learned virtuous, it", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5352154150497086, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:fce96fca-3754-453e-8822-bd2ee14cb826>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T10:38:05.452370"}
{"text": "new testament writers did not recognize any nice distinctions of meaning which called for the use of other terms. luke, for instance ( xxi. 2, 3 ), calls the widow who bestowed her two mites both penicran and ptwch. nevertheless, there is a distinction, recognized by both classical and eccleciastical writers. while oj penhv is one of narrow means, one who \" earns a scanty pittance, \" ptwcov is allied to the verb ptwssein, to crouch or cringe, and therefore conveys the idea of utter destitution, which abjectly solicits and lives by alms. hence it is applied to lazarus ( luke xvi. 20, 22 ), and rendered beggar. thus distinguished, it is very graphic and appropriate here, as denoting the utter spiritual destitution, the consciousness of which precedes the entrance into the kingdom of god, and which cannot be relieved by one ' s own efforts, but only by the free mercy of god. ( see on 2 cor. vi. 10 ; viii. 9. ) shall be comforted. see on john xiv. 16. as a human attribute, aristotle defines it as the mean between stubborn anger and that negativeness of character which is incapable of even righteous indignation : according to which it is tantamount to equanimity. plato opposes it to fierceness or cruelty, and uses it of humanity to the condemned ; but also of the conciliatory demeanor of a demagogue seeking popularity and power. pindar applies it to a king, mild or kind to the citizens, and herodotus uses it as opposed to anger. these pre - christian meanings of the word exhibit two general characteristics. the equanimity, mildness, kindness, represented by the classical word, are founded in self - control or in natural disposition. the christian meekness is based on humility, which is not a natural quality but an outgrowth of a renewed nature. to the pagan the word often implied condescension, to the christian it implies submission. the christian quality, in its manifestation, reveals all that was best in the heathen virtue - mildness, gentleness, equanimity - but these manifestations toward men are emphasized as outgrowths of a spiritual relation to god. the mildness or kindness of plato or pindar imply no sense of inferiority in those who exhibit them ; sometimes the contrary.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5350367563675631, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:fce96fca-3754-453e-8822-bd2ee14cb826>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T10:38:05.454199"}
{"text": "equanimity - but these manifestations toward men are emphasized as outgrowths of a spiritual relation to god. the mildness or kindness of plato or pindar imply no sense of inferiority in those who exhibit them ; sometimes the contrary. plato ' s demagogue is kindly from self - interest and as a means to tyranny. pindar ' s king is condescendingly kind. the meekness of the christian springs from a sense of the inferiority of the creature to the creator, and especially of the sinful creature to the holy god. while, therefore, the pagan quality is redolent of self - assertion, the christian quality carries the flavor of self - abasement. as toward god, therefore, meekness accepts his dealings without murmur or resistance as absolutely good and wise. as toward man, it accepts opposition, insult, and provocation, as god ' s permitted ministers of a chastening demanded by the infirmity and corruption of sin ; while, under this sense of his own sinfulness, the meek bears patiently \" the contradiction of sinners against himself, \" forgiving and restoring the erring in a spirit of meekness, considering himself, lest he also be tempted ( see gal. vi. 1 - 5 ). the ideas of forgiveness and restoration nowhere attach to the classical word. they belong exclusively to christian meekness, which thus shows itself allied to love. as ascribed by our lord to himself, see on matt. xi. 29. wyc. renders \" blessed be mild men. \" a candlestick ( thn lucnian ). rev., the stand. also a part of the furniture of every house, and commonly but one in the house : hence the article. the word, which occurs four times in the gospels and eight times elsewhere, means, in every case, not a candlestick, but a lamp - stand. in heb. ix. 2, the golden \" candlestick \" of the tabernacle is called lucnia ; but in the description of this article ( exod. xxv. 31, 39 ), we read, \" thou shalt make the seven lamps thereof ; \" and in zech. iv. 2, where the imagery is drawn from the sanctuary, we have a \" candlestick \" with a bowl on the top of it, \" and his seven lamps thereon, and seven pipes ( for the oil ) to the lamps which are upon the top thereof. \" \" the pleasant valley of hi", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5343051506227806, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:fce96fca-3754-453e-8822-bd2ee14cb826>", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T10:38:05.455220"}
{"text": "by gary north the economist rarely uses the words \" glut \" and \" shortage \" without adding : at some price. other scholars are not equally wise. a free market theory of pricing rests on the supposition that gluts and shortages are temporary phenomena. prices adjust so as to clear a market. if this does not take place, the free market economist goes looking for evidence of state intervention. consider the problem of excess inventory. it is better to get something for unused and unwanted inventory than to pay for storage. so, selling prices adjust downward. this eventually eliminates the glut. the unpleasant experience also warns the producer not to do this again. why does a glut exist? because of an error in prior forecasting. suppliers believed that there would be buyers at a specific price. it turned out that there was an insufficient number of buyers at that expected price. then why does a glut persist? one answer : ignorance on the part of suppliers. but why should this ignorance persist? why don ' t suppliers get the picture? experienced sellers do get the picture. the problem is a continuing supply of new sellers who are unfamiliar with the market and ignorant of the past supply - demand conditions. or, as has been said so often, there ' s a sucker born every minute. there is no evidence that p. t. barnum ever said this, but it is nonetheless true. in the worldwide suckers ' market, gamblers are the only people who are slower to learn than young adults with masters ' degrees. bright graduate students possess a pair of non - marketable skills : the ability to write term papers and the ability to take academic exams. they are also economic illiterates and incurably naive. so, they become the trusting victims of the professorial class. the economics of the professorate no one ever sits down and tells a newly minted college graduate about the economics of the professorate. no one tells the student about the crucial and neglected work of the person who first blew the whistle on the economics of the ph. d., david w. breneman. he is the dean of the curry school of education at the university of virginia. he wrote his ph. d. dissertation on the economics of the ph. d. it was accepted in 1970 by the university of california, berkeley. it was based on research completed in 1968, the year prior to the beginning of the ph. d. glut. its title : \" the ph. d. production process :", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5207139777129757, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:0d5a239c-521b-48be-89b0-12b9b98910f9>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T10:38:05.467512"}
{"text": "it was accepted in 1970 by the university of california, berkeley. it was based on research completed in 1968, the year prior to the beginning of the ph. d. glut. its title : \" the ph. d. production process : a study of departmental behavior. \" of all ph. d. dissertations ever written, this is the only one that one that should be read by every college student who is contemplating graduate school. of course, no one tells him. few people have ever heard of it. i read it in 1970. i do not recall how i came across it. i was completing my ph. d., so i was facing the ph. d. glut personally, which had begun in the fall of 1969. it had been predicted for the sciences by allan cartter of new york university in 1964. sometime around 1966, clark kerr, president of the university of california, had mentioned this looming problem to a group of us in an elite student organization called the california club. but i was naive. i figured, \" it won ' t happen to me. \" ha! as they say in those late - night ronco ads, \" here ' s how it works! \" academic departments grow in terms of the number of students enrolled. we know from parkinson ' s law that growth is an institutional imperative. administrators advance their careers by expanding the number of subordinates in their department. so, every academic department wants more students \u2014 students of a special kind. students are not of equal value to a department. the lower - division student ( freshman or sophomore ) does not rate highly in the currency of academic resource allocation : the full - time enrollment, or fte. the fte figure is what justifies the hiring of a full - time faculty member. the lower the ratio, the better. it may take 15 lower - division students to generate one fte. it may take only eight ph. d. - level graduate students to generate an fte. the more ph. d. students a department can attract, the faster the growth of that department. this is the iron law of academia. all other economic laws are sacrificed for it, as the economist says, other things being equal. this fact of academic economic life creates an incentive for departments to enroll lots of graduate students. it also rewards those departments that persuade m. a. students to go into the ph. d. program. also, the brightest graduate students may be asked to do unpaid or grant - paid research for senior professors. the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.530105997070454, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:0d5a239c-521b-48be-89b0-12b9b98910f9>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T10:38:05.468468"}
{"text": "what is anesthesia? anesthesia is the administration of drugs or gases to create insensitivity to pain before surgical operations. the word comes from the greek \u201c an \u201d meaning \u201c without, \u201d and \u201c aesthesis \u201d or \u201c sensation. \u201d the word anesthesia was coined by the famous 19th century physician and poet oliver wendell holmes, sr., in 1846. who are anesthesiologists and what do they do? during surgery, anesthesia is administered for pain relief or \u201c depression of consciousness. \u201d before a major surgery, anesthesiologists administer general anesthesia, which causes full loss of consciousness in the patient. the responsibility of the anesthesiologist is to manage the patient \u2019 s pain while monitoring vital life functions, such as breathing, blood pressure, heart rate and homeostasis, as well as blood transfusions, if required. as the patient recovers from surgery, anesthesia in the form of dissociative drugs \u2013 either oral or injectable \u2013 may be administered. these drugs partially sedate the patient to ease pain and distress. anesthesiologists are extensively trained doctors specializing in human physiology, diseases and pre - operative medical evaluations, life support and pain control while a patient undergoes surgery, post - op recovery, intensive - care training and chronic and acute pain management. what are the various types of anesthesia? the different types of anesthesia include : what are the most common surgeries that use general anesthesia? - local \u2013 anesthesia in a single part of the body, such as a tooth or area of skin. local anesthesia is commonly used during dental procedures to reduce pain. it is the preferable and safer type of anesthesia for many situations, including cesarean section, since the patient still has consciousness and is not fully sedated. - regional \u2013 anesthesia in a larger part of the body than local anesthesia, such as a limb. the patient is not fully sedated. - general \u2013 anesthesia that \u201c puts the patient under \u201d into a state of unconsciousness or sedation. during general anesthesia, a patient will lose normal response to pain, memory, motor reflexes and consciousness, and will experience muscle relaxation. - dissociative \u2013 anesthesia brought on by dissociative drugs causing marked sensory loss and loss of pain and memory but not accompanied by actual loss of consciousness. a common effect of dissociative anesthesia is hallucinations. heart, lung and abdominal surgery are", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.541118267520192, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:00cd3d51-bc4c-4232-83d5-edd50bde07ad>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T10:38:05.476894"}
{"text": "so conserving energy to focus on scientific tasks will be important. \" we ' re trying to augment the human - machine cooperative working relationship so that the machines can do a lot of the tedious tasks, \" says frank delgado, project lead for scout. for example, by using scout to drive explorers \" to the location where they need to do their science, when they get there, they ' re a lot fresher. \" scout looks like an oversized dune buggy. its design is loosely based on the moon buggy used by astronauts on the apollo 15, 16 and 17 missions back in the 1970s. its seats are built to accommodate two passengers wearing bulky spacesuits. its joystick and computer touch screen are optimized for easy use by heavily gloved hands. and it is tricked out with an eclectic array of cameras, speakers and a host of communications gear. its maximum ground speed : 6 miles per hour. scout had its first real - world test during the 2004 desert rats field season, but in that initial shakedown it was driven under manual control. \" we basically focused on having somebody drive it from onboard, \" says delgado. \" so if you needed to get to a crater or somewhere to collect some rocks, they would jump onboard, and they ' d drive it. \" this year the rats team tried out several automated modes of operation, including tele - operation, voice commands and gesture recognition. the field tests, which were highly successful, were the first ever that involved such complex interaction between humans and a semi - autonomous robotic assistant. one type of tele - operation involved operating the rover in real - or near - real - time from a remote location. the operators used a joystick and a set of switches, knobs and buttons to control the rover as though they were onboard. delgado ' s team was able to tele - operate scout in this way both from a desert rats command center located about a half - mile from the test site and from a control center about 1200 miles away at the johnson space center in houston. this is a feasible approach for operating a robotic rover on the moon from a lunar base or even from earth. it could also be used by humans operating a rover from a local command base on mars. it wouldn ' t be possible to tele - operate a mars rover from earth in real - time, however, because it takes too long for radio - command signals to get from one planet to the other. earth - based scientists could tele - operate a rover on mars using", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5305785913250438, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:5d8bf16a-632c-4171-b72d-0056395382f4>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T10:38:05.490790"}
{"text": "or - flight responses to injury stimulate immune cell activities that are involved in wound healing. but when the ' wound ' is in the heart and caused by atherosclerosis, that increased activity actually accelerates the underlying disease, \" nahrendorf explains. \" while most of this work was done in mice, we have hints that something similar may happen in human patients \u2013 for example, we found increased numbers of blood stem cells in the spleens of patients who had died shortly after a heart attack. \" ralph weissleder, md, phd, a corresponding author of this study and director of the mgh center for systems biology where the work was performed, adds that these findings set the stage for a totally novel approach to cardiovascular disease. therapies directed to the sites of white blood cell production, including the bone marrow or the spleen, may be able to prevent immune - system exacerbation of atherosclerosis. \" this gives us potential new therapeutic targets that we had not thought about before. clinically, we focus on reducing risk factors such as elevated cholesterol and blood pressure, but not inflammation. we hope our work can help change that, \" he says. weissleder is a professor of radiology, and nahrendorf an assistant professor of radiology at harvard medical school. co - lead authors of the nature paper are partha dutta, phd, and gabriel courties, phd, of the mgh center for systems biology. collaborators include filip swirski, phd, mgh center for systems biology, and peter libby, md, chief of cardiology at brigham and women \u2019 s hospital, where the clinical data were analyzed. the study was primarily supported by grants from the national institutes of health. massachusetts general hospital, founded in 1811, is the original and largest teaching hospital of harvard medical school. the mgh conducts the largest hospital - based research program in the united states, with an annual research budget of more than $ 750 million and major research centers in aids, cardiovascular research, cancer, computational and integrative biology, cutaneous biology, human genetics, medical imaging, neurodegenerative disorders, regenerative medicine, reproductive biology, systems biology, transplantation biology and photomedicine. media contacts : sue mcgreevey, email @ example. com, 617 724 - 2764 u. s. news & world report ranks mass general the # 1 hospital in america based on our quality of care, patient safety and reputation in 16 different special", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5154121293632694, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:79202bd2-1d56-4a6b-81c5-bb82e5ae2b85>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T10:38:05.499300"}
{"text": "during the late middle ages. h f vos ( elwell evangelical dictionary ) a harnack, history of dogma ; a hauck, s h e r k, i. adoptionism, in a broad sense, a christological theory according to which christ, as man, is the adoptive son of god ; the precise import of the word varies with the successive stages and exponents of the theory. roughly, we have ( 1 ) the adoptionism of elipandus and felix in the eighth century ; ( 2 ) the neo - adoptionism of abelard in the twelfth century ; ( 3 ) the qualified adoptionism of some theologians from the fourteenth century on. ( 1 ) adoptionism of elipandus and felix in the eighth century this, the original form of adoptionism, asserts a double sonship in christ : one by generation and nature, and the other by adoption and grace. christ as god is indeed the son of god by generation and nature, but christ as man is son of god only by adoption and grace. hence \" the man christ \" is the adoptive and not the natural son of god. such is the theory held towards the end of the eighth century by elipandus, archbishop of toledo, then under the mohammedan rule, and by felix, bishop of urgel, then under the frankish dominion. the origin of this hispanicus error, as it was called, is obscure. nestorianism had been a decidedly eastern heresy and we are surprised to find an offshoot of it in the most western part of the western church, and this so long after the parent heresy had found a grave in its native land. it is, however, noteworthy that adoptionism began in that part of spain where islamism dominated, and where a nestorian colony had for years found refuge. the combined influence of islamism and nestorianism had, no doubt, blunted the aged elipandus ' s catholic sense. then came a certain migetius, preaching a loose doctrine, and holding, among other errors, that the second person of the blessed trinity did not exist before the incarnation. the better to confute this error, elipandus drew a hard and fast line between jesus as god and jesus as man, the former being the natural, and the latter merely the adoptive son of god. the reassertion of nestorianism raised a storm of protest from catholics, headed by beatus, abbot of libana, and etherius, bishop of osma. it was to maintain his", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5181464169515947, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:2f39bd61-a96c-497b-b48e-6240e1dde12b>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T10:38:05.511469"}
{"text": "was room for a second filiation, resting on grace, the grace of union ( gratia unionis ). they did not agree, however, in qualifying that second filiation. some called it adoptive, because of its analogy with our supernatural adoption. others, fearing lest the implication of the word adoption might make jesus a stranger to, and alien from god, preferred to call it natural. none of these theories runs counter to a defined dogma ; yet, since sonship is an attribute of the person, there is danger of multiplying the persons by multiplying the filiations in christ. a second natural filiation is not intelligible. a second adoptive filiation does not sufficiently eschew the connotation of adoption as defined by the council of frankfort. \" we call adoptive him who is stranger to the adopter. \" the common mistake of these novel theories, a mistake already made by the old adoptionists and by abelard, lies in the supposition that the grace of union in christ, not being less fruitful than habitual grace in man, should have a similar effect, viz., filiation. less fruitful it is not, and yet it cannot have the same effect in him as in us, because to him it was said : \" thou art my son, today have i begotten thee \" ( hebrews 1 : 5 ) ; and to us, \" you were afar off \" ( ephesians 2 : 13 ). publication information written by j. f. sollier. transcribed by bob knippenberg. the catholic encyclopedia, volume i. published 1907. new york : robert appleton company. nihil obstat, march 1, 1907. remy lafort, s. t. d., censor. imprimatur. + john cardinal farley, archbishop of new york this page - - - - is at this subject presentation was last updated on - - send an e - mail question or comment to us : e - mail the main believe web - page ( and the index to subjects ) is at : believe religious information source - by alphabet http : / / mb - soft. com / believe / indexaz. html", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.536054509265691, "token_count": 455, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:2f39bd61-a96c-497b-b48e-6240e1dde12b>", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T10:38:05.520150"}
{"text": "jake is a 15 - year - old high school student who has been participating in the model demonstration project since 2003. since the beginning, jake ' s mother and home care providers have played a critical role in helping him realize success. when the project began in 2003, jake had no formal means of communication, and his school program focused largely on developing functional skills. our efforts began with identifying a means of communication and a tool for writing. late spring 2004 we began exploring light - tech communication systems. our first efforts involved a 4 - location flip chart. in this video, you see jake using a combination of partner assisted scanning and eye - pointing to make choices. this is the first time jake and his mom have tried this system. success on day 1! watching jake use the 4 - location flip chart with eye - pointing helped us evaluate his vision and his understanding of symbols. it became clear to us that he was able to visually distinguish between symbols in the mayer johnson boardmaker sign language symbol library. while we continued to explore light - tech solutions, we started exploring switch access. jake had years of trials with single switches without much success. efforts with 2 - switch step scanning proved much more successful for him. he uses his arm to move the highlighter from one item to the next and his knee to select desired options. in this video, jake is having fun interacting with the members of his family... including the dogs. by the fall of 2004, it was quite evident that 2 - switch step scanning was going to provide jake with an important way to interact with technology and to control partner - assisted scanning interactions. based upon our understanding of jake ' s vision and his use of 2 - switch scanning we tried a number of computer - based options for accessing the alphabet and writing. in the end, a light - tech solution provided the best supports for jake in his early efforts to write. late winter 2005 the best way for jake to access the alphabet turned out to be a light - tech flip chart. using this alternative pencil, jake could indicate which letters his partner should write for him. jake used his arm to access the mover switch which lit a green light indicating that his partner should move to the next letter. when his partner pointed to a desired letter, jake used his knee to access the picker switch which lit a red light indicated that his partner should write that letter for him. throughout the year, jake engaged in self - selected writing using the alphabet flip chart at home. he selected the topics for his writing and wrote in a", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.5584164631429657, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:496d3808-b2a5-4bcc-9800-958833d62243>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T10:38:05.527486"}
{"text": "the picker switch which lit a red light indicated that his partner should write that letter for him. throughout the year, jake engaged in self - selected writing using the alphabet flip chart at home. he selected the topics for his writing and wrote in a journal or wrote notes to family and friends. the flip chart displays the letters of the alphabet in groups of 4 or 6 and offers simple editing commands such as, space, new word, and delete. in all of the following writing samples, facilitators always began the writing activity by supporting jake in selecting a writing topic. choices were presented to jake via photographs, signs, and his remnant book. the remnant book was frequently his favorite as it documented the events of his life, big and small. remnant books are typically used to set a topic for communication ( beukelman & miranda, 2005 ), and are developed by collecting items from the activities and events jake experiences each day. for example, jake \u2019 s remnant book includes ticket stubs from a movie he saw with his brother, a plastic bag with a dead bug he found, a picture cut from the box of a game, and so on. jake selected a topic from the book by directing the facilitator to \u201c go to the next page \u201d using the switch by his arm and stop on the desired topic using the switch by his leg to say, \u201c that \u2019 s the one i want. \u201d home journal entry : june, 2004 topic : going to the movies home journal entry : june, 2004 topic : the bug that ruled mom ' s kitchen working with jake to help him select a topic is an important part of the writing process for him. beyond making it clear that we write for a purpose, setting a topic provides us with important information that supports our efforts to interpret his writing efforts. since jake cannot tell us what he has written, knowledge of the topic helps us carefully consider the letters jake selects and the words he attempts to spell. when we know the topic, we are able to attribute meaning to his writing attempts much more successfully. jake \u2019 s early writing samples reflect his exploration of working with the full alphabet and using the alternative pencil, the alphabet flip chart. while his initial attempts appear random, consistent and meaningful opportunities to write, lead to change over time. over time, jake \u2019 s writing began to show evidence of his increasing understanding of print. for example, in the following note to gretchen, jake writes the first and last letter of his name ( albeit in the wrong order ) and the letter g,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5349457082264416, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:496d3808-b2a5-4bcc-9800-958833d62243>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T10:38:05.528582"}
{"text": "over time, jake \u2019 s writing began to show evidence of his increasing understanding of print. for example, in the following note to gretchen, jake writes the first and last letter of his name ( albeit in the wrong order ) and the letter g, for gretchen. since gretchen \u2019 s name sign is the finger spelling version of a g moved from left to right across the forehead, it isn \u2019 t surprising the jake would know this initial letter. in other samples, we see more evidence of first letter knowledge. while we can \u2019 t know with certainty that jake intended to write the words we believe he was writing, he does eagerly confirm our inquiries one some occasions and tell us no on others. for example, in this entry jake wrote about a new friend named molly. when asked, he confirmed that he was attempting to write his own name, jk, and molly \u2019 s name, m. home journal entry : august, 2005 topic : going to greensboro on another occasion, he wrote about working with a psychologist, dr. m. when asked, he confirmed that he was writing about himself, j, the doctor, m, and working very hard, www. home journal entry : september, 2005 topic : going to the doctor ' s with time, jake continued to show evidence of more deliberate efforts to select particular letters in his writing. in this sample, he chose to write about his mother who was away for two weeks. this was a very important topic for jake as he has never been separated from his mom long periods of time. again, he confirmed his attempts to write his name more than once \u201c jkkk, \u201d and \u201c jjjjk. \u201d he also confirmed that he was writing about his mom, mmmmuuuu. home journal entry : september, 2005 topic : mom being gone for 2 weeks within a few months of beginning to represent multiple words using initial letters, jake begins to insert spaces in his writing. he also begins to include words that are spelled correctly, dad. over time, jake \u2019 s writing offers useful, concrete evidence of his developing understandings of print. for students who are unable to use gestures ( pointing to individual words on the page ), words ( labeling letters and words ), and other behaviors to communicate their understandings of print, writing is essential. the alphabet flip chart provided jake with an alternative pencil that made writing every day a possibility. home journal entry : december, 2005 topic : my new remote control dinosaur ac dad jk kk m m r r rs u u uwz", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5166177654602316, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:496d3808-b2a5-4bcc-9800-958833d62243>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T10:38:05.529554"}
{"text": "dr. nabili received his undergraduate degree from the university of california, san diego ( ucsd ), majoring in chemistry and biochemistry. he then completed his graduate degree at the university of california, los angeles ( ucla ). his graduate training included a specialized fellowship in public health where his research focused on environmental health and health - care delivery and management. jay w. marks, md, is a board - certified internist and gastroenterologist. he graduated from yale university school of medicine and trained in internal medicine and gastroenterology at ucla / cedars - sinai medical center in los angeles. sleep apnea is a disorder characterized by a reduction or pause of breathing ( airflow ) it is common among adults but rare among children. although a diagnosis of sleep apnea often will be suspected on the basis of a person ' s medical history, there are several tests that can be used to confirm the diagnosis. the treatment of sleep apnea can be either surgical or nonsurgical. an apnea is a period of time during which breathing stops or is markedly reduced. in simplified terms, an apnea occurs when a person stops breathing for 10 seconds or more. if a person stops breathing completely or take less than 25 % of a normal breath for a period that lasts 10 seconds or more, this is an apnea. this definition includes complete stoppage of airflow. other definitions of apnea that may be used include at least a 4 % drop in oxygen in the blood, a direct result of the reduction in the transfer of oxygen into the blood when breathing stops. apneas usually occur during sleep. when an apnea occurs, sleep usually is disrupted due to inadequate breathing and poor oxygen levels in the blood. sometimes this means the person wakes up completely, but sometimes this can mean the person comes out of a deep level of sleep and into a more shallow level of sleep. apneas are usually measured during sleep ( preferably in all stages of sleep ) over a 2 - hour period. an estimate of the severity of apnea is calculated by dividing the number of apneas by the number of hours of sleep, giving an apnea index ( ai in apneas per hour ) ; the greater the ai, the more severe the apnea. a hypopnea is a decrease in breathing that is not as severe as an apnea. hypopneas usually occur during sleep and can be defined as 69 % to 26 % of a normal breath. like apneas, hypopneas also may be defined as a", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5733448768930648, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:6ec40e55-951c-4d80-b4b8-8a95ad3ddb81>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T10:38:05.547031"}
{"text": "decrease in breathing that is not as severe as an apnea. hypopneas usually occur during sleep and can be defined as 69 % to 26 % of a normal breath. like apneas, hypopneas also may be defined as a 4 % or greater drop in oxygen in the blood. like apneas, hypopneas usually disrupt the level of sleep. a hypopnea index ( hi ) can be calculated by dividing the number of hypopneas by the number of hours of sleep. the apnea - hypopnea index ( ahi ) is an index of severity that combines apneas and hypopneas. combining them gives an overall severity of sleep apnea including sleep disruptions and desaturations ( a low level of oxygen in the blood ). the apnea - hypopnea index, like the apnea index and hypopnea index, is calculated by dividing the number of apneas and hypopneas by the number of hours of sleep. another index that is used to measure sleep apnea is the respiratory disturbance index ( rdi ). the respiratory disturbance index is similar to the apnea - hypopnea index ; however, it also includes respiratory events that do not technically meet the definitions of apneas or hypopneas, but do disrupt sleep. sleep apnea is formally defined as an apnea - hypopnea index of at least 15 episodes / hour in a patient if he or she does not have medical problems that are believed to be caused by the sleep apnea. this is the equivalent of approximately one episode of apnea or hypopnea every 4 minutes. high blood pressure, stroke, daytime sleepiness, congestive heart failure ( low flow of blood to the heart ), insomnia, and mood disorders can be caused or worsened by sleep apnea. in the presence of these conditions, sleep apnea is defined as an apnea - hypopnea index of at least five episodes / hour. this definition is stricter because these individuals may be already experiencing the negative medical effects of sleep apnea, and it may be important to begin treatment at a lower apnea - hypopnea index.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5195956233349279, "token_count": 452, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:6ec40e55-951c-4d80-b4b8-8a95ad3ddb81>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T10:38:05.549088"}
{"text": "by using ultraminimalist electrical configurations, you can lighten your housing arrangements and make them more portable too. ultraminimalist lighting is straightforward. the most efficient way of lighting a house is to use lamps with compact fluorescent bulbs inside. for example, a 27w compact fluorescent is equivalent to a 100w incandescent bulb. use led lights for task lighting and spot lighting. these would ideally running on 12v dc if you are generating your own power, otherwise 120v ac works of course. run stereos, televisions, dvd players on dc if possible. charge phones, batteries from dc. run laptops instead of desktops. irons, vacuums and power tools are fine because, although they are energy intensive, they are only used for a short time. hence a sufficiently large inverter will run them ( for example 3000w ). use cordless, rechargeable tools where possible. using electricity for heating is not efficient. the most efficient ways to heat a house : arrange your house so that the sun heats something solid : for example walls or floors, that will later radiate the heat, or store the heat from the sun in water \u2014 lots of water if possible. for example, you could use evacuated glass tubes and radiant flooring, or something in that vein. supplement solar heating with a renewable heating source : wood or vegetable oil for example.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5628836135510615, "token_count": 282, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:1c41f158-66b5-4b4a-90a5-3edebfac771b>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T10:38:05.579133"}
{"text": "any device ( whether in written, mechanical, electronic, or other form ) that can be used by a worker to facilitate the performance of a job or task. a guide for performers, which eliminates the need to recall the steps of a task by memory alone a guide used to eliminate or minimize requirements to memorize information when performing critical tasks a repository for information, processes, or perspectives that is external to the individual and that supports work and activity by directing, guiding, and enlightening performance a tool to guide job performance in real time a procedural guide that helps a person perform a task. a repository for information, processes, or perspectives that support work and activities by directing, guiding, and enlightening performance. job aids are often printed or visual summaries of key points or steps essential to the performance of a task. a device designed for use on the job and providing guidance on the performance of a specific task or skill. may be printed or on - line. used in situations where it is not feasible or worthwhile to commit the procedure to memory before on - the - job - activity. often these are paper - based and posted on the wall in plain sight or in a small reference notebook. they can also be, decals, manuals, cards, etc. a tool which can exist in paper form or on the computer which provides on - the - job instruction for a specific task.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5328204043959155, "token_count": 283, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:a5f42426-aa39-4f05-8610-3daa93bf8f37>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T10:38:05.582033"}
{"text": "the simplest things sometimes the simplest things are, in fact, the most profound. and the smallest changes can have the greatest impact. i believe it is possible to dramatically improve our approach to training and education with just a few simple changes. changes simple enough that teachers can begin applying them the day they learn them. to understand the solution, we must first recognize the problem. the problem is that we leak. that ' s right, leak. we leak information. we very rapidly forget new facts to which we are exposed. if you want to revolutionize training and education, you must fully understand this inherent human weakness. we need to be exposed to information again and again, perhaps even hundreds of times, before we can successfully retain and recall it. this is reality folks. don ' t ignore it. deal with it. so how do we deal with this without genetically altering humans? here are the simple steps : 1. clearly identify the facts you want a student to learn. 2. provide a method to reinforce those facts over time ( over multiple sleep cycles ). folks, that is it. it is so amazingly simple that it boggles the mind. have you seen how we actually teach and train our students? we do not do these two things well at all! clearly identify the facts most classes do not clearly identify the specific set of facts to learn. instead, they take the \u201c guess what i think is important \u201d approach. in this approach, a professor or lecturer stands at the front of the room and drones on and on for hours and hours, over days and days. eventually, a test is presented to the students. the students are not told exactly what is going to be on the test. instead, the students get to guess what the instructor thinks is important. if you guessed right, you get an a. as a result, the computer can ensure every single student masters every single fact, and it does this so quickly that to most students, it does not even feel like studying. if you guessed wrong, you fail. in either case, it is highly unlikely that you will remember more than one or two of the facts within thirty days of the exam. this failure is clearly demonstrated in the game show are you smarter than a 5th grader. we don ' t remember what we learned in elementary school. why? because we leak! it is really simple folks, if the facts are not systematically reinforced, they are most assuredly forgotten. to fix the problem, clearly identify every fact the student should remember for the long - term.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.5363751622228765, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:738873d2-41da-49d3-acb9-639e8f403025>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T10:38:05.605023"}
{"text": "in elementary school. why? because we leak! it is really simple folks, if the facts are not systematically reinforced, they are most assuredly forgotten. to fix the problem, clearly identify every fact the student should remember for the long - term. next, give the students all of these facts in advance. yes, all of them. if they should know 1000 things give them all 1000. help them master all 1000. test them on all 1000. i know, this is extra work for the educators. they actually need to clearly identify what the students should master. we don ' t do this today because we think it would take too much time and energy for students to remember all of these facts. the truth is, with the proper reinforcement system in place, it will take less than five minutes a day. reinforce the facts to retain and successfully recall facts, they need to be reinforced over multiple sleep cycles. some facts are learned quickly. they may only need to be reinforced a few times. other facts, for whatever reason, are learned slowly. they may need to be reinforced several hundred times. the problem is, these facts are never the same for two different people. everyone needs to be reinforcing different facts on entirely different schedules. admittedly, this is almost impossible to do in a lecture. however, for a computerized tutor, it is remarkably simple. a computer can be used to build a mind map for each individual student, learning exactly what facts the student knows and doesn ' t know. the computer can remember every time a student was exposed to a fact, on what date and at what time. the computer can remember each individual student ' s success in recalling and retaining each and every fact. finally, the computer can provide a customized reinforcement plan individualized for every single student. this is not a theory folks, it is a fact. for the last two years at procuit we have been doing applied research on precisely this method of training. others have been doing it even longer. it really works. however, don ' t take our word for it, test it on yourself. pick something you would like to learn and implement a system of spaced repetition and reinforcement over extended periods of time. you learn more. faster. with less effort. sometimes the simplest things are, in fact, the most profound. identify the facts you want your students to learn, all of them, and provide a customized method to reinforce them. you ' ll be amazed at how smart they become. let the knowledge revolution begin. tip of the day", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.5260284269536447, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:738873d2-41da-49d3-acb9-639e8f403025>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T10:38:05.606078"}
{"text": "fact, the most profound. identify the facts you want your students to learn, all of them, and provide a customized method to reinforce them. you ' ll be amazed at how smart they become. let the knowledge revolution begin. tip of the day : my research system is available to use free of charge at studytag. com. try learning all of the u. s. states and capitals, or author your own course, you can learn almost anything in five minutes a day. my company is procuit inc. visit us, if you are interested in learning more. training budgets waste or total waste? if michigan is interested in learning how to truly compete on a global scale, then we have to get dramatically smarter, about getting smarter. why is it that whenever the auto industry has a down - turn the first budget slashed is training? one week we want everyone to attend all of these important training seminars and the next week almost all of it is canceled. why? i have my own theory as to why training budgets are cut in this way. i propose this theory in the manner of a confession. you see, for most of the past 20 years i ' ve been involved in some form of professional training. i have seen first hand what companies intuitively know, which is that a great deal of the money, time, and energy spent in professional training total is a total waste. there, i said it, i feel better already. unfortunately, this also applies to most on - line training courses. the big difference between on - line training and live training in terms of results is simply that you waste less money with on - line training because you spend less for the course. not a big win. here is a simple test to see how effective your training has been. list, from memory, five facts you learned at your last all - day training course. thirty days after you take that on - line computer training lesson, do you remember even two things you learned? i doubt it. research dating back to ebbinghaus in 1885 shows us why. the reality is, we are great at forgetting. perhaps it is time we start applying this research? or, here ' s an idea, perhaps we can apply some of the additional research done in human cognition and memory that has been performed since 1885. we do have an additional 122 years of research we could be using. have you ever read any of it? when i look at most professional training it is certainly clear that your trainers haven ' t! remarkably, whether teaching in schools or training", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.5199492880579256, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:738873d2-41da-49d3-acb9-639e8f403025>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T10:38:05.607127"}
{"text": "a new business in only 10 weeks. oh the insanity, the insanity, and yes, i ' m talking about you, y combinator. in michigan we have a better way \u2013 slow, deliberate, cautious,..., smart. by golly, i remember the response i received when i presented an idea for an internet company to a michigan vc firm in 1996. the michigan vc said, \u201c the internet, well, i don ' t really know if that internet is going to go anywhere. \u201d after all, we wouldn ' t want to invest if we didn ' t really know the result ahead of time, like a treasury bill. that ' s the smart way to invest. i was happy with my opinion on how smart we all are in michigan. even my experience with our local vc community didn ' t really change that opinion, although it did begin to shake the ground a little. it wasn ' t until i read, on the origin of species by means of natural selection by charles darwin, that i fundamentally began to question my faith in michigan ' s approach to intelligent investing. that darwin, always challenging our faith. i couldn ' t help but apply his theory to business, and i was surprised at the perspective it gave. the beauty of the theory of natural selection is that doesn ' t require intelligent design. that is why it is so offensive to so many people. the key concept that so intrigues me is this : natural selection doesn ' t require intelligent design. it is not intelligent selection, it is natural selection. it is not survival of the smartest, but survival of the fittest. and sometimes, being the fittest, is simply a function of luck. when i think of darwin in the realm of innovative startup businesses, i am inclined to believe that intelligence is overrated. what is required for natural selection to perform its wonders for startup businesses? a large population, selection, and time. here is where we may be in trouble in michigan. we are just too darn smart. we are trying to do intelligent design on a process better suited to natural selection. intelligent design simply isn ' t as good as natural selection in creating strong, new, innovative businesses and jobs. the world is changing so fast, and technology is moving fast, if you want to ride the edge of innovation you cannot wait to make intelligent investments, for by the time it is clear what investments will survive and thrive, the opportunity has passed you by, and someone else will have the thriving new business life created by the process.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5001329807912777, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:738873d2-41da-49d3-acb9-639e8f403025>", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T10:38:05.610405"}
{"text": "and case - finding. november, 2002 : congressional republicans insert language into the 475 - page homeland security bill that would prevent parents from suing vaccine makers. after public outcry, the proposal is scrapped in january 2003. january, 2003 : a cdc study finds a ten - fold increase in autism rates in atlanta between the 1980s and 1996. some researchers now estimate 1 in 150 children have autistic spectrum disorders. june, 2003 : an analysis of cdc vaccination data finds that children who received tcvs had a higher risk. october, 2003 : one of the largest, most comprehensive studies discounting a link between tcvs and neurological disorders is published by danish researchers. november, 2003 : the house committee on government reform ' s report on its investigation assails public - health officials and pharmaceutical companies for failing to remove ethylmercury, \" a potent neurotoxin \" from medical products. the report concludes : \" our public health agencies ' failure to act is indicative of institutional malfeasance for self - protection and misplaced protectionism of the pharmaceutical industry. \" november, 2003 : verstraeten ' s analysis is published in a peer - reviewed journal, pediatrics, setting off a new wave of controversy and accusations of statistical manipulation. congressman dave weldon ( r - fla. ) writes to cdc director julie gerberding to open up the agency ' s vaccination database to independent researchers. november, 2003 : a national autism summit is held in washington d. c. to discuss an interagency effort to researching the causes and possible treatments for autism. january, 2004 : a joint statement by the aap, american academy of family physicians, the cdc vaccination advisory committee, and the public health service maintains that \" there remains no convincing evidence of harm caused by low levels of thimerosal in vaccines. \" february, 2004 : a panel sponsored by the institute of medicine convenes to examine the possible thimerosal - autism link. its report is expected this spring. - rina palta", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.5118270939900021, "token_count": 416, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:1bdf4906-b71d-402a-abb4-dd0e2dd25624>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T10:38:05.636340"}
{"text": "below are the first 10 and last 10 pages of uncorrected machine - read text ( when available ) of this chapter, followed by the top 30 algorithmically extracted key phrases from the chapter as a whole. intended to provide our own search engines and external engines with highly rich, chapter - representative searchable text on the opening pages of each chapter. because it is uncorrected material, please consider the following text as a useful but insufficient proxy for the authoritative book pages. do not use for reproduction, copying, pasting, or reading ; exclusively for search engines. ocr for page 91 seventh annual symposium on frontiers of engineering reengineering the paralyzed nervous system p. hunter peckham department of biomedical engineering case western reserve university cleveland, ohio introduction damage to the central nervous system is the major cause of disability in the united states. in some cases, such as in spinal cord injuries or strokes, connectivity has been lost because the pathway has been severed. in other cases, such as in parkinson \u2019 s disease, the neural circuits behave in a disordered fashion. whether the origin of the damage is congenital, traumatic, or age - related, improving neural connectivity and restoring function has a major impact on the lives of people with these injuries. many approaches to restoring the connectivity of neural elements are being explored ( e. g., gene therapies, stem cell transplants, tissue engineering ). one of the most promising is engineering, which can provide an interface with the nervous system to restore functions. through the delivery of low levels of electrical current in precise ways, control of the nervous system can be regained and function restored. understanding how such an interface works requires a fundamental appreciation of the structure of nerves and how they work. first, consider a single nerve fiber. from the cell body, or soma, at one end, hundreds of dendrites emerge, through which input is provided to the cell. only one axon leaves the cell. the axon delivers information to another structure, such as another nerve cell or a muscle cell. electrical stimulation is usually delivered to the axon somewhere along its length. the electrical current causes the permeability of the membrane to change causing an efflux / influx of sodium, potassium, calcium, and other ions. when the difference across the membrane reaches a sufficient level, an action potential is generated that propagates along the axon in both directions from its point of origin. this fundamental principle, called \u201c gating \u201d the membrane potential, is the basis for restoring function to the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_computing", "similarity_score": 0.597419933631272, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:e4fd7a03-6d29-40d2-8761-759ebaaf1ef0>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T10:38:05.661104"}
{"text": "the membrane reaches a sufficient level, an action potential is generated that propagates along the axon in both directions from its point of origin. this fundamental principle, called \u201c gating \u201d the membrane potential, is the basis for restoring function to the nervous system by electrical activation. ocr for page 92 seventh annual symposium on frontiers of engineering the action potential generated by an electrical current causes events analogous to the events that occur in the normal generation of nerve impulses. using electrical current to restore neural function has many advantages. first, most events involving the nervous system are communicated naturally by electrical means. second, electrical stimulation has the capacity ( 1 ) to activate a single nerve fiber or multiple nerve fibers to generate movement and sensation, ( 2 ) to inhibit the firing of nerve fibers to reduce spasticity and pain, and ( 3 ) to activate or inhibit complex neural circuits, called neuromodulation, to change the firing of entire circuits of cells so it could be used to restore a wide range of different functions. third, the effect of electrical stimulation can be localized, and turning off the current can eliminate the effect. currents could also be delivered in such a way as to prolong the effect by taking advantage of the inherent plasticity of the nervous system. fourth, electrical stimulation is incredibly efficient. a very small amount of current can generate enough muscle activation to lift the body. electrical stimulation also acts very rapidly ; the effect can be observed in seconds. finally, electrical stimulation can be applied safely. methods of delivering electrical current to biological tissue have already been developed through careful research and testing. safe, stimulating waveforms that use bidirectional pulses with charge densities below established limits are well tolerated by biological tissues. thus, electrical stimulation is an extraordinarily versatile, effective, and safe tool for manipulating the activity of the nervous system. electrical activation of the nervous system is applicable to virtually every disorder involving the central nervous system ( i. e., the brain and spinal cord ). some devices have already been granted regulatory approval and are commercially available in the united states. these include devices for restoring hand function, controlling bladder and bowel function, controlling respiration in spinal cord injuries, suppressing seizures in epilepsy, suppressing tremors in parkinson \u2019 s disease, and restoring audition for people with hearing loss. clinical research is being done on human subjects to enable patients to stand and walk, swallow, control the anal sphincter, and see. basic research is also continuing on all of these applications to improve function and extend", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.545593051856218, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:e4fd7a03-6d29-40d2-8761-759ebaaf1ef0>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T10:38:05.662161"}
{"text": "audition for people with hearing loss. clinical research is being done on human subjects to enable patients to stand and walk, swallow, control the anal sphincter, and see. basic research is also continuing on all of these applications to improve function and extend their applicability. for example, electrical stimulation has had limited success in restoring function in individuals with stroke, brain injuries, multiple sclerosis, and cerebral palsy, although theoretically their neurological disabilities can be overcome. for patients with spinal cord injuries, for example, the technique must be operable for extended periods of time, perhaps for 50 years or more. in addition, these injuries affect more than one organ system, the limbs and bladder, for instance. ideally, therefore, the technology will be applicable to multiple systems. ocr for page 93 seventh annual symposium on frontiers of engineering implementation of neuroprostheses several factors must be considered in the clinical implementation of neuroprostheses. the use of a neuroprosthesis always involves trade - offs between physiological, technological, and clinical factors. physiological considerations physiological factors are associated with the creation of a safe, effective interface between the prosthesis and the nervous system. first and foremost, the delivery of the electrical stimulus must be safe. a sufficient charge must be directed across the nerve membrane to depolarize it and generate action potentials, without generating toxic species in sufficient quantities to cause damage. destruction ( necrosis ) or damage to the nerve tissue would exacerbate the problem. to understand the complexity of the problem, consider a device that could restore respiration. biphasic ( bidirectional or ac ) current regulated pulses with charge reversal has been found to be effective. eliciting an action potential in a compound nerve may require 10 \u2013 20 ma at 30 v at a frequency of 20hz 24 hours per day for up to 50 years. another physiological consideration is the control and coordination of activation of the muscle. the physiologic control of muscles is graded, and this must be duplicated in the reengineered system. there are only two fundamental mechanisms for controlling muscle force, ( 1 ) activating more muscle fibers ( recruitment ) or ( 2 ) activating muscle fibers faster. the latter leads to fatigue. therefore, the preferable rate of stimulation is 20hz or less. controlling force by recruitment requires that the number of nerve fibers activated be increased as the controlling current is increased. the resulting activation is a nonlinear function, generally sigmoidally shaped", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5427973055445607, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:e4fd7a03-6d29-40d2-8761-759ebaaf1ef0>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T10:38:05.663182"}
{"text": "therefore, the preferable rate of stimulation is 20hz or less. controlling force by recruitment requires that the number of nerve fibers activated be increased as the controlling current is increased. the resulting activation is a nonlinear function, generally sigmoidally shaped. high - gain regions of the relationship may cause difficulties in control because small changes in current can cause large changes in the number of activated nerve fibers, as can small movements between the electrode and the nerve. in addition, a fundamental characteristic of muscle is that its force is dependent on its length ; therefore, muscle length must also be considered in artificial control. generally, an action is not caused by the \u201c simple \u201d generation of force from a single muscle but is the result of many muscles working together to produce the desired movement. even for a simple movement, this means that one muscle ( an agonist ) increases in strength as a second muscle ( an antagonist ) works in opposition and decreases in strength. when one considers a complex action, such as walking or moving an arm, one can begin to appreciate the complexity of restoring movement through electrical activation. the stability of the electrically activated response must also be considered. muscles become fatigued with sustained contraction, whether naturally or electrically induced. with electrical stimulation, however, muscles become fatigued faster for two reasons. first, in an electrically stimulated contraction, there is ocr for page 94 seventh annual symposium on frontiers of engineering less rotation of activated fibers than in a natural, voluntary contraction. second, paralyzed muscles are generally less able to sustain force because their metabolic properties have been compromised since the injury. electrical activation can effectively reverse this \u201c disuse atrophy \u201d to increase the fatigue resistance of paralyzed muscles. technological considerations the fundamental technology in systems for neuroprosthetic devices includes stimulators, electrodes, sensors, and the lead wires or communication channels that connect them. the form of the technology depends on the application. in the examples given above, which must be used for a substantial portion of a person \u2019 s life, the most effective devices would be implanted. the specificity and reliability afforded by implantation results in vastly improved function and convenience for the user. therefore, the device must be thoroughly reliable, designed to accommodate enhancements, and be repairable without compromising the remaining components. the requirements for an electronic device that can operate in the body for 50 years are stringent. for example, the current technology used to control the motor system consists of a multichannel, implantable stimulator with multiple leads that extend from the implant", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.543626734023787, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:e4fd7a03-6d29-40d2-8761-759ebaaf1ef0>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T10:38:05.664873"}
{"text": "deployable by clinical practitioners ( physicians, therapists, and nurses ) whose appreciation of the complexity of the technology may be limited. the design must also meet the requirements of the user, such as an acceptable level of risk, time commitment, and the effort required for implementation and training. the neuroprosthesis must not only function acceptably, but it must also be easy and natural to use and easy to put on. acceptable function may be less than full, normal function. restoring upper limb function the focus of our work has been on a neuroprosthesis to restore hand and arm function ( figure 1 ) for people with cervical - level spinal cord injuries. these individuals have lost control of their hands and lower extremities but retain figure 1 sample implementation of neuroprosthesis for restoration of hand - arm control. source : reprinted with permission from the journal of rehabilitation research and development ( bhadra et al., 2002 ). ocr for page 96 seventh annual symposium on frontiers of engineering control of their upper arms. the neuroprosthesis we have developed incorporates an implantable sensor that transduces joint angle ( ijat ), a multichannel stimulator - telemeter, and an external control unit. movements of the wrist are transduced by the ijat and used to control the stimulation applied to the paralyzed finger and thumb muscles. two grasp patterns are provided : ( 1 ) lateral pinch - release, in which the thumb contacts the side of the index finger ; and ( 2 ) palmar prehension - release, in which the index and long fingers oppose the thumb. the former grip is typically used for picking up or holding small objects and the latter for grasping larger objects. grasp is proportional ; flexion of the wrist corresponds to full hand opening, and wrist extension corresponds to maximum grasping strength. intermediate positions of the wrist correspond to intermediate grasp positions between these two extremes. the system operates in the following manner. contacting an external switch turns the system on, which transmits the radio frequency to the implant from the external controller, thus powering the transducer. this also establishes the \u201c zero \u201d command position of the wrist, corresponding to full hand extension, which is achieved by stimulating each of the target muscles at the appropriate level. for example, for hand extension, the finger and thumb muscles are maximally stimulated, and the finger and thumb flexors are inactive. these values are stored in a look - up table, in which any given wrist position corresponds to stimulus levels", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.5112907045980114, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:e4fd7a03-6d29-40d2-8761-759ebaaf1ef0>", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T10:38:05.667094"}
{"text": "level. for example, for hand extension, the finger and thumb muscles are maximally stimulated, and the finger and thumb flexors are inactive. these values are stored in a look - up table, in which any given wrist position corresponds to stimulus levels for each muscle. from the position of wrist extension, the user maneuvers the hand around the object and extends the wrist, causing the flexor muscles to be stimulated to a higher level and the extensor stimulation to decrease. activating the external switch again sets a hold command, which maintains the stimulus level even if the wrist position changes. other switch commands allow the user to regain control, reset zero, reset hold, or turn the system off. this system also enables users to regain control of elbow extension, which has been lost because of paralysis of the triceps. the switch enables the user to select alternative modes in which the triceps is either on or off. this system is a second - generation neuroprosthesis, five of which have been implemented in human subjects. the first - generation neuroprosthesis, which has an external sensor on the opposite shoulder for control and eight channels of stimulation, has completed clinical trials ( peckham et al., 2001 ), has been approved by the food and drug administration, and is commercially available ( neurocontrol corporation, vallee view, ohio ). approximately 200 first - generation devices have been implanted worldwide. both systems enable people with spinal cord injuries to grasp and release common objects and thus perform many everyday activities, such as eating, writing, and grooming, these functions, which are essential for independence and self - sufficiency, often lead to dramatic changes in patients \u2019 lives. ocr for page 97 seventh annual symposium on frontiers of engineering future development many new tools, such as sensors, electrodes, stimulators, and detailed \u201c instruction sets \u201d of how to use them, are expected to become available in the future. by describing how these tools interact with the underlying neural tissue and modeling this performance, the instruction set allows us to predict how the tools will perform in various situations. sensors that detect physical movement, pressure, or electrical activity may be used for control or feedback. advances in microsensors and biomems are likely to yield great dividends. current triaxial accelerometers and micropressure transducers are small enough and low - power enough to be implanted in the body. with advances in electrode technology, we will be able to stimulate", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.5207470417236261, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:e4fd7a03-6d29-40d2-8761-759ebaaf1ef0>", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T10:38:05.668113"}
{"text": "yield great dividends. current triaxial accelerometers and micropressure transducers are small enough and low - power enough to be implanted in the body. with advances in electrode technology, we will be able to stimulate selected fascicles of a whole nerve and create unidirectional impulses on the nerve. this will make complete and selective activation of nerves possible, as well as the inhibition of neural activity, such as the blocking of spastic activity or pain. these electrodes will also make it possible to record the natural activity of afferent nerve fibers for feedback and control. the development of a microelectrode will make possible the stimulation of spinal circuitry and cortical centers and selective recording from these regions. complex high - density circuitry could be incorporated into the electrodes themselves, which could lead to direct access to the central nervous system and direct interfaces with the neural circuitry that controls complex coordinated functions at the spinal or cortical level. it could also enable us to extract control information from cortical neurons and, eventually, to translate the intention to move into signals that could be used to control movement. finally, high - density stimulation and transmitting devices are under development that will enable the activation of more channels of stimulation in a smaller volume ; this would greatly facilitate the development of complex visual prostheses. new technology will provide tools for the development of more precise interfaces with the damaged nervous system leading to even more significant clinical results. we have already made progress in this direction by showing that afferent signals recorded from the nerves innervating the bladder during filling could be used to help control bladder activity. the neuroprosthesis for hand control described above, which uses both implantable sensors and stimulators, is undergoing clinical evaluation. this device could eliminate much of the external hardware and provide natural control of the hand that is easy for the user to learn. systems that provide more than one function are not far away. in the future, neuroprostheses may be used independently or in conjunction with other approaches, which may ultimately provide the best effect. for example, the plasticity of the nervous system is being revealed in clinical trials for body - weight supported walking and constraint - induced arm therapy. function probably improves because residual spinal and cortical circuits have the capacity to alter their functions in an activity - dependent way. these adaptations are driven ocr for page 98 seventh annual symposium on frontiers of engineering by the individual \u2019 s remaining voluntary function but", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.5221961402192089, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:e4fd7a03-6d29-40d2-8761-759ebaaf1ef0>", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T10:38:05.669162"}
{"text": "the principal purpose of this project is to demonstrate the feasibility of instrumenting heavily icecovered fjords to obtain real - time data of the upper ocean. greenland ' s ice - covered fjords are the connections between the greenland ice sheet and the open ocean. these dynamic environments enable access of warm ocean water to outlet glaciers, causing large amounts of melting under floating tongues ( e. g. rignot and steffen, 2008 ; motyka et al., in press ). on the other hand, deep fjords also enable ice to break up mechanically through the process of calving. these icebergs are then transported away from the glaciers, where they eventually melt. the interactions between the ocean, its ice cover ( the melange ), the glacier ice, and the atmosphere remain poorly understood, mostly due to the extremely difficult conditions for direct observations ( e. g. amundson et al., 2010 ). yet, it is increasingly clear that the dynamic behavior of the ice sheet is dominated by its interaction with the surrounding oceans ( e. g. rignot and kanagaratnam, 2006 ; joughin et al., 2008 ; holland et al., 2008 ). it is therefore imperative to gain a better understanding of the physical processes that determine the heat and mass exchange between ocean and ice. this is an issue not only for greenland, but at all the larger glaciated areas of the planet. the current inability of predicting changes at marine - terminating glaciers is responsible for the lack of a reliable estimate of the future cryospheric contribution to sea level rise ( ipcc, 2007 ; truffer and fahnestock, 2008 ). to make progress in the task of predicting the behavior of outlet glaciers, a better understanding of physical processes in glacier - fed fjords is necessary. this will require direct observations. the physical environment for this type of work is extremely challenging. the inner fjords are often covered in brash ice and large ice bergs, sometimes mixed with sea ice. large ice bergs can roll, creating hazards to boats. the area very close to glaciers can have turbulent upwelling with fast currents, the proximity of the glacier is too dangerous to work in due to calving activity, and calving events can send meter - scale waves through the fjord. moorings are difficult to deploy, and have to be deeply submerged to avoid interaction with the keels of the bigger ice bergs, making it impossible to measure processes and exchanges at the critical atmosphere - ice - ocean", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.5457526365391527, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:7e5d03a3-1703-4c51-b973-7b9dbb1300f8>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T10:38:05.690211"}
{"text": "- scale waves through the fjord. moorings are difficult to deploy, and have to be deeply submerged to avoid interaction with the keels of the bigger ice bergs, making it impossible to measure processes and exchanges at the critical atmosphere - ice - ocean boundary. here we propose to measure the properties of the upper water column using drifting buoys. the proposed experiment carries a certain risk, as the equipment could get destroyed. we will attempt to minimize this risk by letting the buoys drift, and by constructing them more solidly, so they are better able to absorb impacts. also, they will be equipped with iridium satellite modems, so that data can be uploaded on a regular basis and will not be lost should the buoys fail. we expect to obtain a record of up to one year length of temperature, salinity and currents in the upper water column ( down to ~ 30m ) of the inner godthabsfjord, near the main outlet glacier kangiata nunata sermia ( kns ). we propose to deploy four lagrangian drifters ; two on the glacier side and two on the outer side of a sill that was created by a previous glacier advance ( mortensen et al., subm. to jgr ). the deployments in the heavily ice - covered inner fjord are considered higher risk. the deployments on either side of the sill balance the risk of deploying in heavy ice with the desire to obtain data at those locations. the other expected result is to gain experience with instrumenting these difficult areas, where many details of physical processes have remained elusive. for example, if drifting buoys prove to be successful, one could develop these further into profiling instruments that are capable of sampling the entire water column. another possible application is to develop drifting depth sounders to obtain geometric observations where boats cannot penetrate. before such plans are implemented, it is imperative to gain some experience with lower cost instruments.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.5378288086737794, "token_count": 396, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:7e5d03a3-1703-4c51-b973-7b9dbb1300f8>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T10:38:05.691050"}
{"text": "research at nceas relies on access to existing data on a broad variety of topics, and these data usually are very difficult to locate, access, interpret, and analyze. our approach to informatics uses extensive documentation about data ( i. e., metadata ) to overcome many of these data management challenges. thus, most of our tools utilize metadata to effectively handle the complexity of ecological data sources. our emphasis on metadata - driven systems comes from an ongoing analysis of the capabilities of existing metadata standards that are relevant to ecology. some of the standards we have examined include the content standard for digital geospatial metadata ( fgdc ), the nbii biological data profile ( key sections of which we helped to author ), the dublin core metadata element set, and the directory interchange format ( dif ). while several of these standards are relevant, none comprehensively addressed the needs of ecology, particularly in terms of allowing automated data processing on heterogeneous ecological data sources. thus, we believed there was a need for a new metadata specification with the following properties : - extensible at run - time - highly structured for machine parsing - supports automated data processing - supports non - geospatial data - incorporates important biological metadata ( e. g., taxonomy ) - practical adoption by the ecological community we designed and developed ecological metadata language ( eml ) to satisfy these design requirements and to be compatible with metadata recommendations originally developed by the ecological society of america ' s future of long - term ecological data ( fled ) committee and associated efforts ( michener et al., 1997, ecological applications ). eml is a flexible, highly structured metadata markup language that allows scientists to fully describe their data, while maintaining a light footprint for those scientists not yet ready to invest the time needed to more comprehensively preserve their data. an eml description provides all of the information found in other roughly comparable standards ( e. g., biological data profile ) but also provides details about both the logical and physical structure of data to allow them to be machine processed by automated systems. building these automated systems has been the focus of many of our informatics research projects. our projects span the whole scientific process, including automating data collection in the field using metadata - driven form generation ( jalama ), desktop data and metadata editing ( morpho ), data discovery on the network ( morpho ), schema - independent data and metadata storage, search, and preservation ( metacat ), and metadata - enabled analytical tools", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5359939118827859, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:2e98235b-88c1-431c-8003-120197f9b1ba>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T10:38:05.702552"}
{"text": "sleep appears necessary for our nervous systems to work properly. too little sleep leaves us drowsy and unable to concentrate the next day. it also leads to impaired memory and physical performance and reduced ability to carry out maths calculations. if sleep deprivation continues, hallucinations and mood swings may develop. some experts believe sleep gives neurons used while we are awake a chance to shut down and repair themselves. without sleep, neurons may become so depleted in energy or so polluted with by - products of normal cellular activities that they begin to malfunction. sleep also may give the brain a chance to exercise important neuronal connections that might otherwise deteriorate from lack of activity. deep sleep coincides with the release of growth hormone in children and young adults. many of the body \u2019 s cells also show increased production and reduced breakdown of proteins during deep sleep. since proteins are the building blocks needed for cell growth and for repair of damage from factors like stress and ultraviolet rays, deep sleep may truly be \" beauty sleep. \" activity in parts of the brain that control emotions, decision - making processes and social interactions is drastically reduced during deep sleep, suggesting that this type of sleep may help people maintain optimal emotional and social functioning while they are awake. a study in rats also showed that certain nerve - signalling patterns which the rats generated during the day were repeated during deep sleep. this pattern repetition may help encode memories and improve learning. dreaming and rem sleep we typically spend more than 2 hours each night dreaming. scientists do not know much about how or why we dream. sigmund freud, who greatly influenced the field of psychology, believed dreaming was a \" safety valve \" for unconscious desires. only after 1953, when researchers first described rem in sleeping infants, did scientists begin to methodically study sleep and dreaming. they soon realized that the strange, illogical experiences we call dreams almost always occur during rem sleep. while most mammals and birds show signs of rem sleep, reptiles and other cold - blooded animals do not. rem sleep begins with signals from an area at the base of the brain called the pons. these signals travel to a brain region called the thalamus which relays them to the cerebral cortex \u2014 the outer layer of the brain that is responsible for learning, thinking, and organising information. the pons also sends signals that shut off neurons in the spinal cord, causing temporary paralysis of the limb muscles. if something interferes with this paralysis, people will begin to physically \" act out \" their dreams \u2014 a rare,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.5654682990579163, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:dfde4108-7a55-440f-b708-986f1001601f>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T10:38:05.714916"}
{"text": "and organising information. the pons also sends signals that shut off neurons in the spinal cord, causing temporary paralysis of the limb muscles. if something interferes with this paralysis, people will begin to physically \" act out \" their dreams \u2014 a rare, dangerous problem called rem sleep behaviour disorder. a person dreaming about a ball game, for example, may run headlong into furniture or blindly strike someone sleeping nearby while trying to catch a ball in the dream. rem sleep stimulates the brain regions used in learning. this may be important for normal brain development during infancy, which would explain why infants spend much more time in rem sleep than adults. like deep sleep, rem sleep is associated with increased production of proteins. one study found that rem sleep affects learning of certain mental skills. people taught a skill and then deprived of non - rem sleep could recall what they had learned after sleeping, while people deprived of rem sleep could not. some scientists believe dreams are the cortex \u2019 s attempt to find meaning in the random signals that it receives during rem sleep. the cortex is the part of the brain that interprets and organises information from the environment during consciousness. it may be that, given random signals from the pons during rem sleep, the cortex tries to interpret these signals as well, creating a \" story \" out of fragmented brain activity. this material is based on information supplied by the us government \u2019 s national institute of neurological disorders & stroke. practice good sleep hygiene using these simple rules : consume less or no caffeine and avoid alcohol drink fewer fluids before going to sleep avoid heavy meals close to bedtime exercise regularly, but do so in the daytime and not too close to bedtime try a relaxing routine, like soaking in hot water ( a hot tub or bath ) before bedtime establish a regular bedtime and wake - time schedule.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.5649394205202656, "token_count": 377, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:dfde4108-7a55-440f-b708-986f1001601f>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T10:38:05.716802"}
{"text": "there is increasing recognition that the reductionist mindset that is currently dominating society, rooted in unlimited economic growth unperceptive to its social and environmental impact, cannot resolve the converging environmental, social and economic crises we now face. the primary aim of this unit is to encourage the shift away from reductionist and human centred thinking towards a holistic and ecological worldview. exercise in register and style exercise for students concerning the idea of writing in a specific register and style for a specific readership. honeybee venom detected by enzyme immunoassay the venom of the honeybee, apis mellifera, contains numerous enzymes, volatiles, and other components. allergic individuals develop anti - venom antibodies which may cause hives, anaphylactic shock, and death. in this exercise students detect concentrations of bee venom on nitrocellulose membranes following incubation of membranes with anti - venom antibodies, enzyme - conjugated secondary antibodies, and a colorimetric substrate. the intensity of the colored substrate deposited on the membrane is pro the long neck and beak allow the chicken to peck at food to eat it. the large breastbone of birds is indicative a large, volumous chest that fills with air while flying. thin legs makes the animal lighter in weight, which also aids in flight. cactus wren in the sonora desert the beak of the cactus wren looks like a miniature version of the roadrunner beak. the beak is suited for eating insects. the narrow beak allows the cactus wren to get a tight grasp of insects. global cloud cover with fly away this animated sequence is a one month sample of composited images from cloud cover data collected from a suite of u. s., european, and japanese geostationary satellites and u. s. polar orbiting meteorological satellites. this data was composited under the auspices of isccp, the international satellite cloud climatology program clouds over north america from goes - 11 : august 3, 2000 this animation is one of a series showing the first data from goes - 11. the data shown was taken at one - minute intervals. the visual datasets text module discusses the concept of visual learning and presents some suggestions for ways to design learning environments that support students in developing visual literacy skills. three visual datasets that can be used for problem solving activities in evolution, classification, development, and botany are included : caminacules : a dataset of imaginary animals that can be used as the basis for a variety of problem - posing and problem - solving activities in evolution", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.552381757720216, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:9dc88fe0-ef0e-40b8-a3b5-34819b60c293>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T10:38:05.787107"}
{"text": "be used for problem solving activities in evolution, classification, development, and botany are included : caminacules : a dataset of imaginary animals that can be used as the basis for a variety of problem - posing and problem - solving activities in evolution, classi module 5 : selecting payment methods select appropriate methods, terms, and currency of payment to agents, sales representatives, distributors, suppliers, and international joint ventures. msu global has teamed with experts in the international finance field to create resources to help increase international skills in the business community. these materials address the need of the international trade practitioner for knowledge and information that is specific to trade finance by providing a means for educators and business practit the purpose of this course is to introduce you to entrepreneurship as a process of creating something new that has economic value to others. we will examine entrepreneurship from the vantage point of history, society, and the individual. most importantly, i hope to expand your awareness of entrepreneurship as a career option. this course has a substantial communications component. entrepreneurial ideas are useless without the ability to communicate them clearly and concisely. our focus will be o robin hood and sherwood forest this online exhibition highlights resources for the study of robin hood in the collections held by manuscripts and special collections at the university of nottingham. it includes examples from printed versions of the robin hood story in collections of traditional ballad literature, in popular chap books and in stories for children. it also features documents which can be used for the study of the historical sherwood forest and its laws. individualized reading instruction in the elementary grades, winter 2008 explores techniques for assessment of reading and writing skills and for development of individualized instruction in classroom settings ; develops strategies for meeting the needs of individual students through the evaluation, utilization, and adaptation of commercial reading materials and through the formation of principles and techniques for producing effective teacher - prepared materials. greco - roman origin myths mythology is a powerful vehicle for teaching students about symbols and the ways people have sought to explain their relationships to nature and to each other. teachers can use this lesson to introduce or examine the role of myths in explaining human customs, mysteries about nature, or the reasons why things exist in the world. students will discuss works of art that illustrate ancient greco - roman myths and various symbols used in them. so students do not judge the \" truthfulness \" of another cult northeastern research expo 2011 the nu smarts reporter talks to the students behind the cutting - edge research presented at this year ' s research expo. gonu. tv game recap - baseball vs.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5349548529650432, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:9dc88fe0-ef0e-40b8-a3b5-34819b60c293>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T10:38:05.789151"}
{"text": "do not judge the \" truthfulness \" of another cult northeastern research expo 2011 the nu smarts reporter talks to the students behind the cutting - edge research presented at this year ' s research expo. gonu. tv game recap - baseball vs. uri - april 6, 2011 the northeastern university baseball team fell to the rhode island rams by a score of 7 - 6 on a cloudy wednesday afternoon at friedman diamond in brookline, mass. what is a recession? this two minute video explains what a recession is, the basic economic terms, and the psychological factor that often fuels a recession. it moves very rapidly so the teacher should be prepared to stop the video at times to review terms. a list of terms would also be helpful. the three ways to handle a recession are mentioned as well. break the science barrier - richard dawkins - part 1 of 3 break the science barrier follows the oxford biologist richard dawkins as he meets with people who have experienced the wonders of science first - hand. we meet the astronomer who first discovered pulsars, the geneticist who invented dna fingerprinting, a scientist who discovered a protein that causes cancer, and others. dawkins interviews famous admirers of science such as douglas adams and david attenborough, and asks them why science means so much to them. we also see how dangerous ignorance of essential tremor - station and gait exam - gait sub - exam - patient 12 the patient is a 70 - year - old caucasian female who first noticed voice and head tremor about 15 years ago. she has had a gradual progression of this tremor that now causes her head to shake, her voice to tremor and her bilateral arm to tremor. the tremor is most noticed when the limbs maintain a posture or are in motion. her writing is affected especially when she attempts to write small. fine motor tasks have become more effortful as the years have passed. the tremor is worsened by fatigue. she the week ahead : april 7th 2011 france enforces a burqa ban, europe frets over immigration, britain ' s banks await regulation proposals and peru holds an election 270 gg commas with participial phrases when do you put a comma before a phrase such as \" making me cry \"?", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5644335552587856, "token_count": 454, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:9dc88fe0-ef0e-40b8-a3b5-34819b60c293>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T10:38:05.791468"}
{"text": "science objects are two hour on - line interactive inquiry - based content modules that help teachers better understand the science content they teach. this science object is the first of three science objects in the heredity and variation scipack. it explores the historical perspective and experiments of mendel. sexual reproduction results in the continuity of species accompanied with a great deal of variation in physical traits. one familiar observation is that offspring are very much like their parents but still show some variation \u2014 differing somewhat from their parents and from one another. people have long been curious about heredity, using even the most primitive understanding of inheritance to cultivate desirable traits in domesticated species. in the 1800s, gregor mendel took his observations of heredity and variation to new heights through carefully designed and executed breeding experiments that generated repeatable inheritance patterns. mendel developed a model for explaining the patterns he observed, describing discrete units or \u201c particles, \u201d which both segregate and assort independently of one another during inheritance. this model offered a foundational explanation for how variation is generated through sexual reproduction. although mendel \u2019 s model over - simplified how traits are inherited and expressed, it set the stage for the discoveries of chromosomes and genes from which contemporary genetics grew. [ hide full abstract ] - explain how domestication of plants and animals produced an early understanding of inheritance. - use mendel \u2019 s model to explain patterns of inheritance represented in graphic form ( for example, data tables, histograms, etc. ). - identify the conditions required for an inheritance pattern to be explained correctly by mendel \u2019 s model. - use data representing patterns of inheritance to support the idea that some observable traits are defined by discrete units of inheritance that segregate and assort independently of one another during inheritance.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.6001836465572521, "token_count": 356, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:074e5ba1-4e0d-4f64-b7ea-2ab79c7c33e1>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T10:38:05.805070"}
{"text": "| idndr - informs - number 13, 1998 ( idndr - dirdn, 1998 ) | disaster prevention begins with timely and accurate information. when there is clarity in the perception of risk, we tend to minimize the possible consequences event. by means of sounds, images, and the printed word, the mass media report on what is going on in the world, but they can do much more. they can explain the significance of events ; they can serve as guides through an uncertain terrain, an teachers in a world where a high penalty must be paid for ignorance. if providing information means conveying the most complete available knowledge of an event, in this case natural phenomena, reporters and media outlets should not give in to sensationalism, which essentially means communicating only the most alarming information, not the most illuminating. they should explain what is going on in the clearest and simplest manner, and provide the data and background the public needs to respond effectively to an emergency. when disasters strike, information diversifies and increases in volume. in journalistic terms, there are many more stories, and many more \" angles to each story. therefore, communicators have the right to receive training about the sensitive handling of natural phenomena, and should strive to get such training. the information in question is delicate, and requires specialized skills that cannot be learned in the middle of a crisis. the media may give in to tabloid - inspired pictures of devastation and chaos, or they may cooperate responsibly to reduce the impact of the tragedy and promote the most effective public response. scientific and technological advances now enable us to predict many natural phenomena. the media can play a key role in prevention and early warning by educating large numbers of people through radio, television, newspapers, magazines and even leaflets, clarifying the issues, and providing guidance. new technologies such as e - mail, usenet, and the world - wide web ( www ) provide additional feedback, optimizing human resources and helping reporters do a better job. social communication for prevention is a process that requires the coordinated efforts of many disciplines. the mass media must play their part, by informing the public of existing hazards, and by educating the population on practical measures they can take to reduce their vulnerability. at the same time, public information departments can launch campaigns to raise public awareness and contribute to a culture of disaster prevention, a culture that has not yet taken hold in our region. another key component is the existence of efficient, comprehensive information systems that can support policy - and decision - makers.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5034920150464406, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:6b171c1f-f4da-4365-94e1-1b04b1958061>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T10:38:05.841903"}
{"text": "wednesday, november 7, 2012 students explore dynamics of local, organic food productionby katie land, news editor | students in ou ' s food quest course learn about the dynamics of local and organic food production at earthworks urban farm in detroit. in all its capacities, food has long played a role in human social and cultural systems. the consumption and preparation of food defines nations, unites traditions, builds families. and as the world has continued to develop and change, so too does the food industry and various food - philosophy movements. the food quest, an anthropology course at oakland university explores the ways in which humans produce, consume and relate to food in a global, cross - cultural perspective. \u201c understanding the human relationship to food illuminates the relationship we have with our larger environment, \u201d said tara deubel, ph. d., assistant professor of anthropology. \u201c from a global perspective, we need to address why people continue to die of hunger and malnutrition in 2012 when adequate food resources exist. \u201d \u201c locally, we need to ask similar questions about why many residents of detroit are unable to access healthy food on a daily basis in an area now considered to be a \" food desert \" due to its lack of food resources, \u201d dr. deubel continued. \u201c it is critical to re - examine the local and global systems we have put in place and advocate more sustainable alternatives that encourage smaller - scale, local food production and more healthy eating habits. \u201d the course covers a wide range of topics including changes in human eating patterns, the globalization of the food industry, transnational food politics, debates concerning genetically modified organisms ( gmos ), the organic and local food movements, malnutrition and hunger in developing countries, food rituals and eating disorders. housed in the department of sociology, anthropology, social work, and criminal justice, dr. deubel \u2019 s food quest course forces students to examine their own eating habits, and to learn about local food production and the factors that determine the food they eat. | ou ' s student organic farm grows organic produce each year. this semester, the course \u2019 s emphasis is on food sustainability in the metro detroit area. student research includes community food banks, urban gardens, \" farm to table \" business models, local farmers ' markets, and problems of food availability and access in detroit. these topics hit home for several students after a recent trip to the earthworks urban farm in detroit. students were able to see global issues enacted on the local level. \" the earthworks visit", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5021160582742673, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:4355e219-ed61-446a-9a9f-a970ba0c6c9b>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T10:38:05.846151"}
{"text": "| | this page describes a concept which is part of our glossary are known for their robustness and reliability. the way peers connect with other instances to form the network creates a peer - to - peer infrastructure. it enables users to connect directly with each other as desired to exchange products and services without having to employ middlemen as in the current centralised ' client - server ' approach. in general, peer - to - peer networks can be formed directly between people or organisations or can be formed from many different computers and devices communicating together through the same peer - to - peer networking software. at organicdesign we ' re developing the platform specification which allows people and organisations to operate as part of a unified ontology which contains both the platform network of people and organisations aligned with the specification, and also the network of informational devices. transcending centralisation is a necessity it ' s a commonly known meme nowadays that our survival as a species depends on us figuring out how to live and work together as a single organism. another well known concept is the fractal nature of life that allows us to equate the biological cell with a person, and a single person with the planetary organism. in his book spontaneous evolution, bruce lipton shows us that we can learn from our cells how to live together in peace and harmony as a single organism since they ' re a living example of it, and have been doing it for millions of years. many people who are strong believers in this idea of humans living fully in accord with nature think that technology has no place in this vision. but by looking at how the cells in the human body are able to live together as a community with a population of over fifty trillion reveals that technology is essential. the cells manufacture and maintain huge infrastructures including the equivalent of buildings that are tens of thousands of stories high, sophisticated networking systems and even an energy based financial and banking system. we know that somehow the internet must be used to achieve this goal since it allows people all over the world to connect and share knowledge directly. but for us to use the internet to organise into a community together, we need to change the way we use it. the currently dominant method of viewing and collaborating on the internet, the world wide web, is not structured in a way that promotes the formation of people into a community from the bottom up, it doesn ' t match the way that cells organise themselves. the web is a centralised top - down structure, but it ' s the peer - to - peer networks that offer a foundation", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5901423973556341, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:9fbef8c0-69de-4d17-a997-1ac8a4f9cb95>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T10:38:05.857981"}
{"text": "these rings ( 20 \u00b5m across ) have color created by the width of the slits ( see black and white inset ). for example, yellow is produced with slits that are each 90 nm wide. the technique uses light funneling to catch and trap particular wavelengths. researchers at the university of michigan ( u. s. a. ) have found a way to lock in structural color using sub - wavelength structures ( scientific reports 3, 1194 ). if the technique can be developed further, it could be used with e - readers and other reflective displays, as well as for sensors and hyperspectral imagers. diffraction gratings provide structural color, but the predominant color changes with viewing angle. instead of using gratings on the order of the wavelengths, and on the surface of the material, the researchers went vertical. group leader jay guo explains, \" light is funneled into the nanocavity, whose width is much, much smaller than the wavelength of the light. \" surprisingly the longer wavelengths of light get trapped in narrower grooves. to demonstrate their device, the researchers etched nanoscale grooves in glass and coated the grooved glass plate with a thin layer of silver. when light hits the grooved surface, the transverse electric component creates a polarization charge at the metal slit surface, boosting the local electric field near the slit, which preferentially pulls in the transverse magnetic component of a particular wavelength of light. the demonstrated optical device has high absorption, as large as 96 percent in the visible spectrum, with colors that don \u2019 t change over a + / - 80 degree viewing angle. the device also demonstrated wide color tunability throughout the entire visible spectrum and pixel sizes smaller than the diffraction limit. right now, the new device can make static pictures. even static displays, however, can be attractive with bright sunlight - visible color in low - energy - consumption reflective displays.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.604092998210761, "token_count": 386, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:3585216f-c5f8-40c4-b9a6-0132a5dd3ff7>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T10:38:05.860058"}
{"text": "therapy : new breakthrough for back treatment by gaetano morello, nd ozone, the gas that protects us from the sun ' s damaging rays but becomes toxic when inhaled, is experiencing a resurgence on the north american medical community. we are all familiar with the ozone layer and how it ' s thinning due to chloroflourocarbons. but the reality is that ozone production in the upper atmosphere depends on the amount energy coming from the sun. during peaks of solar activity, ozone is created at a greater rate. during low periods in the sunspot cycle, the ozone layer is thinner. at night, on the dark side of the planet, the ozone layer disappears over a period of a few hours. the layer is reformed as the sun rises in the morning. there is no ozone over the poles in the winter, because there is no sunlight. ozone is continuously being produced in the upper atmosphere as long as sunlight is present, and since ozone is heavier than air, it begins to fall towards the earth. as it falls, it combines with any pollutant it contacts, cleaning the air. when ozone contacts water vapor as it falls, it forms hydrogen peroxide, a component of rain water, and that is the reason why rainwater causes plants to grow better then irrigation. ozone is also created by lightning ; it is the ozone that gives air that fresh smell after a rainfall. therapeutic action of ozone in medicine, ozone has a number of well - established properties : it is antibacterial, antiviral, and antifungal. the largest commercial use of ozone is in the purification of water. when you buy your next gallon jug of water at the grocery store, the label will say \" ozone treated. \" both the fda and epa certify that ozone destroys 99. 9992 percent of all pathogenic germs, while oxidizing ( destroying ) 99. 9992 percent of all pollutants in the water at the same time. a new discovery for the treatment of herniated disc : the discosan in germany, over 7, 000 doctors utilize ozone in the treatment of various diseases. in italy, orthopedic surgeons who used to perform surgery on herniated discs are now using a special mixture of ozone to treat the pathology of this condition. dr. cesare verga ( orthopedic surgeon ) developed the system in 1984 and has treated over 6, 000 patients. dr. verga claims that surgery really doesn ' t address the underlying cause. as a matter of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5344547579995672, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:a5fda113-a864-4af3-8d42-d57912e83b7e>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T10:38:05.866441"}
{"text": "clouds and cosmos j ' ai decouvert par hazard les travaux de henrik svensmark sur le processus de formation des nuages. ces derniers remettaient en cause les theses defendues par les tenants du rechauffement climatique du aux activites humaines. en effectuant quelques recherches sur internet j ' ai pu mesurer l ' incroyable fourvoiement de ceux qui conseillent les gouvernements sur les decisions a prendre. et pas uniquement fourvoiement mais aussi manipulation des informations, intoxication et enfumage des foules. les derniers travaux du cern sur le sujet confirment les conclusions de svensmark. affaire a suivre, car une remise au pas del ' ipcc / giec s ' avere necessaire. i discovered by chance the research conducted by henrik svensmark on the process of cloud formation. the results called into question the policies advocated by the proponents of global warming due to human activities. in doing some research online i could measure the incredible misdirection of those who advise governments on decisions. and not just misdirection but also manipulation of information, intoxication and smoking crowd. the latest work on the subject of cern confirm the findings of svensmark. stay tuned, because in depth analysis of ipcc / giec turpitudes is necessary. aug 30 \" if it is an unusually warm winter in new york, it is probably also warm in washington, d. c., for example, \" hansen explained. \" at high - and mid - latitudes rossby waves are the dominant cause of short - term temperature variations. and since those are fairly long waves we didn ' t think we needed a station at every one degree of separation. \" 5 october 2012 eso celebrates its 50th anniversary the cosmics leaving outdoor droplets ( cloud ) experiment uses a special cloud chamber to study the possible link between galactic cosmic rays and cloud formation. based at the proton synchrotron ( ps ) at cern, this is the first time a high - energy physics accelerator has been used to study atmospheric and climate science. the results should contribute much to our understanding of clouds and climate. cosmic rays are charged particles that bombard the earth ' s atmosphere from outer space. studies suggest they may have an influence on the amount of cloud cover through the formation of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5754391277053444, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:57ca599a-245e-40c8-95d4-d743e3a8f855>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T10:38:05.896050"}
{"text": "climate science. the results should contribute much to our understanding of clouds and climate. cosmic rays are charged particles that bombard the earth ' s atmosphere from outer space. studies suggest they may have an influence on the amount of cloud cover through the formation of new aerosols ( tiny particles suspended in the air that seed cloud droplets ). this is supported by satellite measurements, which show a possible correlation between cosmic - ray intensity and the amount of low cloud cover. cern finds \u201c significant \u201d cosmic ray cloud effect best known for its studies of the fundamental constituents of matter, the cern particle - physics laboratory in geneva is now also being used to study the climate. researchers in the cloud collaboration have released the first results from their experiment designed to mimic conditions in the earth \u2019 s atmosphere. by firing beams of particles from the lab \u2019 s proton synchrotron accelerator into a gas - filled chamber, they have discovered that cosmic rays could have a role to play in climate by enhancing the production of potentially cloud - seeding aerosols. \u2013 physics world, 24 august 2011 if henrik svensmark is right, then we are going down the wrong path of taking all these expensive measures to cut carbon emissions ; if he is right, we could carry on with carbon emissions as normal. jasper kirkby is a superb scientist, but he has been a lousy politician. in 1998, anticipating he ' d be leading a path - breaking experiment into the sun ' s role in global warming, he made the mistake of stating that the sun and cosmic rays \" will probably be able to account for somewhere between a half and the whole of the increase in the earth ' s temperature that we have seen in the last century. \" global warming, he theorized, may be part of a natural cycle in the earth ' s temperature. churchville, va \u2014 get ready for the next big bombshell in the man - made warming debate. climate change : news and comments e physicien danois henrik swensmark ne se doutait probablement pas, en fournissant ses donnees et en faisant part de ses remarques aux realisateurs de l ' experience \" cloud \" au cern a geneve, que les resultats de cette experience souleveraient des problemes politiques importants. wuwt reader max _ b tips us off to this article and video. according to nigel calder \u2019 s blog, cern \u2019 s cloud experiment ( testing svensmarks \u2019 s cosmic - ray theory", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5753361529632268, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:57ca599a-245e-40c8-95d4-d743e3a8f855>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T10:38:05.898594"}
{"text": "##ent des problemes politiques importants. wuwt reader max _ b tips us off to this article and video. according to nigel calder \u2019 s blog, cern \u2019 s cloud experiment ( testing svensmarks \u2019 s cosmic - ray theory ) shows a large enhancement of aerosol production and the results are due for release in 2 or 3 months \u2019 time. there is a short physics world interview with jasper kirkby which is worthwhile viewing and was published a couple of days ago \u2026 j. a. performed the nucleation rate analysis. s. s. conducted the api - tof analysis. results paper published in gigs ( january 2013 ) - article poste le 07 avril 2010 - \u201c la pluralite des voix n \u2019 est pas une preuve qui vaille. car lorsqu \u2019 une verite est quelque peu difficile a decouvrir, il serait etonnant que tout un peuple l \u2019 ait rencontree plutot qu \u2019 un homme seul \u201d. the climatic research unit email controversy ( also known as \" climategate \" ) [ 2 ] [ 3 ] began in november 2009 with the hacking of a server at the climatic research unit ( cru ) at the university of east anglia ( uea ) by an external attacker. [ 4 ] [ 5 ] several weeks before the copenhagen summit on climate change, an unknown individual or group breached cru ' s server and copied thousands of emails and computer files to various locations on the internet.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5588366970128928, "token_count": 313, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:57ca599a-245e-40c8-95d4-d743e3a8f855>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T10:38:05.899286"}
{"text": "home > phrasal verb dictionary : letter f a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p r s t w z music, sound, light, hope ) when something fades away, it gradually becomes weaker until it disappears ; it fades. die away a moment the noise faded away, and only the sound of a light breeze, and ringing, filled my ears. ( insep ) ( family, life, marriage, relationship, house, car, business, deal ) when something falls apart, it desintegrates or falls to pieces. - the building is falling apart. - his marriage fell apart when he cheated on his wife. on [ fall back on somebody, fall back on something ]. - ( insep ) when you fall back on somebody or something, you turn to them or use it when in difficulty or because no other choice is available ; - it ' s great to have a friend to fall - people fall back on alternative medicine when modern drugs don ' t work. had no money to fall back on. ( insep ) when you fall behind or something falls behind, it remains at the same level or standard. - your schoolwork has fallen - he fell behind with the rent and was asked to leave the flat. ( insep ) when you fall down, you fall accidentallly or because something is in a poor state of repair. fell down and hurt her knees. - she tripped and fell down fall for [ fall for somebody ]. - ( insep ) when you fall for somebody, you fall in love with them. fell for him in a big way. - why does he always fall for the wrong women. fall for [ fall for something ]. - when you fall for something, you are tricked or deceived. could you fall for such an old trick? fell for his talk and bought the encyclopedia. fall off. - 1 ( insep ) ( bike, horse, button ) when you fall off something, you separate from it and - he fell off his bike and hurt himself. 2 ( insep ) ( attendance, interest, quality, profits ) when something falls off, it decreases or becomes less or fewer. drop off - attendance has fallen off this term. ( insep ) ( a situation, somebody ) when two people fall out, they quarrel or have an argument and stop being - they ' ve fallen out over some stupid misunderstanding. - i don ' t like bill - i fell out with him when he sold me a car that didn '", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5518864146938378, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:22d82573-156a-47ad-8db3-7de6a61759df>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T10:38:05.937358"}
{"text": "somebody ) when two people fall out, they quarrel or have an argument and stop being - they ' ve fallen out over some stupid misunderstanding. - i don ' t like bill - i fell out with him when he sold me a car that didn ' t work. fall over. - ( insep ) when you fall over, you fall to the ground. - she slipped on the ice and fell over. - he fell over and broke his leg. - my daughter is learning to walk so she falls over quite a lot. ( insep ) ( idea, plan, project, arrangement, scheme, proposal ) when something falls through, it fails and it ' s abandoned. - the deal fell through for reasons that are not clear. - the sale fell through at the last minute. - the employees decided not to work for him and his plan fell through. with something [ be fed up with something / somebody ]. - ( insep ) when you are fed up with something or somebody, you are tired, depressed, bored or no longer interested in them. - are you as fed up with what ' s going on in washington as i am? i ' ve become increasingly concerned about the current direction of our country. ferret out [ ferret something out ]. - ( secret, the truth, details, error, facts, information ) when you ferret something out, you succeed in finding some difficult or secret information. dig out managed to ferret out the secret. fight off [ fight something off ]. - ( infection, cold, illness, attack, enemy, competition ) when you fight something off, you try to avoid or get rid of it. - i ' m taking lots of vitamin c to help me fight off this cold. weakens your immune system, making it harder for your body to fight figure out [ figure something out ]. - when you figure something out, you manage to understand. - have you figured out what the problem is? - i just can ' t figure her out. for [ fill in for somebody ]. - ( insep ) when you fill in for somebody, you do their job temporarily because they can ' t. cover for, sit in for, stand - colleen was pleased that gwen swick was able to fill in for her, as gwen was an old friend and they had worked together many times. fill in [ fill somebody in, fill somebody in on something ]. - ( details ) when you fill somebody in, or fill somebody in on something, you give them information.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.550756160396999, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:22d82573-156a-47ad-8db3-7de6a61759df>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T10:38:05.938318"}
{"text": "as gwen was an old friend and they had worked together many times. fill in [ fill somebody in, fill somebody in on something ]. - ( details ) when you fill somebody in, or fill somebody in on something, you give them information. - my assistant will fill you in on the details. - for those who haven ' t see it, let me fill you in on some of the highlights. fill in [ fill something in ]. - ( form, cheque, name, coupon, space, questionnaire, hole ) when you fill something in, you complete it with the correct information. gave me a form and told me to fill it in. - you will be asked to fill in a questionnaire designed to measure your quality of life. fill up [ fill up, fill something up ]. - ( glass, car, tank, bottle, container, theater ) when you fill something up or something fills up, it - you should always switch off the engine before you fill up with petrol. filled up the kettle with water and made everyone a cup of tea. find out [ find out, find something out ]. - when you find something out, you discover or get - what will she say when she finds - when you lose everything you find out who your real friends are. ( insep ) when you fit in, you get on with a group of people or you feel as if belonging to a group. difficult for them to fit in with the way of life here. flake out. - ( insep, informal ) when you flake out, you fall asleep. - he flaked out on the sofa. flare up. - ( insep ) when you flare up, you become angry. - he was an alcoholic and would flare up at anything. flick through [ flick through something ]. - ( insep ) ( magazine, book, album, article, channels, cards ) when you flick through something, you read or look quickly at the pages of a magazine or book. it also means to change repeatedly from one station or channel to another. flip through, glance over, leaf through flicked through the channels on the tv, hoping for some news. - i was flicking through the channels when i saw her on the telly. i couldn ' t believe it. flip through [ flip through something ]. - ( insep ) the same as flick through. flush out [ flush somebody out ]. - ( rebels, resistance, militants, guerrillas, criminals ) when you flush somebody out,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5434103530223641, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:22d82573-156a-47ad-8db3-7de6a61759df>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T10:38:05.939327"}
{"text": "' t believe it. flip through [ flip through something ]. - ( insep ) the same as flick through. flush out [ flush somebody out ]. - ( rebels, resistance, militants, guerrillas, criminals ) when you flush somebody out, you force them to leave a place. - the angolan armed forces have recently flushed out the rebels from the area. - in the port of umm qasr, to the south, royal marines have been flashing out the last pockets of resistance. fob off [ fob somebody off ]. - ( patient, creditor ) when you fob somebody off, you stop somebody complaining by giving them silly answers. keep ringing them and complaining but they just fob me off! they couldnt fob off [ fob something off ]. - ( responsibility ) when you fob something off, you manage to make somebody accept something faulty, worthless or difficult to deal with. try to fob off your responsibility on others! - i don ' t want to be fobbed off with excuses, i want to know who is responsible for this problem! out [ freak out, freak somebody out ]. - when you freak out, you react in an anxious, excited and wild manner to something. - my parents would freak out if i talked to them about this. freak out and do something stupid every time something bad happens. frighten away [ frighten something away ]. - when you frighten somebody or an animal away, you make them leave using fear. scare away, scare off - they feel a refinery would frighten away tourists and potential tourism investors. frighten off. - the same as frighten away. fuck about. - ( taboo, slang ) when you fuck around, you behave in a stupid way which annoys people. - after a ridiculous amount of fucking about and watching crap on tv, i eventually persuaded them to leave. fuck around. - the same as fuck about. fuck off. - ( taboo ) ( insep ) when you tell somebody to fuck off, you tell them in a very offensive way to leave you alone. bugger off, sod off, piss off started yelling at me again and then told me to fuck off. fuck up [ fuck something up ]. - when you fuck something up, you make of mess of it. balls up, cock up, mess up - every time we win, we go and fuck up the next match with a stupid result.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5807037213516627, "token_count": 498, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:22d82573-156a-47ad-8db3-7de6a61759df>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T10:38:05.940335"}
{"text": "in a video highlighting her research in plastic electronics, princeton engineering professor yueh - lin ( lynn ) loo describes some of the potentially life - changing uses for these malleable materials. play the \" plastic electronics \" video video stills courtesy of volker steger video feature : ' plastic electronics ' posted october 14, 2010 ; 12 : 00 p. m. new developments in plastic electronics potentially could change the quality of human life in a wide range of ways, according to princeton engineering professor yueh - lin ( lynn ) loo. \" imagine tinted windows that can also generate power during the day, \" loo says in this video highlighting her research in plastic electronics. \" imagine disposable sensors that would change color if the water source is contaminated, or yet think of smart plastic patches that can monitor your health and deliver medication when you ' re sick. the possibilities are endless. \" loo was one of five young scientists who spoke in september at the world economic forum ' s \" annual meeting of the new champions \" in tianjin, china. she is an associate professor in the department of chemical and biological engineering. loo ' s research is funded by the national science foundation, the office of naval research and the sloan foundation. this video was funded by a grant from the high meadows foundation. loo and her laboratory group investigate how the unique attributes of plastics, including their light weight, mechanical flexibility and low cost, can be incorporated into electronics.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.5487523724048232, "token_count": 293, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:1f642d5f-07c8-4654-93f9-e0d245363755>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T10:38:05.952159"}
{"text": "readwritethink couldn ' t publish all of this great content without literacy experts to write and review for us. if you ' ve got lessons plans, activities, or other ideas you ' d like to contribute, we ' d love to hear from you. find the latest in professional publications, learn new techniques and strategies, and find out how you can connect with other literacy professionals. teacher resources by grade | 1st - 2nd | | 3rd - 4th | | 5th - 6th | | 7th - 8th | | 9th - 10th | | 11th - 12th | characters in because of winn - dixie : making lists of ten | grades | | 3 \u2013 5 | | lesson plan type | | standard lesson | | estimated time | | five 50 - minute sessions plus independent reading time | in kate dicamillo \u2019 s book because of winn - dixie, the protagonist, opal, learns about her absent mother when her father shares ten things about her. working as a class, students match items from the list of ten things describing opal ' s mother in the novel with the basic elements of characterization. next, they work in small groups to go through the same process with the list of ten things describing winn - dixie. students then create an individual list describing another character in the book. finally, students extend this process to another book they are reading by recording ten characteristics on a printable bookmark, ranking those characteristics in terms of importance, and then publishing them in a flip book format. three elements of characterization : this resource introduces students to the three elements of characterization, as well as some basic vocabulary terms related to characters. flip book interactive : this online tool allows students to type and illustrate tabbed flip books up to ten pages long. in her \" teaching ideas \" column, diana mitchell states, \" students tire of responding to novels in the same ways. they want new ways to think about a piece of literature and new ways to dig into it \" ( 92 ). mitchell provides fifty suggestions on exploring new directions and responding with greater depth to the books read by students. this lesson plan provides a similar alternative by asking students to identify key details from the book in a way that goes beyond the ordinary while still focusing on comprehension. mitchell, diana. \" fifty alternatives to the book report. \" english journal 87. 1 ( january 1998 ) : 92 - 95.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.508667426963052, "token_count": 475, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ace6606c-e8d1-463c-a274-0589b2439c8b>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T10:38:05.969251"}
{"text": "pliers common types a selection of articles related to pliers common types. original articles from our library related to the pliers common types. see table of contents for further available material ( downloadable resources ) on pliers common types. - astral beings and wildlife - the astral dimension contains a wide variety of what could be called non - physical subtle energy life - forms ; or as carlos castenada so aptly calls them : inorganic beings. some of these have a positive nature ( nice ) and some seem have a negative nature ( not so... parapsychology > > astral projection - what are the different types of magick? - these is high and low, black and white, tantric, and chaos magick, there are candle, herb, sympathetic, representational, symbolic, color, crystal, knot, moon, and elemental magick. now this is not a complete list, there are many more such as fairy, tree,... mystic sciences > > magick - the religious experience : a wiccan viewpoint - what is religion? religion is a set of beliefs which allow us to understand and categorize our world and our place in it. a set of beliefs which define our culture, our expectations, our views of people and behaviors we expect. i have found several different... religion & philosophy > > religions - an overview of different types of scrying - scrying is a method of divination. it consists of gazing into a crystal, a mirror or some water for example, anything shiny really, in order to enter altered mind states... a good cliche that best describes scrying is the gypsy fortune - teller and her large... divination > > scrying - story of the celts : the ancient celts - the ancient celts [ 8 ] what is surprising to most modern readers is just how widespread across europe the celts once were. the celts have been called the \" fathers of europe, \" that is north of the greco - roman mediterranean. long before the germanic... history & anthropology > > celtic & irish - what is hypnotic trance? does it provide unusual physical or mental capacities? - 2. 1 ' trance ; ' descriptive or misleading? most of the classical notions of hypnosis have long held that hypnosis was special in some way from other types of interpersonal communication and that an induction ( preparatory process considered by some to be... parapsychology > > h", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5249370958949866, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:19f9dd57-8848-4b36-ab66-8b310c7957a2>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T10:38:05.974108"}
{"text": "most of the classical notions of hypnosis have long held that hypnosis was special in some way from other types of interpersonal communication and that an induction ( preparatory process considered by some to be... parapsychology > > hypnosis pliers common types is described in multiple online sources, as addition to our editors ' articles, see section below for printable documents, pliers common types books and related discussion. suggested pdf resources - clover safe # 90 using pliers safely - most types of have jaws located at the tips. pliers are primarily used for gripping, twisting, turning, and cutting objects. - using pliers safely - anr environmental health & safety - most types of pliers have serrated jaws located at the tips. - assembling means putting the parts of something together. for - square jaws are useful for bending corners on thin metal. fig. 24 - 6 using an offset screwdriver. - the toolbox - the most common type of pliers are slip - joint pliers ( 8 \u201d ) which have jaws that can be adjusted to grip large or small things. suggested web resources - pliers - wikipedia, the free encyclopedia - pliers are a hand tool used to hold objects firmly, for bending, or physical there are many kinds of pliers made for various general and specific purposes. - types of pliers - describes the types and features of various pliers. types of pliers. there are several types of pliers, each suited to a different task. - types of pliers - pliers are two - handled, two - jawed hand tools used mainly for gripping, twisting, here are some of the main types of pliers. insulated handles are common. - what are the most and less common types of pliers | trend - jul 27, 2011 one of the most common tools that are widely used by several people when fixing appliances or engines is called pliers. - osh answers : pliers and wire cutters - aug 17, 2010 what are common types of pliers and wire cutters? what are some safety tips to know when using pliers and wire cutters? great care has been taken to prepare the information on this page. elements of the content come from factual and lexical knowledge databases, realmagick. com library and third - party sources. we appreciate your suggestions and comments on further improvements of the site.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.5321686014770882, "token_count": 488, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:19f9dd57-8848-4b36-ab66-8b310c7957a2>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T10:38:05.975060"}
{"text": "synthetic biology : tum researchers develop novel kind of fluorescent protein proteins are the most important functional biomolecules in nature with numerous applications in life science research, biotechnology and medicine. so how can they be modified in the most effective way to attain certain desired properties? in the past, the modifications were usually carried out either chemically or via genetic engineering. the team of professor arne skerra from the tum chair of biological chemistry has now developed a more elegant combined solution : by extending the otherwise universal genetic code, the scientists are able to coerce bacterial cells to produce tailored proteins with synthetic functional groups. to put their idea to the test, they set out to crack a particularly hard nut : the scientists wanted to incorporate a non - natural amino acid at a specific site into a widely used natural protein. in bioresearch this protein is commonly known as \" gfp \" ( = green fluorescent protein ). it emits a bright green glow and stems originally from a jellyfish that uses the protein to make itself visible in the darkness of the deep sea. the team chose a pale lavender coumarin pigment, serving as side chain of a non - natural amino acid, as the synthetic group. the scientists \" fed \" this artificial amino acid to a laboratory culture of escherichia coli bacteria \u201c \u201c the microorganism workhorses of genetic engineering, whose natural siblings are also found in the human intestine. since the team had transferred the modified genetic blueprints for the gfp to the bacteria \u201c \u201c including the necessary biosynthesis machinery \u201c \u201c it incorporated the coumarin amino acid at a very specific site into the fluorescent protein. this spot in the gfp was carefully chosen, explains professor skerra : \" we positioned the synthetic amino acid at a very close distance from the fluorescence center of the natural protein. \" the scientists employed the principle of the so - called foerster resonance energy transfer, or fret for short. under favorable conditions, this process of physical energy transfer, named after the german physical chemist theodor foerster, allows energy to be conveyed from one stimulated pigment to another in a radiation - less manner. it was precisely this fret effect that the scientists implemented very elegantly in the new fluorescent protein. they defined the distance between the imported chemical pigment and the biological blue - green ( cyan, to be more precise ) pigment of the jellyfish protein in such a way that the interplay between the two dyes resulted in a completely novel kind of fluorescent", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5872612941116154, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:d3ef8be8-d68b-4d8f-bea4-d1248144d3a5>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T10:38:05.979479"}
{"text": "defined the distance between the imported chemical pigment and the biological blue - green ( cyan, to be more precise ) pigment of the jellyfish protein in such a way that the interplay between the two dyes resulted in a completely novel kind of fluorescent chimeric biomolecule. because of the extreme proximity of the two luminescent groups the pale lavender of the synthetic amino acid can no longer be detected ; instead, the typical blue - green color of the fluorescent protein dominates. \" what is special here, and different from the natural gfp, is that, thanks to the synthetically incorporated amino acid, the fluorescence can be excited with a commercially available black - light lamp in place of an expensive dedicated laser apparatus, \" explains sebastian kuhn, who conducted these groundbreaking experiments as part of his doctoral thesis. according to skerra, the design principle of the novel bio - molecule, which is characterized by a particularly large and hard to achieve wavelength difference between excitation and emitted light, should open numerous interesting applications : \" we have now demonstrated that the technology works. our strategy will enable the preparation of customized fluorescent proteins in various colors for manifold future purposes. \" this research project was financially supported by the german research foundation ( dfg ) as part of the excellence cluster \" munich center for integrated protein science \" ( cips - m ). on the net :", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.6178319498601659, "token_count": 277, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:d3ef8be8-d68b-4d8f-bea4-d1248144d3a5>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T10:38:05.980613"}
{"text": "bill scanlon, nrel january 02, 2013 | 3 comments it takes outside - the - box thinking to outsmart the solar spectrum and set a world record for solar cell efficiency. the solar spectrum has boundaries and immutable rules. no matter how much solar cell manufacturers want to bend those rules, they can ' t. so how can we make a solar cell that has a higher efficiency than the rules allow? that ' s the question scientists in the iii - v multijunction photovoltaics group at the u. s. department of energy ' s ( doe ) national renewable energy laboratory ( nrel ) faced 15 years ago as they searched for materials they could grow easily that also have the ideal combinations of band gaps for converting photons from the sun into electricity with unprecedented efficiency. a band gap is an energy that characterizes how a semiconductor material absorbs photons, and how efficiently a solar cell made from that material can extract the useful energy from those photons. \" the ideal band gaps for a solar cell are determined by the solar spectrum, \" said daniel friedman, manager of the nrel iii - v multijunction photovoltaics group. \" there ' s no way around that. \" but this year, friedman ' s team succeeded so spectacularly in bending the rules of the solar spectrum that nrel and its industry partner, solar junction, won a coveted r & d 100 award from r & d magazine for a world - record multijunction solar cell. the three - layered cell, sj3, converted 43. 5 % of the energy in sunlight into electrical energy \u2014 a rate that has stimulated demand for the cell to be used in concentrator photovoltaic ( cpv ) arrays for utility - scale energy production. last month, that record of 43. 5 % efficiency at 415 suns was eclipsed with a 44 % efficiency at 947 suns. both records were verified by nrel. this is nrel ' s third r & d 100 award for advances in ultra - high - efficiency multijunction cells. cpv technology gains efficiency by using low - cost lenses to multiply the sun ' s intensity, which scientists refer to as numbers of suns. friedman says earlier success with multijunction cells \u2014 layered semiconductors each optimized to capture different wavelengths of light at their junctions \u2014 gave nrel a head start. the sj3 cells fit into the market for utility - scale cpv projects. they ' re designed for application under sunlight concentrated to 1, 000 times its", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.572548808861169, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:27f26aae-a3e4-42ab-933d-39c486196c55>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T10:38:06.010741"}
{"text": "matched the lattice of the layer above it \u2014 and that also had the ideal band gap. \" we knew from the shape of the solar spectrum and modeling solar cells that what we wanted was a third junction that has a band gap of about 1. 0 electron volt, lattice - matched to gallium arsenide, \" friedman said. \" the lattice match makes materials easier to grow. \" they concentrated on materials from the third and fifth columns of the periodic table because these so - called iii - v semiconductors have similar crystal structures and ideal diffusion, absorption, and mobility properties for solar cells. but there was seemingly no way to capture the benefits of the gallium arsenide material while matching the lattice of the layer below, because no known iii - v material compatible with gallium arsenide growth had both the desired 1 - ev band gap and the lattice - constant match to gallium arsenide. that changed in the early 1990s, when a research group at ntt laboratories in tokyo working on an unrelated problem made an unexpected discovery. even though gallium nitride has a higher band gap than gallium arsenide, when you add a bit of nitrogen to gallium arsenide, the band gap shrinks \u2014 exactly the opposite of what was expected to happen. \" that was very surprising, and it stimulated a great deal of work all over the world, including here at nrel, \" friedman said. \" it helped push us to start making solar cells with this new dilute nitride material. \" good band gaps, but not so good solar material the new solar cells nrel developed had two things going for them \u2014 and one big issue. \" the good things were that we could make the material very easily, and we did get the band gap and the lattice match that we wanted, \" friedman said. \" the bad thing was that it wasn ' t a good solar cell material. it wasn ' t very good at converting absorbed photons into electrical energy. materials quality is critical for high - performance solar cells, so this was a big problem. \" still, nrel continued to search for a solution. \" we worked on it for quite a while, and we got to a point where we realized we had to choose between two ways of collecting current from a solar cell, \" friedman said. \" one way is to let the electrical carriers just diffuse along without the aid of an electric field. that ' s what you do if you have good material. \"", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5070811905079294, "token_count": 504, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:27f26aae-a3e4-42ab-933d-39c486196c55>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T10:38:06.013451"}
{"text": "around the arm to measure blood pressure can simply be too small to accurately... read more \u00bb mild traumatic brain injury often remains undiagnosed : although the symptoms of severe brain injury are hard to miss, it is less clear for milder injuries, or even those causing a mild concussion diagnosis. the condition goes by the name of \" mild... read more \u00bb mtbi misdiagnosed as balance problem : when a person has symptoms such as vertigo or dizziness, a diagnosis of brain injury may go overlooked. this is particularly true of mild traumatic brain injury ( mtbi ), for which the symptoms are typically mild. the... read more \u00bb rare diseases misdiagnosed as parkinson ' s disease : a rare genetic disorder is often misdiagnosed as parkinson ' s disease for men in their 50 ' s. the disease fragile x disorder can show only mild symptoms in the early years, and parkinsons... read more \u00bb brain pressure condition often misdiagnosed as dementia : a condition that results from an excessive pressure of csf within the brain is often misdiagnosed. it may be misdiagnosed as parkinson ' s disease or dementia ( such as alzheimer ' s disease... read more \u00bb post - concussive brain injury often misdiagnosed : a study found that soldiers who had suffered a concussive injury in battle often were misdiagnosed on their return. a... read more \u00bb children with migraine often misdiagnosed : a migraine often fails to be correctly diagnosed in pediatric patients. these patients are not the... read more \u00bb vitamin b12 deficiency under - diagnosed : the condition of vitamin b12 deficiency is a possible misdiagnosis of various conditions, such as multiple sclerosis ( see symptoms of multiple sclerosis ). see symptoms of vitamin b12 deficiency... read more \u00bb other ways to find a doctor, or use doctor, physician and specialist online research services : research extensive quality ratings and patient safety measures for hospitals, clinics and medical facilities in health specialties related to tremors in children : rare types of medical conditions and diseases in related medical categories : conditions that are commonly undiagnosed in related areas may include : the list below shows some of the causes of tremors in children mentioned in various sources : this information refers to the general prevalence and incidence of these diseases, not to how likely they are to be the actual cause of tremors in children. of the 39 causes of tremor", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.5178085164156947, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:8a07f55c-1469-44ba-9c4d-ba8e7f724b86>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T10:38:06.023166"}
{"text": "sun lore of all ages, by william tyler olcott,, at sacred - texts. com p. 52 p. 53 some one has said : \" if no other knowledge deserves to be called useful but that which helps to enlarge our possessions or to raise our station in society, then mythology has no claim to usefulness. but if that which tends to make us happier and better can be called useful, a knowledge of mythology is useful, for it is the handmaid of literature, and literature is one of the best allies of virtue and promoters of happiness. \" the solar myth, above all others, commands the attention and interest of the student of mythology, for it is the very basis of the science ; it permeates the early history of all people, its influence has made itself felt in every age, and many of the customs that govern our lives to - day are of solar origin. the sun, above all that human eyes behold, is the chief element in life, the very essence of our existence, and to its beneficent influences we owe all that we possess to - day, that is of worth. how few realise this fact. \" ' differentiated sun - shine, ' is the striking and suggestive phrase used by john fiske in his cosmic philosophy to stand for all things whatsoever to be found in this great world of ours ; from the tiny sun - dew, hid in the secret abiding places of spreading swamp lands, and the inconsequent midget it opens its sticky little fist to grasp, to the great forest tree, and all - consequent man armed with his conquering broadaxe. it is merely a terse symbolic way of describing the processes of cosmic evolution from the sun as the original source and continuous guiding power of our own special universe. \" \" back of the present sun figures in primitive and culture lore are the animistic conceptions of the sun such as that of manabozho, or the great white hare, of algonquin legend, or indra the bull sun of india. in course of time the zoomorphic sun gives place to the anthropomorphic sun, and finally we arrive at such personifications of the sun as osiris in egypt, apollo in greece, and balder in norse mythology. indeed it might almost be said that all the great steps in the onward march of the human race could be found recorded in the various and multiple personifications of the sun. \" 1 our ideas concerning natural phenomena are but", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5225612715967477, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:b9730496-b2cd-44b6-af79-a593a122f0bc>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T10:38:06.059641"}
{"text": "balder in norse mythology. indeed it might almost be said that all the great steps in the onward march of the human race could be found recorded in the various and multiple personifications of the sun. \" 1 our ideas concerning natural phenomena are but the result of past ages of research in the fields of science ; but when we come to a consideration of the phenomena that day and night present, in their ever - changing phases, we find it extremely difficult to clearly understand the mental viewpoint of primitive man regarding this continual change, for the uninterrupted sequence and constant repetition of this phenomena has dulled our faculties and it escapes our attention. in ancient times, however, this continual daily process was closely observed and seriously considered, and the sun in all its aspects became at an early date in certain countries a personified godhead. the expression \" swallowed up by night \" is now a mere metaphor, but the idea it conveys, that of the setting sun, was a matter of great importance to the ancients. however, the daily aspects of the sun were not alone matters of concern, the seasonable changes were closely observed, and the spring - tide sun, returning with youthful vigour after the long sleep in the night of winter, had a different name from the summer and autumnal sun. there are consequently, a multiplicity of names for the sun to be found in a study of primitive history and mythology, and an enormous mass of sun myths depicting the adventures of a primitive sun hero in terms of the varying aspects which the sun assumes during the day and year. there was simply no limit to the images suggested by these aspects, as sir george cox puts it 1 : \" in the thought of these early ages the sun was the child of night or darkness, the dawn came before he was born, and died as he rose in the heavens. he strangled the serpents of the night, he went forth like a bridegroom out of his chamber, and like a giant to run his course. he had to do battle with clouds and storms, sometimes his light grew dim under their gloomy veil, and the children of men shuddered at the wrath of the hidden sun. his course might be brilliant and beneficent, or gloomy, sullen, and capricious. he might be a warrior, a friend, or a destroyer. the rays of the sun were changed into golden hair, into spears and lances, and robes of light. \" from this play of the imagination the great fundamental solar myths sprang", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5199491759042572, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:b9730496-b2cd-44b6-af79-a593a122f0bc>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T10:38:06.060930"}
{"text": "the veda the sun is frequently called \" the runner, \" \" the quick racer, \" or simply \" the horse. \" this idea of the swift flight of the sun is further carried out by attributing wings to the sun, or dawn, and on the egyptian and assyrian monuments we find the winged solar disk inscribed. from this it was but a step of the imagination to regard the sun as a bird, and when the sun set the ancients said : \" the bird of day is weary, and has fallen into the sea. \" it is even thought that the hare is symbolic of eastertide, for the very reason that fleetness of foot was its chief attribute. it is also a significant fact that the solar personification of the north american indians was called \" the great white hare. \" \" the more the babylonian mythology is examined, \" says sayce, \" the more solar is its origin found to be, thus confirming the results arrived at in the aryan and semitic fields of research. with two exceptions only the great deities seem all to go back to the sun. \" of the mythology of egypt, the eminent authority renouf makes the statement : \" whatever may be the case in other mythologies, i look upon the sunrise and sunset, on the daily return of day and night, on the battle between light and darkness, on the whole solar drama in all its details that is acted every day, every month, every year, in heaven and in earth as the principal subject of egyptian mythology. \" the predominant mythological figures of egypt were so much involved in the sun worship of that country, and to such an extent sun - gods, that a discussion of their personality and deeds pertains more properly to the chapter on sun worship, and is omitted therefore in this place. there is one feature of solar mythology that is striking because of its universality, and that is the connection which the figures personifying the sun in various lands have with navigation. the jewish midrash compares the course of the sun to that of a ship, and curiously enough to a ship coming from britain, which is rigged with 365 ropes ( the number of days in the solar year ), and to a ship coming from alexandria which has 354 ropes ( the number of days of the lunar year ). in egypt we see on the monuments the figure of ra, the sun - god, in his boat sailing over the ocean of heaven. \" the sun king apollo is with the greeks, \" says goldhizer, 1 \" the founder of navigation", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5086792838743834, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:b9730496-b2cd-44b6-af79-a593a122f0bc>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T10:38:06.063350"}
{"text": ". in egypt we see on the monuments the figure of ra, the sun - god, in his boat sailing over the ocean of heaven. \" the sun king apollo is with the greeks, \" says goldhizer, 1 \" the founder of navigation, \" and even the legendary charon, the ferry - man of the underworld, is a development of the solar myth. the roman sun - god, janus, is also brought into connection with navigation, and the peruvian sun deity came to them from the sea, and took his leave of them in a ship which floated down a river to the sea where it vanished. the ancient egyptians called the sun \" the cat, \" for, \" like the sun, \" says horapollo, \" the pupil of the cat ' s eye grows larger with the advance of day. \" the egyptians imagined that a great cat stood behind the sun which was the pupil of the cat ' s eye. the following sun myth found in india is quoted from anthropology by edward b. tylor. it relates that : ' ' vamana, the tiny brahman, to humble the pride of king bali, begs of him as much land as he can measure in three steps, but when the boon is granted, the little dwarf expands into the gigantic form of vishnu, and striding with one step across the earth, another across the air, and a third across the sky, drives bali into the infernal regions, where he still reigns. this most remarkable of all tom thumb stories seems really a myth of the sun, rising tiny above the horizon, then swelling into majestic power, and crossing the universe. for vamana the dwarf is one of the incarnations of vishnu, and vishnu was originally the sun. in the hymns of the veda the idea of his three steps is to be found before it had become a story, when it was as yet only a poetic metaphor of the sun crossing the airy regions in his three strides. \" the ancient hindus enthroned the sun - god in a burning chariot, and saw in his flashing rays spirited and fiery steeds arrayed in resplendent and gleaming trappings. where we would say, \" the sun is rising, \" or, \" he is high in the heavens, \" they remarked, \" the sun has yoked his steeds for his journey. \" one of the common appellations for the sun in mythology is \" the cow, \" and the sun ' s rays are described as the cow ' s milk", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5053166429434934, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:b9730496-b2cd-44b6-af79-a593a122f0bc>", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T10:38:06.065585"}
{"text": "they remarked, \" the sun has yoked his steeds for his journey. \" one of the common appellations for the sun in mythology is \" the cow, \" and the sun ' s rays are described as the cow ' s milk. in the veda this is one of the most familiar conceptions. these are good examples of the part imagination has played in the development of solar mythology. given the notion that the sun is a chariot, the rays are seen immediately to resemble steeds, and, likewise, if the sun be likened to a cow, the rays must peradventure represent milk. the sun ' s rays are compared more consistently with locks of hair or hair on the face or head of the sun. the sun - god helios is called by the greeks \" the yellow - haired, \" and long locks of hair and a flowing beard are mythological attributes of the sun in many lands. in an american indian myth the sun - god is described as an old man with a full beard, and the long beards of the peruvian and toltec sun - gods are often referred to in the mythological references concerning them. if mythology is regarded as a wondrous piece of tapestry, wrought by imagination and fancy, displaying in many hues the noble deeds of gods and heroes of the ancient world, then, the part woven by the greeks may well be considered the most conspicuous for brilliancy of conception and beauty of design of all that enters into this marvellous and priceless fabric. it has been said that greek mythology, in its dynastic series of ruling gods, shows an evolution from a worship of the forces of nature to a worship of the powers of the mind. it is beyond question the most complete in its details, the most perfect viewed from an artistic standpoint, the most beautiful and enduring of all the world ' s store of legendary lore that has come down to us, and in this wealth of mythology, the solar myth stands out supreme, as the central figure, clothed in the matchless imagery of a naturally poetical and highly artistic people. in the following discussion of the greek sun myths, there is much that seems so grotesque and fanciful as to border on absurdity, but the seriousness of the subject cannot be doubted, and, in order to understand it fully, with a true sense of appreciation, we must ever regard the legends as interpreting the natural phenomena of day and night. bearing this fact in mind will enable us to grasp the significance of much that would otherwise", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5392689352817769, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:b9730496-b2cd-44b6-af79-a593a122f0bc>", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T10:38:06.066565"}
{"text": "of eternal youth, and the most accomplished of athletes, apollo came to be regarded as the patron of youthful athletic contests, and the pythian games he instituted to commemorate his victory over the python were celebrated in all lands. space does not permit of a complete recital of the many deeds of this famous sun hero. his favourite animals were the hawk and the swan ; his tree, the bay. he was represented in the perfection of united manly strength and beauty. his long hair hangs loose, his brows are wreathed with bay, and in his hands he bears his bow and lyre. the wonderful and famous apollo belvedere shows at the same time the conception which the ancients had of this benign deity, and the high degree of perfection to which they had attained in sculpture. few deities had more appellations than ph\u0153bus apollo. he was called delian, delphian, clarian, etc., from the places of his worship. he was also referred to as \" the loxian god, \" from the ambiguity of many of his oracular predictions. another appellation which the god bore was \" lycius \" which means either the wolf - god, or the golden god of light. he is also called \" the mouse - god, \" because he was regarded either as the protector or as the destroyer of mice. other names for apollo were \" silver - bowed, \" \" far shooter, \" \" light producer, \" \" well haired, \" \" gold - haired, \" \" gold - sworded. \" \" the likeness between apollo and achilles scarcely needs to be pointed out, \" says keary. 1 \" each is the ideal youth, the representative of young greece, that which was to become in after years hellas. \" in contrasting the character of the sun - gods, helios and apollo, we note a striking similarity. [ paragraph continues ] both are conspicuous for their brilliant appearance, both possess powers of producing and destroying life, and weapons that are invulnerable. they are endowed alike with inexhaustible powers of creating happiness or sorrow, pleasure or torment, health or sickness. the exercise of these versatile faculties furnishes the theme for the major portion of that great mass of legends which constitute the essential elements of aryan mythology. in the figure of herakles we have a sun - god and hero whose fame has gone afar into all lands, and every age since his time has likened its greatest deeds to the power and might he displayed in the accomplishment of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5030914794250014, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:b9730496-b2cd-44b6-af79-a593a122f0bc>", "chunk_index": 9, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T10:38:06.073588"}
{"text": "hindu myth of indra and ahi, the source from which it sprang. one of the solar legends which has come down to us in the simplest form is that of sisyphus, who, so the myth relates, was condemned to spend his days in laboriously rolling a great stone to the summit of a hill. no sooner was the task accomplished than the stone rolled of its own volition to the base of the hill and his task began anew. if we regard this as a sun myth, we see how closely the details of the legend apply to the daily course of the sun. it appears as a great sphere or ball which gradually mounts to the zenith each day as if laboriously propelled upward, on reaching the meridian it immediately begins its descent to the horizon. again, the sun by reason of its penetrating rays and its commanding position, suggests a power and a light from which nothing can be hid. the personification of this all - seeing eye would therefore be an all - wise being. \" the greek name sisyphus, \" says cox, \" is simply a reduplicated form of sophos, the wise, and so we have the image of a wise being compelled to ascend the heaven or mountain, and obliged in spite of his wisdom, his strength, and his power to come down as he had gone up. the idea of compulsion may soon pass into that of toil, and the latter into the thought of punishment, and thus the sun becomes a criminal under sentence. \" in the myth of ixion we have another solar legend. ixion was condemned to a life of torture, being bound to a four - spoked and ever - revolving wheel. the name ixion probably means \" visitor, \" an appropriate name for the sun deity. the wheel revolves ceaselessly as the sun, and the condemned one is alternately raised into the high heavens, and lowered into the depths of the underworld. cox 1 points out a curious but well - known characteristic of solar myths. \" it is the identification of the sun both with the agent or patient, and with the thing or object by which the act is exercised. ixion is the sun, and so is ixion ' s wheel. hercules is the sun who expires in the flames on the summit of mount \u0153ta, but the fiery robe which scorches him to death is the sun cloud. \" the legend of tantalus again reveals the fact that at one stage in the history of man, anthropomorphic ideas concerning the sun", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.510729714347821, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:b9730496-b2cd-44b6-af79-a593a122f0bc>", "chunk_index": 13, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T10:38:06.078753"}
{"text": "of mount \u0153ta, but the fiery robe which scorches him to death is the sun cloud. \" the legend of tantalus again reveals the fact that at one stage in the history of man, anthropomorphic ideas concerning the sun were prevalent. tantalus was another victim of his misdeeds and consigned to eternal torture. it is related that he stood immersed in water to his chin, and yet dying of thirst, for as he lowered his head to drink, the water withdrew from him, and the earth appeared under his feet. to add to his torment luscious fruits hung alluringly from branches almost within his grasp, but no sooner did he stretch out his hands to pluck them than the wind blew them out of his reach, and their sight and that of the water only served to tantalise him. the figure of the tortured tantalus standing with his head alone exposed above the surface of the water clearly represents the sun setting in the western sea. \" the ancients speculated, \" says paley, \" on the hissing and steaming caused by the red hot orb being cooled down and extinguished in the sea. fire and water could not co - exist, but in this myth the sun has the mastery, and it is the water that retires before the fire. hence homer says it was dried up by the god to punish tantalus. \" the word \" tantalus \" means \" the poiser, \" the suspender in air of the huge disk of the sun, and one myth concerning tantalus relates that, as a punishment for his evil deeds, he was suspended in mid air with a huge stone hanging over his head ever ready to fall and crush him, like a sword of damocles. the ancients believed that the sun and earth were connected by a chain, and this fact reveals clearly the solar significance of the myth. it is further related that tantalus had had the honour of dining with zeus. this signifies that the sun ascended from the mundane sphere to the upper regions. primitive man believed as the bible teaches that all that exists will come to an end in a mighty conflagration, and that some day tantalus himself would be hurled from his throne in the heavens and consume the earth. paley says : \" if sisyphus and tantalus do not represent the sun - gods, the deeds and sufferings attributed to them have no intellectual point or meaning, the origin of such wild fables is quite incapable of explanation.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5039927441205494, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:b9730496-b2cd-44b6-af79-a593a122f0bc>", "chunk_index": 14, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T10:38:06.080038"}
{"text": "oct. 22, 1998 oct. 21, 1998 - - a vibrant celestial photo album of some of nasa hubble space telescope ' s most stunning views of the universe is being unveiled today on the internet. called the hubble heritage program, this technicolor gallery is being assembled by a team of astronomers at hubble ' s science operations center, the space telescope science institute ( stsci ) in baltimore, md. the hubble heritage program is intended to provide the public with some of the very best celestial views the space telescope has to offer. a \" newly processed \" hubble \" picture of the month \" will be shared with the public on an ongoing basis at a dedicated web site : http : / / heritage. stsci. edu. a new image will be posted on the first thursday of every month. the stsci team is sifting through hubble telescope ' s treasure trove of space images to uncover some of the most striking pictures ever taken by the orbiting observatory. the hubble images were originally taken for astronomical research. the images are digitally stored on optical disks in the hubble archives for other scientists to retrieve for further research. aside from scientific value, the images offer compelling views of the universe ' s infinite wonders. they include all types of astronomical phenomena, from nearby planets, to colorful nebulae, to remote galaxies. the first batch of pictures released today includes a view into the star - studded hub of our galaxy ; saturn in \" natural color \" ; a stellar - wind sculpted bubble carved by a massive hot star ; and an overhead view of a magnificent spiral galaxy, dubbed \" sunny side up. \" since its launch in 1990 the hubble space telescope has taken pictures of over 10, 000 celestial objects. the most scientifically interesting observations have been released to news organizations routinely. a large number of pictures have not previously been presented to the public. the task of selecting images for the hubble heritage project involves more than just flipping through hubble ' s 5. 4 - terabyte scrapbook of over 130, 000 space pictures. beautiful color pictures have been meticulously assembled by skilled image processing specialists at stsci. the images selected from the archive are originally black and white and must be combined with other pictures of the same object, taken through different filters. photographic film, home video cameras, and even the human eye reconstruct color views in a similar manner. the institute ' s image processing specialists carefully selected colors to bring out the most detail in the pictures. these aesthetic pictures can also yield new", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5611410124229539, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:053a2981-e5e8-4f85-aba2-445edb1c65a6>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T10:38:06.111216"}
{"text": ". photographic film, home video cameras, and even the human eye reconstruct color views in a similar manner. the institute ' s image processing specialists carefully selected colors to bring out the most detail in the pictures. these aesthetic pictures can also yield new insights into the nature of a celestial object. the team continues working away on hubble images, and assembling enticing new views of celestial wonders for the public. \" these images communicate, at a visceral level, the awe and excitement that we experience when exploring the universe with hubble. it is our chance to repay the public that supports us, \" says heritage program scientist keith noll. - - end - - the space telescope science institute is operated by the association of universities for research in astronomy, inc. ( aura ) for nasa, under contract with the goddard space flight center, greenbelt, md. the hubble space telescope is a project of international cooperation between nasa and the european space agency ( esa ). editor ' s note : images and photo captions associated with this release are available on the internet at : http : / / heritage. stsci. edu and http : / / oposite. stsci. edu / pubinfo / 1998 / 28 or via links in http : / / oposite. stsci. edu / pubinfo / latest. html or http : / / oposite. stsci. edu / pubinfo / pictures. html. other social bookmarking and sharing tools : the above story is reprinted from materials provided by space telescope science institute. note : materials may be edited for content and length. for further information, please contact the source cited above. note : if no author is given, the source is cited instead.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.5696348554970494, "token_count": 360, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:053a2981-e5e8-4f85-aba2-445edb1c65a6>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T10:38:06.112167"}
{"text": "pool. otherwise, we will select a strain of resistant bugs to destroy or mitigate the value of a promising new technology. \u201d the process of letting a few otherwise doomed bugs survive and pass their vulnerability or \u201c susceptibility \u201d on to future generations is called the \u201c refugia strategy \u201d \u2013 the practice of providing a gmo - free refuge for the bugs to happily grow, develop and breed. give the more fragile, yet genetically valuable pests a place to call their own \u2013 even if they munch away at the crops in a minor way \u2013 and they will pay farmers and society back for many, many years to come. the practice of refugia is still experimental \u2013 and can be a tough sell to farmers skeptical of showing mercy to any crop - eating pests. \u201c susceptibility is a natural resource, \u201d whalon said. \u201c just like there \u2019 s only so much water and air, there \u2019 s only so much susceptibility to be grabbed up and exploited. it \u2019 s a natural resource that could be critical to the future of feeding generation of people to come. \u201d other social bookmarking and sharing tools : the above story is reprinted from materials provided by michigan state university. note : materials may be edited for content and length. for further information, please contact the source cited above. note : if no author is given, the source is cited instead.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5104006001434787, "token_count": 285, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:f624f77b-75f0-46dc-9290-002f52ee440a>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T10:38:06.121549"}
{"text": "with the speed of the music and alignment with individual beats. potentially \u201c fake \u201d videos, where music was added to the video after the fact, or the animal was following visual cues, were omitted. \u201c the really important point is that many animals showed really strong evidence of synchronizing with the music, but they were all vocal mimics, \u201d says schachner. \u201c most of them were parrots \u2014 we found 14 different species of parrot on youtube that showed convincing evidence that they could keep a beat. \u201d because only animals capable of vocal mimicry \u2014 such as parrots \u2014 appear to be able to keep a beat, the study implies an evolutionary link between vocal mimicry and this crucial part of dance. \u201c our data suggests that some of the brain mechanisms needed for human dance originally evolved to allow us to imitate sound, \u201d says schachner. it is important to note that vocal mimicry alone is not enough for a bird to keep a beat, although the researchers aren \u2019 t yet certain why some parrots can dance and not others. it may be that all parrots have a latent capacity, but need certain experiences or social motivation, according to schachner. schachner says that these birds do not seem to move in synchrony with sounds in the wild, and so the behavior could not have evolved as a result of direct natural selection. for this reason, in bird species this capacity must be an evolutionary byproduct of something else, says schachner, seemingly vocal mimicry. it may be, says schachner, that the human ability to keep time with music has also evolved as a byproduct of vocal mimicry. she points out that the cognitive processes needed for both actions are related. \u201c in both vocal mimicry and entrainment, \u201d says schachner, \u201c you \u2019 re taking in auditory input, and constantly monitoring not only your output but also the sound input. this allows you to fix your output in real time, to better resemble or line up with what you hear. for example, if you are tapping to a beat, you constantly monitor the sound and your taps, so that if you become misaligned with the beat, you immediately change your timing. if you are imitating a sound, you constantly monitor your memory of the sound you are trying to imitate, as well as the sound you are producing, so if you notice a difference, you can change your vocalization. so it seems plausible that vocal mimicry and keeping a", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5136645103056906, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:7912aa23-dcd7-49d4-8c31-abea7bd7fb12>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T10:38:06.128167"}
{"text": "july 20, 2012 a team led by harvard computer scientists, including two undergraduate students, has developed a new tool that could lead to increased security and enhanced performance for commonly used web and mobile applications. called rocksalt, the clever bit of code can verify that native computer programming languages comply with a particular security policy. presented at the acm conference on programming language design and implementation ( pldi ) in beijing, in june, rocksalt was created by greg morrisett, allen b. cutting professor of computer science at the harvard school of engineering and applied sciences ( seas ), two of his undergraduate students edward gan ' 13 and joseph tassarotti ' 13, former postdoctoral fellow jean - baptiste tristan ( now at oracle ), and gang tan of lehigh university. the use of native code, especially in an online environment, however, opens up the door to hackers who can exploit vulnerabilities and readily gain access to other parts of a computer or device. an initial solution to this problem was offered over a decade ago by computer scientists at the university of california, berkeley, who developed software fault isolation ( sfi ). sfi forces native code to \" behave \" by rewriting machine code to limit itself to functions that fall within particular parameters. this \" sandbox process \" sets up a contained environment for running native code. a separate \" checker \" program can then ensure that the executable code adheres to regulations before running the program. while considered a major breakthrough, the solution was limited to devices using risc chips, a processor more common in research than in consumer computing. in 2006, morrisett developed a way to implement sfi on the more popular cisc - based chips, like the intel x86 processor. the technique was adopted widely. google modified the routine for google chrome, eventually developing it into google native client ( or \" nacl \" ). when bugs and vulnerabilities were found in the checker for nacl, google sent out a call to arms. morrissett once again took on the challenge, turning the problem into an opportunity for his students. the result was rocksalt, an improvement over nacl, built using coq, a proof development system. \" we built a simple but incredibly powerful system for proving a hypothesis - - so powerful that it ' s likely to be overlooked. we want to prove that if the checker says ' yes, ' the code will indeed respect the sandbox security policy, \" says joseph tassarotti ' 13, who built and tested a model", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5774793618332074, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:1c8a60da-d71c-4c8d-b0c7-dd467e7b88bc>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T10:38:06.135713"}
{"text": "powerful that it ' s likely to be overlooked. we want to prove that if the checker says ' yes, ' the code will indeed respect the sandbox security policy, \" says joseph tassarotti ' 13, who built and tested a model of the execution of x86 instructions. \" we wanted to get a guarantee that there are no bugs in the checker, so we set out to construct a rigorous, machine - checked proof that the checker is correct. \" \" our proofs about the correctness of our own tool say that if you run the tool on a program, and it says it ' s safe to run, then according to the model, this program can only do certain things, \" tassarotti adds. \" our proof, however, was only as good as this model. if the model was wrong, then the tool could potentially have an error. \" in other words, he explains, think of an analogy in physics. while you might mathematically prove that according to newton ' s laws, a moving object will follow a certain trajectory, the proof is only meaningful to the degree that newton ' s laws accurately model the world. \" since the x86 architecture is very complicated, it was essential to test the model by running programs on a real chip, then simulating them with the model, and seeing whether the results matched. i specified the meanings of many of these instructions and developed the testing infrastructure to check for errors in the model, \" tassarotti says. \" the biggest benefit may be that users can have more peace of mind that a piece of software works as they want it to, \" says morrisett. \" for users, the impact of such a tool is slightly more tangible ; it allows users to safely run, for example, games, in a web browser without the painfully slow speeds that translated code traditionally provides. \" previous efforts to develop a robust, error - free checker have resulted in some success, but rocksalt has the potential to be scaled to software widely used by the general public. the researchers expect that their tool might end up being adopted and integrated into future versions of common web browsers. morrisett and his team also have plans to adapt the tool for use in a broader variety of processors. reflecting on how the class project has been transformative, tassarotti says, \" i plan to pursue a ph. d. in computer science, and i hope to work on projects like this that can improve the correctness of software. as computers are so prevalent now in fields", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5970946163159663, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:1c8a60da-d71c-4c8d-b0c7-dd467e7b88bc>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T10:38:06.136809"}
{"text": "in the fall of 2005, the dalai lama gave the inaugural dialogues between neuroscience and society lecture at the annual meeting of the society for neuroscience in washington, dc. there were over 30, 000 neuroscientists registered for the meeting, and it seemed as if most of them attended the talk. the dalai lama \u2019 s address was designed to highlight the areas of convergence between neuroscience and buddhist thought about the mind, and to many in the audience he clearly achieved his objective. there was some controversy over his being invited to deliver this lecture insofar as he is both a head of state and a religious leader, and for that reason he largely stuck to his prepared text. but he strayed from the text at least once, reminding the audience that not only was he a buddhist monk but also an enthusiastic proponent of modern technology. elaborating, he shared a confidence with the audience, telling the audience of scientists that meditating was hard work for him ( even though he meditates for 4 hours every morning ), and that if neuroscientists were able to find a way to put electrodes in his brain and provide him with the same outcome as he gets from meditating, he would be an enthusiastic volunteer. it turns out that a recent set of experiments, from researchers at mit and stanford, moves us a step closer to making his wish a reality. the dalai lama \u2019 s interest in neuroscience has been reciprocated by at least some members of the neuroscience community. reasoning that studying the brains of people who meditate might lead to novel insights about the human brain, investigations of long - term meditators has been fertile ground for scientific investigation, with some of the more rigorous work emerging from richard davidson \u2019 s laboratory at the university of wisconsin. from the perspective of neuroscience, meditation can be characterized as a series of mental exercises by which one strengthens one \u2019 s control over the workings of their own brain. the simplest of these meditation practices is \u2018 focused attention \u2019 where one concentrates on a single object, for example one \u2019 s breath. when expert meditators practiced focused attention meditation, demonstrable changes were seen using fmri in the networks of the brain that are known to modulate attention. a second set of experiments studied long - term meditators practicing \u2018 open monitoring meditation \u2019, a more advanced meditation practice which in many ways is a form of metacognition : the objective is not to focus one \u2019 s attention but rather to use one \u2019 s brain to monitor the universe of mental experience", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.5806120121352175, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:87f47178-ed82-4e5e-8f65-e0ccb7a172fc>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T10:38:06.143923"}
{"text": "practicing \u2018 open monitoring meditation \u2019, a more advanced meditation practice which in many ways is a form of metacognition : the objective is not to focus one \u2019 s attention but rather to use one \u2019 s brain to monitor the universe of mental experience without directing attention to any one task. the unexpected result of this experiment was that the eeg of long - term meditators exhibited much more gamma - synchrony than that of naive meditators. moreover, normally human brains produce only short bursts of gamma - synchrony. what was most remarkable about this study was that long - term meditators were able to produce sustained gamma - activity in a manner that had never previously been observed in any other human. as such, sustained gamma activity has emerged as a proxy for at least some aspects of the meditative state. but what causes gamma rhythm? and are there any potential benefits of sustained gamma - activity? the strongest hypothesis for the cellular mechanisms underlying generation of the gamma rhythm is that it is due to the activation of fast - spiking interneurons in the cerebral cortex. in two new papers to be published in nature, the laboratories of christopher moore and li - huei tsai at mit and karl deisseroth at stanford tested this hypothesis directly. the experimenters utilized optogenetics, developing custom - designed viruses to infect only the fast - spiking interneurons of either the prefrontal or barrel cortex in mice with genetically engineered, light - sensitive cation channels. then, they inserted fine optical fibers into the relevant region of the cortex, allowing light to be delivered to the infected neurons and thereby activating only the fast - spiking interneurons. ( in essence, this allowed them to switch particular brain cells on and off. ) in both experiments, selectively stimulating the fast - spiking interneurons evoked gamma oscillations, thereby confirming the hypothesis that these neurons drive the gamma rhythm.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.594645868042713, "token_count": 397, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:87f47178-ed82-4e5e-8f65-e0ccb7a172fc>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T10:38:06.144898"}
{"text": "anthocyanin : the pigment that gives red wine its color, which is found in the skin of the grape. the thicker the grape \u2019 s skin, the more color and opacity it delivers to the wine. aromatics : the floral term for the scents you perceive in a wine. berry : winemaker and grower \u2019 s term for an individual grape. botrytis cinerea : a fungus that affects fruits, including grapes. often referred to as \u201c noble rot \u201d when particularly wet conditions are followed by dry. botrytis cinerea doesn \u2019 t destroy the grapes but rather produces higher sugar content that can lend a honey flavor to wines. in solely wet conditions, it can destroy the bunches. blending trials : process used by vintners whereby they blend wines with different characteristics to produce a single, balanced wine with a strong beginning, middle and end on the palette. blind test : a format for wine tasting where the tasters have no information about the wines other than what they can determine with their senses. brix : the unit of measure for the amount of sugar within a grape. it is measured with a refractometer and used to determine ripeness and harvest date. bud break : the point when new shoots emerge, or break out, from the buds on a grapevine. this takes place in early spring and begins the grapevines ' growth cycle for the year. estate wines / estate winery : by u. s. government standards, for a wine to be labeled \u201c estate \u201d 100 percent of it must be made from grapes grown on land owned by the winery ( or controlled by the winery ). loire : referring to the loire valley wine region in france that stretches east from the atlantic coast at nantes to within 90 miles of chinon, bourgeuil and samur - champigny most especially. like the finger lakes region, cabernet franc is grown in abundance here and is renowned and respected by wine aficionados. meritage ( rhymes with \u201c heritage \u201d ) : created by a group of vintners and registered with the u. s. department of trademarks and patents, the term refers to a category of american blended wines made from bordeaux grape varieties. wines termed meritage must meet a specific set of standards. nose : aromas perceived in a particular wine ; also called bouquet. sorting : removing the diseased grapes from those of the quality you want to keep. at sheldrake, sorting is done first in the vineyard when pickers are told", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5170349076763661, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:f482bc0a-5a18-48d5-91b6-eb05bf2ea20b>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T10:38:06.162140"}
{"text": "in many homes. this instrument like the stethoscope has greek origins and gets its name from thermos that means hot and metros that means to measure. the thermometer has mercury in its bulb and shows readings as per the hotness of one \u2019 s body. a temperature reading of 100 and above on the thermometer indicates that one has developed a fever. the weighing scale is yet another medical equipment that is used by doctors. with health becoming a very important facet in the world today and people keeping a check on their weight often, many homes have weighing scales. based on the simple principle of the spring balance the weighing scale is used by doctors to check patients bmi or body mass index. this is very important for a patient to be healthy, since today a number of diseases are lifestyle based. these five are basic medical equipment that one sees on a visit to the doctor, our doctor may use one more than the other but on a routine checkup these are basic equipment that doctors from physicians to specialists to surgeons all use to detect diseases and treat patients. jerry kurtz, an enthusiast blogger and a specialist in medical silicone design and molding provides news and discussion on medical silicone design, prototyping, manufacturing, and quality control through his site silicone pro.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5076299776172944, "token_count": 262, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:fcc4453f-fb57-442e-80ed-89703cd8449a>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T10:38:06.169862"}
{"text": "7. a point is on the perpendicular bisector of a line segment if and only if it lies the same distance from the two endpoints. there are two things that need to be proved here. the first is that if a point is on the perpendicular bisector of a line segment, then it is equidistant from the two endpoints of the segment. if we only use two column proofs, the student might get the idea that all proofs have to be two column proofs. this is not so. it is just that two column proofs work very well for congruent triangle proofs. in a congruent triangle proof, we first need to get the three parts of one triangle congruent to the corresponding three parts in the other triangle, note that we have congruent triangles, then conclude that the things we are trying to prove to be congruent will then be corresponding parts of the congruent triangles. that is a minimum of five steps, each step having a reason, which is a previously established statement. the two column format helps the student to keep all of these ideas straight and organized. however, the fact of the matter is, that when we get away from congruent triangle proofs, the two column format does not always work as well. this result is an example. while it is possible to devise a two column proof, a prose proof using the isosceles triangle theorems might prove to be simpler. if the point is on the perpendicular bisector of the line segment between the two points, then in the triangle formed by the base being the line segment, and the point being the vertex, the line from the vertex of the triangle to the midpoint of the base is perpendicular to the base, so the triangle is isosceles, and the point is equidistant from the endpoints of the line segment. for the converse - if the point is equidistant from the endpoints of the line segment, then we again have an isosceles triangle, and the line from the vertex to the midpoint of the base will be perpendicular to the base, and thus be the perpendicular bisector of the base.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.518373658610198, "token_count": 452, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:f8b49205-6972-49a9-83ab-a66cb2a926a1>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T10:38:06.178327"}
{"text": "introduction to integrals the definite integral the definite integral is a convenient notation used the represent the left - hand and right - hand approximations discussed in the previous section. f ( x ) dx means the area of the region bounded by f, the y - axis and the lines x = a and x = b. writing f ( x ) dx is equivalent to writing on the interval [ a, b ], but it is a much more compact way of doing so. note also the similarity between the two expressions. this should serve as a clear reminder that the definite integral is just the limit of right - hand and left - hand approximations. unlike the indefinite integral, which represents a function, the definite integral represents a number, and is simply the signed area under the curve of f. the area is considered \" signed \" because according to the method of calculating the areas by subdivisions, the regions located below the x - axis will be counted as negative, and the regions above will be counted as positive. negative regions cancel out positive regions, and the definite integral represents the total balance between the two over the given interval. for example, find based on the picture of the region being considered, it should be clear that the answer is zero. here, the negative region is exactly the same size as the positive region : properties of the definite integral the definite integral has certain properties that should be intuitive, given its definition as the signed area under the curve : - cf ( x ) dx = c f ( x ) dx - f ( x ) + g ( x ) dx = f ( x ) dx + g ( x ) dx is on the interval f ( x ) dx = f ( x ) dx + f ( x ) dx this means that we can break up a graph into convenient units and find the definite integral of each section and then add the results to find the total signed area for the whole region. the fundamental theorem of calculusthe fundamental theorem of calculus, or \" ftc \", offers a quick and powerful method of evaluating definite integrals. it states : if f is an antiderivative of f, then f ( x ) dx = f ( b ) - f ( a ) x 2 dx = ( 1 ) 3 - ( 0 ) 3 = often, a shorthand is used that means the same as what is written above : x 2 dx = x 3 = one interpretation of the ftc is that the area under the graph of the derivative is equal to", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.6074209844558418, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:f092ba97-0d03-497d-811a-07a6f4f4e39d>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T10:38:06.181323"}
{"text": "logic. what darwin had going for him, though, was a fine command of plain language and a body of evidence developed over more than two decades of investigation, observation, and reflection. darwin ' s quarry was the deeply entrenched conviction that each of the earth ' s myriad life forms was created by divine intervention only a few thousand years ago. darwin argued that the living things of the world had evolved from, at most, a handful of ancestors of almost unimaginable antiquity. darwin wasn ' t alone in this heresy, but what distinguished his argument was the contention that evolution occurred by a process of minute variation in type and form, caused by natural factors that constantly \" selected \" those heritable traits in animals and plants that favour advantage and survival. evolution occurred at a glacial pace but it occurred nonetheless, and it was still going on, \" daily and hourly \", in life all around us, darwin insisted. that was his resolution of the great mystery. god, maybe, but not necessarily. and, ultimately, it meant there was no reason to imagine that humanity was at the centre of any divine plan after all. for the time, this was a very dangerous idea. darwin had gathered all manner of evidence from fossils, from pigeon breeders, and from his discoveries during his five - year tour as the naturalist aboard the survey ship hms beagle. but because evolution occurred so slowly, his thinking went, it wasn ' t possible to demonstrate its workings in case studies. darwin had his defenders and champions, and he also had in his corner the naturalist alfred russel wallace, sometimes referred to as the \" codiscoverer \" of what came to be called darwin ' s theory. but wallace, too, despite years of fieldwork, relied on inference and logic to make his case, in the form of a table of \" proved facts \" and \" necessary consequences \". although darwin could show that evolution by natural selection must be the answer, he couldn ' t present evidence for that answer in even a single case of evolution by natural selection, observed and documented in the \" natural \" world. no one, least of all darwin, had ever seen it actually happen. as a consequence, long after darwin ' s theory had come to form the theoretical basis for the biological sciences, there was still an embarrassing dearth of experimental research into evolution. it was still, outside of science, just an \" opinion \". while darwin explained how the \" natural \" world worked in theory, no one, even into the 1970s, had been able", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5421933577623812, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:6c9b928b-c27f-4be8-8f9a-e6bb2a0d5824>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T10:38:06.257989"}
{"text": "was still an embarrassing dearth of experimental research into evolution. it was still, outside of science, just an \" opinion \". while darwin explained how the \" natural \" world worked in theory, no one, even into the 1970s, had been able to fully and methodically document and describe having actually seen it work that way in practice. this is where peter and rosemary grant come in. peter and rosemary, both from england, met at the university of british columbia in 1960. they soon married, and both went on to work as professors of evolutionary biology at princeton university. now both 71, the grants are among the most successful and important collaborations in the history of science. in 2005 they won the coveted balzan prize, which is equal in prestige to the nobel prize and brings almost three times the cash : the equivalent of about $ 3 million in swiss francs. the grants have produced a body of research that is so exhaustive, so exacting and thorough, that many ornithologists fear it will never be replicated. the object of the grants ' obsessions is galapagos finches. these are the birds so closely associated with darwin that they ' re commonly called darwin ' s finches. it was darwin ' s encounter with the archipelago ' s 13 finch species in 1835, during his five - week galapagos sojourn as the naturalist aboard the beagle, that caused his epiphany and produced evolution ' s great eureka moment. that ' s the legend, anyway. the truth is it was long after his return to england, and after the specimens he ' d collected had been properly classified by british taxonomists, that the significance of the birds, and of all those other peculiar endemic species he ' d found on the galapagos islands, began to dawn on darwin. it wasn ' t until peter and rosemary grant began making their annual pilgrimages to the galapagos island of daphne major, a forbidding place of black lava and hellish summers, that the finches began to fully reveal themselves to science. the grants began their fieldwork on daphne major in 1973. they ' ve put in 35 field seasons, and they ' re still at it. ( the grants will be presenting an overview of their most recent findings in a free lecture at the university of british columbia on november 20. ) the grants have documented the phenomenon that darwin could only surmise by deduction and conjecture. it turns out that the mechanism of evolution can be observed moving through nature, not just in a laboratory or in a", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5122030890107824, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:6c9b928b-c27f-4be8-8f9a-e6bb2a0d5824>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T10:38:06.258948"}
{"text": "university of british columbia on november 20. ) the grants have documented the phenomenon that darwin could only surmise by deduction and conjecture. it turns out that the mechanism of evolution can be observed moving through nature, not just in a laboratory or in a human - altered environment, and it doesn ' t always move at a glacial pace. the grants have watched it happen, up close. biologists rosemary and peter grant have spent 35 field seasons observing how natural selection has resulted in the evolution of galapagos finches. specifically, what peter and rosemary have done is present the world with a rare and dramatic glimpse of variation caused by natural selection from one generation of animals to the next. and down through several generations of galapagos finches, from different species, they ' ve shown how heritable traits are \" selected \" so as to result in evolution. as evolution occurs, even when it occurs quickly, it ' s usually barely detectable. the tiniest change can mean survival or extinction. in the case of the galapagos finches, what matters is often barely measurable changes in the size and shape of the finches ' beaks. \" that ' s the really difficult thing to do, \" peter told me the other day. \" you don ' t want to try it with earthworms. \" it isn ' t that darwin ' s theory had not been shown to work in practice before the grants. it ' s just that no one had documented it in nature so completely and methodically. before the grants, the case of the english peppered moth was one of the best - known studies of natural selection driving evolution. but the story of the peppered moth unfolds in a completely human - altered environment. its observed evolution was in response to the rise and decline of the industrial revolution. prior to the advent of the \" dark satanic mills \" and the clouds of coal smoke and ash that settled over the english countryside, peppered moths were light - coloured, with specks and streaks of black, a colour scheme suited perfectly to camouflage because of the moths ' habit of alighting and resting on tree trunks, on similarly coloured lichens. in the poisoned air of the industrial revolution, the lichens diminished in abundance and trees were commonly blackened with soot. this trend favoured a black - coloured mutation in peppered moths and caused the light - coloured moths to nearly disappear. in recent years, however, with the decline of both factories and coal power, the light - coloured moths have become dominant", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5140562851339874, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:6c9b928b-c27f-4be8-8f9a-e6bb2a0d5824>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T10:38:06.260279"}
{"text": "soot. this trend favoured a black - coloured mutation in peppered moths and caused the light - coloured moths to nearly disappear. in recent years, however, with the decline of both factories and coal power, the light - coloured moths have become dominant again. nowadays, evolution by natural selection is being observed in \" the wild \" among sticklebacks in british columbia coastal lakes, among fruit flies in south america, and also in laboratories, on an hourly basis, around the world. in his pulitzer prize \u2013 winning the beak of the finch : a story of evolution in our time, a 1994 book about the grants and the significance of their work, author jonathan weiner sets out the paradox of the persistent hostility to darwin ' s \" theory \". evolution denial is a common habit of some of darwin ' s most privileged beneficiaries in the united states, almost always evangelical protestants, whose wealth often depends solely upon darwin being right. the paradox occurs in an especially bizarre way in the american south, in the \" cotton belt \", where the health of the cotton crop and the wealth that derives from it depend completely upon the application of darwinian principles in the laboratory. it is only by the close observation of evolution by natural selection occurring in various cotton blights and pests that science has managed to devise at least temporarily effective pesticides and herbicides. the paradox deepens in the recurring failure of those blight and pest remedies. there are now moths in louisiana that can ruin cotton crops, and they ' re now 200 times more resistant to pesticides than they were before they first encountered them. reject darwin and you ' ll never understand why that happens. you ' ll continue to employ pesticides, and you ' ll find yourself in a losing battle, precisely because evolution happens. it happens by natural selection. resistant strains emerge by natural selection for certain heritable traits. life is not static. species are not fixed and unchanging. they evolve, and if darwin were wrong, the branches of science known as immunology, bacteriology, and virology would never produce any results. it would all be quack science. \" there is no new theoretical structure that has come along since darwin, \" grant told me. \" his ideas have been extended through genetics and have been modified and elaborated upon, but his ideas and observations and explanations have withstood the test of time. \" and so darwin prevails. evolution is driven by hybridization and by sex selection, but the main engine is natural selection", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5497808241715432, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:6c9b928b-c27f-4be8-8f9a-e6bb2a0d5824>", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T10:38:06.261306"}
{"text": "from the time of aristotle ( 384 - 322 bc ) until the late 1500 \u2019 s, gravity was believed to act differently on different objects. - drop a metal bar and a feather at the same time \u2026 which one hits the ground first? - obviously, common sense will tell you that the bar will hit first, while the feather slowly flutters to the ground. - in aristotle \u2019 s view, this was because the bar was being pulled harder ( and faster ) by gravity because of its physical properties. - because everyone sees this when they drop different objects, it wasn \u2019 t questioned for almost 2000 years. galileo galilei was the first major scientist to refute ( prove wrong ) aristotle \u2019 s theories. - in his famous ( at least to physicists! ) experiment, galileo went to the top of the leaning tower of pisa and dropped a wooden ball and a lead ball, both the same size, but different masses. - they both hit the ground at the same time, even though aristotle would say that the heavier metal ball should hit first. - galileo had shown that the different rates at which some objects fall is due to air resistance, a type of friction. - get rid of friction ( air resistance ) and all objects will fall at the same rate. - galileo said that the acceleration of any object ( in the absence of air resistance ) is the same. - to this day we follow the model that galileo created. ag = g = 9. 81m / s2 ag = g = acceleration due to gravity since gravity is just an acceleration like any other, it can be used in any of the formulas that we have used so far. - just be careful about using the correct sign ( positive or negative ) depending on the problem. examples of calculations with gravity example 1 : a ball is thrown up into the air at an initial velocity of 56. 3m / s. determine its velocity after 4. 52s have passed. in the question the velocity upwards is positive, and i \u2019 ll keep it that way. that just means that i have to make sure that i use gravity as a negative number, since gravity always acts down. vf = vi + at = 56. 3m / s + ( - 9. 81m / s2 ) ( 4. 52s ) vf = 12. 0 m / s this value is still positive, but smaller. the ball is slowing down as it rises into the air. example 2 : i throw a ball down off the top of a cliff so that it leaves", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5383550575251932, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:43ce7457-915e-4a8a-b78f-fca95b28656c>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T10:38:06.267469"}
{"text": ") determine how much time does it take to reach its maximum height. - it reaches its maximum height when its velocity is zero. we \u2019 ll use that as the final velocity. - also, if we define up as positive, we need to remember to define down ( like gravity ) as negative. a = ( vf - vi ) / t t = ( vf - vi ) / a = ( 0 - 56. 3m / s ) / - 9. 81m / s2 t = 5. 74s b ) determine how high it goes. - it \u2019 s best to try to avoid using the number you calculated in part ( a ), since if you made a mistake, this answer will be wrong also. - if you can \u2019 t avoid it, then go ahead and use it. vf2 = vi2 + 2ad d = ( vf2 = vi2 ) / 2a = ( 0 - 56. 32 ) / 2 ( - 9. 81m / s2 ) d = 1. 62e2 m c ) determine how fast is it going when it reaches my hand again. - ignoring air resistance, it will be going as fast coming down as it was going up. you might have heard people in movies say how many \" gee \u2019 s \" they were feeling. - all this means is that they are comparing the acceleration they are feeling to regular gravity. - so, right now, you are experiencing 1g \u2026 regular gravity. - during lift - off the astronauts in the space shuttle experience about 4g \u2019 s. - that works out to about 39m / s2. - gravity on the moon is about 1. 7m / s2 = 0. 17g", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5407722973992364, "token_count": 348, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:43ce7457-915e-4a8a-b78f-fca95b28656c>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T10:38:06.269056"}
{"text": "clinial trials are medical research studies carried out under very strict guidelines and they are the building blocks of scientific progress. researchers, physicians and other healthcare professionals rely on these studies for scientifically sound information on whether or not treatments are safe and effective. to start, the research team must first determine the objective of the study - for example, whether an experimental treatment is safe or whether a treatment known to work for hyperhidrosis on one part of the body will work for hyperhidrosis on another part of the body. the research team then designs the study to answer that question, including developing a protocol for the trial. clinical trials with human subjects follow only after the completion of tests using laboratory animals. these trials fall into four categories called phases. in phase i a trial tests a potential new treatment with a small number of volunteers ( 20 - 80 individuals ) to determine the treatment \u2019 s safety and potential side effects. phase ii studies test a treatment with known dose and side effects with a larger number of volunteers to learn more about side effects, how the body responds to the treatment, and whether the treatment is effective in treating the condition. the new treatment is compared with commonly used treatments and monitored for long - term side effects in phase iii and iv trials. phase iv trials are done after the treatment is marketed. clinical researchers call the standard scientific approach for trying out treatments a \u201c double - blind, randomized, controlled clinical trial. \u201d such trials are \" grade a \" research because the researcher has taken precautions to get the most unbiased results possible. ideally, such research can also be replicated ; that is, another researcher using the same protocol would get similar results. the \" control \" aspect refers to the fact that researchers are usually looking at how one treatment stacks up against another or even against no treatment at all. to make the comparison useful, the investigator must try both methods on similar groups of subjects. researchers call the treatment with the predictable, or known effect, the control. the control may be a standard, commonly used treatment, or it may be a placebo. a placebo is an inactive pill, liquid, powder, or other modality with no treatment value ( commonly referred to as a \" sugar pill \" ). some studies use both a standard treatment and a placebo as controls. the control helps an investigator find out if any changes in the experimental group are, in fact, due to the new treatment. trials are randomized because researchers assign patients by chance either to the group getting the new treatment ( called the treatment group )", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5552849081721022, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:b314f3a7-b68b-435a-a2ce-73e3323504d9>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T10:38:06.280489"}
{"text": ". the control helps an investigator find out if any changes in the experimental group are, in fact, due to the new treatment. trials are randomized because researchers assign patients by chance either to the group getting the new treatment ( called the treatment group ) or to the group receiving a standard treatment or placebo ( called the control group ). this randomization keeps the study ' s results from being affected by human choices or other factors not related to the treatments being tested. in some studies, the patient does not know whether he or she is in the treatment or control group ( a single - blind study ) ; in others, neither the patient nor the researcher know ( a double - blind study ). this, again, is a way of avoiding bias in the results. sometimes when people know what treatment they are getting, it changes the way they react ; similarly, the researchers ' own expectations about the treatment could influence how they perceive patients ' reactions, side effects, and progress during the study. participants in clinical trials are randomly assigned once they ' ve been accepted into the study and have agreed to participate by signing an informed consent. all clinical trials have guidelines about who can participate. these guidelines are an important part of medical research that helps to produce reliable results. the factors that allow someone to participate in a clinical trial are called \" inclusion criteria \" and those that disallow someone from participating are called \" exclusion criteria \". the criteria are based on such factors as age, gender, the type and stage of a disease or condition, previous treatment history, and other medical conditions. before joining a clinical trial, a participant must qualify for the study. some research studies seek participants with illnesses or conditions to be studied in the clinical trial, while others need healthy participants. it is important to note that inclusion and exclusion criteria are not used to reject people personally. instead, the criteria are used to identify appropriate participants and keep them safe. the criteria help ensure that researchers will be able to answer the questions they plan to study. the exact clinical trial process depends on the kind of trial being conducted. in general, the clinical trial team includes doctors and nurses as well as social workers and other healthcare professionals. they check the health of the participant at the beginning of the trial, give specific instructions for participating in the trial, monitor the participant carefully during the trial, and stay in touch after the trial is completed. some clinical trials involve more tests and doctor visits than the participant would normally have for an illness or condition. for all types of trials, the participant works with a", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5149968324793106, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:b314f3a7-b68b-435a-a2ce-73e3323504d9>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T10:38:06.283404"}
{"text": "- scientists & leadership - isb research - education & outreach seattle - relocating is stressful, even for a microbe. knowing how a microorganism can quickly adapt to challenges of a new habitat helps researchers better understand how commensals ( good microbes ) and pathogens colonize diverse environments including soil, plant roots, and the human gut. institute for systems biology ( isb ) researchers are the first to discover that a protein once thought to have no regulatory function in microbes actually helps them to rapidly adapt to new environments. isb scientists had previously discovered that the gene encoding this protein, called transcription factor b ( tfb ), is present in multiple copies in many microorganisms called archaea \u2013 especially those that are known to live in environments that are constantly changing. to understand why, the researchers used an interdisciplinary systems approach that systematically analyzed across many environments the consequences of deleting each copy of the gene or introducing a mutated copy on the health of one such organism, halobacterium salinarum, that lives in saturate brine. simultaneously, they observed how all of the other genes and the complex molecular networks in h. salinarum responded to these genetic manipulations. they integrated millions of data points generated from thousands of such experiments and analyzed patterns in these data across evolutionary timescales by analyzing genome sequences of diverse organisms. they made the remarkable discovery that the microbe gained capability for acclimating to new environments by simply transferring genetic information from one copy of the tfb gene to another, akin to cutting and replacing text in one copy of a document from an edited version. because it has seven variant copies of tfbs, h. salinarum could perform a large array of such mix - and - match experiments to explore new solutions for adaptation. how does this work? nitin baliga, professor and director of isb and senior author on the paper, explained that \" tfbs bind to different locations in the genome and function like wires inside the cell to execute programs that determine which genes in the genome need to be turned on or off and when. \" in other words, by transferring information across tfbs, an organism can rapidly rewire its networks to generate new programs that enable new capabilities with the same set of genes. \" it\u00b4s astounding, \" remarked dr. baliga. this discovery helps us to understand how archaea colonize diverse environments to give structure and function to microbial communities. this is important for two reasons : first, arch", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5234828734919215, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:d7eb0b34-44df-4277-83dc-95246fd5100e>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T10:38:06.289233"}
{"text": "of genes. \" it\u00b4s astounding, \" remarked dr. baliga. this discovery helps us to understand how archaea colonize diverse environments to give structure and function to microbial communities. this is important for two reasons : first, archaea make up 20 percent of biomass on earth and serve important roles in biogeochemical cycles, which are similar to our circulatory systems and necessary to maintain a health planet. second, understanding the mechanics of adaptation will help us better understand and predict how microbes and communities might respond to pollution or climate change due to anthropogenic activities. furthermore, because they have similar functions in eukaryotic organisms we can also begin to understand how duplicated copies of tfiib proteins reorganize networks for development of body plans in animals. understanding that this family of proteins in archaea have regulatory consequences for adaptation into new environments is \" knowledge that can be applied to understanding how the tfiib proteins might have come to mediate the encoding and execution of regulatory programs in humans, \" said serdar turkarslan, the lead author of the paper, which was published on nov. 22 in \" molecular systems biology. \" this study was supported by the u. s. department of energy\u00b4s genomic science funding, the national institutes of health, and the national science foundation. about the institute for systems biology the institute for systems biology ( isb ) is an internationally renowned, non - profit research institute headquartered in seattle and dedicated to the study and application of systems biology. founded by leroy hood, alan aderem and ruedi aebersold, isb seeks to unravel the mysteries of human biology and identify strategies for predicting and preventing diseases such as cancer, diabetes and aids. isb ' s systems approach integrates biology, computation and technological development, enabling scientists to analyze all elements in a biological system rather than one gene or protein at a time. founded in 2000, the institute has grown to 13 faculty and more than 300 staff members ; an annual budget of more than $ 50 million ; and an extensive network of academic and industrial partners. for more information about isb, visit www. systemsbiology. org", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5459289765481841, "token_count": 442, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:d7eb0b34-44df-4277-83dc-95246fd5100e>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T10:38:06.290084"}
{"text": "recent years have seen an upsurge of interest in knowledge. leading organisations now recognise the importance of identifying what they know, sharing what they know and using what they know for maximum benefit. many organisations employ knowledge engineers to capture knowledge from experts using the principles and techniques of knowledge engineering. the emphasis is on a structured approach built on a sound understanding of the psychology of expertise and making use of knowledge modelling methods and the latest web technologies. knowledge acquisition in practice is the first book to provide a detailed step - by - step guide to the methods and practical aspects of acquiring, modelling, storing and sharing knowledge. the reader is led through 47 steps from the inception of a project to its successful conclusion. each step is described in terms of the reasons for the step, the required resources, the activities to be undertaken, and the solutions to common problems. in addition, each step has a checklist which lists the key items that should be achieved during the step. knowledge acquisition in practice will be of value to knowledge engineers, knowledge workers, knowledge officers and ontological engineers. the book will also be of interest to students and researchers of ai, computer science and business studies. several technologies are emerging that provide new ways to capture, store, present and use knowledge. this book is the first to provide a comprehensive introduction to five of the most important of these technologies : knowledge engineering, knowledge based engineering, knowledge webs, ontologies and semantic webs. for each of these, answers are given to a number of key questions ( what is it? how does it operate? how is a system developed? what can it be used for? what tools are available? what are the main issues? ). the book is aimed at students, researchers and practitioners interested in knowledge management, artificial intelligence, design engineering and web technologies. \" they [ the two books ] are both very readable and very informative. \" engineering manager, usa \" they are excellent as you manage to explain a complex subject with great clarity. \" editor of it magazine, uk \" i believe that it will be very useful for the students. \" paperback : 138 pages publisher : polimetrica, international scientific publisher ( march 3, 2008 ) hard copies are available from polimetrica and most good bookshops. a free softcopy of the book is available at the e - lis and arxiv repositories. knowledge practitioners ' reference books for those who want to find out more about knowledge technologies or the steps involved in capturing, structuring and publishing knowledge", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.544562117740802, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:12e663a2-24ae-45de-b626-7c9c83843c7b>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T10:38:06.293036"}
{"text": "body composition tests december 19, 2011 the tests and measurements described in this fact sheet provide detailed measurements of fat and lean body mass. repeated measurements can be helpful in monitoring body shape changes associated with lipodystrophy ( see fact sheet 553 ) or with wasting syndrome ( see fact sheet 519 ). some of these measurements are used to determine if someone is overweight. excess weight is associated with a higher risk of heart disease. low weight, including an unintended weight loss of 5 % or more, may also be a sign of health problems ( see fact sheet 519 ). there are pluses and minuses for each method. some have to do with cost. also, a trained technician can often make a big difference in measurements. try to use the same technique and technician if you are tracking changes over time. this word just means measuring the body. anthropometry is the simplest technology. it involves using a tape measure to take key readings, such as biceps, thigh, waist, and hips. a trained technician is very important for this method. calipers ( a metal tool ) are used to \" pinch \" body tissue in several places. the measurements are compared to standards. people doing the measurement should be trained so that the measurements are standardized. divide your waist measurement ( at the narrowest point ) by your hip measurement ( at the widest point. ) in general, a healthy waist to hip ratio is below 0. 9 for men and below 0. 8 for women. these may not hold true for people with hiv who have fat accumulation around the waist. in general, a waist size over 40 \" for men or over 35 \" for women is associated with greater health risk. in bia, a person is weighed. age, height, gender and weight or other physical characteristics such as body type, physical activity level, ethnicity, etc. are entered in a computer. while the person is lying down, electrodes are attached to various parts of the body and a small electric signal is circulated. this signal cannot be felt. bia measures the resistance ( impedance ) to the signal as it travels through the body muscle and fat. the more muscle a person has, the more water their body can hold. the greater the amount of water in a person ' s body, the easier it is for the current to pass through it. higher fat levels result in more resistance to the current. fat tissue is about 10 % - 20 % water, while fat - free mass ( which includes muscle, bone", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.5164351065659996, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:703f20c3-3c8d-4311-8ef1-fa85d8011f16>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T10:38:06.309092"}
{"text": "person ' s body, the easier it is for the current to pass through it. higher fat levels result in more resistance to the current. fat tissue is about 10 % - 20 % water, while fat - free mass ( which includes muscle, bone, and water outside muscles ) averages 70 % - 75 % water. bia values depend on a person ' s age. normally you can get an analysis of your results when the test is done. this is a calculation based on your weight and height. the formula is : ( weight in kilograms ) divided by ( height in meters squared ; or multiplied by itself ). to convert pounds to kilograms, divide by 2. 2. to convert height to meters, first convert height to inches ( 12 x feet, plus extra inches ). then divide by 39. 4. for example, let ' s say that someone weighing 165 pounds is 5 ' 8 \" tall. bmi result categories are : for more information and a convenient bmi calculator that uses pounds and inches, see the web site \" calculate your bmi \" at http : / / nhlbisupport. com / bmi / tomography means looking at slices of the body. cat scanning uses x - rays to do this. it is helpful in calculating the ratio of fat within the abdomen compared to fat under the skin. the equipment is expensive. this x - ray technique divides the body into fat - free ( lean ) mass, bone mineral content, and fat. different amounts of the x - ray energy are absorbed by different types of tissue. dexa scans are very accurate but can be expensive due to the cost of the machine. dexa scans are also used to measure bone density ( see fact sheet 557. ) this technique uses a magnetic field to create an image of the body. the image shows the location and amount of fat. this is very expensive due to the cost of the machine and reading the scans. this method determines body volume. first the person is weighed dry. then they are immersed in water in a tank and weighed again. bone and muscle are more dense than water, and fat is less dense than water. a person with more bone and muscle will weigh more in water than a person with less bone and muscle. the volume of the body is calculated and body density and body fat percentage are calculated. this technique may underestimate the body fat percentage of athletes, and overestimate body fat in elderly people. body composition measurements can be helpful, over time, in tracking changes due to hiv or", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.5038421444155394, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:703f20c3-3c8d-4311-8ef1-fa85d8011f16>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T10:38:06.310266"}
{"text": "boffins simulate plasma - eating dusty ' life - forms ' dust to dust, etc physicists have discovered that charged particles of dust can form themselves into life - like structures that appear to be capable of reproducing and passing information along, behaviour reminiscent of life on earth. the researchers, ( led by v n tsytovich of the general physics institute, russian academy of science, in moscow, along with boffins from the max - planck institute for extraterrestrial physics in germany, and the university of sydney ) have developed a computer model to help them understand \" the behaviour of complex mixtures of inorganic materials in a plasma \". although convention dictates that there would be very little organisation in a system of such particles, the researchers demonstrated that under the right conditions, order could emerge. as the plasma becomes polarised, the model shows microscopic strands of particles twisting into helical, or corkscrew structures. the simulation suggests that the dusty corkscrews have two stable configurations - a large spiral and a small spiral. each helix could contain various sequences of these two states, the researchers say, which raises the possibility that they could store information. the team reports that the structures can divide, form copies ( transmit their stored information information ), interact with neighbouring spirals, and even induce changes in other spirals. more speculatively, they suggest these changes could evolve as less stable structures break down. so, are there corkscrew - shaped dust - aliens floating about in interstellar space? gregor morfill of the max planck institute for extraterrestrial physics in germany is not prepared to go quite that far. he told new scientist : \" it has a lot of the hallmarks for how we define life at present, but we have not simulated life. to us, they ' re just a special form of plasma crystal. \" however, tsytovich is prepared to be a bit more flexible on his definition of what might constitute life, saying that the spirals \" exhibit all the necessary properties to qualify them as candidates for inorganic living matter. they are autonomous, they reproduce, and they evolve \". the next step is to go hunting for a real environment where such structures could have emerged. morfill suggests that planetary rings would be the best place to start the search. the research is reported in the 14 august edition of the new journal of physics, and new scientist has a more extensive write up here. \u00ae 2 : 7 and the lord god formed man of the dust of the ground,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5701960897051814, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:8e42c785-f1b0-4a69-b060-51bf90081460>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T10:38:06.343597"}
{"text": "| [ excerpt from the science of yoga, page 280 ] in yoga, the spinal column is referred to as brahma danda, which literally means \" the walking stick of god. \" this should give us an indication of the importance that the ancients attributed to this region of the body. spinal health is of paramount importance in yoga. the spine is seen as a vehicle through which the power of the universe may manifest in the human form. as well, it is through sushumna nadi, the central channel within the spinal column that the mysterious and powerful kundalini force raises from its dormant state at the base of the spine to the brahmarandhra, or psychic aperture at the crown of the head. it is the vertical nature of the human spine which aligns the mechanism of our central nervous system with the vertical energy flows of the universe and gives superior intelligence to the human beings. thus, in meditation it is of the utmost importance that one ' s spine be vertical and straight. as we have touched upon in an earlier lesson, it was precisely to enable the yogi to sit comfortably with a tall and straight spine that the asanas were primarily concerned with. even so today, the recurring theme throughout much of our hatha yoga practice revolves around the health, strength and flexibility of the spine. one cannot have good health without a healthy spine. note : this yoga article is an excerpt from the science of yoga, an online yoga training program with streaming yoga videos and 600 pages of step - by - step yoga instruction. \" the science of yoga is a course worthy of leather binding and an honored place in the finest libraries in the world... it is indeed a masterful work. \" dr. john michael christian learn more about the science of yoga course", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5284372855716677, "token_count": 358, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:c838d1b7-e292-4290-8589-c01606bc792b>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T10:38:06.349467"}
{"text": "weapons, \u201d is a soviet martial art, a hodgepodge of judo, karate, and folk wrestling moves. with its discipline, sambo became part of putin \u2019 s transformation from a grade - school thug into a goal - directed and hardworking adolescent. it was also linked to what had become an overriding ambition : putin had apparently heard that the kgb expected new recruits to be skilled in hand - to - hand combat. \u201c imagine a boy who dreams of being a kgb officer when everyone else wants to be a cosmonaut, \u201d the journalist natalia gevorkyan said to me, trying to explain how odd putin \u2019 s passion seemed to her. i did not find it quite so farfetched : in the 1960s, soviet cultural authorities invested heavily in creating a romantic, even glamorous image of the secret police. when putin was 12, a novel called the shield and the sword became a bestseller. its protagonist was a soviet intelligence officer working in germany. when putin was 15, the novel was made into a wildly popular miniseries. forty - three years later, as prime minister, he would meet with 11 russian spies deported from the united states \u2014 and together, in a show of camaraderie and nostalgia, they would sing the theme song from the miniseries. \u201c when i was in ninth grade, i was influenced by films and books, and i developed a desire to work for the kgb, \u201d putin told a biographer. \u201c there is nothing special about that. \u201d the protestation raises the question : is there another explanation for putin \u2019 s single - minded passion? it seems there is, and putin has hidden it in plain sight, as the best spies do. we all want our children to grow up to be more successful versions of ourselves. vladimir putin was born to be a soviet spy. during world war ii, the elder putin had been assigned to troops who worked with the nkvd, as the soviet secret police was then called. the legend of his father \u2019 s daring escape from behind german lines with which the younger putin grew up is as likely to have been true as any other tale of miraculous survival and spontaneous heroism. it is not clear whether the elder putin had worked for the secret police before the war or continued to work for the nkvd afterward. it seems likely that he remained part of the so - called active reserve, a giant group of secret - police officers who held regular jobs while also informing for \u2014 and drawing a salary from \u2014 the kgb. this may explain why the putins lived so comparatively well", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5009889763253423, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:a53b89b1-b250-43cb-81a1-0617e4b08bf7>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T10:38:06.389530"}
{"text": "leningrad to live with putin in the two rooms he shared with his parents. in the middle to late 1970s, when putin joined the kgb, it, like all soviet institutions, was undergoing a phase of extreme bloating. its growing number of directorates and departments were producing mountains of information that had no clear purpose, application, or meaning. an entire army of men and a few women spent their lives com - piling newspaper clippings, transcripts of tapped telephone conversations, reports of people followed and trivia learned. the internal ideology of the kgb, as of any police organization, rested on a clear concept of the enemy. but putin entered the service not only in the post - stalin era but also during one of the few brief periods of peace in soviet history. the only active enemies were the dissidents, a handful of brave souls who drew a disproportionate amount of kgb force. putin claims not to have taken part in anti - dissident work but has shown in interviews that he was thoroughly familiar with the way it was organized, probably because he was part of the group fighting the dissidents, as a former comrade \u2019 s memoir claimed. his break came in 1984, when he was sent to spy school in moscow. barring an unexpected disaster, putin knew that afterward he would be assigned to work in germany, but he was disappointed that it was to dresden. at the age of 33, putin, with ludmila \u2014 who was pregnant \u2014 and their 1 - year - old daughter, maria, traveled to his backwater assignment. this was the job for which he had worked and waited for 20 years, and he would not even be undercover. the putins, like five other russian families, were given an apartment in a large apartment block in a little stasi world : secret - police staff lived here, worked in a building a five - minute walk away, and sent their children to nursery school in the same compound. their job was to collect information about \u201c the enemy, \u201d which was the west, meaning west germany and, especially, united states military bases in west germany, which were hardly more accessible from dresden than they would have been from leningrad. putin and his colleagues were reduced mainly to collecting press clippings, thus contributing to the growing mountains of useless information produced by the kgb. the putins had a second daughter and named her ekaterina. putin drank beer and got fat. he stopped training, or exercising at all, and he gained more than 20 pounds \u2014 a", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.503929138203164, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:a53b89b1-b250-43cb-81a1-0617e4b08bf7>", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T10:38:06.393112"}
{"text": "the growing mountains of useless information produced by the kgb. the putins had a second daughter and named her ekaterina. putin drank beer and got fat. he stopped training, or exercising at all, and he gained more than 20 pounds \u2014 a disastrous addition to his short and fairly narrow frame. from all appearances, he was seriously depressed. his wife, who has described their early years together as harmonious and joyful, has pointedly refrained from saying anything about their family life after spy school. she has said only that her husband never talked to her about work. not that there was much to tell. the job putin had once coveted, working to draft future undercover agents, turned out to be not only tedious but fruitless. he and his two colleagues from the illegal - intelligence unit tracked down foreign students enrolled at the dresden university of technology and spent months gaining their confidence, often only to find that they did not have enough money to entice the young people to work for them. still, it was in the west \u2014 so close and so unreachable for someone like putin ( some other soviet citizens posted in germany had the right to go to west berlin ) \u2014 that people had the things he really coveted. he made his wishes known to the very few westerners with whom he came in contact \u2014 members of the radical group red army faction, who took some of their orders from the kgb and occasionally came to dresden for training sessions. \u201c he always wanted to have things, \u201d a former raf member told me of putin. \u201c he mentioned to several people wishes that he wanted from the west. \u201d this source claims to have personally presented putin with a grundig satellit, a state - of - the - art shortwave radio, and a blaupunkt stereo for his car ; he bought the former and pilfered the latter from one of the many cars the raf had stolen for its purposes. just as the putins left the soviet union, that country began to change drastically and irrevocably. mikhail gorbachev came to power in march 1985. two years later, he had released all soviet dissidents from prison and was beginning to loosen the reins on soviet - bloc countries. over the next few years, a chasm would open up between the party and the kgb, culminating with the failed coup in august 1991. watching the changes from afar, surrounded by other secret - police officers \u2014 and no one else \u2014 putin must have felt a hopeless, helpless fury. in east germany", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.502001886733134, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:a53b89b1-b250-43cb-81a1-0617e4b08bf7>", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T10:38:06.394301"}
{"text": "image of the sun from soho click on image for full size courtesy of nasa soho catches glimpse of the sun ' s \" far side \" news story originally written on june 23, 1999 the solar and heliospheric observatory ( soho ) caught a rare view of the far side of the sun. scientists can now see if a solar storm is coming before it reaches earth. this may save the satellite industry millions of dollars each year. when the sun releases large amounts of energy, the light makes patches of hydrogen gas glow. this glow is invisible to earth, but not to soho. this new technology can give scientists a few days warning before the storm actually hits. soho also captured the largest shadow ever seen. when comet hale - bopp passed by in 1997, soho took a few photographs. behind the comet, was a shadow over 150 million kilometers long. when the comet came near the sun, it developed a long tail made of hydrogen. this tail and the comet itself were projected onto the sky. shop windows to the universe science store! our online store on science education, ranging from evolution, classroom research, and the need for science and math literacy you might also be interested in : hale - bopp continues to offer new surprises as two astronomers report of their study of the comet. using the hubble space telescope and the international ultraviolet explorer, the astronomers did a year - long... more it was another exciting and frustrating year for the space science program. it seemed that every step forward led to one backwards. either way, nasa led the way to a great century of discovery. unfortunately,... more the space shuttle discovery lifted off from kennedy space center on october 29th at 2 : 19 p. m. est. the weather was great as discovery took 8 1 / 2 minutes to reach orbit. this was the united states ' 123rd... more a moon was discovered orbiting the asteroid, eugenia. this is only the second time in history that a satellite has been seen circling an asteroid. a special mirror allowed scientists to find the moon... more will russia ever put the service module for the international space station in space? nasa officials want an answer from the russian government. the necessary service module is currently waiting to be... more a coronal mass ejection ( cme ) happened on the sun early last month. the material that was thrown out from this explosion passed the ace spacecraft. the swics instrument on ace has produced a new and very... more j. s. maini of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5345681218560152, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:db527059-363c-414b-b23c-d5c04a7be983>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T10:38:06.436445"}
{"text": "this weather balloon is full of helium gas. it is surrounded by earth ' s atmosphere, which is mostly nitrogen and oxygen gasses. helium is \" lighter \" ( less dense ) than nitrogen or oxygen, so the balloon will rise when the scientist lets go of it. click on image for full size image courtesy of the university corporation for atmospheric research. gas is one of the four common states of matter. the three others are liquid, solid, and plasma. there are also some other exotic states of matter that have been discovered in recent years. the air in earth ' s atmosphere is mostly a mixture of different types of gases. a gas usually has much lower density than a solid or liquid. a quantity of gas doesn ' t have a specific shape ; in this way it is like a liquid and different from a solid. if a gas is enclosed in a container, it will take on the shape of the container ( a liquid will too ). the volume of a gas changes if the temperature or pressure changes. there are several scientific laws, called the \" gas laws \", that describe how the volume, temperature, and pressure of a gas are related. the molecules or atoms in a gas are much further apart than in a solid or a liquid. gas molecules or atoms are usually flying around at very high speeds, occasionally bouncing off each other or the walls of the container the gas is in. when a gas is cooled or placed under high pressure, it can condense and turn into a liquid. if a liquid boils or evaporates, it will become a gas. under some circumstances, usually very low pressure, a solid can turn directly into a gas ( without first melting and becoming a liquid ). when a solid turns directly into a gas, it is called \" sublimation \". most of the air in earth ' s atmosphere is either nitrogen or oxygen gas. balloons are often filled with helium gas ; since helium is lighter ( less dense ) than air, helium balloons \" float \" or rise up in air. when liquid water boils or evaporates, it turns into a gas called \" water vapor \". most of the gas in the atmospheres of the giant planets jupiter and saturn is hydrogen gas. in recent years, carbon dioxide gas has become quite famous because of its role in the greenhouse effect and global warming. shop windows to the universe science store! our online store includes fun classroom activities for you and your students. issues of nesta ' s quarterly journal, the earth scientist are also full of classroom activities on different", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5804096435690171, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:7bf1d597-0484-4471-8f33-5503ed8fe8ab>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T10:38:06.486908"}
{"text": "role in the greenhouse effect and global warming. shop windows to the universe science store! our online store includes fun classroom activities for you and your students. issues of nesta ' s quarterly journal, the earth scientist are also full of classroom activities on different topics in earth and space science! you might also be interested in : solid is one of the four common states of matter. the three others are gas, liquid, and plasma. there are also some other exotic states of matter that have been discovered in recent years. unlike liquids... more plasma is known as the fourth state of matter. the other three states are solid, liquid and gas. almost everything is made up of atoms ( your dog, your science book, this computer... ). the atom has a nucleus... more density is a measure of how much mass is contained in a given unit volume ( density = mass / volume ). put simply, if mass is a measure of how much \u2018 stuff \u2019 there is in an object, density is a measure of how... more most things around us are made of groups of atoms connected together into packages called molecules. molecules are made from atoms of one or more elements. some molecules are made of only one type of... more a snowman, glass of water and steam might look very different but they are made of the same stuff! just like any substance, water has three different forms, called states : solid, liquid and gas. the state... more have you ever left a glass of water out for a long time? did you notice that the water disappears after a few days? that ' s because it evaporated! evaporation is when water passes from a liquid to a gas.... more there is more nitrogen gas in the air than any other kind of gas. about four out of five of the molecules in earth ' s atmosphere is nitrogen gas! a molecule of nitrogen gas is made up of two nitrogen atoms.... more", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.6075637206528024, "token_count": 405, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:7bf1d597-0484-4471-8f33-5503ed8fe8ab>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T10:38:06.496083"}
{"text": "automatically keeping the database and operating system software up to date. sql database also provides a federation option that distributes data across multiple servers. this is useful for applications that work with large amounts of data or need to spread data access requests across multiple servers for better performance. if you ' re creating a windows azure application ( using any of the three execution models ) that needs relational storage, sql database can be a good option. applications running outside the cloud can also use this service, though, so there are plenty of other scenarios. for instance, data stored in sql database can be accessed from different client systems, including desktops, laptops, tablets, and phones. and because it provides built - in high availability through replication, using sql database can help minimize downtime. suppose you want to create a windows azure application that needs fast access to typed data, maybe lots of it, but doesn ' t need to perform complex sql queries on this data. for example, imagine you ' re creating a consumer application that needs to store customer profile information for each user. your app is going to be very popular, so you need to allow for lots of data, but you won ' t do much with this data beyond storing it, then retrieving it in simple ways. this is exactly the kind of scenario where windows azure tables makes sense. don ' t be confused by the name : this technology doesn ' t provide relational storage. ( in fact, it ' s an example of a nosql approach called a key / value store. ) instead, windows azure tables let an application store properties of various types, such as strings, integers, and dates. an application can then retrieve a group of properties by providing a unique key for that group. while complex operations like joins aren ' t supported, tables offer fast access to typed data. they ' re also very scalable, with a single table able to hold as much as a terabyte of data. and matching their simplicity, tables are usually less expensive to use than sql database ' s relational storage. the third option for data management, windows azure blobs, is designed to store unstructured binary data. like tables, blobs provides inexpensive storage, and a single blob can be as large as one terabyte. an application that stores video, for example, or backup data or other binary information can use blobs for simple, cheap storage. windows azure applications can also use windows azure drives, which let blobs provide persistent storage for a windows file", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_computing", "similarity_score": 0.5030842560212134, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:5e789a2e-0dac-456e-aa4c-03f69526c190>", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T10:38:06.655944"}
{"text": ". an application that stores video, for example, or backup data or other binary information can use blobs for simple, cheap storage. windows azure applications can also use windows azure drives, which let blobs provide persistent storage for a windows file system mounted in a windows azure instance. the application sees ordinary windows files, but the contents are actually stored in a blob. windows azure runs today in several datacenters spread across the united states, europe, and asia. when you run an application or store data, you can select one or more of these datacenters to use. you can also connect to these datacenters in various ways : you can use windows azure virtual network to connect your own on - premises local network to a defined set of windows azure vms. if your windows azure application is running in multiple datacenters, you can use windows azure traffic manager to route requests from users intelligently across instances of the application. figure 4 illustrates these options. figure 4 : windows azure allows creating a cloud vpn, and intelligently distributing user requests across different datacenters. one useful way to use a public cloud is to treat it as an extension of your own datacenter. because you can create vms on demand, then remove them ( and stop paying ) when they ' re no longer needed, you can have computing power only when you want it. and since windows azure virtual machines lets you can create vms running sharepoint, active directory, and other familiar on - premises software, this approach can work with the applications you already have. to make this really useful, though, your users ought to be able to treat these applications as if they were running in your own datacenter. this is exactly what windows azure virtual network allows. using a vpn gateway device, an administrator can set up a virtual private network ( vpn ) between your local network and a defined group of vms running in windows azure. because you assign your own ip v4 addresses to the cloud vms, they appear to be on your own network. users in your organization can access the applications those vms contain as if they were running locally. a windows azure application with users in just a single part of the world might run in only one windows azure datacenter. an application with users scattered around the world, however, is more likely to run in multiple datacenters, maybe even all of them. in this second situation, you face a problem : how do you intelligently assign users to application instances? most", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5267122833700915, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:5e789a2e-0dac-456e-aa4c-03f69526c190>", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T10:38:06.657409"}
{"text": "messaging. in other cases, more complex interactions are required. windows azure provides a few different ways to solve these problems. figure 6 illustrates the choices. figure 6 : for connecting applications, windows azure provides queues, publish / subscribe, and synchronous connections via the cloud. queuing is a simple idea : one application places a message in a queue, and that message is eventually read by another application. if your application needs just this straightforward service, windows azure queues might be the best choice. one common use of queues today is to let a web role instance communicate with a worker role instance within the same cloud services application. for example, suppose you create a windows azure application for video sharing. the application consists of php code running in a web role that lets users upload and watch videos, together with a worker role implemented in c # that translates uploaded video into various formats. when a web role instance gets a new video from a user, it can store the video in a blob, then send a message to a worker role via a queue telling it where to find this new video. a worker role instance - it doesn ' t matter which one - will then read the message from the queue and carry out the required video translations in the background. structuring an application in this way allows asynchronous processing, and it also makes the application easier to scale, since the number of web role instances and worker role instances can be varied independently. whether they run in the cloud, in your data center, on a mobile device, or somewhere else, applications need to interact. the goal of windows azure service bus is to let applications running pretty much anywhere exchange data. as figure 6 shows, service bus provides a queuing service. this service isn ' t identical to the queues just described, however. unlike windows azure queues, for example, service bus provides a both queues ( one - to - one ) and publish - and - subscribe mechanisms. with publish - subscribe, an application can send messages to a topic, while other applications can create subscriptions to this topic. this allows one - to - many communication among a set of applications, letting the same message be read by multiple recipients. and queuing isn ' t the only option : service bus also allows direct communication through its relay service, providing a secure way to interact through firewalls. service bus relays enable applications to communicate by exchanging messages through an endpoint hosted in the cloud, rather than locally. applications that communicate", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.507984741669574, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:5e789a2e-0dac-456e-aa4c-03f69526c190>", "chunk_index": 9, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T10:38:06.663602"}
{"text": ": service bus also allows direct communication through its relay service, providing a secure way to interact through firewalls. service bus relays enable applications to communicate by exchanging messages through an endpoint hosted in the cloud, rather than locally. applications that communicate through service bus might be windows azure applications or software running on some other cloud platform. they can also be applications running outside the cloud, however. for example, think of an airline that implements reservation services in computers inside its own datacenter. the airline needs to expose these services to many clients, including check - in kiosks in airports, reservation agent terminals, and maybe even customers ' phones. it might use service bus to do this, creating loosely coupled interactions among the various applications. applications tend to access the same data over and over. one way to improve performance is to keep a copy of that data closer to the application, minimizing the time needed to retrieve it. windows azure provides two different services for doing this : in - memory caching of data used by windows azure applications and a content delivery network ( cdn ) that caches blob data on disk closer to its users. figure 7 shows both. figure 7 : a windows azure application can cache data in memory, and copies of a blob can be cached at sites around the world. accessing data stored in any of windows azure ' s data management services - sql database, tables, or blobs - is quite fast. yet accessing data stored in memory is even faster. because of this, keeping an in - memory copy of frequently accessed data can improve application performance. you can use windows azure ' s in - memory caching to do this. a cloud services application can store data in this cache, then retrieve it directly without needing to access persistent storage. as figure 7 shows, the cache can be maintained inside your application ' s vms or be provided by vms dedicated solely to caching. in either case, the cache can be distributed, with the data it contains spread across multiple vms in a windows azure datacenter. an application that repeatedly reads a product catalog might benefit from using this kind of caching, for example, since the data it needs will be available more quickly. the technology also supports locking, letting it be used with read / write as well as read - only data. and asp. net applications can use the service to store session data with just a configuration change. suppose you need to store blob data that will be accessed by users around", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5161666241246023, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:5e789a2e-0dac-456e-aa4c-03f69526c190>", "chunk_index": 10, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T10:38:06.666478"}
{"text": "cloak of deceit. dear word detective : i was just reading an old column of yours on the phrase \u201c made it up out of whole cloth \u201d to mean \u201c lying \u201d and wondered, given the textile reference, if there is any connection between \u201c fabrication \u201d and \u201c fabric. \u201d \u2014 tim maguire. that sounds like the foundation of a bad pun, but it \u2019 s actually a good question. of course, that presumes that there is such a thing as a \u201c good \u201d pun, an assertion i would contest. for some reason, probably born of a childhood trauma now buried in a cobwebbed corner of my psyche, i loathe puns. feh. don \u2019 t mind me ; i \u2019 m in a bad mood because i have to type this with an index finger badly bitten by an ungrateful cat. long story. where were we? yes, there is a family connection between \u201c fabric \u201d and \u201c fabrication, \u201d but the connection between \u201c fabric \u201d in the \u201c cloth \u201d sense and \u201c fabrication \u201d in the \u201c lie \u201d sense is very indirect, akin to that between two second cousins who only met once, as children. but before we proceed, we \u2019 d better take a moment to explain \u201c to make something up out of whole cloth, \u201d meaning to invent a story that contains not even a smidgen of truth. \u201c whole cloth \u201d has been used since the 15th century to mean a large piece of cloth in its original state, not yet cut up for sewing. as a metaphor in use since the 19th century for a story completely invented out of thin air, \u201c from whole cloth \u201d carries the same sense of \u201c starting from the absolute beginning \u201d as is found in the phrase \u201c starting from scratch, \u201d which originally referred to a scratch or line drawn on the ground as the starting line for a race. in the case of \u201c fabric \u201d and \u201c fabrication, \u201d the connection is a common root, the latin noun \u201c faber, \u201d meaning a craftsman such as a carpenter or blacksmith. the derivative \u201c fabrica \u201d meant \u201c workshop \u201d or \u201c product, \u201d and the verb \u201c fabricare \u201d meant \u201c to make or build. \u201d that verb \u201c fabricare \u201d eventually gave us the english word \u201c fabricate, \u201d which appeared in the late 16th century with the meaning of \u201c to make, construct or manufacture \u201d anything that requires skill, but by the early 20th century \u201c fabricate \u201d had taken on the specific meaning of \u201c to semi - finished materials into a finished product, \u201d", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5341588138934126, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:28885e69-4fbc-48df-8cfb-dff2cda364cf>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T10:38:06.682244"}
{"text": "the late 16th century with the meaning of \u201c to make, construct or manufacture \u201d anything that requires skill, but by the early 20th century \u201c fabricate \u201d had taken on the specific meaning of \u201c to semi - finished materials into a finished product, \u201d as one might \u201c fabricate \u201d bumpers from rolled steel. ( whatever happened to steel bumpers, anyway? ) meanwhile, back in the 18th century, that \u201c make or construct \u201d sense had led to the use of \u201c fabricate \u201d to mean \u201c constructing \u201d a story that was utterly untrue, which gave us \u201c fabrication \u201d meaning just such a lie. the original meaning of \u201c fabric, \u201d when it first appeared in english in the late 15th century ( derived via the french \u201c fabrique \u201d from the latin \u201c fabrica \u201d ) was, literally, \u201c building \u201d ( \u201c a vaulted fabric without wood or iron - work, three stories high, \u201d 1756 ). \u201c fabric \u201d went on to mean pretty much anything that could be built or manufactured, but settled down in the mid - 18th century to being used in our modern sense to mean \u201c textile, cloth. \u201d interestingly, so complete has this narrowing process been that even figurative references to \u201c the fabric of the universe, \u201d etc., are usually based on this \u201c textile \u201d sense of \u201c fabric \u201d ( \u201c faith in the unseen and reverence for the divine \u2026 are inwoven in the very fabric of our nature, \u201d 1877 ). so there is a connection between \u201c fabric \u201d and \u201c fabrication, \u201d but it has nothing to do with \u201c whole cloth \u201d and making stuff up. honest.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5314190406982163, "token_count": 330, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:28885e69-4fbc-48df-8cfb-dff2cda364cf>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T10:38:06.682850"}
{"text": "the flute is the instrument often considered to most closely mimic the human voice. playing the flute is a personal experience and a unique extension of communication. typically a young flutist gets their start on a student flute, which is typically a concert c flute. if their fingers are not quite large enough to reach the keys, curved headjoints are available to get them started. also in the flute family are piccolos, eb, alto, and bass flutes. flutes are some of the oldest instruments in history and have been found in numerous cultures. they have gone through a variety of changes over the centuries but a flute created by theobold boehm in 1846 has remained the standard since its creation. boehm was the first flutist in the royal bavarian orchestra and also studied acoustics at the university of munich. his interests and skills uniquely joined when he began developing flutes. after a series of experiments and trials, boehm developed a flute with a cylindrical body, tapered headjoint, and large toneholes covered by keys. he also tested many types of material but introduced his flutes in silver and a copper, zinc, nickel alloy called german silver. at the time of boehm \u2019 s flute, wood was still the primary material being used for flutes. the value and importance of a good teacher is incredibly important in the development of young musicians. great flute teachers like marcel moyse have shaped generations of flutists based on the precedent they set with their own students. marcel moyse was a famous french flutist who performed widely and had many compositions written for him including the famous 1934 \u201c flute concerto \u201d by jacques ibert. moyse studied at the paris conservatory under phillippe gaubert, adolphe hennebains, and paul taffand. beyond his career as a performer, moyse also founded the marlboro music school and festival. he developed numerous studies and exercises that are still utilized by flute teachers today. among his writings are works like \u201c tone development through interpretation. \u201d many flutists went on from moyse \u2019 s tutelage to become quite successful including william bennett and james galway. beyond all of the exercises and techniques that marcel moyse taught, his underlying emphasis was not on teaching students how to play the flute, but teaching them how to make music instead. today flute teachers draw from previous virtuosos and instructors like marcel moyse as they introduce the student flute to numerous young musicians. with the aid of the internet, more flute instruction and exposure to music can be supplemented", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5217078489443426, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:42396456-f446-4501-8f4b-39530b768b13>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T10:38:06.698255"}
{"text": "walk by nancy baxter hastings \u2019 workshop - calculus classroom, and you \u2019 ll never believe that she \u2019 s teaching math. | nancy hastings \u2019 accessible approach to math is meeting with great success among all majors at dickinson. above, hastings ( left ) discusses a concept in the calculus lab. that \u2019 s because hastings, holder of the theodore & catherine mathias chair in mathematics and computer science, cleverly crosses boundaries, replacing traditional lectures with an innovative learning environment where students \u201c read, write and discuss math \u201d \u2014 and even enjoy it. what does reading, writing and discussing math entail? \u201c students learn by doing, \u201d hastings explains. \u201c instead of my going up to the board and telling them how to do a particular problem, students work together on activities that are designed to help them understand new ideas. as a result, they develop a sense of ownership of the material. \u201d this approach to teaching was inspired in the early \u2019 90s by dickinson \u2019 s workshop - physics program, which already fostered activity - and observation - based learning. in 1991, hastings, then associate professor of mathematics allan rossman and physics professor priscilla laws received their first three - year grant from the u. s. department of education \u2019 s fund for improvement of postsecondary education ( fipse ) for development of a similar workshop program for mathematics. \u201c the idea was that, to start, we \u2019 d spend a year designing activities, a year testing them, a year revising them and then we \u2019 d be done, \u201d hastings says. \u201c but the project kept going and, since that initial grant, we \u2019 ve had continuous funding for our project from the national science foundation ( nsf ) and fipse. \u201d along with the workbooks she developed \u2014 including workshop calculus : a guided exploration with review \u2014 hastings creatively uses technology to help students learn calculus concepts. for example, her students use motion detectors \u2014 box - like devices that emit signals to detect movement \u2014 to understand graphic representations. \u201c i watched [ laws \u2019 ] students use a motion detector to think about velocity, \u201d hastings recalls. \u201c i thought, \u2018 hey, our students could use this to think about graphs and functions. \u2019 \u201c if you walk in front of the box, the box measures and graphs how far away you are from it, \u201d hastings explains. \u201c if you increase your distance, it draws a curve that goes uphill. if you decrease your distance, the curve goes downhill. using this, students develop an understanding of the shape of graphs \u2014 they develop a mental image", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5645667676271977, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:3478a521-ad8b-48c1-973a-212178394803>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T10:38:06.711771"}
{"text": ", \u201d hastings explains. \u201c if you increase your distance, it draws a curve that goes uphill. if you decrease your distance, the curve goes downhill. using this, students develop an understanding of the shape of graphs \u2014 they develop a mental image of what ideas mean. and they even have fun in the process. \u201d and no, hastings isn \u2019 t only talking about mathematics majors. in fact, the workshop curriculum was designed for students who use calculus outside of the discipline \u2014 students pursuing fields in pre - medicine, economics or chemistry. \u201c of course, the primary goal [ of the workshop program ] is to provide students with a firm understanding of calculus concepts, \u201d she says. \u201c but a secondary goal, which to me is equally important, is to help students develop confidence in their ability to do math. if they need to use mathematics outside of the course, i want them to say, \u2018 ok, i can figure this out. \u2019 \u201c my personal goal is to have students leave workshop calculus feeling that they had a positive experience in a math class, \u201d hastings continues. \u201c my hope is that in the future, if they meet a mathematician at a party, they will say, \u2018 yeah, i enjoyed math. \u2019 or if one of their children does poorly on a math test, instead of responding, \u2018 i didn \u2019 t do well in math, either! \u2019, they will say, \u2018 i know you can do this. let \u2019 s think about how to help you understand. \u2019 \u201d so far, hastings \u2019 approach is working. since she started the program, she says, she has received \u201c volumes of positive feedback. \u201d enthusiastically, she recalls a letter from a recent student, a biology major who took workshop calculus as a pre - medicine requirement. the student, who had always struggled with math, \u201c really turned around \u2014 she worked hard, she got an \u2018 a \u2019 and she wrote to me : \u2018 i finally understand calculus. thank you! \u2019 \u201d hastings \u2019 program crosses borders even beyond the limestone walls. over the years, she has regularly spoken at conferences and hosted workshops to teach educators how to implement the approach at their institutions. california state university at hayward, indiana university, knox college, loyola marymount university and gettysburg high school are among those that have adopted her approach, either in calculus, precalculus or both. her reputation as a national innovator earned her yet another honor this summer. on june 21, hastings and two students \u2014 jeff goldsmith \u2019 07 and carley moore \u2019 06 \u2014 presented the project", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5238204699574672, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:3478a521-ad8b-48c1-973a-212178394803>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T10:38:06.712720"}
{"text": "large cities ( sapparo, sendai, tokyo ) divided in to town ( cho ). - cho ~ town - aza ~ unorganized district - machi ~ town within a city ( cho ) or ward ( ku ), town within a county ( gun ). - chome ~ smaller division of a town ( cho ) in some neighborhoods. - mura or son ~ village within a county ( gun ). - koshu or hittousha or stainushi ~ head of household, the head of the family - zen koshu ~ former head of household - otto ~ husband - tsuma ~ wife - chichi or fu ~ father - haha or bo ~ mother - sofu ~ grandfather - sobo ~ grandmother - otoko or dan or nan ~ male, man, son - onna or jo ~ female, woman, daughter - ani or kei or kyou ~ older brother - otouto or tei ~ younger brother - ane or shi ~ older sister - imouto or mai ~ younger sister - mago or son ~ grandchild - himago or souson ~ great - grandchild - oi ~ nephew - mei ~ niece - youshi ~ adopted child or son - youjo ~ adopted daughter - muko youshi ~ a man without sons may adopt his eldest daughter \u2019 s husband as his own son and the young man will take his wife \u2019 s surname and be listed on her family \u2019 s koseki - seimei or shime ~ full name, family name - shussei or shusshou ~ birth - shibou ~ deceased - nen or toshi ~ year - gatsu, getsu or tsuki ~ month - hi or nichi or ka ~ day - ji or toki ~ hour, time - sai or toshi ~ age - issei ~ person born in japan and later immigrate elsewhere - nisei ~ child / generation of issei and born outside of japan - sansei ~ child / generation of nisei and born outside of japan - yonsei ~ child / generation of sansei and born outside of japan - gosei ~ child / generation of yonsei and born outside of japan there is another japanese term you really need to know. it is ganbatte which means \u2018 hang in there \u2019 or \u2018 do your best \u2019 and either one is will work. category uncategorized | tags :", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5071535107944265, "token_count": 492, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:6af83eea-e9c9-4bc3-83b0-3d1f7e904cd8>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T10:38:06.724346"}
{"text": "just ask antoine! - a substance which is not normally found in a living thing. - xenon. xe. - element 54, a colorless, inert gas used to fill cathode ray tubes. - a very high energy form of electromagnetic radiation ( though not as high energy as gamma rays ). x - rays typically have wavelengths from a few picometers up to 20 nanometers. x - rays easily penetrate soft tissue, which makes them useful in medical imaging and in radiation therapy. - x - ray crystallography. - determination of three dimensional arrangement of atoms in a crystal by analysis of x - ray diffraction patterns. - x - ray diffraction pattern. - interference patterns created by x - rays as they pass through a solid material. studying x - ray diffraction patterns gives detailed information on the three - dimensional structure of crystals, surfaces, and atoms. - x - ray spectrum. x - ray spectra. - a set of characteristic x - ray frequencies or wavelengths produced by a substance used as a target in an x - ray tube. each element has a characteristic x - ray spectrum, and there is a strong correlation between atomic number and the frequencies of certain lines in the x - ray spectrum. - x - ray tube. - a cathode ray tube that focuses energetic streams of electrons on a metal target, causing the metal to emit x - rays.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.6739133330662873, "token_count": 287, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:74237f6d-6f51-4ed9-b068-b8dcfc0b31fa>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T10:38:06.770271"}
{"text": "a researcher has devised a method that attackers with control over a victim ' s computer can use to clone the secret software token that rsa ' s securid uses to generate one - time passwords. the technique, described on thursday by a senior security analyst at a firm called sensepost, has important implications for the safekeeping of the tokens. an estimated 40 million people use various securid tokens to access confidential data belonging to government agencies, military contractors, and corporations. scrutiny of the widely used two - factor authentication system has grown since last year, when rsa revealed that intruders on its networks stole sensitive securid information that could be used to reduce its security. defense contractor lockheed martin later confirmed that a separate attack on its systems was aided by the theft of the rsa data. last week ' s blog post by sensepost ' s behrang fouladi demonstrated another way determined attackers could in certain cases circumvent protections built into securid. by reverse engineering software used to manage the cryptographic software tokens on computers running microsoft ' s windows operating system, he found that the secret \" seed \" was easy for people with control over the machines to locate and copy. he provided step - by - step instructions for others to follow in order to demonstrate how easy it is to create clones that mimic verbatim the output of a targeted securid token. \" when the above has been performed, you should have successfully cloned the victim ' s software token and if they run the securid software token program on your computer, it will generate the exact same random numbers that are displayed on the victim ' s token, \" fouladi wrote. he arrived at that conclusion by reverse engineering the windows software that allows securid users to make one - time passwords appear on their pcs, rather than on match - case - sized hardware tokens rsa provides. the cryptographic seed values at the heart of the securid system make it mathematically infeasible for others to predict the output that changes every 90 seconds or so, but only if the values remain secret. rsa spokesman kevin kempskie told ars : \" it ' s not uncommon for a large software company like ours to see security researchers demonstrate theoretical attacks on a product. we have a really experienced product security team and we take these things very seriously and we ' re going to have them take a closer look at it. \" fouladi discovered that the rsa seed value is easy to obtain and copy by anyone with access to", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5828503850983983, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:f4fa567b-aba7-4c3f-aa52-a34ab14fa1cf>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T10:38:06.786541"}
{"text": "have a really experienced product security team and we take these things very seriously and we ' re going to have them take a closer look at it. \" fouladi discovered that the rsa seed value is easy to obtain and copy by anyone with access to a computer that ' s lost, stolen, or has been compromised with a backdoor trojan. by reading chunks of data returned by a proprietary microsoft security interface known as the data protection application programming interface ( dpapi ), an attacker can obtain and copy the encrypted value. even when an optional copy protection known as a token binding is in place, it can be bypassed because the required serial number is determined by a combination of the host name and current user ' s windows security identifier stored on the computer. he told ars that smartphones that are lost or stolen might be susceptible to similar attacks, although he stressed he has no reason to believe that the values can be remotely retrieved from smartphones infected with malware, as long as the devices haven ' t been jailbroken or rooted. \" should people stop using the securid software tokens? \" he wrote in an e - mail. \" it depends. it is dependent on the probability of the device being stolen or malicious applications installed from a dubious source. personally, for high - risk situations, for example government agency laptops for staff that travel and frequently have to connect back to secure networks, using the token, i wouldn ' t recommend it. \" fouladi noted that both rsa and its customers have been targeted by highly motivated hackers, so attack scenarios in which pcs are infected or stolen aren ' t unrealistic. he suggested the sensitive rsa data should be managed by a industry - wide specification known as the tpm, or trusted platform module. post updated to clarify securid ' s user base and to make clear the attack doesn ' t deduce seed values.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5527063799435661, "token_count": 387, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:f4fa567b-aba7-4c3f-aa52-a34ab14fa1cf>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T10:38:06.787394"}
{"text": "cell function and can be considered a risk factor for type 2 diabetes in rodents. here we used er\u03b2\u2212 / \u2212 mice to study whether er\u03b2 is involved in the rapid regulation of katp channel activity, calcium signals and insulin release elicited by environmentally relevant doses of bpa ( 1 nm ). we also investigated these effects of bpa in \u03b2 - cells and whole islets of langerhans from humans. 1 nm bpa rapidly decreased katp channel activity, increased glucose - induced [ ca2 + ] i signals and insulin release in \u03b2 - cells from wt mice but not in cells from er\u03b2\u2212 / \u2212 mice. the rapid reduction in the katp channel activity and the insulinotropic effect was seen in human cells and islets. bpa actions were stronger in human islets compared to mouse islets when the same bpa concentration was used. our findings suggest that bpa behaves as a strong estrogen via nuclear er\u03b2 and indicate that results obtained with bpa in mouse \u03b2 - cells may be extrapolated to humans. this supports that bpa should be considered as a risk factor for metabolic disorders in humans. damn. i do not understand some of that. = ) glad someone ' s keeping tabs on what i don ' t.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5137600060827142, "token_count": 260, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:8733a9dd-fe04-462a-af5c-d0e80f9cbdad>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T10:38:06.812612"}
{"text": "i am fortunate to be spending the day in a workshop in canberra with lee crockett, global educational leader and author of \" literacy is not enough \". davey crovckett - no relation his model of 21st century fluencies considers the following 5 fluencies : so, we were considering solution fluency, which lee has divided into 6 steps, or phases, in a cycle : then we were presented with the task - build the tallest tower you can using newspaper and tape. you ' ve probably done this with kids before. immediately, we grabbed for the paper and tape, totally forgot about the 6 d ' s, and built a tower. i did try to suggest to the gathered 30 or so teachers that maybe we could all collaborate, to produce one big tower, rather than several small ones. got a few laughs - and 3 people came and joined their group to ours. our group very cleverly headed up the stairs to get a height advantage, defining \" tallest \" as meaning \" height above sea level \". here ' s out final tower - something went wrong at the top. here ' s another finished product - not a bad effort. in the final \" debrief \", it was interesting to see how quickly a group of educated teachers had abandoned a framework that they had been presented only minutes before. little effort had been made to define, discover or dream, some design had happened but most of the time was spent on the \" deliver \". what does that mean for my classroom?", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5723263695882018, "token_count": 303, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:cb3ab07c-349d-4e46-81ab-faeb32b8616f>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T10:38:06.815810"}
{"text": "matching 1 tags hominids lived millions of years ago, but how can we tell? ( videocast ) this biologos videocast addresses the age of recently discovered hominid fossils and how scientists are able to obtain those dates. dead bones with a living message in this video, paabo covers a lot of ground, noting several lines of genetic evidence for the evolution of modern humans from earlier hominids in africa, as well as for the interbreeding between early humans and neanderthals. what does it mean to be human? for the christian, the answer is complex. in part, it is a reflection of being created in the image of god. but does the science of human evolution pose a threat to that uniqueness? recovering the doctrine of creation : a theological view of science philosopher robert bishop explores the biblical doctrine of creation, which he describes as \" perhaps one of the most helpful pieces of theology for thinking about science \", and describes why the doctrine needs to be recovered from narrower, contemporary interpretations of creation. how does a biologos model need to address the theological issues science and religion scholar denis alexander presents two models for relating adam and eve with the findings of contemporary anthropology. this essay was presented at the november 2010 theology of celebration workshop america \u2019 s culture wars : a different perspective in this video conversation, rev. n. t. wright responds to the controversy in evangelicalism about evolution. is this a \u201c culture war \u201d issue? science, scripture, and the creation narrative in these two brief video conversations, john walton discusses the problem of trying to integrate ancient scripture with our modern worldview. on genesis 2 and 3 in this video conversation, n. t. wright explores how the ancient jewish audience read genesis before and up to the time that jesus arrived. he asserts that readers of genesis today who focus simply on the number of days of creation and whether there is evidence in the text pointing to an old or new earth \u2014 are in effect not reading the complete text. an evangelical geneticist ' s critique of reasons to believe ' s testable creation model biologist and biologos senior fellow denis venema examines the interaction between rtb literature and several lines of genetics - based evidence for common ancestry. in so doing, he also addresses the scientific robustness and reliability of the rtb model.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5490515797159825, "token_count": 469, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:eaeb73be-e441-43f6-a7f0-a75ff31fd167>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T10:38:06.864096"}
{"text": "one of the purest and most fascinating examples of the \u201c wisdom of crowds \u201d in action comes courtesy of a unique online contest called probabilitysports run by mathematician brian galebach. in the contest, each participant states how likely she thinks it is that a team will win a particular sporting event. for example, one contestant may give the steelers a 62 % chance of defeating the seahawks on a given day ; another may say that the steelers have only a 44 % chance of winning. thousands of contestants give probability judgments for hundreds of events : for example, in 2004, 2, 231 probabilityfootball participants each recorded probabilities for 267 us nfl football games ( 15 - 16 games a week for 17 weeks ). an important aspect of the contest is that participants earn points according to the quadratic scoring rule, a scoring method designed to reward accurate probability judgments ( participants maximize their expected score by reporting their best probability judgments ). this makes probabilitysports one of the largest collections of incentivized1 probability judgments, an extremely interesting and valuable dataset from a research perspective. the first striking aspect of this dataset is that most individual participants are very poor predictors. in 2004, the best score was 3747. yet the average score was an abysmal - 944 points, and the median score was - 275. in fact, 1, 298 out of 2, 231 participants scored below zero. to put this in perspective, a hypothetical participant who does no work and always records the default prediction of \u201c 50 % chance \u201d for every team receives a score of 0. almost 60 % of the participants actually did worse than this by trying to be clever. participants are also poorly calibrated. to the right is a histogram dividing participants \u2019 predictions into five regions : 0 - 20 %, 20 - 40 %, 40 - 60 %, 60 - 80 %, and 80 - 100 %. the y - axis shows the actual winning percentages of nfl teams within each region. calibrated predictions would fall roughly along the x = y diagonal line, shown in red. as you can see, participants tended to voice much more extreme predictions than they should have : teams that they said had a less than 20 % chance of winning actually won almost 30 % of the time, and teams that they said had a greater than 80 % chance of winning actually won only about 60 % of the time. yet something astonishing happens when we average together all of these participants \u2019 poor and miscalibrated predictions. the \u201c average predictor \u201d,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5619531303450793, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:974a9863-f4e3-4228-96c3-d983b779b1cc>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T10:38:06.876254"}
{"text": "that they said had a greater than 80 % chance of winning actually won only about 60 % of the time. yet something astonishing happens when we average together all of these participants \u2019 poor and miscalibrated predictions. the \u201c average predictor \u201d, who simply reports the average of everyone else \u2019 s predictions as its own prediction, scores 3371 points, good enough to finish in 7th place out of 2, 231 participants! ( a similar effect can be seen in the 2003 probabilityfootball dataset as reported by chen et al. and servan - schreiber et al. ) even when we average together the very worst participants \u2014 those participants who actually scored below zero in the contest \u2014 the resulting predictions are amazingly good. this \u201c average of bad predictors \u201d scores an incredible 2717 points ( ranking in 62nd place overall ), far outstripping any of the individuals contributing to the average ( the best of whom finished in 934th place ), prompting someone in this audience to call the effect the \u201c wisdom of fools \u201d. the only explanation is that, although all these individuals are clearly prone to error, somehow their errors are roughly independent and so cancel each other out when averaged together. daniel reeves and i follow up with a companion post on robin hanson \u2019 s overcomingbias forum with some advice on how predictors can improve their probability judgments by averaging their own estimates with one or more others \u2019 estimates. in a related paper, dani et al. search for an aggregation algorithm that reliably outperforms the simple average, with modest success. | 1actually the incentives aren \u2019 t quite ideal even in the probabilitysports contest, because only the top few competitors at the end of each week and each season win prizes. participants \u2019 optimal strategy in this all - or - nothing type of contest is not to maximize their expected score, but rather to maximize their expected prize money, a subtle but real difference that tends to induce greater risk taking, as steven levitt describes well. ( it doesn \u2019 t matter whether participants finish in last place or just behind the winners, so anyone within striking distance might as well risk a huge drop in score for a small chance of vaulting into one of the winning positions. ) nonetheless, wolfers and zitzewitz show that, given the probabilitysports contest setup, maximizing expected prize money instead of expected score leads to only about a 1 % difference in participants \u2019 optimal probability reports. |", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5090193461203039, "token_count": 495, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:974a9863-f4e3-4228-96c3-d983b779b1cc>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T10:38:06.877599"}
{"text": "somewhere off the west coast of british columbia wanders a whale \u2014 at least, his voice can be heard there. he appears to be alone. simply by eavesdropping, scientists have deduced a few details about this whale. he swims the cold waters of the north pacific, probably in pursuit of food and love. in all likelihood, he is a baleen whale : a long, grey tanker with a pointed head and generous lower jaw. for food, he would chase clouds of plankton and tiny shrimp - like creatures called krill, gulping gallons of water into his mouth and pushing it all out through two long furry - looking plates sprouting from the roof of his mouth where one would expect teeth. these plates, called baleen, filter krill and other crustaceans out of the expelled water. miraculously, these tiny creatures are all the sustenance this giant mammal needs to survive. for love, he calls out in long, low moans. each intonation lasts anywhere from five to fifteen seconds, and he waits up to thirty seconds between each cry, taking ten minute breaks between each song. he will sing like this for hours. his voice carries for miles, and any females nearby would surely take note of his voice \u2019 s strength and range, the variety of his repertoire, the duration of his song. in the murky dark where a whale can barely see its own tail, the quality of these musical elements should prove that he is a worthy mate. despite his efforts, he receives no reply. meet 52 hertz : the loneliest whale in the world. it was 1989. at the woods hole oceanographic institute in massachusetts, william \u201c bill \u201d watkins, the man who invented the first underwater recording system, was in charge of categorizing the mysterious moans and groans resonating through the ocean. his team had begun cataloguing whale mating calls, specifically tracking males because they vocalize so frequently. one day, watkins noticed a high, unique voice easy to hear and identify over other background noises : the call of that lonely whale wandering the north pacific alone. there was something strange about this whale. the harmonic intervals \u2014 the rise and fall of his calls \u2014 resembled those of baleen whales, but these patterns were unlike any the team had heard so far. even more notably, certain kinds of vocalizations, typically too low for humans to hear unaided, averaged to about 52 hertz. in acoustics, increasing the number of hertz shifts the sound \u2019 s frequency higher, towards mosquito", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5169160972722178, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:7faf897b-0bec-42fa-b5bf-7c683d476c5f>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T10:38:06.892646"}
{"text": "it ' s an amazing combination of a proto - ripley ' s, a cookbook, etiquette guide, and almanac. wonders of minute workmanship. link in the twentieth year of queen elizabeth, a blacksmith named mark scaliot, made a lock consisting of eleven pieces of iron, steel and brass, all which, together with a key to it, weighed but one grain of gold. he also made a chain of gold, consisting of forty - three links, and, having fastened this to the before - mentioned lock and key, he put the chain about the neck of a flea, which drew them all with ease. all these together, lock and key, chain and flea, weighed only one grain and a half. oswaldus norhingerus, who was more famous even than scaliot for his minute contrivances, is said to have made 1, 600 dishes of turned ivory, all perfect and complete in every part, yet so small, thin and slender, that all of them were included at once in a cup turned out of a pepper - corn of the common size. johannes shad, of mitelbrach, carried this wonderful work with him to rome, and showed it to pope paul v., who saw and counted them all by the help of a pair of spectacles. they were so little as to be almost invisible to the eye. johannes ferrarius, a jesuit, had in his posession cannons of wood, with their carriages, wheels, and all other military furniture, all of which were also contained in a pepper - corn of the ordinary size. mark frauenfelder is the founder of boing boing and the editor - in - chief of make and cool tools. twitter : @ frauenfelder. come and hear mark speak at the ala conference in chicago on july 1.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5184907274354879, "token_count": 372, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:002d96ec-8535-4b4d-9565-4b59d59a6b4d>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T10:38:06.917250"}
{"text": "500 chlorine - containing chemicals. 5 volcanic activity, forest and grass fires, fungi, algae, ferns and the decomposition of seaweed all release chlorinated organics into the environment. 6 our own bodies produce hypochlorite to fight infection and hydrochloric acid for proper digestion. 7 and there is, of course, sodium chloride - - common table salt - - present naturally in mines, lakes and seawater, found in our blood, sweat and tears, and essential to the diets of humans and animals. clearly, a goal of total chlorine removal from the environment would be unattainable. and the potential human toll resulting from its eradication is manifest and staggering. every major scientific investigation of chlorinated water has concluded that the real and proven health risks from microbial contamination of drinking water far exceed the uncertain and hypothetical risks of cancer from chlorination and its byproducts. why, then, are governmental bodies around the world embracing greenpeace ' s caprice - - absolute zero tolerance for man - made chlorine - - when the hazards to humanity are so explicitly large? perhaps the answer can be traced back to the publication of rachel carson ' s silent spring in 1962. the book is a lyrical tract, the bible of the environmental movement. carson was the first to bear witness against chlorinated hydrocarbons and other \" elixirs of death \" created by \" the ingenious laboratory manipulation of molecules. \" she condemned these arrogant manipulations, prophesied a man - made cancer epidemic, and popularized the zero - based approach to regulating synthetic chemicals. a daunting theme runs throughout silent spring - - that man ' s ingenuity would be his own worst enemy. and therein lies the essence of rachel ' s folly. carson and her intellectual heirs in the environmental movement embrace a mistaken vision of technology. it is an impaired vision that considers only the risks of industrial chemical compounds, and not the risks created by their absence. as the late aaron wildavsky observed, there are few unalloyed good things in the world. rarely does one find a substance that has benefits but not costs. 8 \" sunsetting \" all uses of chlorine may reduce the hypothetical risks associated with such compounds as dioxin, ddt and pcbs. at the same time, however, a blanket ban on chlorine would increase the enormous risks of waterborne microbial infection here and in underdeveloped countries that can now barely afford ch", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.5277341103324876, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:67e7600e-fac4-4169-8208-249e9aa81179>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T10:38:06.931223"}
{"text": "] : for that which is made in time is made both after and before some time, \u2014 after that which is past, before that which is future. but none could then be past, for there was no creature by whose movements its duration could be measured. but simultaneously with time the world was made, if in the world ' s creation change and motion were created, as seems evident from the order of the first six or seven days. for in these days the morning and evening are counted, until, on the sixth day, all things which god then made were finished, and on the seventh the rest of god was mysteriously and sublimely signalized. what kind of days these were it is extremely difficult, or perhaps impossible for us to conceive, and how much more to say! in the literal meaning of genesis ( pdf ), 1. 19, augustine gave advice for interpreting the scriptures ' statements about the physical world [ emphasis mine ] : usually, even a non - christian knows something about the earth, the heavens, and the other elements of this world, about the motion and orbit of the stars and even their size and relative positions, about the predictable eclipses of the sun and moon, the cycles of the years and the seasons, about the kinds of animals, shrubs, stones, and so forth, and this knowledge he holds to as being certain from reason and experience. now, it is a disgraceful and dangerous thing for an infidel to hear a christian, presumably giving the meaning of holy scripture, talking non - sense on these topics ; and we should take all means to prevent such an embarrassing situation, in which people show up vast ignorance in a christian and laugh it to scorn. lest he be misunderstood, augustine continued [ emphasis mine ] : the shame is not so much that an ignorant individual is derided, but that people outside the household of the faith think our sacred writers held such opinions, and, to the great loss of those for whose salvation we toil, the writers of our scripture are criticized and rejected as unlearned men. if they find a christian mistaken in a field which they themselves know well and hear him maintaining his foolish opinions about our books, how are they going to believe those books in matters concerning the resurrection of the dead, the hope of eternal life, and the kingdom of heaven, when they think their pages are full of falsehoods on facts which they themselves have learnt from experience and the light of reason? later in the same book, augustine laid out his hermeneutic", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5421781949438078, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:7937aca7-9916-40e4-b382-323ef1e93713>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T10:38:06.943354"}
{"text": "conditions of use no planet is alike each other. they all have there uniqueness. like saturn has its rings and jupiter has its big storm on it called the red dot. some of the planets are different colors too. like uranus and neptune are blue. planets can be red, blue, and white. also when you look up into the sky, you sometimes see a star in the sky and the next night its not there. that ' s because its a wondering star better known as a planet. the most common one is venus. the planets are close and far away from the sun. the closest one it mercury. the furthest one is neptune. now your probably wondering why it ' s not pluto, well to tell you the truth, pluto is not a planet anymore. i know, it ' s sad. now let me give you a list so you know how close and far away the planets are. pluto - 39. 5au ( not a planet ) the planets are all different sizes. for instance, jupiter is thhe largest planet, and mercury is the smallest. now your probably wondering, why isn ' t pluto the smallest planet. well to tell you the truth, pluto is not a planet anymore. scientists say it drifted to far out of our solar system. so now we just call pluto a dwarf planet. we used lot of mesurements when we were working with the planets. but the most we used were lightyears and aus. we used lightyears for measuring the distance of the stars and how long it takes for the light of the stars to get to us, and we used aus to tell the distance of the planets. an au is how far a planet is form the sun. here are all the planets and their au ' s. article posted september 24, 2009 at 09 : 41 am \u2022 comment \u2022 reads 1297 return to blog list add a comment latest 10 comments :", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5078435111781578, "token_count": 386, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:62bee2b6-af39-4622-83de-06d9d332cc72>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T10:38:06.951881"}
{"text": "figure tag is used to provide the structure for inserting a figure into a cnxml document. a figure may contain an image, multimedia object, or caption tag. < title > the world ' s cutest dog < / title > < media id = \" dogpic \" alt = \" a dog sitting on a bed \" > < image mime - type = \" image / jpeg \" src = \" image1. jpg \" / > notice how cute the dog is just sitting there. results in this display : figure 1 : notice how cute the dog is just sitting there. | the world ' s cutest dog | allows you to determine which way subfigure elements are arranged. has no effect if the figure has no subfigure children. - horizontal - subfigures appear side by side ( default ). - vertical - subfigures appear one on top of the other. defines the type of figure in order to give specialized control over numbering. figures of the same type are numbered in series ( i. e., figure 1, figure 2... ). type can be used in conjunction with label so that figures of each user - defined type appear with their own label. type can be any user - defined value that reflects the purpose of the figure. a unique identifier, whose value must begin with a letter and contain only letters, numbers, hyphens, underscores, colons, and / or periods ( no spaces ). may contain an optional tag, followed by an optional title next, it must contain : may contain an", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5291036280569541, "token_count": 327, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:8c5551fd-d2dc-4ef1-966a-c0bcfa8ee5d2>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T10:38:06.972472"}
{"text": "there is a passage in on intelligence about the differences between parallel processing in human versus computers : from the dawn of the industrial revolution, people have viewed the brain as some sort of machine. they knew there weren ' t gears and cogs in the head, but it was the best metaphor they had. somehow information entered the brain and the brain - machine determined how the body should react. during the computer age, the brain has been viewed as a particular type of machine, the programmable computer. and as we saw in chapter 1, ai researchers have stuck with this view, arguing that their lack of progress is only due to how small and slow computers remain compared to the human brain. today ' s computers may be equivalent only to a cockroach brain, they say, but when we make bigger and faster computers they will be as intelligent as humans. there is a largely ignored problem with this brain - as - computer analogy. neurons are quite slow compared to the transistors in a computer. a neuron collects inputs from its synapses, and combines these inputs together to decide when to output a spike to other neurons. a typical neuron can do this and reset itself in about five milliseconds ( 5 ms ), or around two hundred times per second. this may seem fast, but a modern silicon - based computer can do one billion operations in a second. this means a basic computer operation is five million times faster than the basic operation in your brain! that is a very, very big difference. so how is it possible that a brain could be faster and more powerful than our fastest digital computers? \" no problem, \" say the brain - as - computer people. \" the brain is a parallel computer. it has billions of cells all computing at the same time. this parallelism vastly multiplies the processing power of the i always felt this argument was a fallacy, and a simple thought experiment shows why. it is called the \" one hundred \u2013 step rule. \" a human can perform significant tasks in much less time than a second. for example, i could show you a photograph and ask you to determine if there is cat in the image. your job would be to push a button if there is a cat, but not if you see a bear or a warthog or a turnip. this task is difficult or impossible for a computer to perform today, yet a human can do it reliably in half a second or less. but neurons are slow, so in that half a second, the information", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_computing", "similarity_score": 0.5492070244466742, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:4e2434c7-881c-47a7-922d-d412827921b3>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T10:38:06.980482"}
{"text": "t make a difference. a computer, no matter how many processors it might have and no matter how fast it runs, cannot \" compute \" the answer to difficult problems in one hundred steps. so how can a brain perform difficult tasks in one hundred steps that the largest parallel computer imaginable can ' t solve in a million or a billion steps? the answer is the brain doesn ' t \" compute \" the answers to problems ; it retrieves the answers from memory. in essence, the answers were stored in memory a long time ago. it only takes a few steps to retrieve something from memory. slow neurons are not only fast enough to do this, but they constitute the memory themselves. the entire cortex is a memory system. it isn ' t a computer at all. the point made here is that the computing paradigm ( that is, the way the whole thing works ) of the brain and the computer are completely different. the computer is a turing machine, and the brain is something else, possibly a memory system if you think that jeff hawking is right. whatever it is, the brain is not a turing machine. to go back to your question : why can ' t human brains be used to do massive parallel processing in the same way computers are doing today? it has to do with the way the human brain works. if you assume that the brain will do any task in a parallel fashion, and the more neurons involved, the better the performance ; then in order to maximize your performance you should use your whole brain. 1 task : 100 % performance, 2 tasks : 50 % performance, 3 tasks : 33 % performance, and so on. but if you add an \" attention switching cost \" to go from one task to another, then you are better off just focusing on one task where the switching cost is zero. so you can multitask, but it won ' t be efficient.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_computing", "similarity_score": 0.5804283341916878, "token_count": 381, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:4e2434c7-881c-47a7-922d-d412827921b3>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T10:38:06.985386"}
{"text": "ask a high school or college kid about their ipod or video library and you \u2019 ll soon hear a lot about file sharing. it \u2019 s used as a method for swapping favorite music files, tv shows or movies, often avoiding paying fees for them. and it \u2019 s often illegal. with the recording industry association of america ( riaa ) actively sending \u201c cease and desist \u201d letters to anyone found to be illegally trading copyrighted materials, it \u2019 s in your family \u2019 s best interest to talk about the right and the wrong ways to find and share music and movies. recently, sweden erupted in a furor when a new law went into effect including severe penalties for anyone using illegal file sharing systems. it \u2019 s estimated that 1 in 10 swedes uses these systems. when the new law went into effect last week requiring the isps to turn in those using these systems, the overall effect was shocking. internet traffic in sweden fell by 30 %, immediately! according to a symantec study, an estimated 90 % of avid gamers also engage in file sharing. sweden represents 3 % of the worldwide total for file sharing. the reason security companies like symantec care about file sharing is that it \u2019 s so difficult for people to keep these programs secure. by their nature, they open a door into the family computer and invite internet strangers to come on in, take a few files and leave a few behind. these systems are notorious for spreading viruses and keystroke loggers ( dangerous little programs that spy on your every keyboard click and report your private info out to others on the internet. ) they ' ve been used to distribute pornography and child pornography, hiding these terrible images with innocuously - coded file names to trick the users of the systems. they are also blamed for criminals getting access to people \u2019 s tax records. here ' s a story that recently aired on the today show about how a family ' s computer was hacked for their valuable tax records using a popular music sharing service. if you haven \u2019 t sat with your teen to discuss the right way to acquire music and watch tv shows and videos online, you need to do so. your lack of involvement might be risking the safety of your computer and all your private information. even worse, you may be at risk of legal action if your computer is found to be involved in any of the many illegal activity known to be a part of illegal file sharing systems. here ' s a good guide to disabling peer to peer file sharing systems. and this pamphlet from the riaa for", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.501078692378811, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:7ab55cda-7404-4a21-a503-99b3d7a272be>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T10:38:06.991880"}
{"text": "let me first invoke the usual hypothesis of cognitive science : the mind is a computer / program / algorithm so let the study of the mind be informed by the study of computers / programs / algorithms. a lot of mike \u2019 s comments have direct analogues in programming languages and software engineering \u2014 lots of people question why monads and continuations are useful and point out that mutation and goto are intuitively easy to understand. so, it \u2019 s not clear to me that time spent writing typical programs on a computer is more beneficial or convincing than the same time spent writing, say, montagovian fragments with paper and pencil. the concern that is more convincing, and that functional programming, monads, and continuations help address, is how to write and maintain large and reliable programs. the claim that a given program or part of a program works, like the claim that a given montagovian fragment or lexical entry works, is basically a theorem. it takes effort to formulate and justify such theorems, especially if we want to do it not only by example but also by rigorous reasoning. as we change and grow our program over time, we want to avoid repeating what is essentially the same effort for parts that have not changed or lexical entries that are analogous. for example, we might want to prove one lemma about all values of a certain type, or all transitive verbs. in sum, we want modular programming, modular testing, and modular reasoning. by \u201c module \u201d, i just mean that you could swap one out and stick another one in without affecting what we care about in the rest of the system. whenever two pieces of code or testing or reasoning are similar, we want to put the similar parts in a module so that we can reuse our work as we repeat and change the pattern. monads are one kind of module that emerged when people got tired of writing similar programs and proofs over and over again. it \u2019 s just like in the rest of math : groups, vector spaces, etc. on 2010 - 12 - 14t12 : 49 : 18 - 0500, mike solomon wrote : i would agree that monads give a potentially unifying perspective. i was challenging the claim that without monads you can \u2019 t \u201c really \u201d understand mutation / dynamic update. or, that functional programming gives the best way to understand mutation. this just seems wrong to me. monads are notoriously difficult to understand, mutation is intuitively easy to understand. that is, i would say : we already understood", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_computing", "similarity_score": 0.5692918537383576, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:8273d07f-0654-48a0-821a-96b5185d6549>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T10:38:07.051748"}
{"text": "dynamic update. or, that functional programming gives the best way to understand mutation. this just seems wrong to me. monads are notoriously difficult to understand, mutation is intuitively easy to understand. that is, i would say : we already understood mutation, now we look at it from a different perspective to try better understand how to combine it with other effects. of course what i just wrote may not be what it means to \u2018 \u201c really \u201d understand mutation / dynamic update \u2019. nevertheless, i would suggest that to \u201c really \u201d understand something entails proving theorems about it that go beyond particular usage examples \u2014 at least, not just \u201c this program gives the correct output on this sample input \u201d but \u201c this program part works on all inputs regardless of the rest of the program \u201d. as soon as we humans who get bored easily try to prove such theorems, we want to capture repeated patterns in our reasoning so as to avoid repeating them. ( hoare logic for reasoning about imperative programs is a great and successful example of such capture, even though it treats mutation specifically and not as a special case of a side effect. ) maybe understanding mutation even entails being confident in a program part that uses mutation and no other side effect, regardless of what side effects occur in the rest of the program. one question i asked yesterday ( last night ) is whether the analogy between quantification and shift / reset yielded insight independent of what kind of semantics one gave for shift / reset : shift / reset can be understood operationally, as a reduction calculus. can quantification? but maybe this is just what qr is. in general, is the transformation to lf a kind of operational semantics? i would answer yes, yes, yes. i take at least 3 lessons from programming - language semantics into natural - language semantics : first, there are different kinds of semantics, not only denotational but also operational and axiomatic, each good for different purposes. operational makes it more obvious how much time and space a program will take ; denotational makes it easier to substitute equals for equals in a larger program. second, we should relate the different kinds of semantics. for example, i \u2019 m a big fan of olivier danvy \u2019 s work on mechanically turning denotational semantics ( well, definitional interpreters ) into operational semantics or back. imagine putting towers into a vending machine and getting qr out or vice versa! finally, it is worth applying specific ideas such as monads in denotational semantics", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_computing", "similarity_score": 0.6281723635750696, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:8273d07f-0654-48a0-821a-96b5185d6549>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T10:38:07.055966"}
{"text": "semantics ( well, definitional interpreters ) into operational semantics or back. imagine putting towers into a vending machine and getting qr out or vice versa! finally, it is worth applying specific ideas such as monads in denotational semantics and evaluation contexts in operational semantics. is it only from the point of view of continuations that one can understand ( best ) a programming language that contains control and state? continuations are the best denotational account of control. it makes it easy to prove that the following expressions can be substituted for each other : ( shift c ( and ( c ( mother ' john ) ) ( c ( mother ' mary ) ) ) ) ; john and mary ' s mother ( mother ( shift c ( and ( c ' john ) ( c ' mary ) ) ) ) ; john ' s mother and mary ' s mother do continuations help us understand / reason about order of evaluation per se, or do they help us reason about order of evaluation in the context of a compositional semantics? the latter, and thus the former, no? : ) in general, should the monad / continuation approach give us insights into natural language meaning ( empirically relevant insights ), or should it give us insights into how to analyze natural language meaning in a certain way, compositional semantics? the latter, and thus the former, no? : ) : ) it seems to me that the analogy between computational side effects and \u201c apparently noncompositional \u201d linguistic phenomena could be insightful in the first way, and that these insights would be conceptually prior to any implementation in terms of monads / continuations. sure, if i were patenting all this then i would claim an implementation in terms of monads / continuations as \u201c a preferred embodiment \u201d of the analogy. take weak crossover. the insight is that evaluation order matters. you and ken used continuations to capture this compositionally. but now your account of order - sensitivity is order - independent. this is what we need for traditional, bottom - up compositional semantics. but why do we still want this? or, what is the status of such a semantics? it is often said that a compositional semantics is necessary for humans to understand novel utterances. but i think it is apparent that weak crossover arises not because humans learn a compositional semantics which simulates order - sensitivity, but rather because of the actual order - sensitivity of processing ( we hear from left to right ). what kind of semantic system captures this directly? you probably", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_computing", "similarity_score": 0.6122002218504827, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:8273d07f-0654-48a0-821a-96b5185d6549>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T10:38:07.059211"}
{"text": "that weak crossover arises not because humans learn a compositional semantics which simulates order - sensitivity, but rather because of the actual order - sensitivity of processing ( we hear from left to right ). what kind of semantic system captures this directly? you probably wouldn \u2019 t find any denotational account of evaluation order \u201c direct \u201d in your sense. the \u201c kind of semantic system \u201d you want is probably operational semantics. indeed, the way i would argue that some denotational semantics accounts for evaluation order is to show that it corresponds to an operational semantics that obviously accounts for evaluation order. here \u2019 s another attempt to put things generally. is natural language a language with side effects ( e. g. c, ocaml ), which really does work impurely / noncompositionally, but such that, at a level of abstraction, its behavior can be described compositionally? or is natural language a pure functional language ( e. g. haskell ) which just happens to contain lexical items whose ( pure functional ) meanings simulate side effects? if it is the former, which seems plausible, how does language \u201c really \u201d do what it does? what \u2019 s the difference? in other words, what does \u201c really \u201d mean? haskell programs can perform io and manipulate mutable state just fine. the \u201c semantics / pragmatics interface \u201d ( aka \u201c run - time system \u201d ) of haskell lets you define a value \u201c main \u201d, of type \u201c io ( ) \u201d, which gets performed when you eventually run the program. it \u2019 s like, how does a hamblin set of alternatives get actually asked?", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_computing", "similarity_score": 0.5862402530267471, "token_count": 333, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:8273d07f-0654-48a0-821a-96b5185d6549>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T10:38:07.061077"}
{"text": "bsa supply no. 35859 in learning about astronomy, scouts study how activities in space affect our own planet and bear witness to the wonders of the night sky : the nebulae, or giant clouds of gas and dust where new stars are born ; old stars dying and exploding ; meteor showers and shooting stars ; the moon, planets, and a dazzling array of stars. - describe the proper clothing and other precautions for safely making observations at night and in cold weather. tell how to safely observe the sun, objects near the sun, and the moon. explain first aid for injuries or illnesses such as heat and cold reactions, dehydration, bites and stings, and damage to your eyes that could occur during observation. - explain what light pollution is and how it and air pollution affect astronomy. - with the aid of diagrams ( or real telescopes if available ), do each of the following : do the following : - explain why binoculars and telescopes are important astronomical tools. demonstrate or explain how these tools are used. - describe the similarities and differences of several types of astronomical telescopes. - explain the purposes of at least three instruments used with astronomical telescopes. do the following : - identify in the sky at least 10 constellations, at least four of which are in the zodiac. - identify at least eight conspicuous stars, five of which are of magnitude 1 or brighter. - make two sketches of the big dipper. in one sketch, show the big dipper ' s orientation in the early evening sky. in another sketch, show its position several hours later. in both sketches, show the north star and the horizon. record the date and time each sketch was made. - explain what we see when we look at the milky way. at approximately weekly intervals, sketch the position of venus, mars, or jupiter in relation to the stars. do this for at least four weeks and at the same time of night. on your sketch, record the date and time next to the planet ' s position. use your sketch to explain how planets move. do the following : - list the names of the five most visible planets. explain which ones can appear in phases similar to lunar phases and which ones cannot, and explain why. - find out when each of the five most visible planets that you identified in requirement 5a will be observable in the evening sky during the next 12 months, then compile this information in the form of a chart or table. update your chart monthly to show whether each planet will be visible during the early morning or in the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5149705337276016, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:5305d5cb-3106-4582-9060-6ebda0d0b467>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T10:38:07.182388"}
{"text": "ing f1 : carbon fibre explained many race fans don ' t know how or why a modern f1 car is constructed of carbon fibre - - even the steering wheel is made from it. this film looks at the reasons why, and follows the production process, from the carbon fibre sheet being cut with a pair of scissors in a sealed room, right through to fernando alonso driving out of the pit garage cocooned in a carbon fibre safety cell designed to withstand the force of a 200mph crash. interviews with : ian goddard, senior composites engineer, ing renault f1 team guy rowles, clean room head, ing renault f1 team how to repair a broken carbon fibre ( fiber ) fishing pole or rod practical how - to instructional tutorial from showing how you can repair a broken, fractured or damaged carbon fiber fishing pole or rod using carbon fibre and epoxy resin using our fishing pole repair kit. optical fibres check us out at an optical fiber is made up of the core ( carrying the light pulses ), the cladding ( reflecting the light pulses back into the core ) and the buffer coating ( protecting the core and cladding from moisture, damage, etc ). together, all of this creates a fiber optic which can carry up to 10 million messages at any time using light pulses. fiber optics is the overlap of applied science and engineering concerned with the design and application of optical fibers. optical fibers are widely used in fiber - optic communications, which permits transmission over longer distances and at higher bandwidths ( data rates ) than other forms of communications. fibers are used instead of metal wires because signals travel along them with less loss and are also immune to electromagnetic interference. fibers are also used for illumination, and are wrapped in bundles so they can be used to carry images, thus allowing viewing in tight spaces. specially designed fibers are used for a variety of other applications, including sensors and fiber lasers. light is kept in the core of the optical fiber by total internal reflection. this causes the fiber to act as a waveguide. fibers which support many propagation paths or transverse modes are called multi - mode fibers ( mmf ), while those which can only support a single mode are called single - mode fibers ( smf ). multi - mode fibers generally have a larger core diameter, and are used for short - distance communication links and for... kelloggs fruit ' n ' fibre advert 1990 advert for kelloggs fruit ' n ' fibre with ross kemp carbon fibre cello shows the process for manufacturing a cello from carbon fibre. la fibre - water mel", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5268325990024829, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:c7e2339f-205b-4842-a9f7-c44ea23cc3e6>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T10:38:07.241999"}
{"text": "distance communication links and for... kelloggs fruit ' n ' fibre advert 1990 advert for kelloggs fruit ' n ' fibre with ross kemp carbon fibre cello shows the process for manufacturing a cello from carbon fibre. la fibre - water melon - clip photo made by bbcn : bbcncorporation. blogspace. fr ferrari f430 scuderia 16m ( carbon fibre ) this is a magnificent fully carbon fibre 16m scuderia. it looked fantastic with full carbon fibre body, hood, boot, rims and interior. the whole car literally was carbon fibre. it was form sale in the beverly hills dealer for $ 650000. how to make your own carbon fiber ( fibre ) parts. easy to follow guide on how you can make your own carbon fibre parts without specialist equipment. all materials used available from modes de fibre optique carbon fibre violin stephen mcconnells carbon fibre violin played by rory boardman if your interested in these contact me, thanks also to peter boardman for advice and final setup, not sure how the audio will translate from handycam to compression for internet and played on pc speakers, bear this in mind. knilling pegs where fitted as the peg box sides are thin and they work great. the carbon fibre fiddle a violin made of carbon fibre ( or carbon fiber, if you prefer that spelling ). more at www. test - fiber optic termination - how to terminate fiber optic cable using giganet fibre optic connectors www. giga - terminating fibre optic sc, st and lc connectors using the giganet cold - cure fiber optic cold - cure and polishing method. how to cover parts in carbon fiber ( fibre ) by skinning or wrapping in this video we show you how to take an existing part and cover it it real carbon fibre. in the video we use a carbon fibre skinning kit ( available from ) which includes all of the materials needed to cover a number of parts in carbon fibre. we call this technique skinning but other name are carbon fibre wrapping, coating and covering. lotus exige full carbon fibre body, 550hp audi engine, 750kg weight lotus elise s1 modified with full carbon fibre series 1 exige bodyshell with highly tuned and turboed audi s3 engine transplant. 550hp, 750kg total weight. homemade optical fiber fibre optic lighting cable diy do it yourself fiber optic cable optical fibre this video is an introduction to future videos on how to make your own optical fiber cable for indoor lighting applications. i imagine", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.506417541428849, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:c7e2339f-205b-4842-a9f7-c44ea23cc3e6>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T10:38:07.243044"}
{"text": "550hp, 750kg total weight. homemade optical fiber fibre optic lighting cable diy do it yourself fiber optic cable optical fibre this video is an introduction to future videos on how to make your own optical fiber cable for indoor lighting applications. i imagine it could be used for short data transfers but will not say for sure. i am working on getting the perfect filling for this. live chemtrail fibre. wmv i extracted a nano sized organism from a chemtrail fibre that had been collected after heavy spraying in nebraska. i captured its growth with my dark field scope. the living fibre is now on its way to a friend who has better lab access. i have tested 23 out of 35 adults and 3 out of 4 children positive for these same fibres. none of those tested showed any outward signs of morgellons. i now know these fibres respond to frequencies, electromagnetic ones. lets hope none of our friendly governments decide to let loose a frequency that awakes these horrors ilford galerie gold fibre silk fine art inkjet paper ilford galerie gold fibre silk has a baryta ( barium sulphate ) coated layer underneath the ink receiving layer equivalent to the structure of traditional fibre photographic paper base. the media offers enhanced definition, extended tonal range, and excellent archival properties, all of which are important to the demanding professional digital photographer and printer. coated fibre papers have a unique look and feel, which has become a standard among art photographers worldwide over the course of more than a century. ilford managing director dai jones speaks with calumet photo ' s gerry oher about the new generation in fine art inkjet paper. available at. aero - tv : the farnborough kestrel - all carbon - fibre business aircraft conceived as a new chapter in business aircraft, the kestrel represents the application of advanced aerodynamics combined with state - of - the - art carbon - fibre composite construction. developed by the british company, farnborough aircraft, the kestrel made its first flight in july of 2006. finally, at the farnborough air show in 2008, the aircraft made its debut for european aviation enthusiasts. after farnborough aircraft came under new ownership at the beginning of 2009, the company has re - dedicated itself to seeking full certification of the kestrel. designed as a single engine turboprop business jet, the kestrel merges speed, comfort, and operational flexibility unparalleled in the world of business and private jet aircraft. due to its robust construction and heavy - duty undercarriage, the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5130506697845232, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:c7e2339f-205b-4842-a9f7-c44ea23cc3e6>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T10:38:07.344986"}
{"text": "/ fibre discs and ceramic bearings. emc & vmware : ip storage - iscsi, nfs, or fibre channel? details, demos, & links below what is the right protocol for vmware infrastructure? iscsi? nfs? fibre channel? what if you had the flexibility choose the protocols that you needed... simultaneous support. join emc ' s chad sakac, senior director vmware strategic alliance, as he discusses where each protocol fits and their unique capabilities in the vmware environment. for more information : information infrastructure for vmware - - infrastructure / information - infrastructure - solutions - vmware. htm preparing optical fibre for testing with optronics otdr ( part 1 ) demonstration of preparing optical fibre for testing with optronics otdr. for more information about the optronics otdr visit how to make a carbon fibre part a short ' how to ' video for producing a carbon fibre part. this instructional video has been produced to accompany the john burn composite kit which is available from www. resins -. it gives you an insight into the various stages of producing a carbon laminate with some useful hints and tips. the kit includes the very latest sika biresin cr82 / ch80 - 2laminating system with biresin s5 gelcoat. there is 4 square metres of carbon fibre so you are able to produce a significant size composite part. other kits include carbon fibre vacuum infusion along with glass fibre versions of each kit. infomercial epic fail : fibre logs! hey guys, i guess things didn ' t go over well for this new cereal that was being promoted!", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.507668632817702, "token_count": 340, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:c7e2339f-205b-4842-a9f7-c44ea23cc3e6>", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T10:38:07.354777"}
{"text": "by charles bogle : a timely reminder of america \u2019 s enlightenment origins 31 august 2006 washington \u2019 s crossing, by david hackett fischer, 543 pages, oxford university press, 2004, $ 17. 95 in washington \u2019 s crossing, published by oxford university press as part of its pivotal moments in american history series ( series editors, david hackett fischer and james m. mcpherson ), fischer describes how enlightenment thinking informed the character and decision - making of george washington at a critical point in the american revolution. fisher argues that although this same enlightenment thinking molded the outlook of the british commanding officers and their charges, the exigencies of an imperialist policy resulted in brutal treatment of the colonists and spoliation of their property. the author concludes by calling on his american readers to remember and embrace their enlightenment origins at the present critical point in their history. the painting entitled \u201c washington crossing the delaware, \u201d which hangs in the metropolitan museum of art in new york, provides the inspiration for the title of fischer \u2019 s book. the masterpiece is itself evocative of the enlightenment and the revolutions it engendered. in the introduction to his book, fischer writes that the artist, a german - american named emanuel leutze, undertook the painting to encourage the europeans, who were engaged in the revolutions of 1848, to follow the example of the american revolution. american revolution and slavery : here. myths of the american revolution : here. today \u2019 s enlightenment perceptions and imperialism : here.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5055366762069626, "token_count": 295, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:07520e3f-d8da-40be-8797-24eaf32d53a4>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T10:38:07.356463"}
{"text": "google sketchup is a software we newly added this year to the list of trio quest resources. it is a 3d modeling software, which can be used to design small objects, buildings, and even entire cities. 3d modeling softwares tend to be intimidating to learn because they are so extensive, but we have returned from cue with a selection cool tips and tricks to share with you that we hope will encourage you and your students to explore the possibilities of creating with google sketchup. google sketchup : free google sketchup pro : $ 495 or free there are two versions of the software : google sketchup and google sketchup pro. google sketchup is free, but nonetheless powerful and feature - packed enough for students to learn a lot from. google sketchup pro, a version with more advanced options such as exporting models to other softwares, normally cost $ 495. however, through sketchup pro k - 12 statewide grant, educators from most of the states in the us are able to get the pro version for free. be sure to check their website to learn more. google 3d warehouse google 3d warehouse is a library that contains models users have submitted that can be downloaded and used in your own google sketchup project. notable ones include famous architectures like the eiffel tower or the colosseum. you can also find more generic models of buildings, people, and others. how to use it : file > 3d warehouse > get models > select a model you would like to place into your project > click on download model scenes is a function to create and save different views of your google sketchup model. a tab will appear underneath the top tools panel automatically for each scene you create, so you can quickly look at your models from many angles and perspectives by clicking on these tabs. how to use it : window > scenes > set your camera where you want it and click on the plus ( + ) button to create a new scene. augmented reality plugin augmented reality plugin lets you to visualize and present your google sketchup project by displaying your models on a real physical plane. please watch the following video for a demonstration : waybe plugin breaks down each elements of google sketchup models into paper prototypes. you can use this tool to to challenge your students to create paper models out of their google sketchup projects. special thanks to mark hammond for sharing these wonderful tips at cue.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5329204642720644, "token_count": 481, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:18457c0b-c4e2-44fd-9f55-c8742c5da525>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T10:38:07.364862"}
{"text": "beyond list and gist : factors contributing to accurate memory for verse date of completion three experiments examined how rhythmic movements influenced participants ' memories for the surface features of connected text by manipulating the meaning, meter, or rhyme. in all three experiments, participants were asked to either rhythmically move or remain still as they listened to a model recite limericks. in experiments 2 and 3, their movement was also manipulated as they were tested on single - line test items that came from limericks they had not previously heard, came directly from the limericks they had learned or that modified the meaning, meter, rhyme or surface features of the original lines. moving during learning and testing did not affect participant ' s ability to discriminate between original and foil items. however, participants were generally less confident in the answers they gave when the material had been learned while moving than when not moving. in contrast, they were more confident in the answer they gave when they were tested while moving compared to not moving. participants ' ability to discriminate between originals and foils was affected by the type of stimulus to which they were responding. they were best able to detect changes to the meaning of the original, and worst to detect changes that modified the surface features without changing the meaning, meter or rhyme scheme. this result is consistent with a large body of literature showing better memory for gist than for surface features. ^ begosh, kristen t, \" beyond list and gist : factors contributing to accurate memory for verse \" ( 2012 ). doctoral dissertations. paper aai3520406.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5697936645626722, "token_count": 316, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:fcf7a8f4-4c52-44f3-a431-c8a37ad76499>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T10:38:07.407827"}
{"text": "the effect of temperature on the root growth of coniferous seedlings the purpose of this study was to determine the effect of temperature on the root growth of eight principal coniferous tree species prevalent in the western united states - - pseudotsuga menziesii, pinus ponderosa, pinus contorts, picea engelmanni, pinus edulis, picea pungens, abies lasiocarpa, and abies concolor. each year billions of seeds fall from these trees, providing ample opportunity for the establishment of dense young stands of seedlings, yet only a small fraction of the seeds become established as plants. what factors then are involved in the establishment and elimination of tree seedlings? many, perhaps even most, of the seeds never have a chance to germinate. the reasons for failure are numerous and include considerable loss from rodents, insects, and disease. some seeds are not viable to begin with. moisture, in optimum concentration, is a beneficial factor which promotes germination. a prolonged period without water, however, will cause seeds to lose their viability. on the other hand, an excessive amount of water may encourage the growth of fungi, some types of which are capable of destroying seeds. in spite of the above handicaps many seeds manage to germinate, but a number of factors influence the growth of new plants, some causing heavy mortality. a small proportion of the plants originating from germinated seeds survives to become mature trees. first emerging from the seed after germination is the radicle, or root. this embryonic component emerges from an insulated environment within the seedcoat to face various environmental conditions which prevail in the microclimate where the seed has fallen. barring destruction from natural catastrophe or from fungal attack, each seedling ' s further development is dependent upon the effect of several environmental factors. in order for the seedling to survive, the factors must react favorably upon the newly exposed radicle ; for unless the seed has fallen directly on mineral soil the radicle must reach down into the soil. this exposure to the air accounts for considerable mortality, and unless the seed has a cover of some type, it probably will not even geminate. since a comprehensive study of all environmental factors and their effect on growth would have been much too exhaustive for this project, the study of only one factor and its effect on one plant part was undertaken. more specifically, this study attempted to isolate some effects of temperature on root elongation and root", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5002242057119004, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:1307d1c5-34fa-413e-b031-59519b0264c0>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T10:38:07.413659"}
{"text": "the term \u201c refined \u201d may evoke notions of knowledge, wealth, and sophistication. when it comes to food, however, this term is a euphemism at best. once upon a time, \u201c white foods \u201d or refined carbohydrates were considered a delicacy in the west. brown bread and other whole grains were looked down upon as the food of the poor. in actuality, people were paying more money for less nutrition. refinement is a process by which the two outer layers of a grain, know as the bran and germ, are stripped away. most of the nutrients in grains, such as fiber, iron, calcium, vitamin e, and the b vitamins, are stored in these outer layers. in order to make up for this nutrient loss, many refined foods are \u201c enriched, \u201d by the addition of small amounts of nutrients back into the food. an increased shelf life is the primary economic motive for such refinement. the stripped away nutrients also receive a premium in today \u2019 s booming supplement market. according to ayurveda, refined foods disrupt the normal course of metabolism. a diet high in refined foods creates ama in the body. foods such as white flour, white rice, and white sugar are also often bleached, increasing their toxicity. the lack of fiber and roughage in such foods also makes it more difficult to them to pass through the digestive tract, as evidenced by the widespread problem of constipation in the west.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5329643674199982, "token_count": 307, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:a710ea35-1fe9-44c8-875e-966ae00b5c58>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T10:38:07.439469"}
{"text": "this lesson shows students how broadly the lend - lease act of march 1941 empowered the federal government \u2014 particularly the president \u2014 and asks students to investigate how fdr promoted the program in speeches and then in photographs. this launchpad focuses on the expansion of executive power involved in the lend - lease program. about a century has passed since the events at the center of this lesson - the haymarket affair, the homestead strike, and the triangle shirtwaist factory fire. in this lesson, students use primary historical sources to explore some of the questions raised by these events, questions that continue to be relevant in debates about american society : where do we draw the line between acceptable business practices and unacceptable working conditions? can an industrial - and indeed a post - industrial - economy succeed without taking advantage of those who do the work? this lesson looks at thomas paine and at some of the ideas presented in his pamphlet common sense, such as national unity, natural rights, the illegitimacy of the monarchy and of hereditary aristocracy, and the necessity for independence and the revolutionary struggle. american foreign policy resonates with the same issues as the debate over u. s. entry into the league of nations - collective security versus national sovereignty, idealism versus pragmatism, the responsibilities of powerful nations, the use of force to accomplish idealistic goals, the idea of america. understanding the debate over the league and the consequences of its ultimate failure provides insight into international affairs in the years since the end of the great war and beyond. in this lesson, students read the words and listen to the voices of some central participants in the debate over the league of nations.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5108914342886071, "token_count": 331, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:eb15fa2f-41c6-458b-8443-25d260e0093a>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T10:38:07.442406"}
{"text": "christmas came early to singapore! we had the great honor of having alan november at our school this week, and i sit here now, trying to hash out and piece together coherent thoughts, head still swirling with ideas and discussions from this afternoon \u2019 s workshop. i think the most useful post is one that shares what was learned that will be useful in the classroom the next day. what have i taken away from the workshop that i can turn around and begin using in my teaching that will enhance and improve student learning? below i have outlined the key take - aways and how i plan to implement them. diigo is a fantastic tool. one i \u2019 ve used for quite some time now to keep my bookmarks organized and available no matter where i am. during the workshop, alan said something to the effect of, \u201c in the library, dewey did all the tagging. today, we have to teach kids how to do this. \u201d for those who do not know, diigo, according to wikipedia, is : diigo ( pronounced / \u02c8di\u02d0\u0261o\u028a / ) is a social bookmarkingwebsite which allows signed - up users to bookmark and tag web - pages. additionally, it allows users to highlight any part of a webpage and attach sticky notes to specific highlights or to a whole page. these annotations can be kept private, shared with a group within diigo or a special link forwarded to someone else. the name \u201c diigo \u201d is an abbreviation for \u201c digest of internet information, groups and other stuff. \u201d what i didn \u2019 t know, ( or knew, but forgot ) is that educators can create groups and student accounts for free. it \u2019 s a fairly simple process that does take a bit of initial set up, but once you have it rolling, you and your students will be tagging, collaborating, researching, and learning at a whole new level. here \u2019 s a link to specific directions on setting up your groups and student accounts. ed tech ideas : i teach 3 different grade levels, and my different classes are always researching for one project or another. students are always finding great sites, but at best, they bookmark it to their local computer, never to be seen by others. now with our diigo groups ( i created one for each grade level ), kids learn how to tag, organize, and share their finds with everyone else in the group. everyone benefits from group knowledge, and the students learn an important skill that will stay with them and grow throughout their academic", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.501463993608315, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:cdf75e18-8946-49f4-abde-e1a3647d4e48>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T10:38:07.448165"}
{"text": "perfect school search list of free online interior design courses, classes and learning materials learn interior design with these free online courses and learning materials. see the full list of free interior design courses and find the course that is right for you. free online course and learning materials info although most free online interior design courses aren ' t affiliated with schools, a select few university classes related to design concepts are available. most courses don ' t confer credits and can ' t be applied toward degree programs. interior design classes and learning materials are often offered by commercial concerns in the industry. users interested in these free online interior design resources should have a computer with high - speed internet access to take full advantage of streaming videos and online software tools. autodesk homestyler software allows users to place doors and windows in floor plans, experiment with actual product brands and see their designs in 3d. this web - based software is supported by windows. learners also have access to tip sheets for paint colors and design ideas, in addition to video presentations from an interior designer. this commercial website offers consumers a variety of articles related to interior design and decoration items for sale, in addition to the decorating your home 6 - lesson course developed by a member of the american society of interior designers ( asid ). students learn key concepts about color and ideas for decorating various rooms in a home through text and pictures. practice exercises are included. home and garden television a collection of free online articles and videos, design 101 is available through home and garden television ' s website. the articles provide a general foundation on basic design topics, like choosing the right furniture, selecting a cohesive color scheme and deciding between traditional and contemporary designs. users can also read about the fundamentals of feng shui, color theory and decorative fabrics. additional resources include furniture and design glossaries and an 8 - question design iq quiz. decorating 101 provides a variety of articles with photographs on topics such as color, floors, light, walls and windows. the pages are printable. learners also have access to photographic home tours, kitchen design ideas, principles of design information and martha stewart ' s blog. massachusetts institute of technology ( mit ) this school offers most of its classes free through opencourseware. credits are not awarded, and access to faculty members is not included. the entire contents of original courses may not be reflected in the materials that are made available. principles of design is an undergraduate course dealing with advanced theories of design. students complete readings and assignments dealing with historic periods, lighting and color. although this course", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.506737706238781, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:c5823a45-3141-4fb2-b702-0d6b0b3dbd88>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T10:38:07.453592"}
{"text": ". the entire contents of original courses may not be reflected in the materials that are made available. principles of design is an undergraduate course dealing with advanced theories of design. students complete readings and assignments dealing with historic periods, lighting and color. although this course is geared toward stage design, concepts learned may be transferred to design in the home, as well. daylighting is an advanced course concerned with the design decisions related to both daylighting and electric lighting. students complete reading and homework assignments, in addition to a final design project. through learningspace, open university offers free courses on a variety of topics. design thinking is a 10 - hour introductory course available through download, content feed or print. learners study principles of composition, such as structure, repetition, symmetry and proportion. assignments include readings, how - to guides and design activities. people - centred designing is a 12 - hour introductory course that focuses on usability. topics include design for users, inclusive design, ergonomics and designing for customers. although product design is the major focus in this course, the concepts could also be related to the design of buildings, rooms, appliances and furniture. sweet home 3d users may download the software for sweet home 3d or use it online. this software allows users to draw house plans and arrange furniture pieces within them, seeing the results in 3d. learners also have access to a users ' guide, video tutorial, picture gallery of home examples and a blog. utah education network utah ' s family & consumer sciences education division offers vocational education plans appropriate for students from high school through adult in these interior design classes. courses include links, activities and lesson plans. interior design i addresses topics such as line, shape, space, elements of design, color, scale and floor plans. interior design ii focuses on the styles and history of architecture, furniture styles, construction techniques, surface treatments, textiles, window treatments and light. students apply the knowledge gained in interior design i and ii through various tasks and activities in advanced interior design.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.542793537864451, "token_count": 402, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:c5823a45-3141-4fb2-b702-0d6b0b3dbd88>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T10:38:07.454420"}
{"text": "| look up facebook in wiktionary, the free dictionary. | a face book or facebook is a printed or online directory found at american universities consisting of individuals \u2019 photographs and names. in particular, it denotes publications of this type distributed by university administrations at the start of the academic year with the intention of helping students get to know each other. colleges and universities in the united states often published official or unofficial books listing their students, faculty, or staff, together with pictures and limited biographical data. by the early 2000s some face books were being published online offering a number of new features, including password protection, more detailed information, more advanced indexing and searching, and the ability for people to upload and enter information and photographs. in early 2004, mark zuckerberg, a sophomore at harvard university, created an unofficial online face book at the website \" thefacebook. com \", the forerunner of the facebook service, out of frustration that the university ' s official online face book project was taking too long. the development of a campus - wide face book had previously been stalled by privacy concerns, many of which became prominent in november 2003 when zuckerberg was accused of breaching security and violating copyrights and individual privacy. zuckerberg had created a website, www. facemash. com, that used photos taken without authorization from harvard house - based face books, using the photos in a system to rate the attractiveness of students. - kavita saini ( 2004 - 12 - 07 ). daily princetonian http : / / www. highbeam. com / doc / 1p1 - 103202590. html. missing or empty - alan j. tabak ( 2004 - 02 - 09 ). \" hundreds register for new facebook website \". harvard crimson. - david m. kaden ( december 9, 2003 ). \" college inches toward campus - wide facebook ; time frame for completion of online directory still uncertain \".", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5142034156562995, "token_count": 393, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ff73462e-7536-4b53-92fe-fd62e8e502d5>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T10:38:07.461478"}
{"text": "| classification and external resources | | icd - 9 | | 294. 0, 780. 9, 780. 93 | amnesia ( from greek \u03b1\u03bc\u03bd\u03b7\u03c3\u03b9\u03b1 \" a \" meaning \" without \", \" \u03bc\u03bd\u03b7\u03c3\u03b9\u03b1 \" memory ) is a deficit in memory caused by brain damage, disease, or psychological trauma. amnesia can also be caused temporarily by the use of various sedatives and hypnotic drugs. essentially, amnesia is loss of memory. the memory can be either wholly or partially lost due to the extent of damage that was caused. there are two main types of amnesia : retrograde amnesia and anterograde amnesia. retrograde amnesia is the inability to retrieve information that was acquired before a particular date, usually the date of an accident or operation. in some cases the memory loss can extend back decades, while in others the person may lose only a few months of memory. anterograde amnesia is the inability to transfer new information from the short - term store into the long - term store. people with this type of amnesia cannot remember things for long periods of time. these two types are not mutually exclusive. both can occur within a patient at one time. case studies, such as that of patient r. b., show that both types of amnesia can occur simultaneously. case studies also show that amnesia is typically associated with damage to the medial temporal lobe. in addition, specific areas of the hippocampus ( the ca1 region ) are involved with memory. research has also shown that when areas of the diencephalon are damaged, amnesia can occur. in people suffering with amnesia the ability to recall immediate information is still retained, [ full citation needed ] and they may still be able to form new memories. however, a severe reduction in the ability to learn new material and retrieve old information can be observed. patients can learn new procedural knowledge. in addition, priming ( both perceptual and conceptual ) can assist amnesiacs in the learning of fresh non - declarative knowledge. amnesic patients also retain substantial intellectual, linguistic, and social skill despite profound impairments in the ability to recall specific information encountered in prior learning episodes. french psychologist theodule - armand ribot was among the first scientists to study amnesia. he proposed ribot ' s law which states that there is a time gradient in retrograde amnesia. the law follows a logical progression of memory - loss due to disease. first, a patient loses the recent memories, then personal memories, and finally intellectual memories. he implied", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.5690245440791146, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:d4a66753-f89f-4b90-8c6c-45ff52fa456a>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T10:38:07.566692"}
{"text": "' s law which states that there is a time gradient in retrograde amnesia. the law follows a logical progression of memory - loss due to disease. first, a patient loses the recent memories, then personal memories, and finally intellectual memories. he implied that the most recent memories were lost first. important case studies case studies played a large role in the discovery of amnesia and the parts of the brain that were affected. the studies gave important insight into how amnesia affects the brain. the studies also gave scientists the resources into improving their knowledge about amnesia and insight into a cure or prevention. there are two extremely important case studies : henry molaison and r. b. henry molaison henry molaison, formerly known as h. m., changed the way people thought of memory. he was a patient who suffered from severe epilepsy. physicians were unable to control his seizures with drugs, so they tried a new approach involving brain surgery. doctors removed his medial temporal lobe bilaterally by doing a temporal lobectomy. his epilepsy did improve, but molaison lost the ability to form new long - term memories ( anterograde amnesia ). he exhibited normal short - term memory ability. if he was given a list of words, he would forget them in about a minute ' s time. in fact, he would forget that he was even given a list in the first place. he was able to learn things through his implicit memory. the psychologists would ask him to draw something on a piece of paper, but to look at the paper using a mirror. though he could never remember ever doing that task, he would improve after doing it over and over again. this showed the psychologists that he was learning and remembering things unconsciously. studies were completed consistently throughout molaison \u2019 s lifetime to discover more about amnesia. researchers did a 14 - year follow - up study on molaison. they studied him for a period of two weeks to learn more about his amnesia. after 14 years, molaison still could not recall things that have happened since his surgery. however, he can still remember things that happened prior to the operation. researchers also found that, when asked, molaison could answer questions about national or international events, but he could not remember his own personal memories. this case study provided important insight to the areas of the brain that are affected in anterograde amnesia, as well as how amnesia works. patient r. b. after an ischemic episode ( reduction of blood to the brain ) that was", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.5331262321702708, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:d4a66753-f89f-4b90-8c6c-45ff52fa456a>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T10:38:07.567895"}
{"text": ". this case study provided important insight to the areas of the brain that are affected in anterograde amnesia, as well as how amnesia works. patient r. b. after an ischemic episode ( reduction of blood to the brain ) that was caused from a heart bypass surgery, r. b. lost his memory. unlike molaison, r. b. developed both anterograde and retrograde amnesia. his lesions were restricted to the hippocampus. it wasn \u2019 t until after his death that researchers had the chance to examine his brain. they found that his lesions were restricted to the ca1 portion of the hippocampus. this case study led to important research involving the role of the hippocampus and the function of memory. there are three generalized categories in which amnesia could be acquired by a person. the three categories are head trauma ( example : head injuries ), traumatic events ( example : seeing something devastating to the mind ), or physical deficiencies ( example : atrophy of the hippocampus ). the majority of amnesia and related memory issues derive from the first two categories as these are more common and the third could be considered a sub category of the first. - head trauma is a very broad range as it deals with any kind of injury or active action toward the brain which might cause amnesia. retrograde and anterograde amnesia are more often seen from events like this, an exact example of a cause of the two would be electroshock therapy, which would cause both briefly for the receiving patient. - traumatic events are more subjective. what is traumatic is dependent on what the person finds to be traumatic. regardless, a traumatic event is an event where something so distressing occurs that the mind chooses to forget rather than deal with the stress. a common example of amnesia that is caused by traumatic events is dissociative amnesia, which occurs when the person forgets an event that has deeply disturbed them. an example would be forgetting what happened to your friends after you see them harmed in a gruesome fashion. - physical deficiencies are different from head trauma as physical lean more toward passive physical issues. the difference would be having surgery that removes part of your brain, this would be active and thus head trauma, while the surgery caused the surrounding areas to atrophy, which is passive. henry molaison is a great example of physical deficiencies as parts of his brain began to atrophy after his surgery. amongst specific causes of amnesia are the following : - electroconvu", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.5077535233121707, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:d4a66753-f89f-4b90-8c6c-45ff52fa456a>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T10:38:07.569714"}
{"text": "surrounding areas to atrophy, which is passive. henry molaison is a great example of physical deficiencies as parts of his brain began to atrophy after his surgery. amongst specific causes of amnesia are the following : - electroconvulsive therapy in which seizures are electrically induced in patients for therapeutic effect can have acute effects including both retrograde and anterograde amnesia. - alcohol can both cause blackouts and have deleterious effects on memory formation. - anterograde amnesia refers to the inability to create new memories due to brain damage, while long - term memories from before the event remain intact. the brain damage can be caused by the effects of long - term alcoholism, severe malnutrition, stroke, head trauma, surgery, wernicke - korsakoff syndrome, cerebrovascular events, anoxia or other trauma. the two brain regions related with this condition are medial temporal lobe and medial diencephalon. anterograde amnesia can ' t be treated with pharmacological methods due to neuronal loss. however, treatment exists in educating patients to define their daily routines and after several steps they begin to benefit from their procedural memory. likewise, social and emotional support is critical to improving quality of life for anterograde amnesia sufferers. - retrograde amnesia refers to inability to recall memories before onset of amnesia. one may be able to encode new memories after the incident. retrograde is usually caused by head trauma or brain damage to parts of the brain besides the hippocampus. the hippocampus is responsible for encoding new memory. episodic memory is more likely to be affected than semantic memory. the damage is usually caused by head trauma, cerebrovascular accident, stroke, tumor, hypoxia, encephalitis, or chronic alcoholism. people suffering from retrograde amnesia are more likely to remember general knowledge rather than specifics. recent memories are less likely to be recovered, but older memories will be easier to recall due to strengthening over time. retrograde amnesia is usually temporary and can be treated by exposing them to memories from the loss. another type of consolidation ( process by which memories become stable in the brain ) occurs over much longer periods of time / days, weeks, months and years and likely involves transfer of information from the hippocampus to more permanent storage site in the cortex. the operation of this longer - term consolidation process is seen in the retrograde amnesia of patients with hippocampal damage who", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5180855300857393, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:d4a66753-f89f-4b90-8c6c-45ff52fa456a>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T10:38:07.570707"}
{"text": ", months and years and likely involves transfer of information from the hippocampus to more permanent storage site in the cortex. the operation of this longer - term consolidation process is seen in the retrograde amnesia of patients with hippocampal damage who can recall memories from childhood relatively normally, but are impaired when recalling experiences that occurred just a few years prior to the time they became amnesic. ( kirwan et al., 2008 ) - post - traumatic amnesia is generally due to a head injury ( example : a fall, a knock on the head ). traumatic amnesia is often transient, but may be permanent or either anterograde, retrograde, or mixed type. the extent of the period covered by the amnesia is related to the degree of injury and may give an indication of the prognosis for recovery of other functions. mild trauma, such as a car accident that results in no more than mild whiplash, might cause the occupant of a car to have no memory of the moments just before the accident due to a brief interruption in the short / long - term memory transfer mechanism. the sufferer may also lose knowledge of who people are. having longer periods of amnesia or consciousness after an injury may be an indication that recovery from remaining concussion symptoms will take much longer. - dissociative amnesia results from a psychological cause as opposed to direct damage to the brain caused by head injury, physical trauma or disease, which is known as organic amnesia. dissociative amnesia can include : - repressed memory refers to the inability to recall information, usually about stressful or traumatic events in persons ' lives, such as a violent attack or disaster. the memory is stored in long - term memory, but access to it is impaired because of psychological defense mechanisms. persons retain the capacity to learn new information and there may be some later partial or complete recovery of memory. formerly known as \" psychogenic amnesia \". - dissociative fugue ( formerly psychogenic fugue ) is also known as fugue state. it is caused by psychological trauma and is usually temporary, unresolved and therefore may return. an individual with dissociative fugue disorder is unaware or confused about his or her identity and will travel in journeys away from familiar surroundings to discover or create new identities. the merck manual defines it as \" one or more episodes of amnesia in which patients cannot recall some or all of their past and either lose their identity or form a new identity. the episodes, called fugues, result from trauma", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.5463242310054479, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:d4a66753-f89f-4b90-8c6c-45ff52fa456a>", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T10:38:07.571792"}
{"text": "create new identities. the merck manual defines it as \" one or more episodes of amnesia in which patients cannot recall some or all of their past and either lose their identity or form a new identity. the episodes, called fugues, result from trauma or stress. dissociative fugue often manifests as sudden, unexpected, purposeful travel away from home. \" while popular in fiction, it is extremely rare. - post - hypnotic amnesia occurs when events during hypnosis are forgotten, or where past memories are unable to be recalled. the failure to remember those events is induced by suggestions made during the hypnosis. - lacunar amnesia is the loss of memory about one specific event. - childhood amnesia ( also known as infantile amnesia ) is the common inability to remember events from one ' s own childhood. sigmund freud notoriously attributed this to sexual repression, while modern scientific approaches generally attribute it to aspects of brain development or developmental psychology, including language development. researchers have found that implicit memories cannot be recalled and are hardily described. remembering how to play the piano is a common example of implicit memory. explicit memories, on the other hand, can be recalled and described in words. remembering the first day that you met your piano teacher is an example of explicit memories. - transient global amnesia is a well - described medical and clinical phenomenon. this form of amnesia is distinct in that abnormalities in the hippocampus can sometimes be visualized using a special form of magnetic resonance imaging of the brain known as diffusion - weighted imaging ( dwi ). symptoms typically last for less than a day and there is often no clear precipitating factor or any other neurological deficits. the cause of this syndrome is not clear. the hypothesis of the syndrome includes transient reduced blood flow, possible seizure or an atypical type of migraine. patients are typically amnestic of events more than a few minutes in the past, though immediate recall is usually preserved. - source amnesia is the inability to remember where, when or how previously learned information has been acquired, while retaining the factual knowledge. source amnesia is both part of ordinary forgetting and can be a memory disorder caused by different factors. people suffering from source amnesia can also get confused about the content of what is remembered. this confusion has been loosely termed memory distrust syndrome. individuals who suffer from this syndrome distrust their memory and may be motivated to rely on external ( non - self ) sources. - korsakoff ' s syndrome can result from long - term alcoholism or malnut", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5735497217450497, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:d4a66753-f89f-4b90-8c6c-45ff52fa456a>", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T10:38:07.572855"}
{"text": "confusion has been loosely termed memory distrust syndrome. individuals who suffer from this syndrome distrust their memory and may be motivated to rely on external ( non - self ) sources. - korsakoff ' s syndrome can result from long - term alcoholism or malnutrition. it is caused by brain damage due to a vitamin b1 deficiency and will be progressive if alcohol intake and nutrition pattern are not modified. other neurological problems are likely to be present in combination with this type of amnesia. korsakoff ' s syndrome is also known to be connected with confabulation. it should be noted that the person ' s short - term memory may appear to be normal, however the person may have a difficult time attempting to recall a past story, or with unrelated words, as well as complicated patterns. - drug - induced amnesia is intentionally caused by injection of an amnesiac drug to help a patient forget surgery or medical procedures, particularly those not performed under full anesthesia, or likely to be particularly traumatic. such drugs are also referred to as \" premedicants. \" most commonly a 2 ' - halogenated benzodiazepine such as midazolam or flunitrazepam is the drug of choice, although other strongly amnestic drugs such as propofol or scopolamine may also be used for this application. memories of the short time - frame in which the procedure was performed are permanently lost or at least substantially reduced, but once the drug wears off, memory is no longer affected. - prosopamnesia is the inability to recognize or remember faces, even in the presence of intact facial recognition capabilities. both acquired and inborn cases have been documented. - situation - specific amnesia can arise in a variety of circumstances ( e. g., committing an offence, child sexual abuse ) resulting in ptsd. it has been claimed that it involves a narrowing of consciousness with attention focused on central perceptual details and / or that the emotional or traumatic events are processed differently from ordinary memories. - transient epileptic amnesia is a rare and unrecognized form of temporal lobe epilepsy, which is typically an episodic isolated memory loss. it has been recognized as a treatment - responsive syndrome congenial to anti - epileptic drugs. acquisition of new memories patients with amnesia can learn new information, particularly non - declarative knowledge. however, some patients with dense anterograde amnesia do not remember the episodes during which they learned or observed the information previously. acquisition of new dec", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5374369588485378, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:d4a66753-f89f-4b90-8c6c-45ff52fa456a>", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T10:38:07.574001"}
{"text": ". acquisition of new memories patients with amnesia can learn new information, particularly non - declarative knowledge. however, some patients with dense anterograde amnesia do not remember the episodes during which they learned or observed the information previously. acquisition of new declarative information some patients with anterograde amnesia can still acquire some semantic information, even though it might be more difficult and might remain rather unrelated to more general knowledge. h. m. could accurately draw a floor plan of the home in which he lived after surgery, even though he had not lived there in years. the reason patients couldn \u2019 t form new episodic memories is likely because the ca1 region of the hippocampus was lesioned, and thus the hippocampus couldn \u2019 t make connections to the cortex. after an ischemic episode following surgery, an mri of patient r. b. showed his hippocampus to be intact except for a specific lesion restricted to the ca1 pyramidal cells. acquisition of new non - declarative information some retrograde and anterograde amnesics are capable of non - declarative memory, including implicit learning and procedural learning. for example, some patients show improvement on the pseudorandom sequences experiment as healthy people do. therefore, procedural learning can proceed independently of the brain system required for episodic memory. according to fmri studies, the acquisition of procedural memories activates the basal ganglia, the premotor cortex and the supplementary motor area, regions which are not normally associated with the formation of episodic memories. this type of dissociation between declarative and procedural memory can also be found in patients with diencephalic amnesia such as korsakoff \u2019 s syndrome. another example is that some patients, such as k. c. and h. m, who have medial temporal damage and anterograde amnesia, still have perceptual priming. those patients did well in the word fragment completion test. many forms of amnesia fix themselves without being treated. however, there are a few ways to cope with memory loss if that is not the case. one of these ways is cognitive or occupational therapy. in therapy, amnesiacs will develop the memory skills they have and try to regain some they have lost by finding which techniques help retrieve memories or create new retrieval paths. this may also include strategies for organizing information to remember it more easily and for improving understanding of lengthy conversation. another coping mechanism is taking advantage of technological assistance, such as a personal digital device to keep track", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.5107979691360132, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:d4a66753-f89f-4b90-8c6c-45ff52fa456a>", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T10:38:07.574953"}
{"text": "- term memory processes and the amnesic syndrome. new york : academic. pp. 258 \u2013 91. - h, weingartner ( 1983 ). forms of cognitive failure. science. pp. 221 : 380 \u2013 2. - ribot, t. ( 1882 ) diseases of memory : an essay in the positive psychology. london : d. appleton and company. - corkin, s., milner, b. & teuber, h. ( 1968 ) further analysis of the hippocampal amnesic syndrome : 14 - year follow - up study on patient h. m. neuropsychologia. 6, 215 - 234. - burgess, n., maguire, e., spiers, h. ( 2001 ) hippocampal amnesia. neurocase. 7, 357 - 382. - myers, david g. psychology. fifth ed. new york : worth publishers, 1998. n. pag. print - benbow, sm ( 2004 ) \" adverse effects of ect \". in aif scott ( ed. ) the ect handbook, second edition. london : the royal college of psychiatrists, pp. 170 \u2013 174. - goodwin dw, crane jb, guze sb ( august 1969 ). \" alcoholic \" blackouts \" : a review and clinical study of 100 alcoholics \". am j psychiatry 126 ( 2 ) : 191 \u2013 8. pmid 5804804. - parker es, birnbaum im, noble ep ( december 1976 ). \" alcohol and memory : storage and state dependency \". journal of verbal learning and verbal behaviour 15 ( 6 ) : 691 \u2013 702. doi : 10. 1016 / 0022 - 5371 ( 76 ) 90061 - x. - carlson, n. r. ( 19992000 ). memory. psychology : the science of behaviour ( canandian ed., p. 250 ). scarborough, ont. : allyn and bacon canada. - erdogan, serap ( 2010 ). \" anterograde amnesia \". psikiyatride guncel yaklasimlar - current approaches in psychiatry 2 ( 2 ) : 174 \u2013 189. retrieved 27 november 2011. - mastin, l. ( 2010 ). the human memory : retrograde amnesia. retrieved from http : / / www. human - memory. net / disorders _ retrograde. html - \" memory abnormality. \" encyclop\u00e6dia britannica. en", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.5461896452026712, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:d4a66753-f89f-4b90-8c6c-45ff52fa456a>", "chunk_index": 9, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T10:38:07.577066"}
{"text": "( 2010 ). the human memory : retrograde amnesia. retrieved from http : / / www. human - memory. net / disorders _ retrograde. html - \" memory abnormality. \" encyclop\u00e6dia britannica. encyclop\u00e6dia britannica online academic edition. encyclop\u00e6dia britannica inc., 2012. web. 21 apr 2012. - masferrer r, masferrer m, prendergast v, harrington tr ( 2000 ). \" grading scale for cerebral concussions \" ( [ dead link ] ). bni quarterly ( barrow neurological institute ) 16 ( 1 ). issn 0894 - 5799 - \" dissociative fugue. retrieved 7 august 2012 \". my. clevelandclinic. org. retrieved 2012 - 12 - 22. - \" the merck manuals online \". merckmanuals. com. retrieved 2012 - 12 - 22. - carlson, neil ( 2007 ). psychology the science of behaviour. toronto : pearson. p. 283. isbn 978 - 0 - 205 - 64524 - 4. - harlene hayne *, fiona jack,, wiley interdisciplinary reviews : cognitive science, march / april 2011 - schacter, d. l., harbluk, j. l., and mclachlen, d. r. ( 1984 ). retrieval without recollection : an experimental analysis of source amnesia. journal of verbal learning and verbal behaviour, 23 ( 5 ) : 593 - 611. - \" shaheen emmanuel lakhan : neuropsychological generation of source amnesia : an episodic memory disorder of the frontal brain. journal of medicine, volume 1, issue 1, 2007 \". scientificjournals. org. retrieved 2012 - 12 - 22. - \" types of amnesia \". uwaterloo. retrieved 9 april 2012. - walsh rd, jr wharen re, iv tatum wo ( 2011 ). \" complex transient epileptic amnesia \". epilepsy & behaviour 20 ( 2 ) : 410 \u2013 413. - nordquist, c. ( 2004 ) what is amnesia? what causes amnesia? medical news today. retrieved from : http : / / www. medicalnewstoday. com / articles / 9673. php - \" treating amnesia. neurology now. 4 ( 4 ), pg. 37 ( 2008 ) \". journals. lww. com. doi :", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.5396515875589809, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:d4a66753-f89f-4b90-8c6c-45ff52fa456a>", "chunk_index": 10, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T10:38:07.578044"}
{"text": "how strong are you? you ' ll be amazed to learn how much force your body ' s joints and muscles actually support on a daily basis. this interactive segment from discovery channel takes you inside the body and explains how much strength your bones and muscles really possess. adrenaline and strength when we feel fear or are faced with a sudden dangerous situation, the human body undergoes an amazing change. the stressor - - for example, the sight of your son pinned beneath a car - - stimulates the hypothalamus. this region of the brain is responsible for maintaining the balance between stress and relaxation in your body. when it ' s alerted to danger, it sends out a chemical signal to your adrenal glands, activating the sympathetic system, which sends the body into an excited state. these glands release adrenaline ( epinephrine ) and noradrenaline ( norepinephrine ), hormones that create the state of readiness that helps a human confront danger. together, these hormones raise heart rate, increase respiration, dilate the pupils, slow down digestion and - - perhaps most importantly - - allow muscles to contract. all of these changes in our normal physical state prepare us to face danger head - on. combined, they make us more agile, allow us to take in more information and help us use more energy. but adrenaline ' s effect on muscles accounts for amazing strength. adrenaline acts on muscles, allowing them to contract more than they can when the body is in a calm or neutral state. when adrenaline is released by the adrenal medulla - - an interior region of the adrenal glands, which are located just above your kidneys - - it allows blood to flow more easily to your muscles. this means that more oxygen is carried to your muscles by the extra blood, which allows your muscles to function at elevated levels. skeletal muscles - - those attached to bones by tendons - - are activated by electrical impulses from the nervous system. when they ' re stimulated, muscles contract, meaning they shorten and tighten. this is what happens when you lift an object, run or throw a punch. adrenaline also facilitates the conversion of the body ' s fuel source ( glycogen ) into its fuel ( glucose ). this carbohydrate gives energy to muscles, and a sudden burst of glucose also allows muscles to strengthen further. so does this mean that we have superhuman strength that is unlocked when we ' re confronted with danger? that ' s one way to put it. some theorize", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5304818060101204, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:a62db572-d2a1-4247-b9a5-4106150c2175>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T10:38:07.736422"}
{"text": "gives energy to muscles, and a sudden burst of glucose also allows muscles to strengthen further. so does this mean that we have superhuman strength that is unlocked when we ' re confronted with danger? that ' s one way to put it. some theorize that we normally use only a small percentage of our muscles ' capabilities. when we are confronted with danger, we transcend the limitations of our muscles and simply act. the rush of adrenaline, which accounts for a sudden increase in strength, helps to facilitate a person lifting a car. in other words, when confronted with extreme stress, we involuntarily use our muscles beyond the limitations of their normal voluntary use. this theory is supported by what happens when a person is electrocuted. someone who is shocked can be thrown a notable distance from where the shock took place. but this is not due to the electric shock. instead, it ' s a sudden and violent contraction of the person ' s muscles as a result of the electrical charge flowing through the body. this demonstrates a potential for muscle contraction that isn ' t utilized under normal circumstances. in much the same way that people can ' t throw themselves across the room, they also can ' t normally lift a car - - the resources aren ' t available without the threat. but why don ' t we possess superhuman strength all the time? wouldn ' t it be beneficial? read the next page to find out why it ' s better that we only have bursts of strength.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5363635779876825, "token_count": 297, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:a62db572-d2a1-4247-b9a5-4106150c2175>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T10:38:07.737571"}
{"text": "losing stream in our battle to predict and prevent invasive species invasive species - - plants, animals, and microbes introduced to regions beyond their native range - - carry a global price tag of $ 1. 4 trillion dollars. they are responsible for the loss of natural resources and biodiversity, damages to infrastructure, and an uptick in infectious diseases. not all non - native species pose a threat. scientists around the world have spent the last several decades teasing apart the conditions that set the stage for debilitating invaders, like giant hogweed, zebra mussels, or gray squirrels. a number of hypotheses have emerged to help predict how natural areas will respond to introduced plants, animals, and microbes. an analysis of 371 invasion studies using six dominant invasion hypotheses has revealed their predictive power is weakening. the paper ' s authors - - jonathan jeschke, lorena gomez aparicio, sylvia haider, tina heger, christopher lortie, petr pysek, and david strayer - - found empirical support for all six hypotheses declining, with recent studies showing the lowest levels of support. hypotheses that were too broad or omitted ecosystem interactions fared among the worst, plants proved easier to predict than animals, and, contrary to popular belief, diverse ecosystems were not inherently resistant against invaders. the study was published in the open - access journal neobiota. the paper ' s authors comment : \" the observed decline effect means our confidence in making sound policy and management decisions based on the six analyzed hypotheses is lower today than it was in the past. scientists were overly optimistic about the predictive power of these hypotheses. given that invasive species are an expensive and ever growing problem, this is a situation that needs to be addressed. \" similar \" decline effects \" have been noted in other disciplines, among them pharmacological research, psychology, and animal behavior. the effect has been attributed to publication bias, inadequate sample sizes, and a tendency of early tests of hypotheses to pick study organisms or systems where positive results are expected. lead author jonathan jeschke, of technische universitat munchen, concludes : \" the decline effect is both worrying and fascinating. it ' s a phenomenon that should be investigated across disciplines, as medical and psychological researchers have shown its effects can be strong, and it can distort the predictive power of hypotheses. \" the paper ' s authors offer four solutions to improve", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5173435321297144, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:adfc38a0-3a0c-4aae-97c5-b8d26dc4f8a7>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T10:38:07.741869"}
{"text": "s a phenomenon that should be investigated across disciplines, as medical and psychological researchers have shown its effects can be strong, and it can distort the predictive power of hypotheses. \" the paper ' s authors offer four solutions to improve current hypotheses in invasion biology : ( 1 ) existing gaps in empirical tests of hypotheses should be filled. the study revealed crucial gaps in empirical studies, showing that most studies have focused on terrestrial plants but have ignored other organisms and aquatic habitats. ( 2 ) existing hypotheses should be specified for groups of organisms and habitats. ( 3 ) interactions of invasive species with their new ecosystems should be regularly considered. the study shows that hypotheses considering such interactions are better supported by empirical evidence than other hypotheses. ( 4 ) revised hypotheses should be rejected if they do not work. those hypotheses that still lack empirical support after specification for groups of organisms and habitats ( solution 2 ), consideration of invader - ecosystem interactions ( solution 3 ), or another form of revision should be discarded. scientists should not waste time and resources to continue working with these hypotheses. instead, fresh ideas and novel hypotheses are needed to further our understanding of biological invasions - - something that is essential to effective management in today ' s rapidly changing world.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5281447326126745, "token_count": 275, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:adfc38a0-3a0c-4aae-97c5-b8d26dc4f8a7>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T10:38:07.743124"}
{"text": "suwarno, prima agus ( 2010 ) alih kode bahasa guru dalam pembelajaran bahasa indonesia di kelas xi sman 1 kauman tulungagung. other thesis, university of muhammadiyah malang. download ( 85kb ) | preview language variance clearly could be a character of group. language variance exactly a tendency and all consisted of vocabulary differences. certain words tend to use by certain group, which created certain language variance. the character might not be seemed in vocabulary used by speaker, but it showed based differences in a region. code exchange could be happened if the speaker changed his / her language when using certain language in his / her speech. elements taken from another language often existed in form of words, phrase, group of words, word repeats. code exchange usage in communication, especially in educational world which considered student \u2019 s comprehension as the most important things were found often. it was done to give more comprehend material explanation by students. problems statement in this research were : ( a ) how the shape of code exchange used by teacher in learning process at grade xi sman 1 kauman high school of tulungagung, ( b ) what consideration factors caused the code exchange by teacher in learning process at grade xi sman 1 kauman high school of tulungagung method used in this research was descriptive qualitative method. descriptive method aimed to find information about phenomena when the research was done, data collected consisted of ( 1 ) code exchange used by the teacher in learning process, ( 2 ) consideration factors caused the code exchange in learning process. from observation and interview done in this research, there could be concluded that code exchange done by teacher limited among two language, they were indonesian and language. while consideration factors for teacher to do code exchange could be divided into two, situation and purpose. according situation, some of them : ( 1 ) formal situation, ( 2 ) teacher \u2019 s emotion. according to purpose to be reached, some of them : ( 1 ) convince the students, ( 2 ) create friendly condition with students, ( 3 ) teacher wanted to adjust the code with students. | item type : | | thesis ( other ) | | subjects : | | l education > l education ( general ) | | divisions : | | faculty of teacher training and education > department of indonesian and literature | | depositing user : | | rayi tegar pamungkas | | date deposited : | | 22 mar 2012 08 : 50 | | last modified : | |", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5568564138534067, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:7dd6efde-b429-4375-bdb2-ac5c4270d7ff>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T10:38:07.747863"}
{"text": "reading skills : making connections these sites provide various activities involving the reading stragey with connections to text - to - text, text - to - self, and text - to - world. includes modeling scenarios as well as interactive activities for teachers. into the book : strategies for learning this site from wisconsin education communication board features interactive activities to teach questioning, visualizing, inferring, summarizing, evaluation, and synthesizing. videos model teaching lessons. readwritethink : making connections : strategy guide here is a strategy guide to learn how to model the three different kinds of connections ( text - to - text, text - to - self and text - to - world ). students then use the strategies to look for their own personal connections to a text. three downloadable posters describing the connections are available. reading response logs - making connections this pdf helps students connect to the texts they are reading. teaching reading comprehension : a look at reading comprehension strategies learn more about the following reading comprehension strategies : making connections, visualizing, questioning, inferring, evaluating, and synthesizing. note : this site includes ads. scholastic : making connections - self - monitoring see this series of seven lessons provides independent activities to engage students in making connections to text. note : this site contains ads. readwritethink : digging deeper : developing comprehension using \" thank you, mr. falker \" this lesson provides strategies for students to make personal connections to text by using \" thank you, mr. falker \". response journals may be used for recording student connections to the character and themes in the book. readwritethink : boars and baseball : making connections this lesson uses \" in the year of the boar and jackie robinson \" to teach reading strategies of text - to - self, text - to - text, and text - to - world. an extension activity is given. readwritethink : family ties : making connections to improve reading comprehension in this activity, students are engaged with picture books about families to make text - to - self, text - to - text, and text - to - world connections by reading and responding to those books. revisiting read - aloud : instructional strategies that encourage students ' engagement with text use this article for teaching examples of modeling text - to - text, text - to - self, and text - to - world strategies. several student activities are provided. this site provides information on six comprehension strategies and activities for students. note : this site contains ads. request state standards", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5310455092086469, "token_count": 508, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:913cce12-9999-4a3b-b918-8339eeaa953a>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T10:38:07.752770"}
{"text": "prof. e. w. scripture contributes an article entitled \u201c how the voice looks \u201d to a recent number of the century. professor scripture is director of the psychological laboratory of yale university, and if his views are accepted there promises to be a revolution in vocal teaching. the illustrations tell some curious stories. here is one statement from the experimenter : not long ago i stated these facts to a well - known clef club, and supported them by the curves of german vowels sung into and traced from a phonograph by professor hermann, of konigsberg ; by pictures of spoken english vowels obtained in a different way by professors nichols and merritt, of cornell ; by analyses of finnish vowels by dr. pipping, of helsingfors ; by direct observations of the vocal cords made by dr. musehold according to a new method, and by the results of other investigations. the statements were received with a dismay mitigated only by incredulity. one member even remarked that such views \u201c would, if true, knock all our theories of vocal instruction into a cocked hat. \u201d there was, in fact, a natural reluctance to giving up the helmholtz overtone theory of vocal resonance. the abandonment of the incorrect theory of vocal action will probably require modifications in the present methods of vocal instruction, but that is a matter for the musicians to decide. i merely suggest that if the mouth - resonance cannot alter the sound from the cords except by mixture of new tones with it, it is hopeless to attempt to correct faulty cord - action by adjustment of the mouth ; the cords must be trained to emit such forms of explosions as will produce the best effects on the ear.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5258501843377745, "token_count": 339, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:93e5d7a7-5db0-40c9-aa00-d0228f6b8fe9>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T10:38:07.757009"}
{"text": "a visualiser role, along the lines of the artistic adventurer ( daniels 2002 ). another change was emphasise critical thinking regarding bias, reliability and context. in comes my contextualiser role. finally, i collapsed the word master and passage finder into the highlighter. the handout i give students is here. the first page is for teacher \u2019 s reference, whereas students get the second in order to encourage cognisance of the roles \u2019 purposes and effects. i allow students to choose their weekly roles, exceptions : there must be a discussion leader and not same role twice in a row. this gives a certain control back. to do this, they update this google spreadsheet so i can monitor more effectively. a new feature added in this year is to reflect on the process each week before moving on. so far, i \u2019 ve given two groups the following points to consider and asked them to email me their reflection : a ) how your partners contributed to your understanding of this article b ) how critiqued of what you prepared helped you c ) how the extra help ( i wrote questions to consider for each role on the board during the discussion to help students fill gaps in their preparation \u2013 edit : november 19 \u2013 see photos of my board at the bottom of this post ) was similar to or different from what you \u2019 d prepared and what you could use to fill in your role d ) who was most / least vocal, why and what could be done to better manage the discussion next time e ) which role you think appeals to you the most and why with one group, i asked them to answer all. with the other, i asked them to reflect on all, but submit one they felt was significant to them. beware, the answers vary from the extremely wishy - washy : a ) as the discussion leader, [ joe ] has led us to understanding this reading and we can get a common view of a whole group. as the highlighter, [ mark ] has shown us the main sentence of the article and explained the complex or topical vocabulary. as the contextualiser, [ charles ] gave us the background of the event. to the more meaty : a ) \u2026 thirdly, i want to talk about our visualiser, [ smith ]. i got really surprised about things she found. showing the picture about the how haitian works in the dominican republic, map of the haiti and dominican republic, and an introduction video about the film \u201c the price of sugar \u201d, really helped me a lot. because i didn \u2019", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5115306258080936, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:67f0a33f-461a-4e6e-8cb6-39b6d9a210df>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T10:38:07.783833"}
{"text": "##earch. ca / index. php? context = va & aid = 7372. ( download ) week 9 rc article : peguero, valentina. \u201c teaching the haitian revolution : its place in western and modern world history. \u201d the history teacher volume 32, no. 1 ( november 1998 ) : 33 \u2013 41. ( download ) one final task is to submit a group report one week later. this includes a formatted submission of what they prepared for their roles, as well as modifications based on the group discussion. little by little, the students seem to be getting more and more from the readings. more and more their desire to investigate more autonomously is improving. and i \u2019 m pleasantly surprised by many of their reflections suggesting something to the effect of them being helpful. here are two quick videos of students giving it a go : 1st week \u2013 16 students, mostly mandarin - speakers week 2 \u2013 28 students, mainly mandarin - speakers, 1 russian, 1 indonesian daniels, h. literature circles : voice and choice in book clubs and reading groups. ( second edition ). portland, me : stenhouse ; 2002 furr, m. literature circles for the efl classroom. 2004. available at http : / / www. eflliteraturecircles. com / litcirclesforefl. pdf ( accessed on november 11, 2011 ). shelton strong, s. \u201c literacture circles in elt. \u201d elt journal 2011. first published online july 18, 2011 doi : 10. 1093 / elt / ccr049 ( accessed on november 6, 2011 ). arc in practicum, a concrete example of how this activity worked in reality. the interactions of arc, which details interactions with instructor and each other. the highlighter role, details of how this lexically - focussed role works context is important, a preview the contextualiser role using visuals to represent concepts in texts, introducing the visualiser role to students arc workshop slides, from # toscon12, # tc12 & # tesolfr feel free to share this post! = ) - may 7th, 2013may 7th, 2013april 28th, 2013 posts by month posts by category", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5162059406671567, "token_count": 452, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:67f0a33f-461a-4e6e-8cb6-39b6d9a210df>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T10:38:07.785763"}
{"text": "this post really is about using lvm ( logical volume manager ; an abstraction layer for disk devices ) snapshots. a snapshot is a frozen image of a logical volume, which simply means \u201c filesystem \u201d. it \u2019 s not really \u201c frozen \u201d, lvm2 snapshots are read / write by default. but you can freeze a filesystem in time with a lvm snapshot. the background of this really is exadata ( computing node ) and upgrading, but has nothing unique to exadata. so don \u2019 t let this bother you. but the idea of using lvm snapshots popped up when dealing with exadata computing nodes and upgrades. first of all : lvm is in development, which mean different linux versions have different lvm options available to them. i am using the exadata x2 linux version : rhel / ol 5u7 x86 _ 64. i guess ol6 has more and more advanced features inside lvm, but with x2, ol5u7 is what i have to use. so the steps in this blogpost are done with this version. any comments are welcome! second : if you want to experiment with this : most people allocate all space in the volume group to logical volumes upfront. a snapshot is a cow ( copy on write ) copy of a logical volume. this means a snapshot starts off with zero extra bytes ( source and snapshot are equal ), and grows as the source gets modified. this means you need to have free / available space in the volume group to facilitate the snapshot. then there is another caveat : the \u2018 / boot \u2019 filesystem cannot be in lvm, so is a normal partition on most systems ( also on exadata ). this means snapshots do not help if you want a backup of that filesystem. you need to use another trick. okay, here we go : you have a large modification upcoming and want to be able to restore your system to this moment in time. 1. backup / boot filesystem [ root @ localhost ~ ] # df / boot filesystem 1k - blocks used available use % mounted on / dev / sda1 248895 24037 212008 11 % / boot [ root @ localhost ~ ] # umount / boot [ root @ localhost ~ ] # dd if = / dev / sda1 of = dev", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5184422667624122, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:718bc4dc-8449-49f4-b0ff-21aa473ae903>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T10:38:07.790354"}
{"text": "access to educational materials there are many factors affecting access to online educational materials, such as the cost of the materials, the cost of access, restrictive copyright licences, language, and local relevance of the content. these are broad and ongoing issues, with gains slowly being made to allow more access for more school and university students around the world. in developed countries, affordable broadband is creating a truly information - rich learning environment for students. it is possible to find information on most topics very easily and quickly. in this environment, skills such as information literacy, critical reading and problem solving become important. for too many students in the developing world, access remains limited. in the 21st century, where being networked is essential to learning, working and playing in the information society, the lack of access directly undermines the universal right to education. one emerging trend could play a part in changing this : the rise of the mobile phone. of course, the physical platform of access \u2013 the phone \u2013 is only one piece of a complex puzzle, but it is of such a disruptive nature that it could significantly move access to information a few steps closer to being a universally enjoyed right. the staggering uptake of mobile phones \u2013 in terms of speed of adoption and number of users \u2013 has surprised even the greatest of techno - optimists. while universally accepted figures are difficult to obtain, it was reported that by the end of 2008, worldwide mobile cellular subscribers would reach the four billion mark. a full 1. 3 billion of those subscribers would come from the bric countries ( brazil, russia, india and china ), which were driving the bulk of the growth in adoption. in the same year it was also reported that africa was the world \u2019 s fastest growing mobile market. the international telecommunication union ( itu ) cautions that these figures need to be \u201c carefully interpreted \u201d ( which is outside the scope of this paper ), but the overall gist is understood : the mobile revolution has happened, and is here to stay. when understood in the context of around one billion people accessing the internet, the revolution becomes even more significant. what does it mean for education and access to online educational materials when it is claimed that for every personal computer ( pc ) there are four mobile phones? the emergent field of mobile learning, or m \u2011 learning, has been trying to answer that question ( even while struggling to define itself in a field that is constantly evolving ). initial definitions focused exclusively on the device itself, presenting m \u2011 learning as any learning that happened through a personal digital", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5028238609871927, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:091df471-3104-46ff-a5a2-2fc517fc43b6>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T10:38:07.800774"}
{"text": "or m \u2011 learning, has been trying to answer that question ( even while struggling to define itself in a field that is constantly evolving ). initial definitions focused exclusively on the device itself, presenting m \u2011 learning as any learning that happened through a personal digital assistant ( pda ) or mobile phone. this view is problematic ; it is the equivalent of focussing on the physical object of a book, and not the content it holds. over the years, more mature definitions have emerged that focus on issues such as mobility, and on how \u201c personal mobile and wireless devices can enhance, transform and extend learning, teaching, assessment and administration. \u201d added to that are opportunities for creative expression, social networking and identity development, to name but a few. m - learning offers characteristics of \u201c ownership, informality, mobility, and context that will always be inaccessible to conventional tethered e - learning \u201d. clearly m \u2011 learning is not just e \u2011 learning that has gone for a walk, but something rather different. mobile phones are personal, part of our emotional lives and almost always with us. through mobile phones, access begins to be conceived in terms of \u201c just - in - time \u201d and \u201c just - for - me \u201d learning. for this reason, traxler posits that \u201c it is entirely possible that the emergence of mobile learning in developing countries will take the evolution of e \u2011 learning along a trajectory that is very different from that in developed countries, where it has been predicated on massive, static, and stable resources \u201d \u2013 an exciting prospect. many opportunities exist for m \u2011 learning to increase the reach and depth of access to online educational materials \u2013 too many to cover here. four key issues stand out and are worth mentioning : mobility, or being able to access and share information from anywhere ( where there is coverage, of course ) and at any time ; the pervasiveness of the device ( for example, compared to the number of pcs in telecentres or schools ) ; the ability to access not only materials but people, fully exploiting the communication feature of phones in the service of education ; and the potential of the phone as a device for content creation. in addition to the texting that happens on phones, many phones today have cameras that can take still images as well as video. many phones can also play audio files and have radio. increasingly, even lower - end handsets have general packet radio service ( gprs ) capability, allowing for internet access and web browsing. mobile instant messaging ( mim ), through", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5150870166924072, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:091df471-3104-46ff-a5a2-2fc517fc43b6>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T10:38:07.801854"}
{"text": "the us gets 60 % of its imported oil from countries which are not free nor stable. click on map for more details. the world economy pumped 87 million barrels of oil a day in 2011, up from 84 mlllion in 2007. with emerging economies demanding more petroleum to fuel their growth, oil producers are turning to more difficult conditions and hostile territories for their exploration and production. the increasing difficulties in maintaining high production rates is the key metric in this conflict. although the earth may contain billions of barrels of oil or similar hydrocarbons, it is only the amount that can be extracted in a timely fashion that is use to economies and societies. there have been many examples of this extraction rate going into decline after a high point, a phenomenon called \" peak oil. \" the united states experience peak oil in the early 1970 ' s. as other countries, and ultimately the world as a whole, go into peak oil phases, competition is expected to become more intense. the map to the right shows the political status of countries which export oil to the united states. the green countries are assessed as ' free ' by the think tank freedom house. the yellow countries are ' partly free ' and the purple are ' not free. ' the united states gets 60 percent of its foreign oil from countries which are neither free, peaceful nor stable. click on the map to enlarge it and for a table and its accompanying story. the first years of the 21st century have seen unusual hurricanes, tornado swarms, floods and droughts descending upon natural areas, croplands and cities. some say it is a largely a manifestation of man - made climate change ; others attribute it to natural variability and periodic trends of the earth. and there is the argument that it is some of both. whatever the cause, extreme weather is causing thousands of deaths and destroying billions of dollars of property and crops. coastlines are impacted by sea level rise, even at the rate of a few millimeters a year. this channel helps you stay informed about the issues and ramifications of extreme weather.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5007855687199696, "token_count": 413, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:14ec9d24-5f9b-4c99-bfa3-b767f5be1155>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T10:38:07.806171"}
{"text": "hydrolysisgreenspun. com : lusenet : introductory geology, oswego state : one thread in class monday we talked about hydrolysis. i was wondering why potassium feldspar leaves a solid of clay minerals and doesn ' t dissolve completely like a calcite mineral would. - - sandra feocco ( dominick f @ prodigy. net ), february 27, 2001 i found this information on the internet in encarta. msn. com under calcite. i hope this helps a little. calcite group - group of minerals belonging to the carbonate group that are isomorphous with one another and have the same properties. minerals in this group can partially or fully replace one another. for example, iron may take the place of magnesium in magnesite calcite is only slightly soluble in pure cold water. however, rainwater or other water in contact with air will absorb carbon dioxide from the air. carbon dioxide reacts with water to form carbonic acid. calcite reacts with carbonic acid to form calcium bicarbonate. calcium bicarbonate is quite soluble in water. thus, the solubility of calcite is sensitive to the acidity of the water. the solubility of calcite is also sensitive to the temperature of the water, being quite soluble in hot water but not in cold water. calcite frequently dissolves in one location and precipitates in another location when the water becomes less acidic or cools. ( mgco3 ), transforming it to siderite ( feco3 ). this information was found in the encyclopedia under potassium. potassium is found in nature in large quantities, ranking eighth in order of abundance of the elements in the crust of the earth, in various minerals such as carnallite, feldspar, saltpeter, greensand, and sylvite. potassium is a constituent of all plant and animal tissue as well as a vital constituent of fertile soil. my guess is that because calcite is a dissolvable and potassium feldspar is a mettalic which is undissolvable are the reasons you are looking for. i hope i am right or on the right track for you. - - tina miller ( firstname. lastname @ example. org ), february 27, 2001.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5030628577721202, "token_count": 467, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:2846da51-4ede-4fb7-9cab-e2749fc1175d>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T10:38:07.808470"}
{"text": "every internet site in the world is facing the growing issue of fraudulent usage of information, and we want to work with users around the world to stop this practice. please keep reading to learn more about the warning signs and what you can do. spam email is such a common occurrence today that you may think you know what to look for. but there are two types of email scams \u2014 what ' s known as ' phishing ' and ' spoofing ' \u2014 that can be more difficult to identify. both practices concern fraudulent email where the ' from address ' has been forged to make it appear as if it came from somewhere, or someone, other than the actual source. below are the warning signs to look for : what ' s ' phishing ' all about - and how do i spot it? phishing emails are used to fraudulently obtain personal identification and account information. they can also be used to lure the recipient into downloading malicious software. the message will often suggest there are issues with the recipient ' s account that requires immediate attention. a link will also be provided to a spoof website where the recipient will be asked to provide personal / account information or download malicious software. monster will never ask you to download software in order to access your account or use our services. how is it different than ' spoofing '? spoof emails often include a fraudulent offer of employment and / or the invitation to serve as a go - between for payment processing or money transfers. this scam is primarily directed at a general audience, but it can also reach monster members who have included contact information on their resume. like with phishing emails, the sender ' s address is often disguised. examples of fraudulent email these examples of fraudulent email show you what to watch out for ( click to see details ) : consumer advice : how to avoid phishing scams the number and sophistication of phishing scams sent out to consumers is continuing to increase dramatically. while online banking and e - commerce is very safe, as a general rule you should be careful about giving out your personal financial information over the internet. the anti - phishing working group has compiled a list of recommendations that you can use to avoid becoming a victim of these scams. - be suspicious of any email with urgent requests for personal financial information - phishers typically include upsetting or exciting ( but false ) statements in their emails to get people to react immediately - they typically ask for information such as usernames, passwords, credit card numbers, social security numbers", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5224105279755413, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:0b0e126d-4733-423a-ae1f-fa5769c00023>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T10:38:07.827921"}
{"text": "police battalion studies, and i ' m still thinking functionalism is more explanatory than intentionalism. ordinary germans, including the vast majority of the wehrmacht, shared a racialist politics and during the circumstances of the war shared a common attitude towards resolving the racial problems of jews and eastern and southern slavs. hitler ' s involvement was not decisive, as the rate of spontaneous massacre and the mixed class background of the police battalion soldiers demonstrates. the historiography of the holocaust emphasises two causative accounts ( both explained in depth at wikipedia with adequate citations there ). the first is \" intentionalism, \" this broadly focuses on hitler ' s unique culpability for the decisions behind the holocaust, or limits these decisions to the inner circle of the nsdap leadership or the wehrmacht. much of the us case at nuremberg was intentionalist in its attitude to the causes of war crime. later scholarship evidenced the mass and widespread culpability of wehrmacht soldiers, and in particular second line soldiers such at the soldiers of the police battalions. these soldiers were ordinary germans. in the case of the police battalion studies, it was demonstrated that the class and occupational composition of these battalions directly mirrored the class and occupational composition of germany as a whole \u2014 they were representative males. in particular, they were older males who under the intentionalist schema of \" brainwashed ss boys \" should not have engaged in mass killings. but in the east, and in the west, and in the south \u2014 but, most particularly in the east and south ( soviet union and yugoslavia ) \u2014 these ordinary men engaged quite willingly in voluntary jew hunting and massacres of civilians. evidence accumulated that jew hunting and massacres were entirely voluntary, and that soldiers who showed no willingness to engage in massacres were allowed without punishment, scorn or humiliation to not engage in these activities. jew hunting was discovered to be constructed as leisure by ordinary soldiers. this greatly strengthened the \" functionalist \" side of the argument, that the holocaust emerged out of functional requirements of the entire german war, that mass massacres and genocide were the ordinary business and outcome of war. genocide studies has furthered these findings. current work in genocide studies engages the individual \" massacre \" as the unit of analysis, rather than the entire genocide. in part this is done because of the understanding developed from the german studies of the importance of ordinary participants and their attitudes. while i primarily read genocide studies in the field of soviet atrocities and attempts to analyse soviet and soviet - style atrocities as a singular whole, my understanding is that", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5145983170440812, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:dbf18f7f-29ec-4e7a-af73-94128e34b26b>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T10:38:07.858962"}
{"text": "of the understanding developed from the german studies of the importance of ordinary participants and their attitudes. while i primarily read genocide studies in the field of soviet atrocities and attempts to analyse soviet and soviet - style atrocities as a singular whole, my understanding is that placing \" hitler \" or \" nazism \" as central to the holocaust is widely discredited ; even where the unique contributions of nazi ideology or organisational doctrine gave the holocaust distinctive colour. historians rarely accept dichotomies without showing how they interpenetrate ; but crude intentionalism is clearly discredited. hitler was not directly responsible for the holocaust, except of course that he tolerated it, encouraged it, sought to order it, and perceived the german desire for it. ( here you should consider reading about the history of einsatzgruppen a in the baltic states, its composition, and its eventual failure to achieve its stated aims due to psychological wear and tear. einsatzgruppen a was comprised of nsdap ideologues with higher university degrees, who believed in the racial purification of germany and its mission of empire in the east \u2014 and even they proved incapable of continuous intimate massacre despite their ardent beliefs in the nsdap mission. ) soldiers did not have to be motivated by or for hitler to engage in atrocities. atrocities were a historical part of the german method of waging war. ( even as they were part of the japanese, or british, or australian, or soviet ways of waging war. ) german soldiers voluntarily and with eagerness began implementing the basic program of the holocaust, and would have done so in the soviet union even without widespread official encouragement and support from directly nsdap motivated and controlled organisations such as the einsatzgruppern. in particular, the commissar order and anti - partisan operations were conducted with gusto and enjoyment. germans also broadly agreed with the racial categories the nsdap used, largely because the nsdap ' s ideology was a mirror of german racialism. german soldiers did not set out to kill six million jews. they set out to punish jews, slavs and communists as categories. the actual result of this was tens of millions of dead central and eastern europeans. jews were especially singled out for special treatment in this schema, but the programme was the broad punishment including by collective death by massacre or starvation of eastern and southern slavs generally, and specific cultural groups like roma or jews in particular. even the formerly social democratic or communist german soldiers, such as in the police battalions,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5118861316549183, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:dbf18f7f-29ec-4e7a-af73-94128e34b26b>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T10:38:07.860557"}
{"text": "future heat vulnerability in california, part i : projecting future weather types and heat events abstractexcessive heat significantly impacts the health of californians during irregular but intense heat events. through the 21st century, a significant increase in impact is likely, as the state experiences a changing climate as well as an aging population. to assess this impact, future heat - related mortality estimates were derived for nine metropolitan areas in the state for the remainder of the century. here in part i, changes in oppressive weather days and consecutive - day events are projected for future years by a synoptic climatological method. first, historical surface weather types are related to circulation patterns at 500mb and 700mb, and temperature patterns at 850mb. gcm output is then utilized to classify future circulation patterns via discriminant function analysis, and multinomial logistic regression is used to derive future surface weather type at each of six stations in california. five different climate model - scenarios are examined. results show a significant increase in heat events over the 21st century, with oppressive weather types potentially more than doubling in frequency, and with heat events of 2 weeks or longer becoming up to ten times more common at coastal locations. copyright springer science + business media b. v. 2012 download infoif you experience problems downloading a file, check if you have the proper application to view it first. in case of further problems read the ideas help page. note that these files are not on the ideas site. please be patient as the files may be large. as the access to this document is restricted, you may want to look for a different version under \" related research \" ( further below ) or search for a different version of it. bibliographic infoarticle provided by springer in its journal climatic change. volume ( year ) : 115 ( 2012 ) issue ( month ) : 2 ( november ) contact details of provider : web page : http : / / www. springer. com / economics / journal / 10584 you can help add them by filling out this form. reading list or among the top items on ideas. access and download statistics for technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact : ( guenther eichhorn ) or ( christopher f baum ). if you have authored this item and are not yet registered with repec, we encourage you to do it here. this allows to link your profile to this item. it also allows you to accept potential citations to", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5432281668407394, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:d21377ac-1950-4c30-9dd8-0cae434fc912>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T10:38:07.874969"}
{"text": "ircan \u2019 s scientific goals when the data on epidemiology and pathophysiology are analyzed, aging is usually perceived as a process that results from the combined influence of constitutional or so - called \u00ab genetic \u00bb factors, life - style associated factors and external events. gerontobiology looks into all the specific medical and biological features of aging on the scale of the human body and develops concepts such as \u00ab harmonious \u00bb aging, \u00ab vulnerable \u00bb and \u00ab hypercatabolic \u00bb states, illustrating the highly heterogeneous characteristics of the aging process. the extreme heterogeneity of aging can be illustrated for a given age by a residual life - expectancy that varies considerably from one individual to another and by the onset, or not, of degenerative disorders, especially cardiovascular and neurological diseases, bone and joint disorders, diabetes and also neoplasms, pathologies in which constitutional determinants and other external factors play a role as they do in aging. the concept of cell aging, or senescence, differs from the aging of an organism as a whole and its features can be observed in primary somatic cell cultures. after a certain number of divisions the cell cycle permanently shuts down and a senescent phenotype is observed in which major changes have taken place both in the cells themselves and in their genetic expression program. this is known as replicative senescence and is caused by the unrelenting shortening of the dna that forms the end of the chromosomes ( or telomeres ) each time the cell divides. the erosion of the telomeres is paced by the cell cycle and can be considered as a mechanism that acts as a \u201c mitotic clock \u201d ; the cells count the number of divisions rather than chronological time. if this counting mechanism is deregulated to compensate for the shortening of the telomeric dna, due to the up - regulation of telomerase reverse transcriptase or other alternative mechanisms that lengthen the dna ( a mechanism known as alt for example ) the cells end up by becoming immortal, which is what usually happens in cancer. a noteworthy comment here is that elisabeth blackburn, carole greider and jack scoztack, were awarded the noble prize for medicine in 2009 for their work in this area, showing the medical community \u2019 s awareness of the importance of these phenomena. more generally, the destiny of a cell in a eukaryotic organism obeys precisely set rules of homeostasis when it is proliferating, differentiating or during apoptosis", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5785807608104997, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:155cd61f-4162-43be-a996-7ae8c5eadfce>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T10:38:07.896166"}
{"text": "medical community \u2019 s awareness of the importance of these phenomena. more generally, the destiny of a cell in a eukaryotic organism obeys precisely set rules of homeostasis when it is proliferating, differentiating or during apoptosis and senescence. however, all the factors that are required to regulate each of these stages are coded by a set of identical genetic material in each cell, which is identically reproduced each time the cell divides. this is why a special mechanism known as ddr ( short for dna damage response ) is required to maintain the integrity of the genome and fine - tune the structure of the dna. this structure, chromatin, ensures that specific gene expression programs are expressed at each stage of the cell cycle and each cell state. the mechanisms involved are often known as \u201c epigenetic \u201d, although they do not always involve inheritance of the chromatin state. studying the dna damage response and chromatin is one of the most promising avenues of research in terms of the biology of aging, because time, together with constitutional and environmental factors, has a direct influence on the integrity of the dna in the chromosomes ( mutations ) and their chromatin organization ( epimutation ). the characteristic heterogeneity of the aging of the body is probably directly related to chromatin regulation mechanisms and many degenerative disorders are largely influenced, if not directly caused, by genetic or epigenetic dysfunctions. amongst these disorders, malignancy is also heterogeneous and is one of the best - known deregulations of cell proliferation, differentiation, apoptosis and senescence. surprisingly, senescence protects the cells against malignancy. in agreement with the increase in the incidence of cancer with age, cell senescence can also facilitate the development of cancer, making the relationship between aging and cancer even more complex. as in all the physiological mechanisms of homeostasis, the regulation and balance between ageing and cancer in superior eukaryotes and in humans in particular, is extremely complex. on the scale of the cell, accumulated dna damage seems to be a common cause of aging and the development of cancer, but the p53 - dependent adaptive response illustrates the phenomenon of antagonistic pleiotropy, because increasing the anti - tumoral cell response leads to premature ageing. on the scale of an organism, the inhibition of the igf - 1 and gh dependent channels induces a reduction in cell metabolism, whilst protecting against oxidative stress, aging and the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5742210674254453, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:155cd61f-4162-43be-a996-7ae8c5eadfce>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T10:38:07.899430"}
{"text": "- tumoral cell response leads to premature ageing. on the scale of an organism, the inhibition of the igf - 1 and gh dependent channels induces a reduction in cell metabolism, whilst protecting against oxidative stress, aging and the development of malignancies. from this work, it emerges that aging is a way for the body to attempt to escape from cancer, but the attempt remains vain because cell damage builds up as time goes on. cell senescence may thus prevent us from dying of cancer young, whilst ageing our body which, in return, increases the likelihood of malignancy as we get older. going into more detail of the understanding of these multiple interconnections requires synergy between many areas of molecular, cellular or biomedical experimental biology or biology more generally dedicated to the study of systems modeling ageing and cancer. this is the goal that ircan ( institute of research on cancer and aging in nice ) has set for itself. the research carried out at ircan involves major areas of basic research in biology, public health ( oncology, geriatrics, age - related disorders such as diabetes, renal failure, neurodegenerative and cardiovascular disease ) and sustainable development to improve our understanding of the body \u2019 s response to environmental stress.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.513606099221358, "token_count": 257, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:155cd61f-4162-43be-a996-7ae8c5eadfce>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T10:38:07.899958"}
{"text": "software > multidimensional scaling description | pros and cons | applications | details | usage hints | references small, h. : visualizing science by citation mapping, 1999. small examined 36, 720 multidisciplinary documents for a 15 - year sampling window from 1981 through 1995. a combination of fractional citation counting and co - citation clustering via multidimensional scaling ( mds ) was used to extract four nested levels of clustering via single and complete linkage. the documents have been arranged in 2d using an order - dependent, geometric triangulation process that produces a unified ordination of a hierarchical arrangement of documents. multidimensional scaling ( mds ) attempts to find the structure in a set of proximity measures between objects. this is accomplished by assigning observations to specific locations in a conceptual low - dimensional space such that the distances between points in the space match the given ( dis ) similarities as closely as possible. the result is a least - squares representation of the objects in that low - dimensional space, which, in many cases, will help you to further understand your data. see http : / / www. analytictech. com / borgatti / mds. htm for an example input of distances between cities and the resulting mds plot. mds attempts to arrange \" objects \" ( e. g. major cities ) according to their distances in a space with a particular number of dimensions ( e. g. two - dimensional ) so as to reproduce the observed distances. as a result, we can \" explain \" the distances in terms of underlying dimensions ( e. g. geographical dimensions : north / south and east / west ). note that the actual orientation of axes in the final solution is arbitrary ( i. e. you can rotate the geographic map, the distances between cities remain the same ). thus, the final orientation of axes in the plane or space is mostly the result of a subjective decision by the researcher, who will choose an orientation that can be most easily explained. thus, mds moves given objects around in the space defined by the requested number of dimensions, and checks how well the distances between objects can be reproduced by the new configuration. it uses a function minimization algorithm that evaluates different configurations with the goal of maximizing the goodness - of - fit. the more dimensions we use in order to reproduce the distance matrix, the better is the fit of the reproduced matrix to the observed matrix ( i. e., the stress is smaller ). in fact", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5538124030003664, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:5c7e1bbc-92f6-4f18-a8ba-45d2488d93fd>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T10:38:07.906362"}
{"text": "of maximizing the goodness - of - fit. the more dimensions we use in order to reproduce the distance matrix, the better is the fit of the reproduced matrix to the observed matrix ( i. e., the stress is smaller ). in fact, if we use as many dimensions as there are variables, then we can perfectly reproduce the observed distance matrix. however, the goal is to reduce the observed complexity of nature, that is, to explain the distance matrix in terms of fewer underlying dimensions. see ( statsoft, 2001 ) for details. pros & cons the \" beauty \" of mds is that we can analyze any kind of distance or similarity matrix. these similarities can represent people ' s ratings of similarities between objects, the percent agreement between judges, the number of times a subjects fails to discriminate between stimuli, etc. for example, mds methods used to be very popular in psychological research on person perception where similarities between trait descriptors were analyzed to uncover the underlying dimensionality of people ' s perceptions of traits. they are also very popular in marketing research, in order to detect the number and nature of dimensions underlying the perceptions of different brands or products ( statsoft, 2001 ). note that no relationships ( links ) are displayed. - cartia themescape. newsmaps. com - author co - citation analysis in information science ( white & mccain, 1998 ) - 12 key journals between 19972 and 1995 were analyzed and indscal ( individual differences mds ) was used to identify trends in terms of top - cited authors. - map of science ( small, 1999 ) - see figure. - xgvis : interactive data visualization with multidimensional scaling ( guja et al., 1998 ). source code & link to arcview available. by wojciech basalaj ( jan 2001 ) proximity visualization of abstract data - website devoted to visualization of abstract data collections, like graphs, multivariate data tables, or sets of multimedia objects. icons representing objects from a collection are positioned such that proximity relationships within the collection are preserved, i. e. icons for similar objects are clustered, and separated from the dissimilar ones. examples used include mds ( multidimensional scaling ). - interactive visualization of hierarchical clusters using mds and mst ( kim et al., 1998 ) code - multidimensional scaling for group memory visualization ( mcquaid et al., 1999 ) mds demo, university of arizona http : / / ai", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5542298428888093, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:5c7e1bbc-92f6-4f18-a8ba-45d2488d93fd>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T10:38:07.907514"}
{"text": "hierarchical clusters using mds and mst ( kim et al., 1998 ) code - multidimensional scaling for group memory visualization ( mcquaid et al., 1999 ) mds demo, university of arizona http : / / ai. bpa. arizona. edu / go / viz / mds. html the mds procedure is as follows : - determine all objects and their distances. - use mds to produce a scatterplot of the objects in a n - dimensional space ( typical 2 - d ). - interpret the dimensions keeping in mind that the actual orientations of the axes from the mds analysis are arbitrary, and can be rotated in any direction. in addition, look for clusters of points or particular patterns and configurations ( such as circles, manifolds, etc. ). recently, the code by morrison et al. ( 2003 ) was integrated into the repository. you can use spss ' s multidimensional scaling. load data and choose from the menus : analyze - > scale - > multidimensional scaling. as an example, you may use mds to visualize the slis - courses. sim matrix created via lsa. - morrison, a., g. ross, and m. chalmers ( 2003 ). fast multidimensional scaling through sampling, springs and interpolation. information visualization, 2, 68 - 77. - buja, a., swayne, d. f., littman, m. l., dean, nathaniel. ( 1998 ) xgvis : interactive data visualization with multidimensional scaling. http : / / lib. stat. cmu. edu / general / xgobi / - kim, sung soo, kwon, sunhee, and cook, dianne ( 1998 ) interactive visualization of hierarchical clusters using mds and mst. pdf - kruskal, j. b. ( 1964 ) multidimensional scaling : a numerical method. psychometrica, 29, 115 - 129. - kruskal, j. b. and m. wish ( 1978 ) multidimensional scaling. beverly hills, ca : sage - mcquaid, m., ong, t., chen, h., & nunamaker, j. f. ( 1999 ) multidimensional scaling for group memory visualization. decision support systems, 27, 163 - 176. - statsoft ( 2001 ) multidimensional m. ( 2000", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.504413626326764, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:5c7e1bbc-92f6-4f18-a8ba-45d2488d93fd>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T10:38:07.908921"}
{"text": "h., & nunamaker, j. f. ( 1999 ) multidimensional scaling for group memory visualization. decision support systems, 27, 163 - 176. - statsoft ( 2001 ) multidimensional m. ( 2000 ) nonmetric multidimensional scaling ( mds ) software, http : / / boreas. psych. indiana. edu / matlab / nonmetricmds. htm - small, h. ( 1999 ) visualizing science by citation mapping. journal of the american society for information science, 50 ( 9 ), 799 - 813. - white, h. d. and mccain, k. w. ( 1998 ) visualizing a discipline : an author co - citation analysis of information science, 1972 - 1995. journal of the american society for information science, 49 ( 4 ), 327 - 355. - young, f. w. & hamer, r. m. ( 1987 ) multidimensional scaling : history, theory and applications. new york : erlbaum. matthew chalmers and alistair morrison provided the fast non - linear mds algorithm. the code was integrated into the xml toolkit by sriram raghuraman. visualization cyberinfrastructure @ slis, last modified january", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5587983422968672, "token_count": 262, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:5c7e1bbc-92f6-4f18-a8ba-45d2488d93fd>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T10:38:07.909392"}
{"text": "proceedings of the international astronomical union ( 2005 ), 2004 : 4748 cambridge university press nowadays, more than one hundred extra - solar planets are known, and about a dozen of multi - planetary systems have been discovered. most of them have been detected by the radial velocity ( rv ) method. the recovery of orbital parameters from rv data leads to several problems. usually rv data cover irregularly a short time interval which is frequently shorter than the orbital period of the most distant planet. moreover, observations contain a noise due to the instabilities of the star. the distribution of this noise is unknown. a precise determination of the dynamical state of a multi - planetary system is important for understanding its stability and evolution. in most cases observers determine the orbital parameters for multi - planetary systems just fitting a sum of keplerian orbits. the parameters obtained in such a way are in most cases the only accessible data about an extra - solar system because the observes very rarely publish their observations. however, the parameters from a multi - keplerian fit as it has already been observed by many authors, cannot be interpreted as the osculating elements for actual planetary orbits. moreover, these parameters can be considered as keplerian elements of : relative, barycentric or jacobi orbits. one can find arguments that the interpretation of parameters from a multi - keplerian fit as elements of keplerian orbits in the jacobi coordinates is the most proper one, see [ lee and peale, 2002 ; godziewski et al. 2003 ]. our first aim was to determine how badly a multi - keplerian fit determines osculating orbits. to this end, we performed several numerical simulations. for a chosen planetary system with two planets we generated a synthetic rv observations using the newtonian three body problem. then we fitted to these observations the keplerian model and compared the obtained keplerian elements with the true osculating elements of orbits. then we changed the semi - major axis and the eccentricity of one planet and repeated all calculations. in this way we obtained maps of differences between the true and the fitted keplerian elements ( relative, barycentric and jacobi ) for a given system with two planets. the conclusions from these experiments are following. even for a quite big separation of planets ( 2 au ), multi - keplerian fits are bad. the errors appear mainly in the positions of planets in their orbits and can achieve 60 deg and more. the errors in eccentricities and semi - major axes achieve a few percent, but they can be bigger for bigger masses", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.5121093049297476, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:99b65116-b661-429a-b76e-06694fb16baa>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T10:38:07.926303"}
{"text": "laguna hills, ca 92653 pdt essentially has three steps. first, a light sensitizing liquid, cream, or intravenous drug ( photosensitizer ) is applied or administered. second, there is an incubation period of minutes to days. finally, the target tissue is then exposed to a specific wavelength of light which then helps activate the photosensitizing medication. \u2022 1. application of photosensitizer drug \u2022 2. incubation period \u2022 3. light activationalthough first discovered around 1913, pdt in the modern sense is a fairly new, evolving science whereby varying incubation times of a light sensitizing drug are used in combination with varying types of available light sources depending on the target tissue. the basic premise of pdt is selective tissue destruction. although the photosensitizer may be absorbed all over by many cells, atypical or cancerous cells preferentially take up more of the drug and also may retain the drug for longer duration than normal tissues. at present, the primary limitation of available pdt techniques is the depth of penetration of the light and ability to target cells within at most 1 / 3 of an inch ( approximately 1cm ) of the light source. therefore tumors or atypical growths must be fairly close to the skin or treatment surface for pdt to work. what is photodynamic therapy used for? pdt is currently used in multiple medical fields including oncology ( cancer ), dermatology ( skin ), and cosmetic surgery. in oncology, it is fda approved for non - small cell lung cancer, esophageal cancer, and pre - cancerous changes of barrett \u2019 s esophagus. its use is also being further investigated through clinical trials in general oncology for conditions including cancers of the cervix ( mouth of uterus ), prostate gland, brain, and peritoneal cavity ( the abdominal space that contains the stomach, liver, and internal organs ). in dermatology, pdt using levulan kerastick\u00ae ( 20 % delta - aminolevulinic acid hcl ) became fda approved in 2001 for the treatment of pre - skin cancers called actinic keratosis ( ak ). the initial approval was specifically for normal ( non - hyperkeratotic ) actinic keratosis of the face and scalp with a specified 14 to 18 hour drug incubation time, and 1, 000 seconds ( 16 minutes and 40 seconds ) of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5168828536927275, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:34874de6-2a03-46b3-967f-98a80ea3cbbd>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T10:38:07.970597"}
{"text": "approval was specifically for normal ( non - hyperkeratotic ) actinic keratosis of the face and scalp with a specified 14 to 18 hour drug incubation time, and 1, 000 seconds ( 16 minutes and 40 seconds ) of activation by a proprietary blue light source. since 2001, pdt has also received many other non - fda approved ( also called \u201c off - label \u201d ) uses including acne, rosacea, skin cancer, sun damage, cosmetic skin improvement, oily skin, enlarged sebaceous glands, wrinkles, rejuvenation ( anti - aging ), warts, hidradenitis suppurativa, psoriasis, and many other skin conditions. at least 3 currently fda approved photosensitizers are available including photofrin ( porfimer sodium ), levulan ( 5 - aminolevulinic acid or ala ), metvix ( methyl aminolevulinate ( maop ) ). more drugs are undergoing trials and may become available in the near future. photofrin is used intravenously ( iv ) for internal cancers while levulan and metvix are applied topically for skin therapy. pdt can essentially use many types of light sources. these include laser, intense pulsed light, light - emitting diodes ( leds ), blue light, red light, many other visible lights, including natural sunlight. photosensitizer drugs may become activated by one or several types of applied light depending on the ideal wavelength for the particular drug used and target tissue. the light source needs to be directly applied to the target tissue for a specific amount of time. for surface skin treatments, the light is easily directly applied to the area of the skin where the photosensitizer drug has been applied ( such as face, scalp, arms, etc. ). for internal cancers, delivering the light to the desired area is more challenging. the light may be delivered through small fiber optic cables into the body cavity or area being treated. sometimes endoscopes ( a thin lighted elongated tube which is inserted into a body space ) are used to deliver the light into the lungs, stomach, or bladder. pdt works by direct injury to the target cells and tissues. while all of the exact mechanisms are not fully known yet, the basic pathway seems to involve an activated oxygen molecule that has the ability to injure or destroy nearby or specific cells. aminolevulinic acid is then incorporated into the body \u2019 s natural heme ( blood", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5216782321676389, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:34874de6-2a03-46b3-967f-98a80ea3cbbd>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T10:38:07.971786"}
{"text": "exact mechanisms are not fully known yet, the basic pathway seems to involve an activated oxygen molecule that has the ability to injure or destroy nearby or specific cells. aminolevulinic acid is then incorporated into the body \u2019 s natural heme ( blood ) biosynthesis pathway and activated to form protoporphyrin ix, a potent photosensitier. protoporphyrin ix then becomes excited to an activated singlet state. this active singlet state is then directly toxic to cells. no, pdt causes a temporary sensitivity to light, including natural sunlight and some indoor lights. the light sensitivity resolves with time depending on both the photosensitizer drug and dosage used. intravenously given porfimer may make the body including the skin and eyes sensitive to light for about 6 weeks after treatment. proper protection including long sleeves and sunglasses may be required. topically applied aminolevulinic acid ( levulan ) or methyl aminolevulinate ( metvix ) may cause skin sensitivity only on the treatment areas for approximately 24 - 72 hours. these do not usually cause sensitivity on other body parts other than where the drug was directly applied. your physician will need to discuss with you the required sun and light avoidance period required after your particular treatment. pdt using levulan ( 5 - aminolevulinic acid or ala ) and a proprietary blue light is currently fda approved for the treatment of skin pre - cancers called actinic keratosis ( rough scaly spots generally on sun exposed skin in more fair skin individuals ). photo sensitizers are chemical compounds that become activated only when exposed to light. what is aminolevulinic acid or levulan? 5 - aminolevulinic acid also called levulan or ala for short is a naturally occurring protein in the body. it is found in small quantities as part of the normal heme ( blood ) synthesis pathway. in larger quantities, it is a substance known to increase sensitivity to certain wavelengths of light. how does pdt work? by preferentially attacking the active or abnormal cells, pdt combines a very high success rate with good preservation of normal skin without significant risks for scarring. once the areas have healed following pdt, the areas are re - examined to see if additional treatments or possible biopsies are needed. pdt is special because it is a targeted treatment to preferentially target more rapidly dividing cells and atypical skin growths. with regular or traditional cryosurgery ( freezing with liquid nitrogen", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5090696624177491, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:34874de6-2a03-46b3-967f-98a80ea3cbbd>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T10:38:07.972887"}
{"text": "additional treatments or possible biopsies are needed. pdt is special because it is a targeted treatment to preferentially target more rapidly dividing cells and atypical skin growths. with regular or traditional cryosurgery ( freezing with liquid nitrogen ) or burning, only the visible pre skin cancers are treated thereby leaving ones that aren \u2019 t as apparent ( sub clinical or hidden ) lesions undetected. photodynamic therapy allows for field or blanket treatment of an entire area of sun damage thereby reducing the chance that undetected pre skin cancer cells will be left untreated. photodynamic therapy is usually scheduled in the doctor \u2019 s office because of the required photosensitizing prescription / physician applied medication and the special light activation equipments. currently pdt procedures are generally performed with the patient waiting in the office during the 30 minute to several hours incubation time before the application of the light source. what is a typical skin pdt session like? you may be given a written procedure consent form to read and sign before your first treatment. the medical staff may take some before photography prior to applying the photosensitizer medication. the treatment area is then washed off and sunscreen applied before leaving the office. instructions and an appointment for follow up may then be given on how to care for the improved skin. \u2022 how much improvement can i expect? no two individuals are the same and results may vary. as with any medical procedure, some conditions can improve dramatically in some patients and not respond in others. to achieve maximum improvement of pre - cancerous ( actinic keratosis ) sun damage, skin tone and texture, on average a series of 2 - 3 treatments 2 - 6 weeks apart may be quite effective. some patients with milder actinic keratosis are happy with one treatment. more treatments can be done at periodic intervals in the future to maintain the rejuvenated appearance of the skin. photodynamic therapy for skin therapy is usually comfortably performed in an outpatient setting like a doctor \u2019 s office and without any sedation or anesthesia. the skin center offers this treatment in south orange county, laguna, mission viejo, and the surrounding areas. you are generally in the medical office for several hours ( average 1 1 / 2 hours ) on the day of your photodynamic therapy. facial pdt may take 10 minutes to apply the medication, 30 - 60 minutes to allow proper skin incubation, and 15 - 20 minutes for light application. other areas may require", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5011540589551532, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:34874de6-2a03-46b3-967f-98a80ea3cbbd>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T10:38:07.974162"}
{"text": ", hepatitis, hiv / aids, or pregnancy. what areas are treatable by photodynamic therapy? essentially any area of the body may be treated by pdt. photodynamic therapy is used primarily for the treatment of head and face pre cancers and acne. it is particularly useful for areas with a large number of pre - skin cancers in difficult areas such as the face. it is also used on hands, feet, forearms, chest, back, legs and anywhere where there are ak \u2019 s. however, some of those areas may not be as responsive and may require longer incubation and or light treatment times for effectiveness. what growths is pdt not good for? photodynamic therapy is not as effective for thick skin pre - cancers called hypertrophic actinic keratosis ( hak ). this may be due to the inability of the photosensitizer drug to penetrate the thick skin. these growths may need to be frozen or surgically removed or thinned using a curette prior to pdt. pdt may also not be very useful for more advanced skin cancers like morpheaform or sclerosing basal cell carcinoma, moderately to poorly differentiated squamous cell carcinomas, recurrent tumors ( tumors that were previously removed and have re - grown at the same site, or lesions in previously radiated ( x - ray or radiation treatments ) sites, and malignant melanoma. what are possible complications of photodynamic therapy? as with any surgery or procedure, photodynamic therapy is associated with some possible minor risks and complications. while it is overall a very safe and effective minor in office treatment, there are some possible uncommon complications. since an exaggerated light sensitive reaction is expected by definition of pdt, most patients understand and expect some type of a sunburn or red reaction after skin pdt. not everyone gets a sunburn reaction and in fact some patients may have no visible reaction or redness. possible risks and complications of photodynamic therapy include ( but are not limited to ) burning, skin discoloration, skin redness, broken blood vessels called telangeictasia, pain, infection, cold sore ( herpes ) activation, blisters, scabs, unsightly scar, keloid ( raised, thick scar ), cosmetic disfigurement, skin discoloration, eye injury or swelling, allergic reactions, reaction to topical anesthesia, pre - cancer or cancer recurrence, need", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5087260885885471, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:34874de6-2a03-46b3-967f-98a80ea3cbbd>", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T10:38:07.979197"}
{"text": "unsightly scar, keloid ( raised, thick scar ), cosmetic disfigurement, skin discoloration, eye injury or swelling, allergic reactions, reaction to topical anesthesia, pre - cancer or cancer recurrence, need for further treatment including biopsy, radiation or plastic surgery, and rarely death. acne may need additional treatments and may not respond at all or sustain a long lasting response to the treatment. eye injuries and prolonged sun sensitivity may be possible with inadvertent exposure to the photosensitizer drug. minor, serious, or life threatening reactions can occur with the use of anesthetics or with medications given before, after or during a procedure. overall, most patients tolerate the minor procedure very well without any complications. shared decision making is very important in your treatment and you are involved in how you prefer to treat your condition. your photodynamic therapy physician may make some recommendations on how to proceed with further treatments.. the main goal with photodynamic therapy is to reduce the number of pre - skin caners and thereby potentially decrease the chance of future skin cancers. \u2022 is there scarring from photodynamic therapy? no, pdt usually does not leave scars in typical cases. overall when you undergo pdt, there will be some type of a red skin reaction and irritation for 3 - 10 days after the treatment. some people are more sensitive to pdt and the light treatment than others. similarly, some people heal better or faster than others. some residual redness may be more noticeable depending on the location and skin type. some people may have temporary skin discoloration that may last weeks to months. patients with darker skin types may have more skin discoloration after treatment. \u2022 what are alternatives for photodynamic therapy? it is important to understand that as with any medical treatment, there are alternative treatments and options to pdt. you may want to discuss alternative treatment options with your doctor at your consultation appointment. there are many options for treatment of actinic keratosis ( ak \u2019 s ) including but not limited to freezing ( cryotherapy or cryosurgery ), burning, chemical peels, lasers, chemotherapy creams like fluorouracil or efudex, immune modulator creams like aldara ( imiquimod ), local radiation, plastic surgery, curettage and desiccation ( scrape and burn ), surgical removal, no treatment, and other choices depending on the skin condition.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5082985483399829, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:34874de6-2a03-46b3-967f-98a80ea3cbbd>", "chunk_index": 8, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T10:38:07.981230"}
{"text": "a volcano is a hole where melted rock called magma or rock and ashes are thrown up from inside the earth. volcanoes are commonly known around the world for bringing huge destruction as they erupt. when most people think of volcanoes they think of hot boiling lava. many people do not realize that instead of only erupting lava, it also erupts ash and gas. a volcano works in the following sequence. 1. melted rock called magma rises from deep within the earth to near the 2. some of it cools and becomes solid within the crust, but some erupts on the surface as lava. 3. when two plates with ocean crust move apart magma from the mantle bubbles up to the surface to fill it. because of this factor, the atlantic ocean is widening by three - fourths of an inch per year. the pacific is widening much, much more as well. is widening by eight inches every year. there are many different types of volcanoes. some volcanoes are dormant, some are active, and some are dead or extinct. volcanoes are very different ; they are responsible for shaping many of earth \u2019 s islands, mountains, and plains. they have also been responsible for changing weather, burying cities, and killing people who live near by. volcanic gases are deadly poisons. for example, in august 1986, a small eruption in lake nyons cameroon, located in west africa, signaled the release of a cloud of volcanic gases. the noxious fumes killed over 1, 700 people. are born in different ways ; hotspot volcanoes, though spectacular, are rather less violent. they erupt in different ways from cone shaped volcanoes. molten lava rises to the surface from deep within the earth \u2019 s mantle. it then pierces the plate like a blowtorch and erupts in a lava flow though it may seem that hotspots move with the plates, they do not. the hotspots stay still but the plates keep moving. eventually chains of islands, like hawaii, form. active volcanoes in hawaii will soon become dormant as hawaii moves off the hotspot. its important to know how to stay safe before a volcanic eruption, during a volcanic eruption, and after a volcanic eruption. before the eruption : - take red cross first aid, cpr, and fire safety classes. - call a family meeting and discuss where to go, what to take, where to meet if separated, and what to do about pets. - plan escape routes - one by foot and two by car. - know where to go and what", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.509612414658436, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:46a560ea-cfbf-40c8-a71f-e4bbe34f338b>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T10:38:07.996481"}
{"text": "the roots of pragmatics reach back to antiquity, especially to rhetoric as one of the three liberal arts. however, until the end of the 18th century proto - pragmatic insights tended to be consigned to the pragmatic, that is rhetoric, wastepaper basket and thus excluded from serious philosophical consideration. it can be said that pragmatics was conceived between 1780 and 1830 in britain, but also in germany and in france in post - lockian and post - kantian philosophies of language. these early ' conceptions ' of pragmatics are described in the first part of the book. the second part of the book looks at pragmatic insights made between 1830 and 1880, when they were once more relegated to the philosophical and linguistic underground. the main stage was then occupied by a fact - hunting historical comparative linguistics on the one hand and a newly spiritualised philosophy on the other. in the last part the period between 1880 and 1930 is presented, when pragmatic insights flourished and were sought after systematically. this was due in part to a new upsurge in empiricism, positivism and later behaviourism in philosophy, linguistics and psychology. between 1780 and 1930 philosophers, psychologists, sociologists and linguists came to see that language could only be studied in the context of dialogue, in the context of human life and finally as being a kind of human action itself.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5408763653281538, "token_count": 288, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:faf5f771-f925-4038-9675-90afbb2a6e4a>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T10:38:08.006759"}
{"text": "language learning & technology vol. 2, no. 2, january 1999, pp. 28 - 30 review of language learning online : theory and practice in the esl and l2 computer classroom language learning online : theory and practice in the esl and l2 computer classroom janet swaffar, susan romano, philip markley, & katherine arens ( eds. ) us $ 29. 00 ( paperback ) ; us $ 9. 00 ( pdf printable, searchable ) ; free ( pdf read - only ) austin, tx, usa reviewed by jozsef horvath, janus pannonius university the communicative potential of networked language classes has recently become the focus of much scholarly attention ( e. g., see kern, 1995 ; warschauer, 1997 ). learning strategies and outcomes have been investigated and curricula developed in a number of countries in response to empirical research showing the benefits of networking ( horvath, 1994 ; ortega, 1997 ). language learning online not only presents the findings of this research, hypothesizing that networks contribute a unique element to learning and teaching, but also identifies areas of future research. the collection ( available in adobe acrobat pdf format at http : / / labyrinth. daedalus. com / llo ) includes studies conducted at the university of texas at austin where the dedicated software package daedalus integrated writing environment ( diwe ) was applied. diwe is a suite of applications developed primarily for computer - assisted classrom discussion ( cacd ) and writing. divided into four sections, the nine papers address issues arising in the spoken and written communication of esl and l2 students. after the introduction, the first chapter ( \" the computer writing and research lab \" by john slatin ) provides a historical account of diwe, discussing the problems of funding and the underlying principles of the use of the computer writing and research lab. - 28 - the second section presents three case studies, each investigating an aspect of writing instruction. the paper by nancy sullivan ( \" developing critical reading and writing skills \" ) focuses on the communicative needs and performance of african - americans, hispanics, and anglo - americans. it argues that by using the network facility to empower minority students, participants in the class were stimulated to explore topics by themselves. the second paper in the section ( \" using computer - assisted class discussions \" by dorothy m. chun ) reports on how interactive competence was enhanced by networking, including a typology of utterances produced via ca", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5377327174018567, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:7d5c5b88-53f3-4d07-9f41-8ef6070005b3>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T10:38:08.012912"}
{"text": "were stimulated to explore topics by themselves. the second paper in the section ( \" using computer - assisted class discussions \" by dorothy m. chun ) reports on how interactive competence was enhanced by networking, including a typology of utterances produced via cacd over a two - semester period. the last paper in the section ( \" empowering students \" ) zooms in on the learner - centered nature of cacd. analyzing the volume of language output, philip markley suggests that such contexts facilitated asian students ' willingness to participate in discussions. data collected for the case studies include authentic e - mail message corpora, questionnaires, classroom observations, and student logs. as the number of students participating in the projects was limited, information on statistical significance and validity is not provided. in the third section, the papers deal specifically with the students ' evaluation of their learning. margaret healy beauvois ( \" e - talk : computer - assisted classroom discussion \" ) found that students appreciated the fact that they ( a ) could take time to think of what to say, ( b ) were under much less stress than in a traditional classroom, and ( c ) were involved in a process of discussion that enabled them to improve language accuracy. in the other paper in this section ( \" learners ' and instructors ' attitudes \" ), cristophe jaeglin compares, on the basis of interviews and an in - house questionnaire, learners ' and instructors ' attitudes to networked class discussions. he reports that even though students regarded the facility as positive, some tutors were concerned about the problems caused by the technology. the last section is devoted to classroom procedures with cacd applications. orlando r. kelm lists and describes a few e - mail applications ( \" the use of electronic mail in foreign language classes \" ), and concludes that further non - technocentric research should investigate the actual learning outcomes of these tasks. janet swaffar ( \" assessing development in writing : a proposal for strategy coding \" ) synthesizes discourse and strategy theory and provides a coding system to diagnose the content, quantity, morphosyntax, and the concepts of students ' scripts. the volume closes with swaffar ' s notes on what research areas should be explored in more detail : these include the linguistic, cultural, motivational, and cognitive features of spoken and written communication. swaffar points out the research dilemma that because networking involves variables that are hard to control, such as group dynamics, class management, and technical issues, new designs should", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5314623594756226, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:7d5c5b88-53f3-4d07-9f41-8ef6070005b3>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T10:38:08.015324"}
{"text": "linguistic, cultural, motivational, and cognitive features of spoken and written communication. swaffar points out the research dilemma that because networking involves variables that are hard to control, such as group dynamics, class management, and technical issues, new designs should be sought. another call is made for longitudinal investigations. in the second section i would like to have seen more triangulation in the studies. for example, although session transcripts provide the reader with insight into how individual students performed on the tasks, more emphasis could have been given to participant observation. another shortcoming of this section is that the authors never say explicitly how the students ' contributions to sessions were procured for this volume : no acknowledgment is to be found. nevertheless, these papers will be useful for faculty and staff, especially in the u. s. where similar projects have already been developed : the themes, classroom procedures, and feedback types discussed may be trialled and adopted elsewhere. - 29 - in addition to swaffar ' s recommendations for future research, i would also be interested in learning more about the lexical and pragmatic traits of networking students ' offline and online scripts. ethnographic research design could also supplement the investigation of how networked discussion may enable esl and other l2 students to participate effectively in their respective future discourse communities. synthesizing relevant theory and identifying pedagogical implications, language learning online is a useful contribution to the field of computer - assisted language learning. it reports on the findings of current research and documents how classroom applications have informed institution - wide projects. the language of the papers is at times a little taxing, however, with all the abbreviations that have mushroomed in much of the literature. ( on page 57 alone, for example, there are seven different acronyms : ai, lan, esl, call, cmc, clp, and cacd. ) but the volume achieves its aim, identified in janet swaffar ' s introduction : to give an overview of \" representative work on networking classes \" ( p. 14 ), and thus generate future research. horvath, j. ( 1994 ). electronic penpal projects : a tesl - l experience. in j. kohn & d. wolff ( eds. ), new methodologies in foreign language learning and teaching ( pp. 182 - 185 ). szombathely, hungary : berzsenyi daniel tanarkepzo foiskola. kern, r. g. ( 1995", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5314258898814874, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:7d5c5b88-53f3-4d07-9f41-8ef6070005b3>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T10:38:08.016377"}
{"text": ". ), new methodologies in foreign language learning and teaching ( pp. 182 - 185 ). szombathely, hungary : berzsenyi daniel tanarkepzo foiskola. kern, r. g. ( 1995 ). restructuring classroom interaction with network computers : effects on quantity and characteristics of language production. modern language journal, 79, 457 - 476. ortega, l. ( 1997 ). processes and outcomes in networked classroom interaction : defining the research agenda for l2 computer - assisted classroom discussion. language learning & technology, 1 ( 1 ) 82 - 93. retrieved november 22, 1998 from the world wide web : http : / / polyglot. cal. msu. edu / llt / vol1num1 / ortega / default. html. warschauer, m. ( 1997 ). computer - mediated collaborative learning : theory and practice. modern language journal, 81, 470 - 481. about the reviewer jozsef horvath teaches undergraduate and graduate writing courses at janus pannonius university in pecs, hungary. he has experience in using groupware applications, such as groupsystem, in hungarian university language education. he has served as co - editor of novelty, an english language teaching and cultural studies journal in hungary. - 30 - home | about llt | subscribe | information for contributors | masthead | archives", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5406891793596389, "token_count": 285, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:7d5c5b88-53f3-4d07-9f41-8ef6070005b3>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T10:38:08.016895"}
{"text": "the concept of evil in principle, the concept of evil and its close relationship to suffering would not present a problem were there no concept of the good. the philosophical problem of evil has been addressed throughout the ages in both philosophy and religion ' s most fundamental writings. hinduism, for example, treats all reality monastically. evil only appears evil, yet it participates in the good of cosmic reality of the divine. evil is necessarily a relative term, its meaning becomes dependent on the kind of good which it negates or excludes. the problem which arises is the presence of contradictions on experience. the terms good and evil seem to be contradictory. the hypothesis resulting : how can we sense reality in such a way as to account for its seemingly contradictory manifestations of good and evil? if one looks at evil as an incomplete good, we begin to have a basis for philosophic inquiry. one aspect or group of aspects may be offensive ( evil ) whereas the whole is good. the problem that results is that from incompleteness alone, the goodness of the complete cannot be inferred ; some implied goods are in turn parts of an evil whole. this demonstrates that the proposed view can be granted only partial validity. evil, if seen as a necessary segment needed to serve an unknown good is conceivable but how can we know that the unknown is good? if in fact we have this unknown, does this unknown good make the known evil less evil for man? \" the difficulty of accepting evil as a necessary ingredient of reality leads directly to concepts of malevolent supernatural forces. if evil need not be and should not be, if things have somehow gone wrong and evil has intruded into a world which could have been free from it, who could have been responsible \" ( cavendish, 1993, p. 3ff since evil is seen as lying outside of man ' s human capabilities, its origin must he outside of the human domain. this origin therefore must reside in some supernatural manifestation, either the gods and goddesses of forgotten realms or the devils and demons of established religions. \" at a deeper level, the powers of evil have not been thought out as much as recognized.... evil impulses which stir and whisper in the brain may feel alien to the person... as if they have been insinuated into his consciousness by something from outside \" ( canvendish, 1993, p. 3 ). yet what if these assumptions on evil are erroneous, if in fact evil, and the sinister aspects of evil are", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5897404101418795, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ad6bb273-2653-416f-9a4f-e0d3bb9bef25>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T10:38:08.050355"}
{"text": "have been insinuated into his consciousness by something from outside \" ( canvendish, 1993, p. 3 ). yet what if these assumptions on evil are erroneous, if in fact evil, and the sinister aspects of evil are just an illusion? the reality of evil may in essence be the product of the inner workings of the mind, projected into conscious reality. the collective unconscious of jung, although a psychological type, contains a definite psychological nature with a language. images, symbols and fantasies are the vocabulary of the language of the collective unconscious. the collective unconscious manifests in culture as a universal motif with our degree of attraction. in describing the collective unconscious, jung stated that it consisted of mythological motifs or primordial images which he referred to as archetypes. archetypes are not a priori ideas, but \" typical forms of behavior which, once they become conscious, naturally present themselves as ideas and images, like everything else that becomes a content of consciousness \" ( jung, 1969a, par. 435 ). the archetype ' s presence is felt as numinous that have a profound spiritual attribute. this mythological manifestation in turn must be given some meaning by the individual. \" but, the discovery of meaning is at the same time an experience attended by numinosity and accompanied by a sense of the awesome, the mysterious and the terrifying which always connected to an experience of the divine, in whatever lowly, unacceptable, obscure or despised form it may appear \" ( samuels, et al. 1987, p. 92 ). jung described numinosum as \" a dynamic agency or effort not caused by an arbitrary act of will. on contrary, it seizes and controls the human subjects, who is always rather its victim than its creator. the numinosum what ever its causes may be is an experience of the subject independent of his will.... the numinosum is either a quality belonging to a visible object or the influence of an invisible presence that causes a peculiar alteration of consciousness \" ( jung, 1969b, par. 6 ). the fact remains that evil has presented the twentieth century with the same questions that have perplexed humanity form the beginning of time : ' from whence did it originate? ' in man ' s attempt to progress, he has ignored the basic aspects of his humanity. good and evil have become just another by - product of our technological society, an illness that ' s roots are no longer important. society has projected all its negative side effects", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.600208338942432, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ad6bb273-2653-416f-9a4f-e0d3bb9bef25>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T10:38:08.051585"}
{"text": "' s attempt to progress, he has ignored the basic aspects of his humanity. good and evil have become just another by - product of our technological society, an illness that ' s roots are no longer important. society has projected all its negative side effects as the cost one must pay for advancement. material success is justified at the expense of ethics and morality. yet the question stills remains if evil is caused from within or by some supernatural force. if in fact it is mankind that has perpetuated the evils of the world, then to heal humanity one must first heal man. evil defined over time throughout the centuries, the enigma of evil has occupied the main stage in the human experience. evil knows no boundaries of time and space. \" there has probably never lived a human being who did not at some time in his life wonder why the world, for all its beauty and wonder, should also be so replete with grief, sorrow, conflict and with madness \" ( anders, 1994,. p. 2 ). in mans search to find the answers for these human frailties the concept of evil evolved. \" for thousands of years, in other words, man has attempted to solve the mystery of evil by means of myth, legend, and philosophical speculation, leaving his progeny with little more than a legacy of lies and empty conjecture \" ( anders, 1994 p. 2 ). dr paul carus states that there are no religions in the world where pain, misery or destruction are not represented by some demon or monster the shadow of darkness or evil ( 1996 ). in egyptian literature we find seth, bess and others that represent the dark powers. in buddhism mara the tempter is the personification of evil. the chaldeans see chaos ( tiamat ) as an evil monster. the tension between the existence of evil and the concept of good has plagued philosophers and theologians through out time. in their attempt to define evil they developed three types of evilness in the universe. first, there is natural evil, the natural world and its fallen state. second, there is moral evil. this type of evil is the result of the will of moral being. finally, according to peterson, there is metaphysical evil, consisting of the devil and demons ( 1986 ). every great writer of literary fiction has his or her own definition of evil and how he or she alone decides it will be presented to the reader. the evil represented in a novel may be as flagrant as murder or rape as in dostoevsky ' s the brothers karamazov", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5585298551689131, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ad6bb273-2653-416f-9a4f-e0d3bb9bef25>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T10:38:08.052712"}
{"text": "his or her own definition of evil and how he or she alone decides it will be presented to the reader. the evil represented in a novel may be as flagrant as murder or rape as in dostoevsky ' s the brothers karamazov or as the psychological manipulation of another character as in hardy ' s tess of the d ' urbervilles. \" thomas hardy ' s tess of the d ' urbervilles is a novel in which his protagonist and other characters are confronted by an almost endless array of emotional and moral choices that the reader must ultimately define as good or evil \" ( northrup, 1977, p. 225 ). to create the fingering, ever ominous theme of moral and psychological dilemma cast upon his characters, thomas hardy introduces the human attributes of greed, lust, pride, philosophical ideas and religion. he uses themes that require the reader to take a critical look at the character ' s situation, the character ' s thought process and its impact of the character ' s decision making. in order to better understand the concept of moral and physical evil, it must first be defined and separated from natural evil. natural evil refers to events linked to natural disasters such as floods and earthquakes. moral and psychological evil refers to the \" evil things that people do to each other and themselves \" ( alloway, 1974, p. 214 ). natural evil can be easily explained away by relying on religion or natural forces of the universe. moral and psychological evil are not that easy to rationalize. human beings make choices that affect every person around them. as hardy has so aptly pointed out in tess of the d ' urbervilles these are moral and psychological choices which can lead to not only physical, but psychological destruction as well. as lyall watson explains in his novel dark nature, \" my intuition is that ' evil ', for all its dark and threatening aspects, is inevitable a sort of black hole in nature \" ( 1995, p. 24 ). as rousseau puts it : \" god makes all things good ; man meddles with them and they become evil.... [ a ] ll wickedness comes from weakness. the child is only naughty because he is weak ; make him strong and he will be good ; if we could do anything we should never do wrong \" ( rousseau, 1986, p. 5 p. 33 ). that the failure is internal is expressed in plato, aristotle, the stoics, many [ but not all ] christians, and spinoza in modem terms it is expressed", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5594894648828388, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ad6bb273-2653-416f-9a4f-e0d3bb9bef25>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T10:38:08.053742"}
{"text": "wrong \" ( rousseau, 1986, p. 5 p. 33 ). that the failure is internal is expressed in plato, aristotle, the stoics, many [ but not all ] christians, and spinoza in modem terms it is expressed by norton and midgley ( kekes, 1990 ). \" as rousseau says, our weakness is the cause of the evil we do \" ( kekes, 1990, p. 125 ). kant refers to the predisposition of human nature, which he divides into three forms. according to kant, the first is the predisposition for one to satisfy his basic physical and psychological. the second is the rational evaluation of one ' s satisfaction of the basic and culturally conditioned needs in relation to one ' s happiness. kant ' s third predisposition is to submit his will to the moral law. \" all of these predispositions are not only good in negative fashion ( in that they do not contradict the moral law ) ; they are also predispositions toward good ( they enjoy the observance of the law ). they are original, for they are bound up with the possibility of human nature. man can indeed use the first two contrary to their ends, but he can extirpate none of them \" ( kant, 1960, p. 23 ). although kant indicates that the individual ' s natural inclination is for good, he also makes it clear that there is also \"... the propensity to evil in human nature... \" ( kant, 1960. p. 23 ). the good according to kant is acquired whereas the evil is brought upon ourselves. \" evil is possible only as a determination of free will, and since the will can be appraised as good or evil by means of its maxims, this propensity to evil must consist in the subjective ground of the possibility of the deviation of the maxims from moral law \" ( kant, 1960, p. 24 ). therefore, individuals have a propensity to good, but through the exercise of free will one chooses between good and evil. \" kant believes that human nature is basically good evil arises because we choose to subordinate our moral predisposition to that of self love \" ( kekes, 1990, p. 131 ). in kant ' s synthesis, then man is not corrupt. he is \"... still capable of improvement. for man, therefore who despite a corrupt heart yet possess a good will, there remains hope of a return to the good", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5417279222367841, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ad6bb273-2653-416f-9a4f-e0d3bb9bef25>", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T10:38:08.054643"}
{"text": "131 ). in kant ' s synthesis, then man is not corrupt. he is \"... still capable of improvement. for man, therefore who despite a corrupt heart yet possess a good will, there remains hope of a return to the good from which he strayed \" ( kant, 1960, p. 39 ). evil then becomes a condition of the soul, which is in part a result of its unbalanced and incomplete quality. the incompleteness is a result of mans inability to keep the ego in balance with his true inner self. the extension of the ego is seen as the individual is being immersed in self love. this self love is in reality a state of emptiness in degree, an emptiness in inner being, a shadow ( self love ) and no reality of the soul itself this evil state then is a state which is negative, relative and transitory. it implies the absence of completeness, which is acquired during the souls evolutionary process, the knowing self. the metaphysical concept of evil concerns the contradiction between the religious assumptions in the good and omnipotence of god or supreme essences, and the reality of evil experienced in the world. the classification of the religions of the world addressed this problem with three possible solutions. the first is seen in the teachings of hinduism, where a monistic approach is offered according to which the phenomenal world is but an illusion or maya. it is in maya that evil exists an evil which is only illusionary. in the western world we see a mirror image of this concept in the teachings of christian science. \" evil is but an illusion, and it has no real basis. evil is a false belief ' ( eddy, 1934, p. 480 : 23, 24 ). this may address the problem of evil, but makes no attempt to solve it. it leaves its consequences as unexplained. the second explanation is seen in persian zoroastrianism, where we find a dualistic approach to good and evil centered in two deities ahura mazdah and angra mainyu. zoroastrianism expresses this concept in its most extreme form as cosmic struggle between these deities. this approach to the concept of good and evil is not unique. plato ' s timaeus use this dualistic approach as does j. s. mill in ' attributes ', three essays in religion ( 1874 ) and edgar brightman in his a philosophy of religion ( 1940, chap. 8 - 10 ) the third explanation is found within christianity. \" in the first centuries of christianity", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5626267410800309, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ad6bb273-2653-416f-9a4f-e0d3bb9bef25>", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T10:38:08.055589"}
{"text": "s. mill in ' attributes ', three essays in religion ( 1874 ) and edgar brightman in his a philosophy of religion ( 1940, chap. 8 - 10 ) the third explanation is found within christianity. \" in the first centuries of christianity there raged a battle over the integration of evil into the image of god \" ( ribi, 1989, p. 26 ). for an answer to this anomaly christianity developed a distinctive combination of monism and dualism, a dualism which is posed as ethical within the framework of metaphysical monism. \" beneath the surface of monotheism lies a concealed dualism of good and evil, and beneath that, even a polydemonism \" ( ribi, 1989, p. 26 ). in this attempt, the early christian writers hoped to answer the main objection created by the introduction of evil in the world. \" to many, the most powerful positive objection to belief in god is the fact of evil \" ( hick, 1982, p. 330 ). the problem of evil creates a theoretical problem. \" if god is perfectly loving, he must wish to abolish evil ; and if he is all powerful, he must be able to abolish evil. but evil exists ; therefore god cannot be both omnipotent and perfectly loving \" ( hick, 1982, p. 330 ). in answer to this problem, one can accept that god is not powerful enough to create a world that does not contain evil, or he may state that god created only good so that evil must have been generated by some other power. he may still find this inadequate and may state that god is all powerful but morally imperfect and made a decision to create an imperfect universe. most christians would find this solution objectionable in the fact that it ignores the basis of religious belief \" thus the problem of evil is both real and acute. there is a clear prima facie case that evil and god are incompatible both cannot exist \" ( mcclosky, 1982, p. 315 ). in christianity, the goodness and the greatness of god and the reality of evil are affirmed, but the origin of evil is still a mystery. \" whatever is relegated to the unconscious, whatever is without some kind of representation in consciousness, threatens to become a demon \" ( ribi, 1989, p. 3 0 ). one affirmation is through theodicies. a theodicy is a rational attempt by theists to exonerate god as the source of evil. basically, these attempts try to modify", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5336053108547996, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ad6bb273-2653-416f-9a4f-e0d3bb9bef25>", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T10:38:08.056636"}
{"text": "ribi, 1989, p. 3 0 ). one affirmation is through theodicies. a theodicy is a rational attempt by theists to exonerate god as the source of evil. basically, these attempts try to modify one or more of the problems of evil. there are two different foci that could be viewed in this situation. the first one is those who modify the nature of god. they believe that god is limited, and evil is a reality. this view is known as process theology and is found in liberal protestantism and liberal judaism. this view sees god as finite and in the process of struggling with evil. the other view is from those who re - define the nature of evil. these people see evil as being good. evil and suffering bring out the good in people ; therefore, evil is good. they also believe that evil comes from satan. this results in dualism, which teaches that good and evil are equal. these are two different views, but both are considered a solution in the problem with evil ( silvester, 1981 ). christians give many reasons why god has allowed evil, even if the reasons are a mystery of their own. \" every communication with the divine and every religious feeling comes to consciousness only via the psyche. the psyche is thus the bearer of the imago dei ( image of god ), although we are not in a position to affirm scientifically what causes this image \" ( ribi, 1989, p. 20 ). christianity and other religions usually have five basic answers to the question concerning evil. the first one is that there is not a god at all. this a common answer, but not a ' christian ' answer. the next answer is that evil is not actual. in other words, everything evil that has been done has brought some good somewhere and somehow. the next solution is that evil is just one big mystery. these are the people that feel that evil should not be questioned. then there is the solution that god is not in fact all powerful. god has many enormous powers, but there are powers that roam the earth that god has no control over. the last solution is that god is not always entirely good, god, eke humans can also have a negative side ( silvester, 1981 ). \" theodicy, as many modem christian thinkers see it, is a modest enterprise, negative rather than positive in its conclusions. it does not claim to explain, nor to explain away, every instance of evil in human experience, but", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5414005466297167, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ad6bb273-2653-416f-9a4f-e0d3bb9bef25>", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T10:38:08.057717"}
{"text": "). \" theodicy, as many modem christian thinkers see it, is a modest enterprise, negative rather than positive in its conclusions. it does not claim to explain, nor to explain away, every instance of evil in human experience, but only to point to certain considerations which prevent the fact of evil ( largely incomprehensible though it remains ) from constituting a final and insuperable bar to rational beliefs in god \" ( hick, 1982, p. 3 31 ). christian rationale has always considered evil in its relations to human freedom and responsibility. since man is a finite center, he possesses relative freedom, which in turn makes him / her a self - directing agent responsible for his / her decisions. \" free will is not a constant or a priori quantity ; rather it is that libido charge that is at the free disposal of consciousness \" ( jung, 1969a, p. 201 - 204 ). evil a theoretical foundation at this point it becomes necessary to lay a foundation for the discussion of evil in purely theoretical terms. if one begins with the pythagorean y which signified choice ( free - will ), it becomes evident how the concept of good and evil takes on meaning. the central stem concept of good and evil takes on meaning. the central stem separates into two parts : one section flowing to the right and the other section flowing to the left. the right branch signifies divine wisdom and the other symbolizes earthly wisdom. man ( being ) in his growth ( becoming ) symbolizes the central stem of y. it is at the junction of the branches, where man must choose or not choose his path. the left - hand path follows the dictates of mans lower nature ( earthly plane ) which leads to stagnation or remaining at the same level of development. the right - hand path, signifying divine wisdom, leads to the ultimate regaining of unity with the superior sphere or totality. given that individuals are governed by the law of free will, in that every person has absolute freedom of choice and that decisions on those choices make an individual responsible for the results, then individuals, if they were not meant to make mistakes, would not subscribe to the free will system. it is the existence of free will which helps one to grow. \" free will is mankind ' s main tool in each incarnation for learning lessons for evolvement \" ( bletzer, 1986, p. 844 ). the solution to the inquiry of good and evil then lies in the understanding", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5679701076021524, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ad6bb273-2653-416f-9a4f-e0d3bb9bef25>", "chunk_index": 8, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T10:38:08.058669"}
{"text": "one to grow. \" free will is mankind ' s main tool in each incarnation for learning lessons for evolvement \" ( bletzer, 1986, p. 844 ). the solution to the inquiry of good and evil then lies in the understanding about the truth in human nature. according to robert ellwood in theosophy \" human nature has a destiny that is only tangential to external nature, though at present painfully intertwined with it \" ( ellwood, 1986, p. 151 ). the stoic chrysippus maintained that good and evil being contrary, both are necessary since each sustains the other. the idea is not that good and evil were created in some past time in static form, but that their growth is a continuous process, a continuous process and evolution from imperfection to perfection, from worst to best. therefore, one cannot say that beings are essentially evil, they are merely less perfect or evolved. we now begin to see the gradient of imperfection. if one is on a certain level, then everything below that level must be imperfect, less desirable. to lower ' standards or submit to desires is then a loss of perfection and therefore becomes a state of evil. the state of evil therefore becomes a state of imperfection in growth. \" imperfect beings living in an imperfect state because of their imperfect evolutionary unfolding, or their imperfect development while this is so ; giving constant hope to imperfect beings to grow better, nevertheless hearken : this does not mean that imperfect things or beings are essentially good \" ( purucker, 1973, p. 154 ). in reality, one can rationalize on a conscious level ' \" evil ' thoughts, actions, or lack of actions, yet karmic law requires justification. karma adjusts each effect to its cause. it gives back to each individual the actual consequences of his own actions. we become responsible for these actions, and karma impartially returns their results to us. whenever imperfection imbalance is produced in the self, there is no quantitative duration for this experience ; each is dependent upon the individual. therefore, \" evil abstractly consists of transitory states or conditions however long they may last in which monads pass during certain phases of their endless peregrinations upwards and outwards \" ( purucker, 1973, p. 155 ). within this context, karma is seen as the law of readjustment which even works to restore equilibrium in the physical and harmony in the moral world. karma is then the limitation set for individuals at their present", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5651906735031409, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ad6bb273-2653-416f-9a4f-e0d3bb9bef25>", "chunk_index": 9, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T10:38:08.059618"}
{"text": "no function. man would no longer need opposing principles and each contrasting principle would not need to contain the potential of the opposing principle. since all would be ruled by a universal force of determinism, no one could be other than what he is. therefore, individuals would be justified in their actions, decisions, and fife cycles resulting from the premise that for them there could be no other. in maintaining this structure, one ' s actions could not be compared to another because such a comparison would be non - existent. as a result of determinism, the being ( man ) would have a structure, a blur print, if you like, to follow. since this structure would be the only existence, therefore an opposition of polarity could not exist since non - being cannot create being. \" what is permanent must remain forever the same. it is what it is, and to become something other than this would involve the contradiction that it became what it is not \" ( popkin and stroll, 1956, p. 71 ). the changing world, therefore, must become that which the permanent world is not. the only aspect of the universe, if determined, is that it exists. in reality then, the changing aspect ( polarity ) cannot be part of existence since it does not belong to the real unchanging aspect ( determined ) and must, therefore, be non - existence. as william james insisted in his essay on \" the dilemma of determination, \" there are striking features of our moral experience which can be known only if we assume that men are free agents ( free will ). the attribution of responsibility for our actions makes no sense if we are governed under the law of determinism. if one is predetermined to act in a given manner then responsibility for that action is not his, and the action can therefore not be judged on any standards available. the individual therefore would be incapable of manifestation, for as long as there is manifestation, there is imperfection. \" to illustrate : take any one of us, a human being, we are beings in manifestation, therefore we are imperfect, and throughout beginningless and endless time we shall in various hierarchies and in different degrees of imperfection, on lower or on higher planes, be running the external cyclical round of developing and unfolding ever more and more \" ( purucker, 1973, p. 157 ). polarity therefore becomes imperative for if imperfection is a given, so then must its counter part, perfection, be a given. free will", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5672036780231247, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ad6bb273-2653-416f-9a4f-e0d3bb9bef25>", "chunk_index": 11, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T10:38:08.061621"}
{"text": "of developing and unfolding ever more and more \" ( purucker, 1973, p. 157 ). polarity therefore becomes imperative for if imperfection is a given, so then must its counter part, perfection, be a given. free will and the concept of evil take on a new meaning. although free will always allows the individual the opportunity to change their future course, this does not mean acting contrary to the future because that is an impossibility. free will allows one to modify their own conduct in regards to that future which is the unity with totality. growth then is seen as the manifestation of the interplay between the polar opposites good and evil. \" if a complete human being is a feeling being, then evil must be allowed to exist for this feeling nature of ours to live and grow \" ( stanford, 1981, p. 10 ). since man ( being ) is in a constant state of flux ( becoming ), due to the nature of the human being species seed then all events become manifestations of a basic oneness. this does not imply that all things are equal. opposites are abstract concepts belonging to the realm of thought and as stated earlier concerning good and evil relative. when one becomes aware of good, he must out of necessity also be aware of evil. the ancient chinese philosopher chu hsi believed, \" good and evil have no existence in themselves, but are terms applied to things according to their advantage or injury to oneself or to mankind \" ( standford, 1981, p. 7 ). one who wishes to grow may be placed in a situation of pain and suffering, which to some may seem evil. however for that individuals growth it is a necessary good. one must be aware of the relativity and polarity of all o pposites. these experiences of good and evil, pleasure and pain, are not experiences belonging to different categories. they are only two sides of the same reality, oppositions of the phenomenon, manifestation of the interplay of the two. it becomes necessary therefore to see polarity as the weights placed upon the dynamic balance of karma. for true growth is not to strive for good, for good ' s sake, or to eliminate evil ; it is rather following the path of balance. one must strive to maintain the balance between opposites. they are never static but a dynamic interplay between two extremes. nietzsche stated that the individual could not become conscious of the beautiful and the good without also having a conscious development of ugly and evil. in reality therefore, \" evil is purposeful", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.6044990112558577, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ad6bb273-2653-416f-9a4f-e0d3bb9bef25>", "chunk_index": 12, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T10:38:08.062649"}
{"text": "libido charge that is at the free disposal of consciousness \" ( jung, 1969a, p. 201 - 204 ). kant and others in their philosophical inquiries of evil have just touched the edge of the concept of evil and man ' s relation to it. in the study of kabbalah literature, a break - through to this relationship was slowly accomplished. it is the being - man, the inner self which is in a constant state of becoming ( growth ), self - induced and independent of creation. the essence of man is contained in man. the potential for free will has given man ( being ) a path or options of paths and being must choose individually. upon this choice the basis of man ' s growth or regression is dependent. the growth or stagnation is self fulfilled by the individual. the spirit of creation doesn ' t interfere, but allows one to make the decision on his own. if the individual makes a decision not in accordance with the perfection of creation the individual must re - learn or relieve this incident. it is through this process that the individual is made whole again in accordance with the perfection of creation. this is the process of becoming. man is the inner universe, the essence of being ( creation ), becoming and unfolding to unite with the whole in an unending process till perfection and union are achieved. in a discussion of the relative position of good and evil in man ' s unfoldment, the first consideration to be made is the absolute value of each. since good is not and cannot be an absolute value in creation due to the consideration of free will, an alternative must exist which becomes known or identified as evil. the converse is that absolute evil cannot exist, for then there would be no concept of good. based on this fact, a neutral ground must exist, a ground of balance and harmony. this neutral ground must, by the knowledge of free will, contain the potential for both good, which yields growth ( becoming ), and evil, which is stagnation or non - becoming. man, having the capacity of choice, becomes responsible for his decisions. in so much as we are given a process of free, will we also as a result of that free will become responsible for the direction we take in its application. since the essence of man is the human species seed, and its intention as potential is becoming, it must in reality move or evolve to a higher state. man cannot be less than that from which he began. \" there is no single substance in the world whether it be that", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5931499700083174, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ad6bb273-2653-416f-9a4f-e0d3bb9bef25>", "chunk_index": 14, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T10:38:08.065682"}
{"text": "is the human species seed, and its intention as potential is becoming, it must in reality move or evolve to a higher state. man cannot be less than that from which he began. \" there is no single substance in the world whether it be that which we experience through the senses or that which we perceive through the mind, that is not comprised or contained in the creator or origin. which is to say, in the ' seed ' \" ( berg, 1983, p. 25 ). just as a child grows and learns through trial and error, the essence of man due to the possession of free will must grow through trial and error. if man was predestined, the concept of good and evil could not exist. for to have one ' s destiny totally laid out would preclude action ; therefore, we could not choose to be ' good ' or regress and choose evil. man would be polarized in a position which could not be judged due to the fact that control was not given to him. since life is not linear in nature, going from one point to another, with no deviations ( pre - destined ), man alone becomes the creator of his own destiny. because of man ' s limited nature, his rational mind, he cannot see the full pattern of unfoldment but only his relative position in time. the mind, working in a logical / rational fashion, must have neat little compartments of classification. therefore what is judged by the individual becomes the definition of good and evil. as a result of this, an understanding of man ' s position in relation to his fellow man ( society ) must be established. to accomplish this, one must devise standards and norms by which the world becomes more understandable. since man ( being ) is in a constant state of flux ( becoming ), due to the nature of the human species seed, this becoming cannot exist in a state of evil. rather it resides in a state of change, moving from one level to another. evil then can only be seen as a blockage to becoming or as a barrier to the growth potential. \" according to zohar, evil can never be part of this universe, this world view of evil would then imply that the creator of the light and vessel must, of necessity, be inclusive of this characteristic called evil \" ( berg, 1983, p. 98 ). it is then man who must decide his future. if man has free will then he chooses his own fulfilment or denies himself the same. in this framework,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.5509494341874446, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ad6bb273-2653-416f-9a4f-e0d3bb9bef25>", "chunk_index": 15, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T10:38:08.068110"}
{"text": "of this characteristic called evil \" ( berg, 1983, p. 98 ). it is then man who must decide his future. if man has free will then he chooses his own fulfilment or denies himself the same. in this framework, does man thus create being and non - being within the same thought? if man has one, man must either acknowledge or deny the other. being is the unfoldment of the human species potential, which is oneness with the whole. this reality to be that which we were, which is true essence, the good that is all potential and reality. non being then becomes the negation of one ' s potential, a movement away from the good or a movement to evil. if man is the creator of his own reality through choice, then all that is created must be accepted. in denial, one would in fact deny existence. to deny self is to deny existence. therefore, to choose, one must have existence and that existence must be reality, even if it exists only in the moment of thought. man must accept the reality which he creates, and to deny that reality or the outcome of that reality fife loses all meaning. what results then is man ' s categories of good and evil based upon the premise that it is one ' s choice that creates the existence of this polarity. human evolvement requires the maximization of good and the minimization of evil. \" the enlightenment is correct in its view that we can depend only on ourselves, and christianity is correct in its view that we are weak vessels \" ( kekes, 1990, p. 236 ). there is a reaction to all positive and negative thoughts and deeds. \" all acts of evil stem from the root of unfulfillment \" ( berg, 1981, p. 80 ). good begets good ; evil begets evil ( law of attraction ). this concept becomes clear when one looks at the symbolism interwoven in the story of adam ' s fall. the tree of life in kabbalistic literature is seen as a spiritual ladder. the tree of the knowledge of good and evil is considered the middle pillar of the ten sefiroth. this spiritual ladder is made up of the ten sefiroth which are in essence a ladder for spiritual growth ( becoming ) it was from the tree of knowledge that adam was instructed ' do not eat or you shaft surely die ' ( genesis ). the problem in grasping a true understanding of this event results in the translation of the word knowledge. in hebrew the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5879732602195664, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ad6bb273-2653-416f-9a4f-e0d3bb9bef25>", "chunk_index": 16, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T10:38:08.069840"}
{"text": "( becoming ) it was from the tree of knowledge that adam was instructed ' do not eat or you shaft surely die ' ( genesis ). the problem in grasping a true understanding of this event results in the translation of the word knowledge. in hebrew the word translated is death, a literal translation of the word meaning ' to join. ' from this translation, we now understand that this middle pillar was a tree of ' joining ' which has far reaching implications. to the kabbalist, adam knew the difference between good and evil, but with the eating of the fruit he became joined to good and evil. until this act, evil or its concept was outside or apart from mans nature. once joined, it became a part of man ' s nature. the self of adam became attached to the physical world. \" god is all powerful and beyond our understanding of good and evil \" ( sheinkin, 1986, p. 130 ). it is through our individual free will that man, from his divine essence, became joined to the base matter of the world. in that choice, man opened the door of his being to good and evil. it is a loss of god on the rational level a feeling of isolation that must be negated. the inner being of man, the soul so to speak, is separated from man the rational being. man must remove these false walls of separation and again commune with his higher inner mind or cosmic consciousness. man must move from the lower base consciousness of his earthly attachments to a higher level of consciousness the god head. it is the high level of consciousness where a universal oneness will take place and the illusion of evil will fade. evil then becomes man ' s baseness, his denial of his higher self. it is man ' s inability to comprehend that god is within, not an abstract concept locked outside the realms of reality. through inner development of the cosmic consciousness, man and god are one and evil loses its power. \" epicureans, skeptics and stoics therefore reject the idea of cosmic good and evil in form of strictly human responsibilities, explaining evil either as an illusory, a mere human construct, or the futile endeavor to thwart the will of the one \" ( russel, 1988, p. 158 ). but if \" goodness involves the presence of due perfections, which actually exist within whatever is perfected ; but presence and actual existence are co - terminous with being and reality ; therefore, the former is simultaneously also an increase in the latter \" ( sweeney,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5444363714394402, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ad6bb273-2653-416f-9a4f-e0d3bb9bef25>", "chunk_index": 17, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T10:38:08.070969"}
{"text": "goodness involves the presence of due perfections, which actually exist within whatever is perfected ; but presence and actual existence are co - terminous with being and reality ; therefore, the former is simultaneously also an increase in the latter \" ( sweeney, 1965, p. 167 ). given the concept of evil, which has been previously stated as an absence of good, this would mean that there is a loss of perfection. \" but absence and nonexistence are co - terminous with non - being and unreality ; therefore, evil is also co - terminous with non - being or unreality. accordingly, to become more evil is simultaneously a decrease in being and reality, as well as in perfection \" ( sweeney, 1965. p. 167 ). given this definition, then evil becomes equivalent to imperfection in perfection. with christian science, evil is a nothing, an absence. yet even being nothing it affects its subject. \" metaphysics teaches us that in god the distinction between essence and existence is a distinction rationis, a purely ideal distinction, but that in all created objects there is a real distinction between them \" ( jacques, 1948, p. 65 ). plotinus outlined the results of joining good and evil in his explanation of descending into matter and becoming an individual man. \" because something else other than the all [ - - the sum total of true reality ] added itself to you, you became less by the addition, for the addition did not come from real being [ you can not add anything to that ], but from that which is not, you have become a particular person by the addition of non - being \" ( armstrong, 1953, p. 160 ). the road back to oneness, to becoming truly real, occurs only when man totally identifies with the one, the one whom he was separated from when adam joined with the concept of good and evil. this can only be accomplished by the development of the higher self. evil then becomes not an aspect of sin, but a separation, a disunion from the one. evil the final analysis \" if there is one human experience ruled by myth it is certainly that of evil. one can understand why : the two major forms of experience moral evil and physical evil both contain an enigmatic element in whose shadow the difference between them tends to vanish \" eliade, 1987, p. 199 ). moral evil can be seen as the by - product of man ' s actions, his self love. to overcome this, man has to look within", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5754400395382253, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ad6bb273-2653-416f-9a4f-e0d3bb9bef25>", "chunk_index": 18, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T10:38:08.071986"}
{"text": "in whose shadow the difference between them tends to vanish \" eliade, 1987, p. 199 ). moral evil can be seen as the by - product of man ' s actions, his self love. to overcome this, man has to look within. man has lost touch with the inner self, the divine essence which is god, which can only be united with oneness by the act of becoming evil then becomes a personal responsibility that an individual must overcome from within. the existence of evil is in a sense a blockage of ones true being. this blockage will not allow the individual conscious mind to realize the higher self or cosmic conscious ( god - mind ). negativity brings only negativity, a stagnation of the growth process. \" as christ stated, ' know the truth and the truth shall set you free, ' he was referring to the realization of oneness with the creator through which the negativity vanishes. at the same time, one ' s conscious mind is able to receive the kingdom of heaven within, or in other words, experience the conscious reality of your spiritual self \" ( masters, vol. 1 1989, p. 2 - 3 ). one cannot doubt the psychological fear of terror or the unknown. society has substituted what man creates within himself for an unknown evil that exists externally. although no man feels that he initiates evil, he feels that he inherited the legacy of an ancient evil handed down from one generation to another. until man realizes that evil is created from within the confine of the collective unconsciousness, he will never be free. only through the development of the inner self, man ' s cosmic consciousness, can the shadows of darkness and evil be brought to light. in that moment of realization, man will begin his unfoldment to his higher self. when the mind or consciousness of the individual relinquishes its hold on the physical world and becomes one with the cosmic consciousness, harmony and balance result. alloway, l. ( ed. ). ( 1974 ). the choice between good vs. evil new haven : yale. anders, t. ( 1994 ). the evolution of evil illinois : open court. armstrong, a. h. ( ed. ). ( 1953 ). plotinus london : george allen and unwin ltd. berg, p. ( 1991 ). kabalah for laymen old city jerusalem, israel : press of research center of kabbalah. berg, p. ( 1983 ). kaballah connection old city jerusalem,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.5493721605073574, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ad6bb273-2653-416f-9a4f-e0d3bb9bef25>", "chunk_index": 19, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T10:38:08.073241"}
{"text": "and unwin ltd. berg, p. ( 1991 ). kabalah for laymen old city jerusalem, israel : press of research center of kabbalah. berg, p. ( 1983 ). kaballah connection old city jerusalem, israel : press of research center of kabbalah. bletzer, j. g. ( 1986 ). encyclopedic psychic dictionary virgina : donning. carus, p. ( 1996 ). the history of the devil and the idea of evil new york : random house. cavendish, r. ( 1975 ). the power of evil new york : dorset. eddy, m. b. ( 1934 ). science and health ( auth. ed. ). boston. eliade, m. ( ed. ). ( 1987 ). the encyclopedia of religion ( vol. 5 ). new york : macmillan. ellwood, r. ( 1986 ). theosophy illinois : theosophical. hicks, j. ( 1982 ). \" the problem of evil \". in e. d. klemke, a. d. kline, and r. hollinger ( eds. ), philosophy the basic issues new york. jacques, m. ( 1948 ). preface to metaphysics new york jung, c. g. ( 1969a ). the collective works ( vol. 8 ). new jersey : princeton university press. jung, c. g. ( 1969b ). the collective works ( vol. 11 ). new jersey : princeton university press. kant, 1. ( 1960 ). religion within he limits of reason theodore m green, t. m. and hudson, h. h. ( trans. ). new york : harper row. kekes, j. ( 1990 ). facing evil. new jersey : princeton university press. masters, p. l. ( 1989 ). ministers course study lesson ( vol. 1 ). california : university of metaphysics press. mcclosky, h. j. ( 1982 ). \" good and evil \" in e. d. klemke, a. d. kline and r. hollinger ( eds. ), philosophy the basic issues new york. northrup, g. l. ( 1977 ). a critical look at moral and psychological evil new york : collier. peterson, m. ( 1986 ). evil and the christian god new york : research publishing. popkin, r., and stroll, a. ( 1956 ).", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5202851030551722, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ad6bb273-2653-416f-9a4f-e0d3bb9bef25>", "chunk_index": 20, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T10:38:08.074276"}
{"text": "provided by : freebsd - manpages _ 6. 2 - 1 _ all chooseproc, procrunnable, remrunqueue, setrunqueue - manage the queue of extern struct rq itqueues ; extern struct rq rtqueues ; extern struct rq queues ; extern struct rq idqueues ; struct thread * remrunqueue ( struct thread * td ) ; setrunqueue ( struct thread * td ) ; the run queue consists of four priority queues : itqueues for interrupt threads, rtqueues for realtime priority processes, queues for time sharing processes, and idqueues for idle priority processes. each priority queue consists of an array of nqs queue header structures. each queue header identifies a list of runnable processes of equal priority. each queue also has a single word that contains a bit mask identifying non - empty queues to assist in selecting a process quickly. these are named itqueuebits, rtqueuebits, queuebits, and idqueuebits. the run queues are protected by the sched _ lock mutex. procrunnable ( ) returns zero if there are no runnable processes other than the idle process. if there is at least one runnable process other than the idle process, it will return a non - zero value. note that the sched _ lock mutex does not need to be held when this function is called. there is a small race window where one cpu may place a process on the run queue when there are currently no other runnable processes while another cpu is calling this function. in that case the second cpu will simply travel through the idle loop one additional time before noticing that there is a runnable process. this works because idle cpus are not halted in smp systems. if idle cpus are halted in smp systems, then this race condition might have more serious repercussions in the losing case, and procrunnable ( ) may have to require that the sched _ lock mutex be acquired. choosethread ( ) returns the highest priority runnable thread. if there are no runnable threads, then the idle thread is returned. this function is called by cpu _ switch ( ) and cpu _ throw ( ) to determine which thread to switch to. choosethread ( ) must be called with the sched _ lock mutex held", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5021993928765123, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:965a1a82-1964-4e33-9104-d78e49933092>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T10:38:08.077639"}
{"text": "since you are having this confusion, i think it helps to consider the concepts of zero, infinity and \" undefined \". in the most basic sense, division is the opposite of multiplication. thus, the fact that 2 x 3 = 6 implies that 6 / 3 = 2. 1 x 0 = 0. applying the above logic, 0 / 0 = 1. however, 2 x 0 = 0, so 0 / 0 must also be 2. in fact, it looks as though 0 / 0 could be any number! this obviously makes no sense - we say that 0 / 0 is \" undefined \" because there isn ' t really an answer. likewise, 1 / 0 is not really infinity. infinity isn ' t actually a number, it ' s more of a concept. if you think about how division is often described in schools, say, number of sweets shared between number of people, you see the confusion. if i go around some people giving them 0 sweets each, how many people do i need to go around until i have given away my 1 sweet? an infinite number? kind of, because i can keep going around infinitely. however, i never actually give away that sweet. this is why people say that 1 / 0 \" tends to \" infinity - we can ' t really use infinity as a number, we can only imagine what we are getting closer to as we move in the direction of infinity. however, in this case, the number of sweets i have is never changing, so i ' m not really getting closer to anywhere. even this logic doesn ' t really work. the long and short of it is that 1 / 0 doesn ' t really make sense as a calculation. when we do use the notion of infinity we tend to use positive infinity where it doesn ' t matter purely by convention. however, if you think about it too hard you start to get into philosophy and stuff, like \" what actually is infinity? \" and \" wait, what is a number \"? the things people are talking about where it does are different ways of using numbers so they don ' t really count. for example, in the trivial ring, there is only one number, which works like a 0 ( add it to anything and you get that thing ) and a 1 ( multiply it by anything and you get the same thing again ) and makes sense because you can only add it to or multiply it by itself to get itself. it ' s pretty boring actually, but in that case this one number - let ' s call it", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5745561608543543, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:f5ecf10f-b9a5-4afd-b6d2-50e952f5505b>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T10:38:08.081603"}
{"text": "##amine in the 1930s through the rise of prozac in the 1990s. case studies of antipsychotics, antidepressants, mood stabilizers, and stimulants within the broader social, psychiatric, cultural, and pharmaceutical landscape. hist 233 01 ( 21251 ) / hshm201 the cultures of western medicine : a historical introduction a survey of medical thought, practice, institutions, and practitioners from classical antiquity to the present. changing concepts of health and disease in europe and america explored in their social, cultural, economic, scientific, technological, and ethical contexts. hist 901 01 ( 11048 ) / hshm708 the body in science and art the course explores the history of the representations of the human body in science and art. it discusses recent literature on the role of the body in experimental practices. hist 933 01 ( 21112 ) / hshm640 molecules, life, and disease in the twentieth century the course explores the transformation of the life sciences in the twentieth century. it focuses on the rise of molecular biology and its understanding of life and disease. it shows how and why the molecular vision on life has achieved such a high level of scientific authority and social legitimacy. it emphasizes the relationship of this transformation to broader intellectual, social, cultural, and political change. hist 006 01 ( 12796 ) / hshm005 medicine and society in american history disease and healing in american history from colonial times to the present. the changing role of the physician, alternative healers and therapies, and the social impact of epidemics from smallpox to aids.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5218922016117273, "token_count": 329, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:6251ec90-9223-415b-99a7-9683cb9b9349>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T10:38:08.097701"}
{"text": "post contents list - 1 causes of hemoglobinopathies blood - 2 hemoglobinopathies - 4 classification of hemoglobmopathies \u2013 - 5 i. structural hemoglobinopathies \u2013 - 6 ii. thalassemia - - 7 iii. thalassemic variants - - 8 iv. hpfh - - 9 v. acquired hemoglobinopathies - 10 diagnosis of hemoglobmopathies \u2013 - 11 the sickle cell syndromes \u2013 - 13 sickle cell - 15 clinicalbiochemical analysis of dosha dhatu mala in ayurveda. read more... \u00bb manifestations of hemoglobmopathies \u2013 - 16 thalassemia syndromes \u2013 - 17 thalassemia - 20 clinical manifestations of thalssemia syndromes \u2013 - 21 clinical manifestations of thalssemia - 23 treatment of hemoglobmopathies \u2013 causes of hemoglobinopathies blood - disorders syndromes diagnosisbiochemical analysis of dosha dhatu mala in ayurveda. read more... \u00bb treatmentbiochemical analysis of dosha dhatu mala in ayurveda. read more... \u00bb \u2013 - oxygen is delivered to tissues by hemoglobin. hemoglobin is present in erythrocytes in high concentration and is responsible for the shape of the cell, viscosity of blood and cell deformability. - hemoglobinopathies are disorders of structure, function or production of hemoglobin. - different hemoglobins are produced during embryonic, fetal and adult life. - the major adult hemoglobin hba has the structure a2b2 - minor adult hemoglobin is hba2, a2d2 - hbf or fetal hemoglobin is \u2013 a2g2 - hbf predominates during gestation. - during post natal life, only small amounts of hbf is present. - at about 6 wks of gestation, the hb is mainly embryonic hb. - at 10 \u2013 11 weeks, hbf becomes predominant. at 38 wks most of the hb is hba. - during stress, as in hemolytic anaemias, bone marrow transplant, chemotherapy, hbf increases. - hydroxyurea also increases hbf. classification of hemoglobmopathies \u2013 i. structural hemoglobinopathies \u2013 - 1. sick", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5110354425181891, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:8eb983ea-e678-4c76-bde4-836fbd0b1153>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T10:38:08.102910"}
{"text": "renal concepts in critical care nursebob \u00a9 02 / 06 / 01 i. diffusion - movement of particles from greater to lesser concentration. ii. osmosis - movement of water across a semipermeable membrane. a. uses principles of diffusion. b. remove electrolytes and excess water. c. remove blood across a semipermeable membrane. d. vascular access may be temporary or perminate. 1. a / v fistula. a. connect vein and artery together. b. takes up to 2 months to mature. * c. determine patiency. * 1 ) should hear bruit. * 2 ) should feel thrill. e. dialysis takes 2 - 3 hours and must be done 2 - 3 times per week. 1. check vital signs, weight. 2. check a / v fistula. 3. check laboratory work. * 4. watch for hypotension. * 5. check for bleeding. 6. infection - risk for hiv, hepatitis, cytomeglia virus. * 7. weigh after dialysis. iv. peritoneal dialysis. a. peritoneum is a semipermeable membrane. b. fluid is instilled into the abdominal cavity. c. waste travels across the peritoneum. d. two types. 1. capd - continuos ambulatory peritoneal dialysis. 2. ccd - continuos cyclic dialysis ( done at night. ) e. risk for peritonitis. 1. cloudy foul smelling peritoneal fluid. 3. abdominal pain. 1. check weight. 2. check laboratory values. 3. warm fluid. * 4. dwell time - how long fluid remains in abdomen. all comments and questions about content at this site should be sent to nurse bob there have been visitors to this page. return to nurse bob ' s\u00ae page", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5241125129958232, "token_count": 391, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:782900e9-b51e-4c04-b8e3-b3d07d96ce8f>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T10:38:08.110664"}
{"text": "dog or cat have diabetes and is it treatable? animal : breed : size : gender : status : zip / postal : the animal shelters news enter your e - mail adress to receive our monthly newsletter on pet care. animal... hypoglycemia ( insulin shock ) shock ( shok ) 1. a sudden disturbance of mental equilibrium. 2. a profound hemodynamic and metabolic disturbance due to failure of the circulatory system to maintain adequate perfusion of vital organs. what is insulin shock?. insulin shock is considered a very severe medical condition that requires prompt medical attention. this is a life - threatening situation in which someone ' s blood sugar levels drop to dangerously low levels - - - resulting in unconsciousness and shock. insulin shock... insulin shock results from blood glucose levels that are too low and but a diabetic coma can also result from blood glucose levels becoming too high. see our sections on diabetic ketoacidosis, hypoglycemia, and hyperglycemia for more detailed information. diabetes in dogs and cats ( 5 ) diabetes in pregnancy ( 3 ) diabetes medication ( 55 ) diabetes monitoring and supplies ( 12 ) diabetes prevention ( 8 )... the originator of insulin shock therapy, also known as insulin coma therapy, was dr. manfred sakel. dogs with diabetes aren ' t able to make enough insulin, a hormone that allows the body to store energy from food and move glucose into cells. because this condition has serious and potentially fatal consequences, diabetic dogs are typically treated with insulin injections one or two times each day virtually all dogs have \" insulin dependent diabetes \" and must be treated with insulin. most cats have \" non - insulin dependent diabetes. \"... insulin shock. if your pet appears wobbly or drunken, his / her blood sugar level may have dropped too low. diabetic sufferers play a constant balancing act with blood glucose levels. if levels are allowed to become too low, hypoglycemia occurs. left untreated, hypoglycemia caused by too much insulin, will evolve into diabetic shock, also called insulin shock. diabetics test blood glucose... there are several forms of insulin available and your veterinarian will make the best selection for your dog. most dogs require insulin injections twice daily ( 12 hours apart and after meals ) for best control of their diabetes symptoms. in the dog, beef containing insulin products are more likely to", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5113976936744109, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:dc313605-f522-486e-bfdf-a6a9c3b6aacb>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T10:38:08.138220"}
{"text": "authentication provider. the party responsible for validating a user ' s credentials and issuing a token that can be used to access other sites. this is the web site you visit to do the actual authentication. content injection. in a web application that accepts data input from users, content injection refers to the act of an attacker attempting to insert html or client script content that will be processed by a client browser, or sql commands that the server may process. if successful, content injection of html or client scripts will cause the website to behave undesirably for any user that views the injected content because it ' s being processed by their browser as legitimate html or client script. content injection can result in many undesirable effects, such as causing parts of a web page to disappear, diverting user requests to a malicious location, or allowing an attacker to eavesdrop. sql injection does not affect the client browser, but if a web application accepts user input and uses it to dynamically create a sql query without verifying the content, an attacker can inject syntax into the sql query to manipulate the database and even the database server if it ' s not locked down properly. this type of attack can lead to deleted data, dropped databases, or even allow operating system commands to run as if you were typing them at the command line. cross - site scripting ( xss ). an attack whereby scripts from a malicious source are executed on a client browser as part of a trusted web page. websites that build pages with data elements originating from other sources, such as user input or shared databases, are vulnerable to xss attacks. cross - site request forgery ( csrf ). an attack in which a client browser is manipulated into performing malicious actions on a server with which the client has some form of trusted relationship through authentication, https, or ip filtering. an attacker embeds a link or a script in a piece of untrusted content that does something on the trusted site to which the user is currently authenticated. a simple example is an image element embedded in an html email that includes a url query string, which performs a malicious action. if users click the image, they unknowingly initiate the act on the site where they are authenticated. data model. an object that represents an entity built for data storage services. these are not available for use outside the boundaries of the application and are often encapsulated behind a services layer. domain model. an object that represents an entity in the problem domain, which may also be", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.570700418121264, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:3c28c4c2-0799-4a7e-9351-e6f62fc6a7fc>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T10:38:08.150088"}
{"text": "an entity built for data storage services. these are not available for use outside the boundaries of the application and are often encapsulated behind a services layer. domain model. an object that represents an entity in the problem domain, which may also be annotated or extended to support some application features such as validation or authentication. because these models need to be shared between the server and client browser, they are sometimes contained within view models and used directly for data - binding in html forms. application models and service models are variations of domain models. eavesdropping. exploiting a web application using a network data capture utility to find and record http requests and responses between a website and a client. eavesdropping can lead to disclosure of sensitive information such as passwords, personal, or financial information, and can potentially allow the execution of spoofing, tampering and message replay attacks. flow diagram. a diagram that defines the pages in the site, actions available on those pages, and navigation between pages. this diagram reflects the user stories identified in the requirements. forms authentication. forms authentication enables user and password validation for web applications that do not require windows authentication. form model. an entity that represents all of the fields in an html form that is specific to a controller action. it contains only the data that is passed into the action. generally, this corresponds to whatever form is posting back to the server. form models ( sometimes called request models ) are a special case of view models. view models are more generic in that they may also include additional data needed to render a page. a form model might end up being a property on another view model. fragment identifier. the portion of a url identified by the hash ( # ). with regard to browser navigation, hyperlinks include them to make the hyperlink unique. when used in conjunction with the hashchange event, page content is able to change without performing a full - page reload. given - when - then template. a helpful template for defining acceptance criteria that include the context of the test ( given ), the action being tested ( when ), and the expected outcome ( then ). this template provides clear and concise documentation that can be understood by team members and can be used to generate both manual and automated test scripts. jquery selectors. a syntactical aspect of jquery that allows you to select all dom elements based on specific criteria ( tag name, id, attribute name, value, and more ). once the selection", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.6272529991539445, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:3c28c4c2-0799-4a7e-9351-e6f62fc6a7fc>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T10:38:08.151171"}
{"text": "automated test scripts. jquery selectors. a syntactical aspect of jquery that allows you to select all dom elements based on specific criteria ( tag name, id, attribute name, value, and more ). once the selection is made, jquery is used to operate on the selected elements. jump list. list of commonly used tasks and destinations, enabling easy user access to destinations by eliminating the need to launch the browser and then load the relevant content. also allows users to perform common tasks without launching the web application in advance. this is a feature of windows\u00ae internet explorer\u00ae 9. malicious input. bad data that causes your system to behave undesirably and / or corrupts data. message replay attack. an attack that alters the contents of a captured http request and re - submits it to the website. message tampering. when an attacker maliciously alters the content of request and / or response messages flowing between two parties across a network. for example, if a customer submits an order for 100 widgets to an online merchant, an attacker might alter the order request to order 10, 000 widgets instead. message tampering can be part of a message replay attack or a man - in - the - middle attack. mock. the typical strategy for isolating your component under test is to supply an alternative component or function that the component calls instead of supplying the real component. these alternative components may also be referred to as fakes, doubles, or stubs. mockup. a visual representation that shows what the site will eventually look like. mockups contain details such as typography, color, gradients, images, and transparency, but no functionality. mockups should communicate all necessary details of the ui. to do so, multiple mockups for a single page may be required to convey details of the different states of the application. mood board. a visual collage made up of images and color palettes from a variety of sources that communicate the emotional connection the application aims to have with the users. persona. a representation of a particular type of user the team can identify with. a persona is a user in context that embodies work style, role, motivation, skills, and goals. if you have a complicated or large application, some features might target multiple personas. pinned site. a feature of windows internet explorer 9 that integrates your website with the windows 7 desktop. pinned sites enable easy access to favorite websites and add shortcut functionality similar to shortcut", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5480794980200676, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:3c28c4c2-0799-4a7e-9351-e6f62fc6a7fc>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T10:38:08.152162"}
{"text": "or large application, some features might target multiple personas. pinned site. a feature of windows internet explorer 9 that integrates your website with the windows 7 desktop. pinned sites enable easy access to favorite websites and add shortcut functionality similar to shortcuts in microsoft\u00ae windows applications. with pinned sites enabled for a website, users can pin the site to the windows 7 taskbar or add the site to the desktop or start menu. with this feature, you can add site metadata, create custom jump lists, notification icons, and thumbnail preview toolbar controls for the websites you develop. plain old clr object ( poco ). refers to a class in the microsoft. net framework that does not have any dependencies on external libraries such as the entity framework. for example, if a class inherits from a base class provided in an external library, it is not a poco. progressive enhancement. adds features to the client - side experience based on browser capabilities. publish / subscribe pattern ( pub / sub ). a messaging pattern that enables loose communication between publishers and subscribers. a pub / sub object manages communication, relieving the publishers and subscribers from having direct knowledge of one another. relying party. the party trying to validate a user based on a security token that was issued by an authentication provider. repository. a set of interfaces and implementations providing methods for data access. repository pattern. this pattern assists the data model in separating data storage concerns from the application logic. the interfaces do not expose any data storage - specific types and the implementation classes use them. you can choose how many repositories to create based on how granular you want to factor the methods and the expected data access pattern from your application. rule of thirds. this is a rule of thumb for visual composition that states that an image should be imagined as divided into nine equal parts by two equally - spaced horizontal lines and two equally - spaced vertical lines. important compositional elements should be placed along these lines or their intersections. safe list. a list that limits input by only allowing what is known to be valid. the advantage of safe lists is that anything that falls outside of the valid set of characters is not allowed. salt. a salt is a value combined with a cryptographic key to make the output of an encryption algorithm more random and less susceptible to attack. sandboxing. technique that allows components of the application to be tested before the entire application is complete. it also makes testing more robust by preventing software defects in one module from blocking or affecting the testing", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5747249501169086, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:3c28c4c2-0799-4a7e-9351-e6f62fc6a7fc>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T10:38:08.153298"}
{"text": "encryption algorithm more random and less susceptible to attack. sandboxing. technique that allows components of the application to be tested before the entire application is complete. it also makes testing more robust by preventing software defects in one module from blocking or affecting the testing of other modules. single - page interface ( spi ) pattern. a pattern for web applications that reduces the number of full - page reloads during user navigation. when a user performs an action, such as selecting a hyperlink, which traditionally requires the site to load a new web page, the application instead modifies the current web page without reloading it. single - page interface web application. web application where the user is only required to perform a full - page load once. from that point on, all page changes and data loading is performed without a full - page reload. hotmail, office live, and twitter are examples of single - page interface web applications. sliding expiration. a pre - determined amount of time where an authenticated user can use the site. the amount of time is reset whenever the user makes a new request to the server. the advantage of using a sliding expiration is that it does not force the user to authenticate again if he or she maintains a reasonable level of activity in the application. otherwise, the user would be redirected to the authentication page after a fixed amount of time had elapsed after the initial authentication. static web application. web sites consisting of static html pages, css, and images. as each page is navigated to, the browser performs a full - page reload. structure. the html of the page as it relates to the hierarchy of elements that make up the page, rather than the visual appearance or layout of the ui. topic. the message between the publisher and subscriber in a pub / sub environment. this message, also often referred to as an event, represents the contract between the sender and receiver, and is made up of a name and an optional message body. user gestures. a specific action that a user takes in order to interact with an application. traditionally, gestures include mouse clicks and keys presses. however, many modern applications also employ interactions in which a user acts more directly on an application. for example, they may touch a screen to swipe, pinch, or pull content. viewbag. the name / value keyed collection that lets you store any loosely typed data. asp. net mvc 3 introduced the viewbag ( called viewdata in previous versions ) in", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.6219841426680806, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:3c28c4c2-0799-4a7e-9351-e6f62fc6a7fc>", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T10:38:08.154292"}
{"text": "to swipe, pinch, or pull content. viewbag. the name / value keyed collection that lets you store any loosely typed data. asp. net mvc 3 introduced the viewbag ( called viewdata in previous versions ) in addition to view. model. view models. models contained within the mvc application which are built solely for a view to data - bind against. they often follow the same composition hierarchy as the views and partial views. widget method. the method that represents the primary interface for applying the widget to elements and using the widget after it ' s applied. the widget method is named after the name of the widget. wireframe. a diagram that depicts rough placement of the text, data, and basic controls of a ui. these diagrams are tools used to help organize the page ' s information. a wireframe does not show details of the page. wrapped set. a wrapped set is the result of a query that uses a jquery selector to find elements in the dom. to call a method on a wrapped set of elements, a selector is used to select elements in the dom. for example, to add the listing css class to all ul elements directly inside a div element, you can use $ ( ' div ul ' ). addclass ( ' listing ' ).", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5765563057134673, "token_count": 272, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:3c28c4c2-0799-4a7e-9351-e6f62fc6a7fc>", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T10:38:08.154798"}
{"text": "sensitization is the word used to describe an allergic reaction that develops after repeat exposure to an allergen. often, the first time a body is exposed to a substance it does not seem to know what to do with it and basically just observes it. however, in subsequent exposures, it apparently recognizes the substance, and if it deems the material a dangerous intruder, it mounts an attack ( immune response ) against it. occasionally, sensitization occurs after one small exposure, but more often it occurs after a single high dose or large surface area exposure, or after prolonged, repeat exposures over either small or large surface areas. this is why products such as hair dyes and relaxers recommend that you patch test a small area of skin every single time you plan to use the product. symptoms of sensitization to ingredients in hair care products can include development of a painful, pimply rash, scaly, itchy atopic dermatitis, contact dermatitis, eczema, inflammation and itchy, flaky scalp. systemic and / or anaphylactic reactions are unlikely given the typical quantity of any ingredient in a hair product and the relatively small area of exposure, but they are not entirely unheard of. this entry was posted on tuesday, december 11th, 2012 at 5 : 00 pm and is filed under home, ingredients, products and ingredients. you can follow any comments to this entry through the rss 2. 0 feed. you can skip to the end and leave a comment. pinging is currently not allowed.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5501497735489531, "token_count": 316, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:0c3575d3-b330-46da-a849-a0ec2099a903>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T10:38:08.169316"}
{"text": "multiple sclerosis ( ms ) is a life - long chronic disease of the central nervous system. it affects mainly young women ( ages 20 to 50 ) and is an unpredictable condition that can range from being relatively benign to being totally disabling. some people with ms may be mildly affected while others may lose their ability to write, speak, or walk. the problem occurs due to multiple areas of inflammation and scarring ( sclerosis ) in the central nervous system. when this happens, communication between the brain and other parts of the body is disrupted. about 250, 000 to 350, 000 people in the us have ms. although the cause of ms is not known, some of the causes of ms currently under investigation include the following : - autoimmune disorders - environmental factors - genetic factors symptoms of ms are erratic and may be mild or severe. it is common to have an attack followed by a period of recovery - this is called exacerbations and remissions. other times, symptoms are progressive and may appear in various combinations, depending on the area of the nervous system affected. initial symptoms of ms may include : - blurred or double vision - red - green color distortion - pain and loss of vision due to optic neuritis ( inflammation of the optic nerve ) - difficulty walking - paresthesia ( abnormal sensation or pain, such as numbness, prickling, or \" pins and needles \" ) other symptoms of multiple sclerosis may include any / all of the following ( to a varying degree ) : - muscle weakness in the extremities - difficulty with coordination ( impaired walking or standing may result ; partial or complete paralysis is possible ) - spasticity ( increased muscle tone leading to stiffness and spasms ) - loss of sensation - speech problems - hearing loss about 50 percent of all people with ms experience cognitive impairments related to their disease. the effects of these impairments may be mild or severe and may include difficulty with any of the following : - poor judgment fortunately, pregnancy does not appear to speed up the course or worsen the effects of ms. however, it is thought that women who have unrecognized ms may be more likely to begin having symptoms during pregnancy. some studies have found that ms symptoms decrease in pregnancy and increase during the postpartum ( after delivery ) period. the disabling effects of the disease may make it physically difficult for the mother to carry a pregnancy. muscle weakness and coordination problems may increase the likelihood for falls. fatigue may worsen. paralysis and wheelchair", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5561394564975484, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:4ccdc37b-bd59-48f3-a253-ba93fd020665>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T10:38:08.176294"}
{"text": "family and consumer sciences and schools - - a perfect partnership for parent education volume 5, no. 2, summer 2000 marilou m. rochford to effectively reach parents, family and consumer sciences ( fcs ) educators must develop strong working relationships with the schools in their respective communities. forging these partnerships takes time, but the benefits produce notable results and significantly impact the lives of the parents and children in those communities. in the human development field, parent education continues to surface as one of the most important areas of concentration. family well - being, along with improved parenting, coping, and stress management skills, ranked highly as issues that clientele need for enhanced lifestyles, according to a 1991 survey by the national extension association of family and consumer sciences. to effectively reach parents, family and consumer sciences ( fcs ) educators must develop strong working relationships with the schools in their respective communities. forging these partnerships takes time, but the benefits produce notable results and significantly impact the lives of the parents and children in those communities. reaching parents through schools children experience critical stages in their development, one of which is the transition to formal schooling, commonly occurring between ages 4 and 6. at this developmental stage, both children ' s and parents ' lifestyles are changing, sometimes dramatically. the way both groups adapt to these changes influences their experiences with education for years to come. for students, building confidence at an early age predicts future educational achievement. for parents, building relationships with school personnel enriches the learning environment and creates a successful learning atmosphere ( west, et al. 2000 ). according to the national coalition for parent involvement in education, there are many studies demonstrating that family involvement encourages student achievement, positive attitudes, and other behaviors that increase school success. the importance of parent involvement is underscored by its inclusion in the national education goals, which state that schools must work to increase parental involvement ( u. s. department of education 1990 ). given these factors, fcs educators can and should create partnerships with schools to provide education and to facilitate parents ' early involvement in their children ' s education. kindergartners are special : handle with care the program, kindergartners are special : handle with care ( kas ) was designed to fill the need for the kind of parent education outlined above. the program was developed by marilou rochford, family and consumer sciences educator, with rutgers cooperative extension in new jersey. this five - session program, presented in an interactive lecture format, covers the following topics for parents of four to six -", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.509058296720317, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:4ad5f076-847e-4c61-8e08-c68e2c8eff70>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T10:38:08.185959"}
{"text": "election 2012 roundup : four faculty members on this year ' s campaign henry and gertrude rothschild professor of computer science q. tell us about your project and how it relates to the election. over the course of the last year, we have been collecting data from online political forums, twitter and different kinds of online discussions. we have also collected news. the program we have created identifies influencers. we look to identify who was able to change people \u2019 s minds and how ; where sentiment shifted ; and what arguments people found persuasive. and we look to correlate shifts in sentiment with events as reported in the news. q. how does it work? the systems detect influence using several programs that perceive components of influence. for example, one program can detect in online discussions whether a participant feels positively, negatively or neutral towards a topic and whether other people on the forum agree or disagree. we use machine - learned algorithms that recognize sentiment based on the way language is used \u2014 for instance, negative or positive expressions such as \u201c i like \u201d or \u201c i hate. \u201d the computer uses all of these cues to identify that this person is in favor of a particular claim or this other person is opposed. we have another algorithm that can detect whether someone is making a claim about a particular topic. and we can detect when someone is attempting to persuade people to go along with their opinion. then we can look at how those arguments change the sentiment of others or the direction of the conversation. when we put them all together, we can determine whether somebody is being influential and when they change other people \u2019 s opinions. we are still building these systems and plan to look at other kinds of information, such as age and gender. q. how would this relate to the national discourse? we might use it to analyze how people reacted to particular events, which events were important in determining opinions, and how in online social media, influence played a role in determining outcomes. so we might look at whether changes in opinion are correlated to a particular event in the news, like the recent attack in libya. there might be a discussion about health care on a forum, and you might have two people taking different sides about whether obamacare is helpful or not. by looking at what claims are made and who agrees or disagrees, we can identify whether one person was able to influence other people. also, we can look at the influence of obama or people who work for him, what they are reported to have said, how often it was mentioned in the forums and what effect that had", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5049949721304131, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:53316162-04fd-44c6-af33-3ac8bdbf637d>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T10:38:08.227712"}
{"text": "can identify whether one person was able to influence other people. also, we can look at the influence of obama or people who work for him, what they are reported to have said, how often it was mentioned in the forums and what effect that had on people \u2019 s sentiments. i would note that our programs are not perfect, they have error rates. these are hard problems, and they are not easily solved. our error rates can go from 10 to 30 percent depending on the component and the data. q. what is your overall goal? ultimately, we want to be looking across quite a few forums to see what is happening. we can aggregate that information to find out how influence is expressed in different genres, which forums are most influential, how influences changes over time, who within a forum is most influential and how do they get people to agree. ultimately, we want to be able to detect influence for a variety of purposes such as advertising or online problem solving. q. how did you get interested in this field? i did my undergrad at brown in comparative literature. so i had an interest in language at that point. i did both french and english, and looked at all time periods. i loved james joyce and baudelaire. a lot of my friends were doing computer science and were very enthusiastic about it. so towards my senior year i began taking course in computer science. i learned at the end of undergraduate that there was a field where you could combine computers and language. i heard university of pennsylvania had a great program in it, and i went there to do a phd with aravind joshi one of the pioneers in the field of natural language processing. \u2014 interview by adam piore four columbia faculty were awarded sloan research fellowships by the alfred p. sloan foundation. they are mark churchland, assistant professor of neuroscience ; wei min, assistant professor of chemistry ; simha sethumadhavan, associate professor of computer science ; and wei zhang, assistant professor of mathematics. alondra nelson, associate professor of sociology, won the 2012 book award from the association for humanist sociology for body and soul : the black panther party and the fight against medical discrimination.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.5074014626836494, "token_count": 437, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:53316162-04fd-44c6-af33-3ac8bdbf637d>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T10:38:08.228748"}
{"text": "modelling southern ocean krill population dynamics : biological processes generating fluctuations in the south georgia ecosystem murphy, eugene j. ; reid, keith. 2001 modelling southern ocean krill population dynamics : biological processes generating fluctuations in the south georgia ecosystem. marine ecology progress series, 217. 175 - 189. 10. 3354 / meps217175full text not available from this repository. variability is a key feature of the pelagic ecosystems of the southern ocean and an important aspect of the variation is fluctuation in the abundance of krill euphausia superba dana, the major prey item of many of the higher predators. direct impacts of variability in the large - scale physical environment, such as changes in ocean circulation, have been suggested as the main factor generating the observed fluctuations. so far, however, there has been little quantitative assessment of the importance of krill population dynamics in the observed variation. here, analyses of a model of krill population development and predator diet data from south georgia have been used to examine seasonal changes in the population structure of krill. the krill population model was combined with a size - based selection function and used to generate expected length - frequency distributions in the predator diet through a summer season. comparison of the model solutions with the predator diet data indicates that the model can reproduce the observed pattern of variation and emphasizes that adult population changes are a key aspect of the interannual fluctuations observed during some years. low krill abundance was associated with reduced representation of the 3 + age group ( 3 to 4 yr old ), whereas when krill were abundant the 3 + age class was the major age group present. the seasonal changes in the population structure in the predator diet involve a complex interaction of relative year class strength, timing of immigration, fluctuations in growth rates and dynamic predatorselective effects. development of the model to examine the interactive effects of changing krill growth and mortality rates will be a valuable next step. the dominance of the changes in krill population age structure underlines the fact that to understand the variability of the south georgia ecosystem we must identify the major factors generating variability in population dynamics throughout the scotia sea. | programmes : | | bas programmes > antarctic science in the global context ( 2000 - 2005 ) > dynamics and management of ocean ecosystems | | additional keywords : | | ecosystem, krill, ocean, model, population dynamics, predators, diet data, interannual, variability, allochthonous, southern ocean | | date made live : | | 24 oct 2012 12 : 49 |", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5351963696405582, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:dcaf410c-6541-4d4e-8f5a-7faf564bd31d>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T10:38:08.253861"}
{"text": "them. tell everyone you know that \" lookup \" is not a verb. you will make a pedant ( me ) happy. you will earn the respect of grammar nazis. most importantly, you will know the truth. magnanimousness demands that i offer solutions, or correct forms of some of the common abuses of \" lookup \" here are some suggestions, assuming you prefer \" lookup \" as a word rather than take a more conservative approach and insist the proper form is \" look up \" or \" look - up. \" | can you lookup? | | can you look up? | | i tried to lookup.... | | i tried to look up.... | | enter your name at the lookup prompt. | | ( this is acceptable ) | | please lookup again. | | please look up again. | you can also continue your education by learning about other words that are not verbs. for entertainment you can read a sarcastic rebuttal to the argument that lookup really is a verb and the language simply has evolved. thanks to mark pettit for the corrections to the \" checkout \" page. thanks to nathanial jones for the observation of phrasal verbs. thanks to someone whose email i deleted before i could record his name for his suggestion to add a note on prepositions. thanks to john goodman for the correction on \" carryout \" in the index.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5035178026491058, "token_count": 291, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:1bf59ff1-8229-49a2-b735-9c38bcc0880d>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T10:38:08.261506"}
{"text": "skip over navigation guide and features guide and features science, technology, engineering and mathematics featured early years foundation stage ; us kindergarten featured uk key stage 1 & 2 ; us grades 1 - 4 featured uk key stage 3 - 5 ; us grades 5 - 12 featured uk key stage 1, us grade 1 & 2 featured uk key stage 2 ; us grade 3 & 4 featured uk key stages 3 & 4 ; us grade 5 - 10 featured uk key stage 4 & 5 ; us grade 11 & 12 what ' s to notice? stage : 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 article by lynne mcclure the theme for is about ' actions on objects '. all of the activities we have devised involve some kind of noticing, and several of them involve new interactivities which we think promote lots of opportunities to notice. john mason, our guest editor this month, has written a lot about the ' discipline of noticing ' and how important it is to the understanding of the deeper structures of mathematics. so what does this mean and how can we help our students get better at it - how can we ' educate awareness '? rather than think abstractly about this, let ' s consider what it looks like in some of this month ' s offerings. add and take - away path can be construed as an exercise in adding up and taking away. one might also think of it as a very early introduction to vectors. but the task has been devised so that the problem solver is almost forced to notice something. perhaps two totals being the same might be a coincidence, but if the children are encouraged to try some others they notice that so long as they fix the start and end of a path, the total will always be the same. to adults that may be obvious but to small children it is far from being so and they can be quite surprised. the teacher ' s role here is in offering a structured task which has lots of flexibility so that the children can choose any routes they like. and then the big question - what do they notice and why do they think this happened? i really like area and perimeter. children so often get these muddled up, usually because they meet them at different times in their school career, so setting a task where they intentionally have to attend to both simultaneously is a good way of confronting the confusion. the usual questions students are asked are about knowing a formula and calculating the value of either area or perimeter but here the questions are of a different nature. they force the child to look at the relationship between the shape, its", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5603293780555789, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:53a00ce5-103b-4ec6-8cfd-7e2111f32d13>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T10:38:08.268631"}
{"text": "way of confronting the confusion. the usual questions students are asked are about knowing a formula and calculating the value of either area or perimeter but here the questions are of a different nature. they force the child to look at the relationship between the shape, its area and its perimeter. long thin shapes may have a small area and a large perimeter for example ; shapes with bits cut out may have a very small area and a very big perimeter - so the structure and property of the shape itself become the important ideas. and the variants can be used as consolidation games. in each case the students have to notice the commonalities, framed in the multiplication operation, so that they can deduce what whole number factors go where. similar noticings have to take place in. because many of the questions differ only slightly, asking which piece of the answer gives the most information demands noticing, which leads to a clearer understanding of the structure of the question. whilst i was focused on this, two activities from previous months came to mind. is a task we published last month. the team have been using it a lot with students recently ( you can see videos of this ), and have refined their thinking about how it might be used, and the sorts of questions to ask. the students are invited to perform a certain action ( tilting a square ) and asked what they notice. the teacher ' s role is in helping them to attend to similarities and differences - and in this case the way that these are recorded by the teacher on the board helps the students to notice in a way that they may not have done if they had recorded in other ways. one of my favourite tools on the nrich site is you ' ll need to read the instructions first, but as an interactivity to model actions, and successive actions, on objects, it ' s an engaging option. lots of deciding what to attend to and how to record it. in all of these tasks - and the others this month - ' actions on objects ' change something. learners get caught up in the detective work of trying to fathom what it is that makes a difference, and sometimes whether the order of actions matters. if you ' re short of something to do and want to refine your own noticing skill, try 18 - hole light golf. it could become addictive. meet the team the nrich project aims to enrich the mathematical experiences of all learners. to support this aim, members of the nrich team work in a wide range of capacities, including providing professional development for teachers wishing to embed", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.57137263699205, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:53a00ce5-103b-4ec6-8cfd-7e2111f32d13>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T10:38:08.269648"}
{"text": "with \" serious \" ) is a mythical greek god with a fish - tail and a man ' s torso. the vehicle was named in a nationwide contest open to high school and college students. the mariana trench forms the boundary between two tectonic plates, where the pacific plate is subducted beneath the small mariana plate. it is part of the pacific ring of fire, a 40, 000 - kilometer ( 25, 000 - mile ) area where most of the world ' s volcanic eruptions and earthquakes occur. at 11, 000 meters, its depth is about the height a commercial airliner flies. to reach the trench, nereus dove nearly twice as deep as research submarines are capable of, and had to withstand pressures 1, 000 times that at earth ' s surface - - crushing forces similar to those on the surface of venus, according to dana yoerger of whoi and louis whitcomb of johns hopkins university, who developed the vehicle ' s navigation and control system and conducted successively deeper dives to test nereus. \" we couldn ' t be prouder of the stunning accomplishments of this dedicated and talented team, \" said susan avery, president and director of whoi. \" with this engineering trial successfully behind us, we ' re eager for nereus to become widely used to explore the most inaccessible reaches of the ocean. with no part of the deep seafloor beyond our reach, it ' s exciting to think of the discoveries that await. \" only two other vehicles have succeeded in reaching the mariana trench : the u. s. navy - built bathyscaphe trieste, which carried jacques piccard and don walsh there in 1960, and the japanese - built robot kaiko, which made three unmanned expeditions to the trench between 1995 and 1998. trieste was retired in 1966 and kaiko was lost at sea in 2003. the nereus engineering team believed that a tethered robot using traditional technologies would be prohibitively expensive to build and operate. so they used unique technologies and innovative methods to strike a balance between size, weight, materials cost and functionality. building on previous experience developing tethered robots and autonomous underwater vehicles ( auvs ), the team fused the two approaches together to develop a hybrid vehicle that could fly like an aircraft to survey and map broad areas, then be converted quickly into a remotely operated vehicle ( rov ) that can hover like a helicopter near the seafloor to conduct experiments or to collect biological or rock samples. the tethering system presented one of the greatest challenges in developing a cost - effective ro", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.5008292359479483, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:0b399bfa-1b64-4462-8f87-da1687cad0f8>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T10:38:08.278969"}
{"text": "into a remotely operated vehicle ( rov ) that can hover like a helicopter near the seafloor to conduct experiments or to collect biological or rock samples. the tethering system presented one of the greatest challenges in developing a cost - effective rov capable of reaching these depths. traditional robotic systems use a steel - reinforced cable made of copper to power the vehicle, and optical fibers to enable information to be passed between the ship and the vehicle. if such a cable were used to reach the mariana trench, it would snap under its own weight before it reached that depth. to solve this challenge, the nereus team adapted fiber - optic technology developed by the navy ' s space and naval warfare systems center pacific to carry real - time video and other data between the nereus and the surface crew. similar in diameter to a human hair and with a breaking strength of only eight pounds, the tether is composed of glass fiber with a very thin protective jacket of plastic. nereus brings approximately 40 kilometers ( 25 miles ) of cable in two canisters the size of large coffee cans that spool out the fiber as needed. by using this very slender tether instead of a large cable, the team was able to decrease the size, weight, complexity and cost of the vehicle. another weight - saving advance of the vehicle is its use of ceramic spheres for flotation, rather than the much heavier traditional syntactic foam used on vehicles like the submersible alvin or the rov jason. each of nereus ' s two hulls contains between 700 and 800 of the 9 - centimeter ( 3. 5 - inch ) hollow spheres that are precisely designed and fabricated to withstand crushing pressures. whoi engineers also developed a hydraulically operated, lightweight robotic manipulator arm that could operate under intense pressure. with its tandem hull design, nereus weighs nearly 3 tons in air and is about 4. 25 meters ( 14 feet ) long and approximately 2. 3 meters ( nearly 8 feet ) wide. it is powered by more than 4, 000 lithium - ion batteries. they are similar to those used in laptop computers and cell phones, but have been carefully tested to be used safely and reliably under the intense pressure of the depths. \" these and future discoveries by nereus will be the result of its versatility and agility - - it ' s like no other deep submergence vehicle, \" said tim shank, a biologist at whoi who is aboard the expedition. \" it allows vast areas to be explored with great", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.5290752271803119, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:0b399bfa-1b64-4462-8f87-da1687cad0f8>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T10:38:08.279934"}
{"text": "sparks - st. elmo ' s fire instructor / speaker : prof. walter lewin last time i mentioned to you that charge resides at the surface of solid conductors but that it ' s not uniformly distributed. perhaps you remember that, unless it happens to be a sphere. and i want to pursue that today. if i had a solid conductor which say had this shape and i ' m going to convince you today that right here, the surface charge density will be higher than there. because the curvature is stronger than it is here. and the way i want to approach that is as follows. suppose i have here a solid conductor a which has radius r of a and very very far away, maybe tens of meters away, i have a solid conductor b with radius r of b and they are connected through a conducting wire. if they are connected through a conducting wire, then it ' s equipotential. they all have the same potential. i ' m going to charge them up until i get a charge distribution qa here and i get qb there. the potential of a is about the same that it would be if b were not there. because b is so far away that if i come with some charge from infinity in my pocket that the work that i have to do to reach a per unit charge is independent of whether b is there or not, because b is far away, tens of meters, if you can make it a mile if you want to. and so the potential of a is then the charge on a divided by 4 pi epsilon 0 the radius of a. but since it is an equipotential because it ' s all conducting, this must be also the potential of the sphere b, and that is the charge on b divided by 4 pi epsilon 0 r of b. and so you see immediately that the q, the charge on b, divided by the radius of b, is the charge on a divided by the radius on a. and if the radius of b were for instance 5 times larger than the radius of a, there would be 5 times more charge on b than there would be on a. but if b has a 5 times larger radius, then its surface area is 25 times larger and since surface charge density, sigma, is the charge on a sphere divided by the surface area of the sphere, it is now clear that if the radius of b is 5 times larger than a, it ' s true that the charge on b is 5 times the charge on a, but the surface charge density on b is", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5717135860072686, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:0b039c0b-d2e7-44ec-92d2-bb2f379367ca>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T10:38:08.333282"}
{"text": "by the surface area of the sphere, it is now clear that if the radius of b is 5 times larger than a, it ' s true that the charge on b is 5 times the charge on a, but the surface charge density on b is now only one - fifth of the surface charge density of a because its area is 25 times larger and so you have this - - the highest surface charge density at a than you have at b. 5 times higher surface charge density here than there. and i hope that convinces you that if we have a solid conductor like this, even though it ' s not ideal as we have here with these two spheres far apart, that the surface charge density here will be larger than there because it has a smaller radius. it ' s basically the same idea. and so you expect the highest surface charge density where the curvature is the highest, smallest radius, and that means that also the electric field will be stronger there. that follows immediately from gauss ' s law. if this is the surface of a conductor, any conductor, a solid conductor, where the e field is 0 inside of the conductor, and there is surface charge here, what i ' m going to do is i ' m going to make a gaussian pillbox, this surface is parallel to the conductor, i go in the conductor, and this now is my gaussian surface, let this area be capital a, and let ' s assume that it is positive charge so that the electric field lines come out of the surface like so, perpendicular to the surface. always perpendicular to equipotential, so now if i apply gauss ' s law which tells me that the surface integral of the electric flux throughout this whole surface, well, there ' s only flux coming out of this surface here, i can bring that surface as close to the surface as i want to. i can almost make it touch the conductor. so everything comes out only through this surface, and so what comes out is the surface area a times the electric field e. the a and e are in the same direction, because remember e is perpendicular to the surface of the equipotentials. and so this is all there is for the surface integral, and that is all the charge inside, well the charge inside is of course the surface charge density times the area a, divided by epsilon 0, this is gauss ' s law. and so you find immediately that the electric field is sigma divided by epsilon 0. so whenever you have a conductor if you", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5264344377965166, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:0b039c0b-d2e7-44ec-92d2-bb2f379367ca>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T10:38:08.334273"}
{"text": "inside is of course the surface charge density times the area a, divided by epsilon 0, this is gauss ' s law. and so you find immediately that the electric field is sigma divided by epsilon 0. so whenever you have a conductor if you know the local surface charge density you always know the local electric field. and since the surface charge density is going to be the highest here, even though the whole thing is an equipotential, the electric field will also be higher here than it will be there. i can demonstrate this to you in a very simple way. i have here a cooking pan and the cooking pan, i used to boil lobsters in there, it ' s a large pan. the cooking pan i ' m going to charge up and the cooking pan here has a radius, whatever it is, maybe 20 centimeters, but look here at the handle, how very small this radius is, so you could put charge on there and i ' m going to convince you that i can scoop off more charge here where the radius is small than i can scoop off here. i have here a small flat spoon and i ' m going to put the spoon here on the surface here and on the surface there and we ' re going to see from where we can scoop off the most charge. still charged from the previous lecture. so here, we see the electroscope that we have seen before. i ' m going to charge this cooking pan with my favorite technique which is the electrophorus. so we have the cat fur and we have the glass plate. i ' m going to rub this first with the cat fur, put it on, put my finger on, get a little shock, charge up the pan, put my finger on, get another shock, charge up the pan, and another one, charge up the pan, make sure that i get enough charge on there, rub the glass again, put it on top, put my finger on, charge, once more, and once more. let ' s assume we have enough charge on there now. here is my little spoon. i touch here the outside here of the can - - of the pan. and go to the electroscope and you see a little charge. it ' s very clear. what i want to show you now it ' s very qualitative is that when i touch here the handle, it ' s a very small radius, that i can take off more charge. there we go. that ' s all i wanted to show you. so you", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.569926080750311, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:0b039c0b-d2e7-44ec-92d2-bb2f379367ca>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T10:38:08.335337"}
{"text": "you now it ' s very qualitative is that when i touch here the handle, it ' s a very small radius, that i can take off more charge. there we go. that ' s all i wanted to show you. so you ' ve seen now in front of your own eyes for the first time that even though this is a conductor that means that it is an equipotential, that the surface charge density right - - right here is higher than the surface charge density here. only if it is a sphere of course for circle symmetry reasons will the charge be uniformly distributed. if the electric field becomes too high we get what we call electric breakdown. we get a discharge into the air. and the reason for that is actually quite simple. if i have an electron here and this is an electric field, the electron will start to accelerate in this direction. the electron will collide with nitrogen and oxygen molecules in the air and if the electron has enough kinetic energy to ionize that molecule then one electron will become two electrons. the original electron plus the electron from the ion. and if these now start to accelerate in this electric field, and if they collide with the molecules, and if they make an ion, then each one will become two electrons, and so you get an avalanche. and this avalanche is an electric breakdown and you get a spark. when the ions that are formed become neutral again they produce light and that ' s what you see. that ' s the light that you see in the spark. and so sparks will occur typically at the - - at sharp points - - at areas where the curvature is strong, whereby the radius is very small, that ' s where the electric fields are the highest. how strong should the electric field be? well, we can make a back of the envelope calculation. if you take air of 1 atmosphere, dry air, at room temperature, then the - - the electron on average, on average, will have to travel about 1 micron, which is 10 to the - 6 meters, between the collisions with the molecules, it ' s just a given. sometimes a little more, sometimes a little less. because it ' s a random process of course. to ionize nitrogen, to ionize oxygen, takes energy. to ionize an oxygen molecule takes twelve - and - a - half electron volts. and to ionize nitrogen takes about 15 electron volts. what is an electron volt? well, an electron volt is a teeny weeny little amount", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5519799196176398, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:0b039c0b-d2e7-44ec-92d2-bb2f379367ca>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T10:38:08.336281"}
{"text": "ionize an oxygen molecule takes twelve - and - a - half electron volts. and to ionize nitrogen takes about 15 electron volts. what is an electron volt? well, an electron volt is a teeny weeny little amount of energy. it ' s 1. 6 times 10 to the - 19 joules. electron volt is actually a very nice unit of energy. because once you have an electron and it moves over a potential difference of one volt, it gains in kinetic energy, that ' s the definition of an electron volt, it gains 1 electron volt. it ' s the charge of the electron, which is 1. 6 times 10 to the - 19 coulombs, multiplied by 1 volt. and that gives you then the energy, 1 electron volt. and so what it means then - - let ' s assume that this number is 10 electron volts. we only want a back of the envelope calculation. so we want the electron to move over a potential difference delta v which is roughly 10 volts and we want it to do that over a distance delta x which is 10 to the - 6 meters, that ' s your 1 micron. and if that happens you ' ll get this enough kinetic energy in the electron to cause an ion. so what electric field is required for that, that is delta v, the potential difference, divided by the delta x, so that is 10 divided by 10 to the - 6, so that ' s about 10 to the 7 volts per meter. that ' s a very strong electric field. in reality when we measure the electric fields near breakdown, it is more like 3 million volts per meter. but it ' s still very close. this was only a back of the envelope calculation. so very roughly at 1 atmosphere air, room temperature, when the air is dry, we get electric breakdown at about 3 million volts per meter. when the ions neutralize you see light, that ' s why sparks can be seen. they heat the air, they produce a little pressure wave, so you can also hear noise. if you had two parallel plates and you would bring those plates closely together and suppose they had a potential difference of 300 volts, then you would reach an electric field of 3 million volts per meter when the distance d is about one tenth of a millimeter. so that ' s when you expect spontaneous discharge between these two plates. in practice however it probably will happen when the plates are further apart than one", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5785013002439421, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:0b039c0b-d2e7-44ec-92d2-bb2f379367ca>", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T10:38:08.337246"}
{"text": "field of 3 million volts per meter when the distance d is about one tenth of a millimeter. so that ' s when you expect spontaneous discharge between these two plates. in practice however it probably will happen when the plates are further apart than one tenth of a millimeter. and the reason for that is that there is no such thing as perfect plates. the plates have imperfections. that means there are always areas on the plate which are not flat, which are a little bit like what you see there, small radius, and that ' s of course where the electric field then will be larger and that ' s where the discharge will occur first. however, if you touch the doorknob and you get a spark, you feel a spark, and you look at the spark and you see that when you ' re 3 millimeters away from the doorknob that the spark develops, you can s - pretty sure that the potential difference between you and the door was of the order of 10000 volts, several thousand volts, at least. because over 3 millimeters it requires 10000 volts to get the 3 million volts per meter. when you comb your hair or when you take your shirt off you get little sparks, you can hear them and if it ' s dark you can see them, and you can be sure that at the sharp ends of this hair, of the fabric, that you have developed electric fields of the order of 3 million volts per meter. and then you get the automatic breakdown. now of course high voltage alone doesn ' t necessarily kill you. what - - what - - what matters is not so much the voltage to get killed but it ' s the current that goes through you. and current is charge per unit time. and so in si units it would be coulombs per second. for which we write a capital a which stands for ampere, the man who did a tremendous amount of research in this area, a frenchman. and so if you touch the doorknob the instantaneous current may actually be quite high. it may be an ampere even, but it may only last for 1 millisecond. and so that ' s not going to kill you. we all know that when you comb your hair that you don ' t die and you also know that when you take your shirt off even though you may hear the sparks that that ' s not lethal. so maybe in a future lecture we can discuss in some more details what it does take to actually execute someone electrically", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5516439269217134, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:0b039c0b-d2e7-44ec-92d2-bb2f379367ca>", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T10:38:08.338179"}
{"text": "' t die and you also know that when you take your shirt off even though you may hear the sparks that that ' s not lethal. so maybe in a future lecture we can discuss in some more details what it does take to actually execute someone electrically which is very unpleasant but nevertheless we would have to evaluate how long the current should last, how strong the current should be and then also during which parts of the body the current would cause lethal reactions. so i want to be a little bit more quantitative now uh and deepen our knowledge of the van de graaff. slowly we ' re going to understand how the van de graaff works. and today i want to calculate with you how much charge we can put on the van de graaff and what the maximum potential is at the surface. if we charge up the van de graaff, with charge q, then the potential of the surface is an equipotential, is q divided by 4 pi epsilon 0 r. and the electric field right here at the surface would be q divided by 4 pi epsilon 0 r squared. so in this case of spherical symmetry we have that the potential v equals e times r. but we know that e cannot exceed 3 million volts per meter. and so that gives you now a limit on the potential that we can give the van de graaff. so if you substitute in here 3 million volts per meter you can calculate what potential you can maximally reach for a given sphere with a given radius. and if we here have the radius and we here have the voltage, then if the radius of the sphere were 3 millimeters then you could not exceed a voltage of 10 kilovolts. if you did you would get this automatic electric breakdown. you would get a spark. if you have a sphere of 3 centimeters that would be 100 kilovolts and our van de graaff, which has a radius of 30 centimeters, would therefore be 1 million volts. and you could not exceed that. and in practice in fact this one doesn ' t even make it to 1 million volts. the sphere is not perfect. there are imperfections of the sphere. there are areas which have so - to - speak sharp points and so we won ' t make it to 1 million volts. we get a breakdown maybe at a few hundred thousand, maybe 300000 volts. you can now also calculate what the maximum charge is on the van de graaff. because if the maximum potential is 300000 vol", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5397514882650016, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:0b039c0b-d2e7-44ec-92d2-bb2f379367ca>", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T10:38:08.339207"}
{"text": "to 1 million volts. we get a breakdown maybe at a few hundred thousand, maybe 300000 volts. you can now also calculate what the maximum charge is on the van de graaff. because if the maximum potential is 300000 volts, you know the radius is. 3 meters, so you can calculate now what the maximum charge is that you can put on the van de graaff using that equation, will give you 10 microcoulombs. and so the maximum potential for our van de graaff is of the order of 300000 volts. so this gives you now a feeling, a quantitative feeling, for numbers, for what the - - can i put this down? so that gives you an idea of what our van de graaff can do, and later we will understand how the charge gets there. but at least you have some feeling now for potentials, and for the charges that are involved. if here ' s my van de graaff and i approach the van de graaff with a sphere which is connected to the earth and if this van de graaff had positive charge on it then the sphere will become negatively charged through induction and so you get field lines which go from the van de graaff to this object, always perpendicular to the equipotentials, so they go like this, and so the electric field here will probably be the strongest, and so the spark will then develop between this sphere and the van de graaff provided that you were close enough. so that you do achieve a electric field close to this sphere of about 3 million volts per meter. and i will show you that later, you will see more sparks today than you ' ve ever seen before in your life, but i want you to appreciate a little bit more about the sparks about lightning before uh i demonstrate that. so you get a little bit more out of it. if i approach the van de graaff not with the sphere but i would walk to the van de graaff being very courageous like this, i ' m also a pretty good conductor, i ' m also connected with the earth, then the chances are that the spark would develop first between my nose and the van de graaff, because that is the smallest curve, the sharpest curvature, the smallest radius, or certainly my head, would be a good candidate for being hit first. if i approach the van de graaff like this with my hand stretched, then chances are of course that", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5069685632316077, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:0b039c0b-d2e7-44ec-92d2-bb2f379367ca>", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T10:38:08.340297"}
{"text": "the smallest curve, the sharpest curvature, the smallest radius, or certainly my head, would be a good candidate for being hit first. if i approach the van de graaff like this with my hand stretched, then chances are of course that the sparks will first develop between my fingertips. because it ' s a very small radius and they ' re very close to the vandegraaff, and so that ' s where the discharge will occur. so before we will enjoy some of this, you will enjoy it, i will enjoy it less, um i want to talk a little bit about lightning with you first. because what you ' re going to see in a way is a form of lightning. there are 400000 thunderstorms every day on average on earth. there are about 100 lightning flashes every second. the top of a thundercloud becomes positive and the bottom becomes negative. the physics of that is not so easy, and probably incomplete, and i will not go into the details of the physics, but it does have to do with the flow of water drops. they become elongated, they can become charged because of friction, and they can break off, and they can transport charge. i will simply give you some facts. and so i will accept the fact that the cloud is going to be charged. this is the cloud. positive at the top, negative at the bottom. and here is the earth. because of induction, the earth of course will therefore become positively charged here, and so we ' re going to see field lines, electric field lines, which go from the earth to the cloud, always perpendicular to the equipotentials, something like this. i ' ll give you some dimensions, uh this may be something like 5 kilometers, this vertical distance d is about 1 kilometer. these are typical numbers, of course, it can vary enormously from thunderstorm to thunderstorm. and this height is something typically like 10 kilometers. and this allows us now to make some very interesting calculations to get some feeling for the potential difference between the cloud and the earth. that ' s the first thing we can do. if we make the simplifying assumption that the electric field is more or less constant here, it ' s like having two parallel plates, where the electric field is constant between them, then the potential difference delta v between the bottom of the cloud and the earth, is simply the electric field times the distance d. so this becomes e times d. but if the breakdown occurs at 3 million vol", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5259754159153263, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:0b039c0b-d2e7-44ec-92d2-bb2f379367ca>", "chunk_index": 8, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T10:38:08.341378"}
{"text": "the electric field is constant between them, then the potential difference delta v between the bottom of the cloud and the earth, is simply the electric field times the distance d. so this becomes e times d. but if the breakdown occurs at 3 million volts per meter - - by the way that ' s dry air, when it - - when there is a thunderstorm it ' s probably not so dry, but let ' s take the 3 million volts per meter, so we get 3 times 10 to the 6, that is for e, and the distance between the cloud and the earth let ' s take 1 kilometers. so that ' s 10 to the 3rd meters, so we get of the order of 3 billion volts between the earth and the clouds. and the values that are typically measured are several hundred million to 1 billion volts, so it is not all that different. you expect that the potential is probably less than what we have calculated because clearly uh these are not flat surfaces, there are trees, here on the ground, there are buildings on the ground, which are like sharp points, where the electric field will be locally higher, and so you will get a discharge at these sharp points first. and that means the potential difference between the cloud and the earth could then be less than the 3 billion that we have calculated here. it ' s only a back of the envelope calculation. the details of the physics of the discharge very complicated. but i want to share with you some facts without giving detailed explanations. the start of the lightning begins when electrons begin to flow from the cloud to the earth. they form a funnel, which is about 1 to 10 meters in diameter and we call that the step leader. the step leader moves about 100 miles per second and so it comes down in about 5 milliseconds. 5 milliseconds from here to here and it takes about half a coulomb to the earth. half a coulomb, for about 5 milliseconds, that means the current is about 100 amperes. the step leader creates a channel of ionized air, full of ions and full of electrons, which is an extremely good conductor. and with - - when this step leader reaches the ground there is this highly conductive channel and the electrons can now very quickly flow from this channel to the ground. and that starts first right here at the surface of the earth. that ' s where the electrons will first go to the earth. and then successively electrons which are higher up in the channel will", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5249803118662841, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:0b039c0b-d2e7-44ec-92d2-bb2f379367ca>", "chunk_index": 9, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T10:38:08.342311"}
{"text": "can now very quickly flow from this channel to the ground. and that starts first right here at the surface of the earth. that ' s where the electrons will first go to the earth. and then successively electrons which are higher up in the channel will make it down to the earth. and so you ' re going to see electrons going through the channel to the earth but first the electrons are closer to the earth than the electrons farther away and then even farther away. and this is actually where most of the action occurs. the current is now enormously high, 10000 to some 100000 amperes, and you heat the air, get a tremendous amount of light, the ions recombine and you get pressure, heat can produces pressure, and there comes your thunder. and so most of the action is not in the step leader but is in the second phenomenon, which we call the return stroke. which is from the earth to the cloud. and the speed of that return stroke is about 10 to 20 percent of the speed of light. during the return stroke there is about 5 coulombs exchange between the cloud and the earth, and 5 coulombs is a sizable fraction of the total charge that was on the cloud - - on the cloud the first place - - to start with. after a return stroke, maybe 20 milliseconds later, this whole process can start again. you can get a step leader. and you can get the return stroke. however, the step leader will now follow exactly the same path that was made before because that ' s where the air is ionized so that ' s where the conductivity is very high, so that ' s the easiest way to go. and this process can recur 5, 10, maybe 15 times. so what a - appears to you as one lightning bolt in fact could be 10 flashes back and forth between the cloud and the earth. and the - - the real light is not in the step leader, that ' s very little light, but the real light is in the return strokes. so 10 return strokes, which may be 20, 30, 40 milliseconds apart, appear to you and to me only as one flash, which would take place maybe in as little as a tenth of a second. and during these 5 or 10 return strokes you exchange between the cloud and the earth maybe a total of 25 to 50 coulombs, and that of course will lower the potential difference. and if the potential difference becomes too low then the process stops. you have", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5554572316132597, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:0b039c0b-d2e7-44ec-92d2-bb2f379367ca>", "chunk_index": 10, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T10:38:08.343208"}
{"text": "these 5 or 10 return strokes you exchange between the cloud and the earth maybe a total of 25 to 50 coulombs, and that of course will lower the potential difference. and if the potential difference becomes too low then the process stops. you have to wait now for the clouds to charge up again. and then lightning will strike again. and that can take anywhere from maybe 4, 5, 10, 20 seconds. and then you get another lightning bolt. the study of these - - of this process, of the step leader and of the return stroke, can be done with a camera, which is called the boys camera. let me first explain to you in detail - - in principle how it works. if this is the area on the film that is exposed by your lens suppose that i move the film at a very high speed to the left and suppose the step leader comes down and it sees some light from the step leader, then i may see on the film this. and from here to here would then be the 5 milliseconds which it takes the step leader to go from the cloud to the earth. now the return stroke takes place with way higher speed and so i see a tremendous amount of light because there ' s a lot of light in the return stroke. and of course this is very steep. because it goes 100 times faster up than the step leader came down. and so you can measure these times and so you can get the speed of the return stroke. and then later in time, maybe 30, 40 seconds later, on the film, you may see another return stroke. and you may see another one. and so you can see then how long the time was between the return strokes and you can also calculate their speeds. with a real camera it ' s not really the film that is moving but it is the - - the lens that is moving, and the way these pictures are taken, and i will show you one, is if this is photographic plate, then it is the camera that moves over the plate with a um very high speed, about 3000 revolutions per minute, and so you would get these - - this information then not horizontally but you get it spread out over the film. but you get the same information, you can calculate speeds and times. during the past decade, new forms of lightning have been discovered which occur way above the clouds. way higher up. red colors have been seen. red sprites they are called. and also blue jets. the light is very faint and it occurs only for a", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.548964647819912, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:0b039c0b-d2e7-44ec-92d2-bb2f379367ca>", "chunk_index": 11, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T10:38:08.344150"}
{"text": "past decade, new forms of lightning have been discovered which occur way above the clouds. way higher up. red colors have been seen. red sprites they are called. and also blue jets. the light is very faint and it occurs only for a very short amount of time. it ' s very difficult to photograph. i have not been able to get good slides for today. however, i did see some pictures on the web. and when you log into the web, when you visit the web 8. 02 which you should, then i give you directions how to access slides pictures of the red sprites and of the blue jets. the physics of that is not very well understood. it ' s being researched very heavily. but it ' s way above the clouds. there are also other forms of electric breakdown, of discharge. they are different in the sense that it ' s not an individual spark. but there is a continuous flow of - - of - - of charge. it occurs always from very sharp points. so there is a continuous current actually going on. and some of that you may have seen but you may not remember when we used a carbon arc here. we had two carbon arcs, two carbon rods, and we had a potential difference between them and we got a discharge between them which caused a tremendous amount of light, which we used for projection purposes. so a carbon arc discharge is such a form of discharge whereby you have a continuous current. it ' s not just sparks. if you take grass or trees or brushes for that matter, with thunderstorm activity, they can go into this discharge at their sharp tips. and we call this brush discharge, we call it st. elmo ' s fire, it ' s all the same thing, it ' s also called corona discharge. i normally call it corona discharge. it produces light because the ions when they neutralize produce light. heat makes sound, pressure, and so you can hear this cracking noise of the corona discharges. an airplane that flies or a car that drives, there is friction with the air, and any form of friction can charge things up. and so it ' s not uncommon at night that you can see this corona discharge from the tip of the wings of an airplane. i ' ve also seen it from cars. corona discharge from cars. which charge themselves up simply by driving through the air. the air flow would charge them up. you can hear it, cracking, and you can see it sometimes if it ' s dark enough, you see some", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5595910566350728, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:0b039c0b-d2e7-44ec-92d2-bb2f379367ca>", "chunk_index": 12, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T10:38:08.345235"}
{"text": "from cars. corona discharge from cars. which charge themselves up simply by driving through the air. the air flow would charge them up. you can hear it, cracking, and you can see it sometimes if it ' s dark enough, you see some light. in general it ' s bluish light. something completely on the side, going back to the lightning bolts, lightning bolts, the discharge, the moving electrons, can cause radio waves. and these radio waves you can receive on your car radio. and all of you have experienced this. driving around, lightning very far away, you can hear it on the radio. so that ' s telling you that there is lightning going on somewhere. after a thunderstorm, something that many of you may not have experienced because in the cities there is always - - always exhaust from cars, that spoils everything, but when you ' re out in the country after a thunderstorm there ' s a very special smell in the air. i love it. and that ' s ozone. o2, o2 in lightning becomes o3. and o3 has a wonderful smell, and you can really smell that. it ' s very typical. i hope that most of you sooner or later in life will have that experience. go to the country after a thunderstorm and you can really smell this ozone. let ' s now look at some slides. the first slide that you will see is one very classic slide made by gary ladd, at kitt peak observatory in arizona, uh what i like about this is that uh these are the observatories, the telescopes, in the domes, and of course when you ' re an astronomer, this is the kind of weather that you can do without. but nevertheless it happens. uh you see here return strokes, the light is definitely due to the return strokes, it ' s very bright. these are step l - leaders that never made it to the earth, and if a step leader doesn ' t make it to the earth you don ' t get a return stroke and so the light as you can see here is much less. and what you think here is only one bolt is probably at least 10, 5 to 10, maybe 15, flashes. all right next slide please. here you see the result of a boys camera exposure. for those of you who are sitting in front you can recognize maybe the empire state building here. and the empire state building is hit here by lightning at the very tip, that ' s the sharp edge, that ' s", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5772830131951705, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:0b039c0b-d2e7-44ec-92d2-bb2f379367ca>", "chunk_index": 13, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T10:38:08.346170"}
{"text": "of a boys camera exposure. for those of you who are sitting in front you can recognize maybe the empire state building here. and the empire state building is hit here by lightning at the very tip, that ' s the sharp edge, that ' s where you expect it to be hit. this is not taken when the camera was rotating. this is just the exposure the way you and i would see it. not moving camera but here you see the result of the rotating boys camera. and this is the same flash. so here you see the return stroke, the - - the light from the step leader is too faint. you can ' t see that. so here is the return stroke and then this time separation may be 30 or 40 milliseconds, see another stroke, you see another one, and another one, so there ' s 6 here, looks like you see a double one here. and so you have 6 or 7 of these return strokes. and this is the way that you can study speeds and how much charge actually is exchanged between these uh between the clouds and in this case the empire state building. uh the next slide shows you a corona discharge in the laboratory this is a high voltage supply with a very sharp tip - - tip here at the end, the sharp point, and here you see not individual sparks, you don ' t call this lightning but this is what you would call the st. elmo ' s fire, the corona discharge is bluish light. and in fact when you are close to this power supply you can also smell the ozone. it also produces locally ozone. and you can see it. if you make it dark in the laboratory you can see some bluish light. uh when i was a graduate student i had to build power supplies, high voltage power supplies, and i remember when my soldering job was not a very good job that means when i take the solder ironing off then i could draw a little sharp point, the solder, and that would then later cause me problems with corona discharge, that means i would have to redo the soldering so that the radius of the solder joint would become larger, so no sharp points. that ' s enough for the slides right now. benjamin franklin invented the lightning rod. his idea was that through the lightning rod you would get a continuous discharge, corona discharge, between the cloud and the building. and therefore you would keep the potential difference low. and so there would be no danger of lightning. and so he advised king george", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5439643115931307, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:0b039c0b-d2e7-44ec-92d2-bb2f379367ca>", "chunk_index": 14, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T10:38:08.348189"}
{"text": "idea was that through the lightning rod you would get a continuous discharge, corona discharge, between the cloud and the building. and therefore you would keep the potential difference low. and so there would be no danger of lightning. and so he advised king george the third to put these sharp points on the royal palace and on uh powder houses, ammunition, storage places for ammunition. there was a lot of opposition against franklin. uh they argued that uh a lightning rod will only attract lightning. and that the effect of the discharge, lowering the potential difference, would be insignificant. but nevertheless the king followed franklin ' s advice and after the sharp rods, the lightning rods, were placed, there was a lightning bolt that hit one of the ammunition places at pearl fleet, but there was very little damage. and so we now know that on the one hand the discharge is indeed insignificant. and so the opposition was correct. and in fact you do attract lightning, unlike what franklin had hoped for. however, if your lightning rod is thick enough that it can handle the high current, which is 10000 or 100000 amperes, then the current will go through the lightning rod and therefore there will not be an explosion. so it will not hit the building. so it will be confined to the lightning rod. and so it worked but for different reasons than franklin had in mind, but he had the right intuition. was a very great scientist, and great statesman. and so his lightning rod survived up to today. so now i want to return to the van de graaff and show you some of the things that we have discussed. and the first thing that i would want to do is create some sparks. i run the van de graaff and i will approach it with this small sphere, small radius, and as i come closer and closer, the electric field will build up here and then i would predict that if sparks fly over, that they would go between the van de graaff and this uh this sphere. this sphere is grounded. and so any current that will flow will flow not through walter lewin but will go through the ground, so there ' s no danger that anything will happen to me. at least not yet. you already hear some cracking noise. that means there are already sparks flying around inside there. it ' s very hard to avoid, there are always some sharp edges in there that we cannot remove. this is not an ideal instrument. but i still think i will be able to show you some lightning. by coming closer.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.514162890926458, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:0b039c0b-d2e7-44ec-92d2-bb2f379367ca>", "chunk_index": 15, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T10:38:08.349119"}
{"text": "around inside there. it ' s very hard to avoid, there are always some sharp edges in there that we cannot remove. this is not an ideal instrument. but i still think i will be able to show you some lightning. by coming closer. there we go. so what you think is only one spark may well be several like these return strokes, the way i described with lightning. so what you ' re seeing here now is that the electric field locally has become larger than 3 million volts per meter and then you ' re going to this discharge phenomenon that we described, and that gives you then - - that gives you the lightning. what i will do now is i would like you to experience - - although it may not be so fascinating for you - - to experience a corona discharge between a very sharp point that i have here, extremely sharp, and the van de graaff. and the only way that i can convince you that there is indeed going to be a discharge between this point and the van de graaff is by approaching the van de graaff and this cracking noise that you hear now will disappear. and the reason why it will disappear is that if i get a corona discharge between the tip and the van de graaff it will drain current, it will lower the potential and so that cracking noise will disappear. so the sparks which are now flying over will not fly over anymore. you will not be able to see the light. it ' s - - there ' s too much light here. although i can probably see at the tip here this blue light. so i ' m going to approach the van de graaff now. it ' s almost as if i had a lightning rod and i ' m not worried at all because if any current starts flowing it goes through this rod, which is like a lightning rod to the earth. so i ' m not worried at all. i just am very brave, very courageous, approaching the v - the van de graaff, and i want you to listen to that cracking noise. that cracking noise will disappear when i ' m going to be - - draw a current through this sharp point. oh, boy, there i go. and the cracking stops. and i can actually see here some glowing discharge, bluish. will be impossible for you to see. i can come closer, i ' m not worried. and so i ' m draining charge now off the van de graaff thereby lowering the potential of the van de graaff and so", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5228195983708012, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:0b039c0b-d2e7-44ec-92d2-bb2f379367ca>", "chunk_index": 16, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T10:38:08.350047"}
{"text": "bluish. will be impossible for you to see. i can come closer, i ' m not worried. and so i ' m draining charge now off the van de graaff thereby lowering the potential of the van de graaff and so these crazy sparks that occur here can no longer occur. but now they will. can you hear them? and now you can ' t. if i were crazy then i would develop a corona discharge between the van de graaff and myself. one way i could do that is by approach it with my fingertips as i mentioned earlier, but that may be a little bit too dangerous because i may draw a spark, i may be hit by lightning, which is the last thing that i would want today. however, a corona discharge using these tinsels may be less dangerous. so i get a continuous flow of current which now unfortunately doesn ' t go through the lightning rod but now it goes straight through my body. and i can assure you that i can feel that. it ' s probably a very low current. it may be only a few microamperes. but it ' s not funny. it ' s not pleasant. but anything for my students, what the hell. there we go. ya ya ya ya ya. you see tinsels, i ' m now in a corona discharge and i feel the current through my fingers, it ' s a continuous discharge now. this is st. you can ' t h - ah, there was lightning. boy, you got something for your 27000 dollars. so you saw both corona discharge and you saw lightning. boy, you were luckier than the - - than the first class by the way. clearly lightning can be dangerous, lightning can cause a fire, it can excite, it can explode fumes, if you gas your car just the flow of gasoline can charge up the nozzle, friction can charge things up, that ' s why the nozzle is always grounded, because a spark could cause a major explosion. if you fill a balloon with hydrogen then the flow of hydrogen is friction, can charge up the balloon and a spark can then ignite the hydrogen. and this has led to a classic tragic accident, it ' s a long time ago. but it ' s so classic that i really have to show this to you. hitler was very proud of his large airships. they ' re named after graf zeppelin the germans called them the zeppelins, we call them dirigibles or blimps. and", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5424834013071675, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:0b039c0b-d2e7-44ec-92d2-bb2f379367ca>", "chunk_index": 17, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T10:38:08.351054"}
{"text": "this post has been first published on access - info : open government data and is actually circulating various e - mailing lists. i think it is a really important initiative and worth reblogging it. open government data project : research project by access info and the open knowledge foundation, in collaboration with the open society information program, to map out and evaluate the current state of initiatives to promote access to government data in formats that can be freely used, reused, and distributed by anyone. the project will also identify the obstacles to accessing and reusing public data and recommendations for future initiatives to address these. on this page you can read more about the issue and find out how you can get involved in the project. what is open government data? the release of databases and other collections of information by government departments in formats that can be freely used, reused and distributed. release is generally proactive, without the need for access to information requests. - an example : in 2007, the uk government released a database with locations of bicycle accidents around the country. this information was linked by members of the public to maps, making it possible for cyclists to plan safer journeys avoiding the black spots. - another example : in australia, in january 2010, government released the national public toilet map which shows the location of more than 14, 000 public and private public toilet facilities with data such as opening hours, availability of baby changing rooms, and accessibility for people with disabilities. sounds funny? think of the possibilities : associations of disabled persons can provide a database for their members to plan journeys ; mothers could access a service by mobile phone to locate the nearest baby changing room. read more in a good article from the economist ( 4 february 2010 ) data and transparency : of governments and geeks what are governments doing to promote this? there are currently a number of exciting initiatives to release government data in bulk, these include : - united states : on 21 may 2009 the us government launched data. gov whose purpose is to give direct public access to machine - readable datasets generated by the executive branch of the us federal government. an initial 47 datasets are on line, of the thousands planned for release. - united kingdom : working with tim berners - lee, one of the inventors of the world wide web, the uk government has created data. gov. uk, a single online access point for government data, launched on 21 january 2010. - australia : the data. australia. gov. au website encourages users to \u201c make government information even more useful by mashing -", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5146032807997432, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:69e9f71b-2c17-438f-b58d-a85fb1e86fe9>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T10:38:08.367522"}
{"text": "released in formats that can \u2019 t be read by computers is difficult to reuse. information is held in proprietary formats which users have to buy. data is subject to copyright or released under restrictive licences. these are issues which are being researched under this project and will be the subject of recommendations for future campaigns by activists from the access to information and open government data communities what does this mean for the access to information community? for full enjoyment of the right of access to information and the related right to freedom of expression, people need to have access to government data in formats which can be used by anyone \u2013 so preferably in open source formats \u2013 and free from copyright, licences, and other restrictions on reuse. if government data is provided to the public in formats which mean that it cannot easily be reused, processed, or have value added, then the right to information is seriously undermined. it sounds rather technical! sometimes it is. as the economist article says, this is \u201c a geek \u2019 s dream : plenty for creative types to work on, but a bit baffling to the lay person. \u201d this project aims to demystify open government data issues and break through the jargon, so that they can be understood by access to information activists and other human rights campaigners. what will be done under this project? access info and the open knowledge foundation will identify and analyse the main initiatives related to open government data. we will analyse what this means for the right of access to information and for other developing fields such as e - government ( electronic access to public services ) and e - democracy ( electronic participation in government decision - making and electronic voting ). based on the research and analysis we will develop recommendations for future activities which could be carried out by the open government data, access to information, and e - government communities together. how do i get involved? go to the open government data project website and tell us about your campaigns or government initiatives in your country. the deadline for sending us information is 15 march 2010. we will then be producing a mapping report with info on the next phase of the campaign. there will be an international meeting to launch the report and discuss next steps in london on 22 april 2010. write to the project coordinators to tell us about your projects and to join the project : - helen darbishire, access info, helen [ at > access - info. org - jonathan gray, open knowledge foundation, at jonathan. gray < at ] okfn. org why is open government data important? 1", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5291869252623922, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:69e9f71b-2c17-438f-b58d-a85fb1e86fe9>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T10:38:08.369915"}
{"text": "on november 25, 1952, three months after returning from england, pauling finally made a serious stab at a structure for dna. the immediate spur was a caltech biology seminar given by robley williams, a berkeley professor who had done some amazing work with an electron microscope. through a complicated technique he was able to get images of incredibly small biological structures. pauling was spellbound. one of williams ' s photos showed long, tangled strands of sodium ribonucleate, the salt of a form of nucleic acid, shaded so that three - dimensional details could be seen. to pauling the strands appeared cylindrical. he guessed then, looking at these black - and - white slides in the darkened seminar room, that dna was likely to be a helix. no other conformation would fit both astbury ' s x - ray patterns of the molecule and the photos he was seeing. even better, williams was able to estimate the sizes of structures on his photos, and his work showed that each strand was about 15 angstroms across. pauling was interested enough to ask him to repeat the figure, which williams qualified by noting the difficulty he had in making precise measurements. the next day, pauling sat at his desk with a pencil, a sheaf of paper, and a slide rule. new data that summer from alexander todd ' s laboratory had confirmed the linkage points between the sugars and phosphates in dna ; other work showed where they connected to the bases. pauling was already convinced from his earlier work that the various - sized bases had to be on the outside of the molecule ; the phosphates, on the inside. now he knew that the molecule was probably helical. these were his starting points for a preliminary look at dna. he still lacked critical data - he had no decent x - ray images, for instance, and no firm structural data on the precise sizes and bonding angles of the base - sugar - phosphate building blocks of dna - but he went with what he had. it was a mistake. after a few pages of theorizing, using sketchy and sometimes incorrect data, pauling became convinced - as watson and crick had been at first - that dna was a three - stranded structure with the phosphates on the inside. unfortunately, he had no rosalind franklin to set him right.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.591767560414203, "token_count": 471, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:bb706256-060f-4d0e-abdd-85b7887e5fba>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T10:38:08.374523"}
{"text": "physical environment is subject to continuous modification from natural causes, such as tectonic forces, temperature extremes, fire, wind and river erosion, vegetation processes, and animal action. no less than natural agents, human actions can result in widespread and irreversible environmental change. many of these processes occur insidiously over prolonged periods. in such instances, the effects often are cumulative. other human actions may be more sudden and concentrated, resulting in immediate and noticeable change. whether continuous or precipitous, these human actions frequently have degraded the affected environment. the nineteenth century, a time of british consolidation in gangetic india, witnessed both types of phenomena. traditional environmental alterations continued, while imported technologies introduced new, more threatening agents of change. agents of continuous change the banaras region, like most of the gangetic plain, has been continuously populated for some twenty - five hundred years. in the process local residents established an important urban center, maintained its streets and buildings, connected it to other communities, supplied its industrial needs, and fed its population. throughout this time human occupation affected the surroundings in a variety of ways. land use and resource depletion. over the centuries while banaras city grew, its inhabitants exploited the adjoining terrain and its resources. they cultivated the land to near capacity ; hunted wildlife ; raised livestock ; and extracted timber, fuel, stone, sand, clay, and groundwater. those materials and supplies which were unavailable locally were imported and brought in by road or stream. as banaras continued to grow and prosper, surrounding lands strained to supply the rising needs of the city and its visitors. by 1800 the region ' s resource base was becoming strained. the town itself was built on the site of the legendary forest of bliss. but by the nineteenth century, according to diana eck, townspeople retained only memories of the once luxuriant woods. one central neighborhood came to be known as the \" cut - down forest \" ( eck 1982 : 29 ). in the countryside, too, large tracts had been cleared for farming, leaving only isolated trees and planted groves. the extensive fields in place by 1800 blanketed what was once a natural habitat of dense forest. the original cover included stands of valuable trees, such as sal ( shorea robusta ) shisham ( dalbergia sissoo ), jaman ( eugenia jambolana ), mahua ( bassia latifolia ), ber ( ziziphus jujuba ), pipal ( ficus religiosa", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5240080061149338, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:c6efb835-ea0c-469d-badf-188113ae0966>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T10:38:08.428345"}
{"text": "the bereghinya planitia quadrangle ( v - 8 ) of venus is bounded by 25\u00ba and 50\u00ba n. latitude, 0\u00ba and 30\u00ba e. longitude. it is one of 62 quadrangles covering the entire planet at a scale of 1 : 5, 000, 000. the quadrangle derives its name from the plains region bereghinya planitia, most of which falls within the boundaries of the quadrangle. bereghinya are benevolent protective female spirits in east slavic mythology. these spirits were considered as guardians of the home, and traditional homes commonly had carvings of bereghinya around their windows. in addition, these spirits were associated with riverbanks, so some of them were envisioned as being women with fish tails, similar to mermaids. the bereghinya planitia quadrangle comprises mostly plains materials that have been highly modified by younger structures, mostly related to coronae. the map area contains all or part of 22 named coronae, 4 named deformation belts, and 2 major lava channel systems having extensive associated volcanic flows. in addition, other valles, a deformation belt, and coronae occur within the quadrangle but are unnamed. the quadrangle hosts 24 impact craters and 6 bright splotches believed due to explosive destruction of bolides in the atmosphere. many of the impact craters have associated dark halos or parabolas, and four are accompanied by fields of secondary craters. also present is a complex array of faults, fractures, and wrinkle ridges. the quadrangle is geologically the quadrangle is geologically interesting primarily because of the large population of coronae, many of which are connected to each other by belts of closely spaced, complex wrinkle ridges producing a spiderlike pattern in which the \" bodies \" are coronae and the \" legs \" are the connecting belts. these coronae were named \" arachnoids \" by members of the soviet venera team. the problems of more than local interest include the kinematics and dynamics of the arachnoids, the structural and volcanic evolution of the coronae, and the age of the widespread background plains relative to structures and other material units. download this map as a pdf document ( 44 x 35 inches ; 28. 4 mb ) download the accompanying pamphlet as a 19 - page pdf document ( 304 kb ) | help | pdf help | geopubs main page | other planetary maps | | privacy statement | disclaimer | accessibility | | geologic division | astrogeology research program | this", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5007437400444683, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:bc1418ca-5781-4ac3-9871-a067b831cf67>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T10:38:08.442331"}
{"text": "- manual testing - test management - test automation - test templates - testing resources types of testing - page 3 contd.. adhoc testing is a commonly used term for software testing performed without planning and documentation. the tests are intended to be run only once, unless a defect is discovered. exploratory testing is a method of manual testing that is described as simultaneous learning, design and execution. testing which covers all combination ' s of input values and preconditions for an element of the software under test. a sanity test is a narrow regression test that focuses on one or a few areas of functionality. sanity testing is usually narrow and deep. testing few functions / parameters and checking all their main features. in which one can perform testing on an overall application ( all features ) initially to check whether the application is proper in terms of availability and usability. sanity testing is done by test engineer. in software industry, smoke testing is a wide and shallow approach whereby all areas of the application are tested, without getting into too deep. smoke testing originated in the hardware testing practice of turning on a new piece of hardware for the first time and considering it a success if it does not catch fire and smoke. when a build is received, a smoke test is run to ascertain if the build is stable and it can be considered for further testing. smoke testing is done by developer or white box engineers. soak testing involves testing a system with a significant load extended over a significant period of time, to discover how the system behaves under sustained use. for example, in software testing, a system may behave exactly as expected when tested for 1 hour. however, when it is tested for 3 hours, problems such as memory leaks cause the system to fail or behave randomly.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5092532262283809, "token_count": 359, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:9cf2c760-78df-4c23-8bb1-8a022a2d67a9>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T10:38:08.444210"}
{"text": "seen at the air force space and missile museum at cape canaveral air force station, florida \u2014 it \u2019 s a model of the dinosaur dynasoar space plane : likely the most poorly - named program ever conceived, the dynasoar ( for dynamic soaring ) was an early attempt at making a reusable manned space plane \u2014 essentially a mini - shuttle, and in some sense a follow - on to the x - 15 experimental aircraft. first proposed in 1957, the u. s. air force saw this single - seat craft as their way into space \u2014 and assigned it a dizzying future array of tasks. variants were discussed for reconnaissance, long - range weapons delivery, and even in - orbit warfare ( the soviets were planning similar vehicles at the time, so this was hardly unilateral thinking ). ultimately, the program wound down in 1963, victim of an unclear mission, escalating costs, and a hostile political environment \u2014 just months away from completion of the first flight - worthy vehicle. in its early days, dynasoar was hobbled by the eisenhower administration \u2019 s desire to avoid military competition with nasa \u2019 s mission of manned orbital flight. once the kennedy administration was in place, defense secretary mcnamara ultimately cancelled dynasoar in favor of military use of the gemini spacecraft that nasa was then developing ( although it too would soon be cancelled ).", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.537515680784048, "token_count": 279, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:608f1efc-7218-4646-849b-f4f9f32d2d66>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T10:38:08.537263"}
{"text": "let us now turn our attention to the theological teachings of the jahmiyya, [ who trace their name and origin to jahm ibn safwan abu muhriz ]. peculiar to jahm ibn safwan is the assertion that, although certain effects may appear to be produced by human causation, it is only in a metaphorical sense [ ' ala ' l - majaz ] that the origin of such effects can be attributed to the human being, not as a matter of reality [ la ' ala ' l - haqiqa ]. [ in other words, to attribute any action to a human being is merely a figure of speech ], just as it is when one says : \" the date palm grew tall, and the fruit ripened. \" he always refused to profess the doctrine that allah is cognizant of things prior to their coming into existence [ ' alim bi ' l - ashya ' i qabla kawniha ]. he maintained that the garden of paradise and the fire of hell will eventually cease to exist. he also denied the reality of the [ divine ] attributes [ sifat ]. the theological school [ madhhab ] founded by jahm was located in a town called tirmidh, or, according to some authorities, in marw. he is the author of a literary work on the negation of the [ divine ] attributes. he was put to death by muslim ibn ahwad al - marwani.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5022040508413548, "token_count": 300, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:f6d44865-05b8-4cd7-ba75-29d616b1df9c>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T10:38:08.567214"}
{"text": "note : the following is a brief six - page excerpt from a 60 page chapter on the origins of the american empire at the end of world war ii. the chapter, nearly complete, is one of several chapters in a book being funded and facilitated through the people \u2019 s book project, which is aimed at producing a multi - volume book on a modern history of institutions and ideas of power and resistance. included within the volumes are : the emergence of nation - states, capitalism, and central banking ; the rise of the european empires and colonization ; the emergence of new dynastic powers, namely the banking and industrial families of the rothschilds, rockefellers, morgans, et. al. ; the development of the mass education system as a means of social control ; the emergence and evolution of university education, the social sciences, and the formation of new concepts of social control and methods of social engineering ; the development, purpose, and effects of philanthropic foundations on society ; the emergence and evolution of the consumer culture, advertising, public relations, and advanced systems of propaganda ; the development of the \u2018 modern institutional society \u2019, with an examination of the different brands in communist, fascist, and liberal democratic states ; the development and intent of the welfare state, social services, and management of the poor ; the effect of two world wars, and the formation of the american empire with its political, military, intelligence, economic, financial, and cultural apparatus and institutions of expansion, including the american foundations, think tanks, world bank, imf, un, nato, cia, pentagon, etc. ; the role of international think tanks like the bilderberg group and the trilateral commission in shaping and re - shaping world order and expanding dominance and control of the world ; the formation of an apparatus of global governance and the ideology of globalism ; population control and the environmental movement ; and finally the emergence, evolution, and role of science, technology, psychology, and psychiatry on the development of a global scientific dictatorship \u2026 and what we can do to change all of this! the above is not even an exhaustive list of the scope of this multi - volume book. over 500 pages has been written thus far, and there is a great deal more to go, at which point the end result will be broken up into relevant sections as a complete volume on the modern history of ideas and institutions of power in our world, asking and answering the questions : what is the nature of our global society? how did we get here? who brought us here? when did this begin? where", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5588278626203977, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:21874dec-a611-4b72-8f6a-c0dffd8c2f6f>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T10:38:08.605831"}
{"text": "and other favors, \u201d yet, contends schlesinger, \u201c these are marginal to the subject of direct control, \u201d and instead, \u201c far from ruling an empire in the old sense, \u201d america \u201c has become the virtual prisoner of its client states. \u201d some other commentators referred to america as a \u201c virtual \u201d or even \u201c inadvertent \u201d imperial power. the notion of america as a \u201c reluctant imperialist \u201d or a \u201c benevolent empire \u201d is not a new one. this has been the mainstay within the academic literature and policy - planning circles to both advocate for and justify the existence of american domination of the world. the concept of the reluctant, yet benevolent great power presents an image of a dutiful personage coming to the aid of those in need, following the responsibility which is derived from great power ; that america \u2019 s rise to economic prominence \u2013 also seen as the product of free and democratic initiative and ideals ( thus negating america \u2019 s long history of being a slave state and subsequently a brutal industrial society ) \u2013 was the precursor to america being thrown the title of \u2018 global power, \u2019 and with that title bestowed upon it \u2013 like a child - king still unsure of his own abilities to rule \u2013 took up the activities of a global power with a desire to bring the rest of the world the same altruistic truths and enlightened ideals which made america flourish so ; that america \u2019 s gift to the world was to spread freedom and democracy, in the economic, political, and social spheres. this myth has been a constant foundation for the advocacy and justification of empire. its importance rests most especially on the ideals and global public opinion which prevailed as the great european empires waned and ultimately collapsed through two world wars. the colonized peoples of the world had had enough of empire, had suffered so immeasurably and consistently under its tutelage, that the concept of empire was so discredited in the eyes of the world \u2019 s majority as to be incapable of justifying in the formal imperial - colonial sense. at home, america \u2019 s domestic political situation and public opinion had been largely isolationist, seeking to refrain from an expansive foreign policy, leading many american presidents and strategists to bemoan the struggle for empire beyond the continent on the reluctance of the american people and congress to pursue aggressive expansionism ( save for the expansion across the continent, wiping out native american populations for american lebensraum and the slow, increasing expression of trans - sovereign rights in latin america", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5006343379237329, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:21874dec-a611-4b72-8f6a-c0dffd8c2f6f>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T10:38:08.610692"}
{"text": "lebensraum ) throughout the western hemisphere and beyond, as well as trade and \u201c economic integration \u201d with the far east and the british empire / commonwealth blocs. the report stated bluntly, \u201c as a minimum, the american \u2018 national interests \u2019 involved the free access to markets and raw materials in the british empire, the far east, and the entire western hemisphere. \u201d this was the foundation for the grand area designs of the council in the post - war world. the grand area project emphasized that for america to manage the \u201c grand areas \u201d of the world, multilateral organizations would be needed to help facilitate \u201c appropriate measures in the fields of trade, investment, and monetary arrangements. \u201d the study further emphasized the need to maintain \u201c military supremacy \u201d in order to help facilitate control of these areas. as the council \u2019 s 1940 report to the u. s. state department stated : \u201c the foremost requirement of the united states in a world in which it proposes to hold unquestioned power is the rapid fulfillment of a program of complete re - armament, \u201d which would \u201c involve increased military expenditures and other risks. \u201d while the grand area project was made and designed for the united states during world war ii, it included plans for the post - war world, and included continental europe in its designs following the assumed defeat of germany. thus, as economist ismael hossein - zadeh wrote, \u201c making the grand area global. \u201d the idea behind the \u201c grand area \u201d was \u201c even more grandiose \u2013 one world economy dominated by the united states, \u201d and the study itself suggested that the grand area \u201c would then be an organized nucleus for building an integrated world economy after the war. \u201d as shoup and minter wrote in their study of the council, imperial brain trust, \u201c the united states had to enter the war and organize a new world order satisfactory to the united states. \u201d benevolent, indeed. following pearl harbor and the u. s. entry into the war, the council concluded as early as 1941 that the defeat of the axis powers was simply a matter of time. as such, they were advancing their plans for the post - war world, expanding the grand area to : include the entire globe. a new world order with international political and economic institutions was projected, which would join and integrate all of the earth \u2019 s nations under the leadership of the united states. the unification of the whole world was now the aim of the council [ on foreign relations ] and government planners. as a part of this planning process,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5098564242165633, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:21874dec-a611-4b72-8f6a-c0dffd8c2f6f>", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T10:38:08.616484"}
{"text": "which would join and integrate all of the earth \u2019 s nations under the leadership of the united states. the unification of the whole world was now the aim of the council [ on foreign relations ] and government planners. as a part of this planning process, the u. s. department of state formed the advisory committee on postwar foreign policy in late december of 1941, of which the first document that was produced, \u201c stressed the danger of another world depression and the need to provide confidence in world economic stability. \u201d thus, \u201c the united states had to be involved with the internal affairs of the key industrial and raw materials - producing countries. \u201d a key question in this was, as one postwar planner articulated, \u201c how to create purchasing power outside of our country which would be converted into domestic purchasing power through exportation. \u201d the idea was about \u201c devising appropriate institutions \u201d which would fulfill this role, ultimately resting with the formation of the imf and the international bank for reconstruction and development ( later known as the world bank ). the postwar planners had to continually construct an idea of an international order, directed by the united states, which would not so easily resemble the formal colonial period or its methods of exerting hegemony. recommendations of the council suggested that such new international financial institutions were necessary in terms of \u201c stabilizing currencies and facilitating programs of capital investment for constructive undertakings in backward and underdeveloped regions. \u201d these plans included for the establishment of an international reconstruction finance corporations and an \u201c international investment agency which would stimulate world trade and prosperity by facilitating investment in development programs the world over. \u201d these plans were drafted in recommendations and given to president roosevelt and the department of state. one council member suggested that, \u201c it might be wise to set up two financial institutions : one an international exchange stabilization board and one an international bank to handle short - term transactions not directly concerned with stabilization. \u201d thus, the council drafted in 1941 and 1942 plans that would result in the formation of the world bank and the international monetary fund ( imf ), which formally emerged from the 1944 bretton woods conference, an event that is commonly acknowledged as the \u201c birthplace \u201d of the world bank and imf, thus ignoring their ideological origins at the council on foreign relations two - to - three years prior. the internal department committees established in the department of state and treasury were well represented by council members who drew up the final plans for the creation of these two major institutions. whereas the league of nations had been a major objective of the rockefeller foundation and carnegie", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5032500009874203, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:21874dec-a611-4b72-8f6a-c0dffd8c2f6f>", "chunk_index": 8, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T10:38:08.617618"}
{"text": ", no. 2, spring 1999 ), page 356. ibid, pages 358 - 359. cfr, war and peace. cfr history : http : / / www. cfr. org / about / history / cfr / war _ peace. html joan roelofs, foundations and public policy : the mask of pluralism ( new york : state university of new york press, 2003 ), page 74. ismael hossein - zadeh, the political economy of u. s. militarism ( new york : palgrave macmillan, 2006 ), pages 43 - 45. ibid, page 45. ibid, page 46. laurence h. shoup and william minter, imperial brain trust : the council on foreign relations and united states foreign policy ( authors choice press, new york : 2004 ), page 118. ismael hossein - zadeh, the political economy of u. s. militarism ( new york : palgrave macmillan, 2006 ), page 48. ibid, pages 49 - 51. laurence h. shoup and william minter, imperial brain trust : the council on foreign relations and united states foreign policy ( authors choice press, new york : 2004 ), pages 166 - 167. ibid, pages 168 - 169. joan roelofs, foundations and public policy : the mask of pluralism ( new york : state university of new york press, 2003 ), page 159. ismael hossein - zadeh, the political economy of u. s. militarism ( new york : palgrave macmillan, 2006 ), page 51. laurence h. shoup and william minter, imperial brain trust : the council on foreign relations and united states foreign policy ( authors choice press, new york : 2004 ), pages 169 - 171. joan roelofs, foundations and public policy : the mask of pluralism ( new york : state university of new york press, 2003 ), page 160.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5059617788668791, "token_count": 408, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:21874dec-a611-4b72-8f6a-c0dffd8c2f6f>", "chunk_index": 11, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T10:38:08.620708"}
{"text": "those of us with even a passing interest in science are used to the idea that computers play a central role in understanding physics and chemistry, especially high - powered computation used in areas such as weather prediction and molecular visualization. however, over the past few years, a new target for that computation has emerged and begun to attract media attention. it ' s called computational biology ( or more catchy, bioinformatics ) and it refers to the digital storage, categorization, and analysis of biological data. if your most recent encounter with biology took place in high school, you may be surprised by any such crossover with computing. although i always found it fascinating, i remember biology never quite having the rigor of its counterparts in the science curriculum. some cells did this, other cells had that, and different organisms did all sorts of strange things, especially when dissected by over - enthusiastic schoolchildren. but there seemed to be few universal principles equivalent in scope to newton ' s equations or the periodic table of elements. digitizing life - - thanks to the wonders of molecular biology, many such fundamentals are now known to exist. an overview of some of the basics should give an impression of what is involved - bear in mind that we ' re dealing with the natural world in all its complexity, so everything that follows has been vastly simplified. life as we know it is encoded in a set of long molecules called dna, identical copies of which are found in every cell in a living organism such as a human being. everything that happens within an organism can be traced back to its dna - just like the hard disk in a computer. in humans, each cell contains 46 separate dna molecules called chromosomes, analogous perhaps to hard disk partitions. your chromosomes contain a mixture of information duplicated from those of your parents, which is one reason why you inherited so many of their characteristics. any one dna molecule consists of a series of connected nucleotides forming a chain that can run to lengths of many millions. there are only four possible nucleotides, so any dna molecule can be represented as a sequence using only four letters. this is where the digitization begins - the entire set of chromosomes for a human being can be stored in a few gigabytes of space ( even less after compression ) and you can even download a recent draft to your own computer. according to present - day understanding, only a fraction of your dna has a purpose - the other 98 percent or so is affectionately named \" junk. \" the meaningful bits, known as", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_computing", "similarity_score": 0.6289300527120566, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:15312acd-e457-48ad-8cf4-f817fd406dcf>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T10:38:08.653121"}
{"text": ") and you can even download a recent draft to your own computer. according to present - day understanding, only a fraction of your dna has a purpose - the other 98 percent or so is affectionately named \" junk. \" the meaningful bits, known as genes, are short stretches scattered unevenly throughout the chromosomes ( think of them as fragmented program files, if you like ). they can be pretty hard to find - we currently have confirmed the existence of about 15, 000 human genes, but scientists are still bickering over the total number - most estimates lie around 30, 000. there ' s even a sweepstakes where you can add your own guess. genes are interesting because machinery in the cell translates them into another type of molecule called proteins. these proteins perform the organism ' s real metabolic work and can be thought of as currently running programs. a protein molecule contains a series of connected amino acids forming a chain, similar to how nucleotides make up dna. however, in contrast to dna, proteins are made from 20 different amino acids and are rarely more than a few thousand such elements in length. sequences of proteins are another type of digital data that bioinformatics regularly deals with. how are these proteins able to do all the work set out for them : building cells, transporting materials, sending signals and carefully managing each cell ' s energy factory? when released into a cell ' s watery innards, proteins fold up upon themselves, forming a huge variety of shapes that make them connect to other proteins and molecules in specific ways, catalyzing any number of chemical reactions. trying to work out which shape a particular protein sequence will fold into is an extremely difficult problem. a biannual contest called casp ( a shortened acronym for critical assessment of techniques for protein structure prediction ) is held between different research groups around the world, and ibm is building its fastest ever supercomputer to work on it, at a hoped - for rate of no more than one protein per year. again, this is just a basic overview. if you ' re thirsting for more information on molecular genetics, the u. s. human genome project has published a good online primer. open - sourcing the human being - - with the basic biology lesson out of the way, let ' s talk about how bioinformatics applies to the real world. one bioinformatics application you ' ve probably heard of is the human genome project. its seemingly simple goal is to read the roughly three billion nucleotides that make up the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5589005864856031, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:15312acd-e457-48ad-8cf4-f817fd406dcf>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T10:38:08.654819"}
{"text": "talk about how bioinformatics applies to the real world. one bioinformatics application you ' ve probably heard of is the human genome project. its seemingly simple goal is to read the roughly three billion nucleotides that make up the human set of chromosomes. this is made possible by the fact that, even though there are millions of points at which healthy human dna sequences can differ from one another, every one of us is identical in the other 99. 9 percent of points. if you find that scary ( or perhaps inspiring ), remember that your dna is also about 99 percent identical to the chimp at your local zoo. discussions on the genome project began in 1984, but it was not until 1995 that the work began in earnest via an international collaboration of publicly funded laboratories in the united states, united kingdom, france, japan, germany, and china. the public project moved along slowly until 1999 when celera genomics, a private venture, joined the fray. armed with an improved experimental method and gobs of computing power, celera promised to complete a first draft of the genome within a year. after much politicized mud slinging, a deal was made and the two groups ' results were published simultaneously in february 2001. what does all this have to do with bioinformatics? for a start, computers were required to store and index the resulting sequences and make them available to researchers around the world over the internet. but the real algorithmic problem stemmed from the way in which dna molecules have to be read. in the biological world, there is no such thing as a debugger which lets you freeze a cell and poke around inside, observing and manipulating at will. instead, a series of steps must be cleverly combined for a scientist to gain access to a desired item of information. for any dna molecule, only about the first 1, 000 nucleotides can be ascertained using available laboratory techniques. longer sequences are scanned by making several copies of the molecule and breaking these up randomly into short fragments, each of which is read separately. the original order of these fragments is lost, so, after reading them, there remains the task of reconstructing the original sequence. it ' s not unlike trying to rebuild an encyclopedia using a few photocopies which have been run through an office shredder - the number of possibilities to be tried is vast. forget about trying to do it by hand - celera ' s draft build required about a week of running time on a 56 -", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5579496188693032, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:15312acd-e457-48ad-8cf4-f817fd406dcf>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T10:38:08.656107"}
{"text": "bioinformatics applications run over the internet. unix ' s stable and efficient implementation of tcp / ip, in conjunction with the free apache web server, make it ideal for providing these web - based services. for some idea of what ' s available, take a look at the site of the american national center for biotechnology information. it should be fairly obvious where this takes us : mac os x, soon to be the mainstream macintosh operating system, is not only based on unix but provides full support for all of its tools - perl, grep, and apache included. on its own, this does not necessarily place it ahead of other unix platforms. but if we add the fact that it contains a modern user interface and runs desktop applications such as microsoft office and modern web browsers, it ' s not hard to see why mac os x is a natural choice for bioinformatics servers and desktops. this has been noted in several places, including an o ' reilly network article and an apple viewpoint article. it ' s also proven to be more than wishful thinking : genentech, the company that ordered 1, 000 new imacs ( and whose chairman and ceo is one of apple ' s board members ), is one of the founders of the biotechnology industry. a further bonus for macs is that the powerpc g4 processor, with its velocity engine processing unit, is ideal for many types of biological computations. blast ( short for basic local alignment search tool ) is probably the most popular bioinformatics tool available today. it takes the sequence of a dna or protein molecule as input and searches for other known molecules which are likely to be connected in evolutionary origin or biological function. apple ' s advanced computation group, in collaboration with others, developed a high - throughput version of blast, which they claim makes a dual 1 ghz power mac g4 up to five times faster than a pc with a 2 ghz pentium 4 processor. fast blast searches are crucial to today ' s biologists. try this at home - - there is at least one way in which all mac users can get involved in computational biology. a project named folding @ home, developed in the same style as u. c. berkeley ' s alien - searching seti @ home, lets you contribute to a distributed effort to calculate the physical structure of protein sequences. folding @ home ' s mac os x client, a screensaver and application, is now available and provides a real - time graphical view of the structures being tested. that aside,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.510051693096468, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:15312acd-e457-48ad-8cf4-f817fd406dcf>", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T10:38:08.658721"}
{"text": "we made sugar cube sculptures. what a fun and surprising lesson in building, painting, and dissolving! - box of sugar cubes - glue bottle - sturdy base to glue onto - paint in squeezy bottles boxes of sugar cubers were harder to find than i thought, but i ultimately found them at our big supermarket ( and bought 2! ). we used scrap wood for the base, basic elmer \u2019 s school glue, and nancy bottles for the paint. i suggested that we could build a sculpture with the sugar cubes, and presented n with the materials. that \u2019 s all she needed to hear before she began to glue the cubes onto the panel. and stack them up tall. you can see that this isn \u2019 t the strongest structure in the world!! i filled some nancy bottles with watered down biocolor paint, which my daughter then squeezed all over the sculpture. because the water acted as a dissolving agent, if i were to do this again i \u2019 d use straight - up paint without the additional water. it \u2019 s looking a little patriotic, no? and it end up in this beautiful heap of swirly, melting color. not exactly what i imagined when we started, but it did lead to some wonderful conversations about dissolving. we only used about 1 / 10 of the sugar cubes to make the sculpture, so why not set up a dissolving experiment with the rest of the cubes?! the next day n turned the remaining cubes into sugar water in under five minutes. it was quick, but what a great lesson and experience!", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5299169441428577, "token_count": 324, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:751908df-500c-4004-b438-02065ef1c2ee>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T10:38:08.660459"}
{"text": "guitar | bass | keyboard | microphones | mixers | audio interfaces | monitors | sequencers | soft synths | live sound | drums | club | accessories | blowouts setting up word clock in simple and advanced digital audio recording systems by tweakheadz lab as your digital audio rig gets larger you will inevitably have to deal with word clock distribution. at first, synchronizing word clocks of different digital audio devices is easy. in most cases, you can generate and transmit the word clock signal along with the digital audio signals passing from master to slave through s / pdif coax, toslink and ( sometimes ) adat optical cables and aes / ebu cables. but soon enough you will run into a situation where syncing through audio cables will stop working. that is where you need to set up a way to distribute the word clock master to all the slaves that need it. this is very simple stuff, so don ' t let it freak you. but don ' t confuse word clock with midi clock synchronization, midi time code, smpte, or anything that regulates tempo. we ' ll talk about those in the next article. sample words and the clock that regulates them first, without getting too technical lets get into why we need a word clock. digital audio, as we know, is made up of 1s and 0s, or bits. these bits are grouped into sample words. the word size for common digital audio is 16 bits, 24 bits and sometimes 32 bits and even 64 bits. indeed when we talk about 24 bit audio we mean data with sample words of 24 registers for bits. when these sample words start and end at the same exact time on several devices, we have word sync. that is what we want. the word clock sets the rate at which these words are transmitted. this to takes us back to our old friend the sample rate. we might use a clock rate of 32kh, 44. 1 khz, 48 khz, 96 khz, and for those who have bought the hype 192 khz. when you use multiple digital audio devices they must use the same size word and travel at the same speed. we are keeping this simple. ( more technical descrriptions ) you might ask. what happens when you send a signal at a clock of 48khz into a device working at 44. 1. if you are lucky, it will just stop working. if not, you might find one of the devices explode into an intensely loud cascade of white noise. that", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5115720032779927, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:c2a30ce4-8eed-4667-b59d-a258e752fcf2>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T10:38:08.679682"}
{"text": "a signal at a clock of 48khz into a device working at 44. 1. if you are lucky, it will just stop working. if not, you might find one of the devices explode into an intensely loud cascade of white noise. that is what can happen during an obviously big clock mismatch. ( this is a good reason never to wear headphones when messing with word clocks! keep your system volume way down too. ) but what about when the clocks are very close, but not perfectly, synchronized. then we get what we can call \" jitter \". jitter may be subtle or extreme. at it ' s extreme, there will be distortion that almost sounds like ring modulation in all the audio. sometimes you will hear the rhythmic pulsing of soft white noise bursts happening about a second apart. ( i usually hear that when i have 2 devices set to master. ) as the rates get closer this is more like loud popping and crackling noise in the audio which still makes the audio unsuitable. as the rates get even closer, you might hear only a few microscopic barely audible ticks once every interval, sometimes 5, 20, 50 seconds apart. many of us may actually have systems ridden with jitter but because the artifacts are so far apart we tend to ignore them like one would ignore the occasional record pop on a vinyl record. superclocks. how much is hype? the professional has to be particularly careful about distributing word clock because these ticks, even if far apart, are not acceptable. these tics and pops not only exist in the playback of audio, but are burned into the recorded data as well. while they can be surgically removed with audio editors, it is much better to get it right the first time! there is also a bit of audio voodoo here. many professionals claim that even though there are no audible artifacts of jitter, a less that perfectly stable clock can cause degradations in clarity and on the width of the sound field. this leads them to buy special word clock generators known to have excellent stability. i call them superclocks. as you approach the high end digital audio converters, you will often see manufacturers tout why their clocks are better than their competitors. is this hype? much as with the claim that recording at 192khz is \" better \", if there are differences in quality we may not be able to perceive them. a professional might simply buy a super word clock solution as insurance against jitter. voodoo? let your ears decide. setting up a word", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5043374912359819, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:c2a30ce4-8eed-4667-b59d-a258e752fcf2>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T10:38:08.682312"}
{"text": "sample rate. when you see that, you know you have wired the cables correctly. now make a recording from each digital device listen carefully over headphones on playback for any evidence of ticks, pops, clicks, and more obvious forms of distortion. you should hear perfectly clean audio. if you do you have successfully applied a word clock distribution system. congratulations. questions and answers q ) what is s / pdif, toslink, adat and aes / ebu a ) all of those a methods of transmitting digital audio data from device to device. note that digital audio data is your audio signal after it has been converted to ones and zeros. q ) can you make your own word clock cables? a ) yes. the cable is good old 75ohm cable just like your tv cable that has \" f \" connectors. just go to an electronic store ( or use my links to amazon ) and pick up some female \" f \" to male bnc connectors that can be screwed on. many video rca cables are also 75ohm. with these just buy some female rca to male bnc adapters. coaxial s / pdif cable 75 ohm rca cable. that can be used as well. bnc cables are used in professional broadcast systems and in home video surveillance systems. places that serve these customers are more likely to have the adapters than your local music store. q ) is there any rule of thumb for deciding which device should be the master? a ) yes. the device that does the most critical analog to digital conversion should be the master, when possible. the theory is that the \" native \" clock on the device doing the conversion will be better. however, a stable clock is better than an unstable clock, so in some situations the native clock rule does not hold. add you comments on this article at the following forum : definition of word clock in wikipedia go to the next class go to the previous class tweak ' s articles on essential studio concepts", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.5250074458925249, "token_count": 404, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:c2a30ce4-8eed-4667-b59d-a258e752fcf2>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T10:38:08.684189"}
{"text": "from uncyclopedia, the content - free encyclopedia newmath was approved by minitrue for inclusion into the state curriculum in 1984. it is part of the oceania newcurriculum, along with newspeak and goodthink. this document will assist teachers, principals, and parents in understanding the newcurriculum. newmath was determined by researchers at miniluv ( oldspeak : justice department ) to be doubleplusgood at promoting goodthink and discouraging crimethink. the inclusion of newmath in the core curriculum will also hasten the obsolescence of oldthink. as part of an interdisciplinary program in elementary and secondary schools, newmath will foster skills that students will need to fully function in society, such as blackwhite and doublethink. newmath will also encourage patriotism and respect for the state. students will learn newmath through a problem - based approach. some problems included in the minitrue - approved text, newmath, 3rd edition, are excerpted below. - last year, miniplenty announced that chocolate rations were 30 grams per week. this year, chocolate rations went up to 20 grams per week. what is the error here? - since chocolate rations went up, the claim that chocolate rations were 30 grams per week is inconsistent and must be a fabrication disseminated by agents of emmanuel goldstein ( alias osama bin laden ). the error is the crimethink that was caused by lending credence to a fraud perpetrated by agents of goldstein. - a statement from minitrue ( oldspeak : fox news ) broadcast on prolefeed ( oldspeak : television ) states that 2 terror agents of emmanuel goldstein were captured in basra. another 2 terror agents were captured in falluja. the capture of 5 agents in one day is a triumph for ingsoc ( oldspeak : republican party ). what is the error? - the 2 agents in basra along with the 2 agents in falluja add up to 5 agents. hence the statement on prolefeed is equivalent to the equation - this mathematical equation, as part of an official party statement produced by minitrue, must be true. the error was the crimethink produced by doubting or questioning a statement by minitrue. - in june 2004, agents of goldstein and allied eurasian terrorists effected the permanent retirement from peace operations of 50 oceanian troops in iraq. in", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5574671216130753, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:8a721215-e653-45ab-94e9-52cfdcca7343>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T10:38:08.694900"}
{"text": ") a new protocol and c ) a set of individual decisions on how to tackle climate change immediately and post 2012.. the outcome can also be a combination of these options. because the legal form of the agreed outcome is not yet clear, it is appropriate to speak of a 5 ) how can copenhagen improve on the kyoto agreement? the kyoto protocol was designed as a first small step in the fight against climate change. copenhagen must be the ambitious and effective political response to what scientists are now saying is required. the kyoto protocol places a heavier burden on developed nations than on developing countries as it recognizes that developed countries are principally responsible for the current high levels of greenhouse gas emissions - and this principal will also apply to the copenhagen outcome. the main difference is that the mid - term emission reduction targets that developed countries agree to must be in line with what the scientific community has set out as a beacon, so in the range of minus 25 and minus 40 percent over 1990 levels by 2020. and developing countries must engage in such a way that world - wide emissions decline by at least 50 % by 2050. 6 ) are developing countries expected to agree to emissions caps in copenhagen? no, industrialised counties are not asking major developing countries to accept binding mid - term emission reduction targets, or \u201c caps \u201d. the international community, in drawing up the broad parameters for a climate change deal in bali two years ago, acknowledged that industrialised countries must accept binding emission reduction targets. developing countries are asked to detail their actions to limit the growth of their emissions in line with their sustainable development needs. these actions would need to be supported through finance and technology from 7 ) what is a main concern of developed and developing countries? whilst developing countries are clearly willing to make a contribution to mitigation efforts, one of their main concerns is that they will be forced into a deal which will harm their ability to grow economically and their aims to combat poverty. on the other hand, the copenhagen agreed outcome must also address the concerns of industrialized countries which fear that they may have to subsidize competition in the developing world by being obliged to reduce their own emissions whilst developing countries are not legally bound to do so. so a key challenge of copenhagen will be to ensure that the deal is equitable for the all. 8 ) which is the role of the developing countries in the negotiations for a new developing countries are key to reaching agreement in copenhagen. according to the iea, global energy demand will grow 55 % by 2030. in the period up to 2030, the energy supply", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5108848540064389, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:bae2a2e0-c9da-433f-a0d4-4250e97bab05>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T10:38:08.703061"}
{"text": "by anne e. egger, ph. d. we all see changes in the landscape around us, but your view of how fast things change is probably determined by where you live. if you live near the coast, you see daily, monthly, and yearly changes in the shape of the coastline. deep in the interior of continents, change is less evident \u2013 rivers may flood and change course only every 100 years or so. if you live near an active fault zone or volcano, you experience infrequent but catastrophic events like earthquakes and eruptions. throughout human history, different groups of people have held to a wide variety of beliefs to explain these changes. early greeks ascribed earthquakes to the god poseidon expressing his wrath, an explanation that accounted for their unpredictability. the navajo view processes on the surface as interactions between opposite but complementary entities : the sky and the earth. most 17th century european christians believed that the earth was essentially unchanged from the time of creation. when naturalists found fossils of marine creatures high in the alps, many devout believers interpreted the old testament literally and suggested that the perched fossils were a result of the biblical noah \u2019 s flood. in the mid - 1700 \u2019 s, a scottish physician named james hutton ( see biography link to the right ) began to challenge the literal interpretation of the bible by making detailed observations of rivers near his home. every year, these rivers would flood, depositing a thin layer of sediment in the floodplain. it would take many millions of years, reasoned hutton, to deposit a hundred meters of sediment in this fashion, not just the few weeks allowed by the biblical flood. hutton called this the principle of uniformitarianism : processes that occur today are the same ones that occurred in the past to create the landscape and rocks as we see them now. by comparison, the strict biblical interpretation, common at the time, suggested that the processes that had created the landscape were complete and no longer at work. figure 1 : this image shows how james hutton first envisioned the rock cycle. hutton argued that, in order for uniformitarianism to work over very long periods of time, earth materials had to be constantly recycled. if there were no recycling, mountains would erode ( or continents would decay, in hutton \u2019 s terms ), the sediments would be transported to the sea, and eventually the surface of the earth would be perfectly flat and covered with a thin layer of water. instead, those sediments once deposited in the sea must be frequently lifted back up to form new mountain ranges. recycling was a radical departure", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5571912903919005, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:1d8cdccb-098e-46d2-97a3-50a9d15430c5>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T10:38:08.717449"}
{"text": "to the sea, and eventually the surface of the earth would be perfectly flat and covered with a thin layer of water. instead, those sediments once deposited in the sea must be frequently lifted back up to form new mountain ranges. recycling was a radical departure from the prevailing notion of a largely unchanging earth. as shown in the diagram above, hutton first conceived of the rock cycle as a process driven by earth \u2019 s internal heat engine. heat caused sediments deposited in basins to be converted to rock, heat caused the uplift of mountain ranges, and heat contributed in part to the weathering of rock. while many of hutton \u2019 s ideas about the rock cycle were either vague ( such as \u201c conversion to rock \u201d ) or inaccurate ( such as heat causing decay ), he made the important first step of putting diverse processes together into a simple, coherent theory. hutton \u2019 s ideas were not immediately embraced by the scientific community, largely because he was reluctant to publish. he was a far better thinker than writer \u2013 once he did get into print in 1788, few people were able to make sense of his highly technical and confusing writing ( see the classics link to the right to sample some of hutton ' s writing ). his ideas became far more accessible after his death with the publication of john playfair \u2019 s \u201c illustrations of the huttonian theory of the earth \u201d ( 1802 ) and charles lyell \u2019 s \u201c principles of geology \u201d ( 1830 ). by that time, the scientific revolution in europe had led to widespread acceptance of the once - radical concept that the earth was constantly changing. a far more complete understanding of the rock cycle developed with the emergence of plate tectonics theory in the 1960 \u2019 s ( see our plate tectonics i module ). our modern concept of the rock cycle is fundamentally different from hutton \u2019 s in a few important aspects : we now largely understand that plate tectonic activity determines how, where, and why uplift occurs, and we know that heat is generated in the interior of the earth through radioactive decay and moved out to the earth \u2019 s surface through convection. together, uniformitarianism, plate tectonics, and the rock cycle provide a powerful lens for looking at the earth, allowing scientists to look back into earth history and make predictions about the future. the rock cycle consists of a series of constant processes through which earth materials change from one form to another over time. as within the water cycle and the carbon cycle, some processes in the rock cycle occur over millions of years and others occur much", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5788363914676835, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:1d8cdccb-098e-46d2-97a3-50a9d15430c5>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T10:38:08.719410"}
{"text": "future. the rock cycle consists of a series of constant processes through which earth materials change from one form to another over time. as within the water cycle and the carbon cycle, some processes in the rock cycle occur over millions of years and others occur much more rapidly. there is no real beginning or end to the rock cycle, but it is convenient to begin exploring it with magma. you may want to open the rock cycle schematic below and follow along in the sketch, click on the caption to open this diagram in a new window. figure 2 : a schematic sketch of the rock cycle. in this sketch, boxes represent earth materials and arrows represent the processes that transform those materials. the processes are named in bold next to the arrows. the two major sources of energy for the rock cycle are also shown ; the sun provides energy for surface processes such as weathering, erosion, and transport, and the earth ' s internal heat provides energy for processes like subduction, melting, and metamorphism. the complexity of the diagram reflects a real complexity in the rock cycle. notice that there are many possibilities at any step along the way. magma, or molten rock, forms only at certain locations within the earth, mostly along plate boundaries. ( it is a common misconception that the entire interior of the earth is molten, but this is not the case. see our earth structure module for a more complete explanation. ) when magma is allowed to cool, it crystallizes, much the same way that ice crystals develop when water is cooled. we see this process occurring at places like iceland, where magma erupts out of a volcano and cools on the surface of the earth, forming a rock called basalt on the flanks of the volcano. but most magma never makes it to the surface and it cools within the earth \u2019 s crust. deep in the crust below iceland \u2019 s surface, the magma that doesn \u2019 t erupt cools to form gabbro. rocks that form from cooled magma are called igneous rocks ; intrusive igneous rocks if they cool below the surface ( like gabbro ), extrusive igneous rocks if they cool above ( like basalt ). figure 3 : this picture shows a basaltic eruption of pu ' u o ' o, on the flanks of the kilauea volcano in hawaii. the red material is molten lava, which turns black as it cools and crystallizes. rocks like basalt are immediately exposed to the atmosphere and weather. rocks that form below the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5620709598784861, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:1d8cdccb-098e-46d2-97a3-50a9d15430c5>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T10:38:08.720501"}
{"text": "o, on the flanks of the kilauea volcano in hawaii. the red material is molten lava, which turns black as it cools and crystallizes. rocks like basalt are immediately exposed to the atmosphere and weather. rocks that form below the earth \u2019 s surface, like gabbro, must be uplifted and all of the overlying material must be removed through erosion in order for them to be exposed. in either case, as soon as rocks are exposed at the earth \u2019 s surface, the weathering process begins. physical and chemical reactions caused by interaction with air, water, and biological organisms cause the rocks to break down. once rocks are broken down, wind, moving water, and glaciers carry pieces of the rocks away through a process called erosion. moving water is the most common agent of erosion \u2013 the muddy mississippi, the amazon, the hudson, the rio grande, all of these rivers carry tons of sediment weathered and eroded from the mountains of their headwaters to the ocean every year. the sediment carried by these rivers is deposited and continually buried in floodplains and deltas. in fact, the u. s. army corps of engineers is kept busy dredging the sediments out of the mississippi in order to keep shipping lanes open. figure 4 : photograph from space of the mississippi delta. the brown color shows the river sediments and where they are being deposited in the gulf of mexico. under natural conditions, the pressure created by the weight of the younger deposits compacts the older, buried sediments. as groundwater moves through these sediments, minerals like calcite and silica precipitate out of the water and coat the sediment grains. these precipitants fill in the pore spaces between grains and act as cement, gluing individual grains together. the compaction and cementation of sediments creates sedimentary rocks like sandstone and shale, which are forming right now in places like the very bottom of the mississippi delta. because deposition of sediments often happens in seasonal or annual cycles, we often see layers preserved in sedimentary rocks when they are exposed. in order for us to see sedimentary rocks, however, they need to be uplifted and exposed by erosion. most uplift happens along plate boundaries where two plates are moving towards each other and causing compression. as a result, we see sedimentary rocks that contain fossils of marine organisms ( and therefore must have been deposited on the ocean floor ) exposed high up in the himalaya mountains \u2013 this is where the indian plate is running into the eurasian plate. figure 5 : the grand canyon is", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5140521174765265, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:1d8cdccb-098e-46d2-97a3-50a9d15430c5>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T10:38:08.722129"}
{"text": "sedimentary rocks that contain fossils of marine organisms ( and therefore must have been deposited on the ocean floor ) exposed high up in the himalaya mountains \u2013 this is where the indian plate is running into the eurasian plate. figure 5 : the grand canyon is famous for its exposures of great thicknesses of sedimentary rocks. if sedimentary rocks or intrusive igneous rocks are not brought to the earth \u2019 s surface by uplift and erosion, they may experience even deeper burial and be exposed to high temperatures and pressures. as a result, the rocks begin to change. rocks that have changed below the earth \u2019 s surface due to exposure to heat, pressure, and hot fluids are called metamorphic rocks. geologists often refer to metamorphic rocks as \u201c cooked \u201d because they change in much the same way that cake batter changes into a cake when heat is added. cake batter and cake contain the same ingredients, but they have very different textures, just like sandstone, a sedimentary rock, and quartzite, its metamorphic equivalent. in sandstone, individual sand grains are easily visible and often can even be rubbed off ; in quartzite, the edges of the sand grains are no longer visible, and it is a difficult rock to break with a hammer, much less rubbing pieces off with your hands. some of the processes within the rock cycle, like volcanic eruptions, happen very rapidly, while others happen very slowly, like the uplift of mountain ranges and weathering of igneous rocks. importantly, there are multiple pathways through the rock cycle. any kind of rock can be uplifted and exposed to weathering and erosion ; any kind of rock can be buried and metamorphosed. as hutton correctly theorized, these processes have been occurring for millions and billions of years to create the earth as we see it : a dynamic planet. the rock cycle is not just theoretical ; we can see all of these processes occurring at many different locations and at many different scales all over the world. as an example, the cascade range in north america illustrates many aspects of the rock cycle within a relatively small area, as shown in the diagram below. figure 6 : cross - section through the cascade range in washington state. image modified from the cascade volcano observatory, usgs. the cascade range in the northwestern united states is located near a convergent plate boundary, where the juan de fuca plate, which consists mostly of basalt saturated with ocean water is being subducted, or pulled underneath, the north american plate. as the plate descends deeper into the earth, heat and", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5099185818636999, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:1d8cdccb-098e-46d2-97a3-50a9d15430c5>", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T10:38:08.723589"}
{"text": "steven johnson makes a connection between the coffee house culture and the age of reason : his point is that in the 17th and 18th centuries england changed from a culture that was drunk during the daytime to one that was caffeinated. that \u2019 s an interesting point that i \u2019 m going to have to add to my lectures about how economic growth began before the industrial revolution. i have two additions. first, i think there \u2019 s an issue of economic serendipity here. people drank all day at that time because the water wasn \u2019 t safe to drink. they didn \u2019 t understand the mechanism, but there were clear medicinal reasons for a lot of beer and wine ( remember that spirits were in their infancy at this point ). yet, people had the technology to boil their water. the thing is, they didn \u2019 t recognize the advantages of this. there \u2019 s an unusual research project there for a ph. d. student : why exactly wasn \u2019 t this discovered. because what \u2019 s interesting is that they did learn to boil water to make a mild drug : coffee or tea. so it clearly took a little extra marginal benefit to convince people to drink hot liquids, but not too much. secondly, there \u2019 s a general point that is specifically relevant to where i teach : relatively dry utah ( pun intended ). mormon culture is proud of their alcohol avoidance. but, a little known fact in utah is that while there have been other dry - ish cultures around the globe, prior to the provision of clean public drinking water, the only places those cultures were successful was in arid and mountainous regions. the reason is that there isn \u2019 t much water to get polluted in those areas \u2014 so people see it as more valuable, and it \u2019 s never standing \u2014 so that it \u2019 s biological impurities can \u2019 t thrive. in short, pure mountain streams make teetotaling more feasible. what \u2019 s interesting about utah is that the local culture doubled - down on this advantage : not only to they discourage alcohol, but they \u2019 ve also discouraged hot caffeinated drinks for over a century. interestingly, there are a lot of quibbles about how effective that ban was in the 19th century. what is clear is that it became much more solid in the 20th century with the provision of clean public water. and to finish, many mormons are aware that alcohol, coffee, and tea were used substantially more by mormons in their faiths first two decades. but the strong religious discouragement of those really began to take hold only", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5029846998178961, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:be5a018d-43c3-4a6c-a845-2ac0024e886b>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T10:38:08.727631"}
{"text": "narrator : the text featured on john baldessari \u2019 s canvas comes from a series of works featuring formulaic advice from \u201c how - to \u201d art manuals. the artist explained in a 2010 interview : john baldessari : the subject matter is coming out of people \u2019 s ideas of how art might be taught. and i think that \u2019 s what i \u2019 m getting at. i mean, you can follow all kind of rules, and they \u2019 re probably all right, but it doesn \u2019 t mean you \u2019 re going to come up with anything that we can call art. narrator : baldessari \u2019 s paintings point out the absurdity of prevailing aesthetic attitudes. he follows the painting \u2019 s advice to \u201c break all the so - called rules of composition, \u201d which, ironically, actually means following the rules. and in another twist, by following the rules, baldessari has also broken them \u2014 since these results certainly aren \u2019 t what the teaching manuals are calling for. one of the founders of conceptual art, john baldessari uses words, images, video, paint, and photography interchangeably in works of art that are witty and self - referential. john baldessari : probably in the mid - 60s, i was really getting a little bit anxious, discontent, or disillusioned about art. i began to think that art might be more than just painting. you know, certainly painting is a vital part of doing art, but there might be other ways to do art. narrator : as a revered teacher at both the california institute of the arts and at ucla, he and his work have profoundly influenced generations of younger artists. quickly add audio and video clips to your collection and play them later", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5230925892689501, "token_count": 347, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:023334da-a1c2-452b-96f7-807d4324c4c2>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T10:38:08.740859"}
{"text": "rna, ribonucleotide acid, is built up of a phosphate and nitrogenous base, a ribose sugar, and a phosphate. the bases used are adenine ( a ), cytosine ( c ), guanine ( g ) and uracil ( u ). the chemical structure of rna there are four major groups of rna : messenger rna ( mrna ), ribosomal rna ( rrna ), transfer rna ( trna ) and small, regulatory rnas ( srna ). mrna is transcribed from dna by the enzyme rna polymerase, and is then used as a template in translation. rrnas are a major component of the ribosome, the translation machinery. they are divided into the 50s large subunit ( 23s and 5s ) and small 30s ( 16s ) in prokaryotes. the rrnas decode the mrna and interact with trnas. the trnas are attached to specific amino acids and carry them ( with the help of elongation factor tu ) to the ribosome during translation. the srnas form a quite recently discovered group of regulatory rnas that are thought to be of great importance especially during stress, when they bind specifically to their targets and as a consequence effect the expression of genes, either at the level of transcription or translation.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5191301497905398, "token_count": 267, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:f44e2793-140c-4216-818a-97021b96f284>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T10:38:08.751819"}
{"text": "current state - current sports most active stories shots - health blog thu december 15, 2011 experimental magnetic pulses may help heal a brain after stroke a little brain stimulation seems to speed up recovery from a stroke. this isn ' t the sort of brain stimulation you get from conversation. it ' s done using an electromagnetic coil placed against the scalp. researchers think the treatment encourages brain cells to form new connections, allowing the brain to rewire itself to compensate for damage caused by a stroke. the latest evidence that stimulation works comes from italy, where researchers treated patients with a condition called hemispatial neglect. it ' s a common problem in stroke patients that leaves them unable to see or recognize anything on one side of their body, even though their eyes work just fine. scientists suspect the problem occurs when a stroke causes damage that upsets the normal balance between the two sides of the brain. a stroke in the right side of the brain, for example, often seems to cause the healthy left side of the brain to become overactive and overload circuits involved in perception. a team from the santa lucia foundation in rome thought electromagnetic stimulation might help restore normal levels of activity in the affected side of the brain. so they did a study of 20 stroke patients with hemispatial neglect. some got 10 sessions of magnetic stimulation. the rest got a sham treatment. after two weeks, the ones who got stimulation improved 22 percent on tests of perception on the affected side, the team reported in the journal neurology. there was no change among those who got the sham treatment. the study is \" an important step forward, \" says randolph marshall, a stroke specialist at columbia university medical center. \" this work fits with other work suggesting that magnetic stimulation can enhance neuroplasticity. \" previous studies have found that brain stimulation can help stroke patients recover motor skills, muscle strength and the ability to swallow. even so, magnetic stimulation remains largely experimental and isn ' t yet a typical treatment for stroke patients.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5157731563886878, "token_count": 400, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:7e811759-1235-4a52-b3c4-041e7c15fbd5>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T10:38:08.757089"}
{"text": "my gifted and talented students went on a field trip to grassland dairy, located down the highway from greenwood. this local factory supplies much of central wisconsin with butter. they make, process, package, and ship massive amounts of the stuff for many other companies around the country as well. if you had butter on your toast this morning, chances are good that it might be grassland butter. grassland is also home to a massive automated packaging system, complete with several large robotic arms and miles of conveyer belts. it was the robots that brought my kids to the dairy. for many of them, to see these massive and complicated machines in action gives them an idea where technology can take them and how it affects us even locally. the people at grassland were happy to show us around and explained to my students how all of the incredibly complicated parts of the factory work together. one of my students, a fourth grader who built a robot that sorted lego bricks by color, said, \u201c that box sorter works just like my machine! \u201d we all were floored when we saw that the robot arms that load up boxes without fail are all programmed to within 1 / 1000 of an inch. \u201c we are going to need to learn our math, \u201d remarked another student. look at your local businesses. there is tremendous, real - world application of technology right under our noses. think of the math involved in stocking a grocery or running a restaurant. the student who loves cars but won \u2019 t work on his math might have a change of heart if he is taken to an auto body shop to see just how much of the job is ordering parts and making estimates. just think what your class could learn from the workers in your community if you take them off campus from time to time.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.503604734036168, "token_count": 354, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:78e5a023-49a0-411d-97f5-68480b83f194>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T10:38:08.761968"}
{"text": "| how the membrane protein amtb transports ammonia | membrane proteins provide molecular - sized entry and exit portals for the various substances that pass into and out of cells. while life scientists have solved the structures of protein channels for ions, uncharged solutes, and even water, up to now they have only been able to guess at the precise mechanisms by which gases ( such as nh3, co2, o2, no, n2o, etc. ) cross biological membranes. but, with the first high - resolution structure of a bacterial ammonia transporter ( amtb ), determined by a team in the stroud group from the university of california, san francisco, it is now known that this family of transporters conducts ammonia by stripping off the proton from the ammonium ( nh4 + ) cation and conducting the uncharged nh3 \u201c gas. \u201d progress in determining structures of membrane proteins of all kinds has been slowed by the difficulty of obtaining sufficiently robust crystals that diffract to high resolution. a common strategy is to grow crystals of proteins from multiple organisms in which the protein is known to have evolved from a common ancestor ( orthologs ) and select the one that gives the best diffraction data. the ucsf researchers cloned multiple orthologs of the integral membrane protein amtb belonging to the amt / mep / rh superfamily. to define any preferred sites for ammonia or methyl ammonia ( ch3nh2 ) and to clarify the mechanism for transport or conductance of these molecules, crystals were grown in the absence of any ammonium derivative and in the presence of ammonium sulfate or methyl ammonium sulfate. diffraction data from crystals of amtb from the bacterium escherichia coli were collected at als beamline 8. 3. 1 with a ccd area detector. phases were calculated from multiple - wavelength anomalous dispersion ( mad ) data from a selenomethionine ( semet ) - substituted protein. after data processing ( solvent flattening and phase extension to 2. 0 a ), the model was refined to 1. 35 a, the highest - resolution structure of any membrane protein to date. overall, the structure shows that amtb is a trimer, with each monomer containing a channel conducting ammonia. the monomer protein chain includes two structurally similar motifs of opposite polarity. each motif spans the cell membrane between the periplasm ( region between the cell wall and the membrane ) and the cytoplas", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.5320260795227276, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:8f2b79b8-6ec8-43b1-bfb2-c21e1e8f0d36>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T10:38:08.769153"}
{"text": "monomer containing a channel conducting ammonia. the monomer protein chain includes two structurally similar motifs of opposite polarity. each motif spans the cell membrane between the periplasm ( region between the cell wall and the membrane ) and the cytoplasm ( cell interior ) five times. comparison of the structures with and without ammonia and with methyl ammonia enabled the team to identify a wider vestibule site at the periplasmic side of the membrane that recruits nh4 + and a narrower 20 - a - long hydrophobic channel midway through the membrane that lowers the dissociation constant of nh4 +, thereby forming nh3, which is then stabilized by interactions with two conserved histidine side chains inside the channel. in a second vestibule at the cytoplasmic end of the channel, the nh3 returns to equilibrium as nh4 +. an ammonia conduction assay was devised using stopped - flow kinetics and, together with the structural result, proved that it is only neutral nh3 that is conducted by the channel. this is the first time that the structure and mechanism of a \u201c gas channel \u201d has been determined. conductance of uncharged nh3, versus the nh4 + ion, solves several biological problems. transport of only uncharged nh3 assures selectivity against all ions. nh4 + or any other ion would be unstable in the center of the hydrophobic bilayer, while nh3 is not. passage of uncharged nh3 would not result in a net change of protons across the membrane nor would it change the membrane potential, thus neither energy any negative counter ion to balance the charge is needed to accumulate ammonia. the structure of amtb and the mechanism of gas transport are common to other members of the superfamily in eukaryotic cells. for example, related rh proteins in humans are thought to be critical players in systemic ph regulation in the kidney, in amino acid biosynthesis, and in the central nervous system. research conducted by s. khademi, j. o \u2019 connell iii, j. remis, y. robles - colmenares, l. j. w. miercke, and r. m. stroud ( university of california, san francisco ). research funding : national institutes of general medical sciences. operation of the als is supported by the u. s. department of energy, office of basic energy sciences. publication about this research : s. khademi, j. o ' connell iii, j. remis", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.5504924181331892, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:8f2b79b8-6ec8-43b1-bfb2-c21e1e8f0d36>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T10:38:08.770131"}
{"text": "at a much later stage and a higher speed. its fixed trajectory, however, makes it also much more predictable, and once detected it is much easier to track. nevertheless, on its way towards the target the re - entry vehicle of shahab - 3a passes through a kind of a \u201c stealth phase \u201d : this is an effect based on the fact that the plasma at the heat shield makes it very hard to detect and track with radar when entering the earth atmosphere. however, faced with the fact that their likely opponents have a well - developed anti - ballistic missile system in service, and having experienced the imprecision of iraqi project 144. 5 al - hussayin missiles first - hand, the iranians wanted to develop a missile that would not only be precise by itself, but also deploy a steerable re - entry vehicle during the terminal dive phase. shahab - 3b is a result of this effort. during the recent testing the shahab - 3b proved several significant differences over the basic production variant, with the most important changes being done on its guidance system and the warhead, but few small also on the missile body. the most significant change is a new re - entry vehicle, with terminal guidance system and a new steering method, completely different from the normal re - entry vehicle with spin stabilization of the shahab - 3a. the new re - entry vehicle has now place for a rocket - nozzle control system so that no spin stabilization is needed anymore - at least not during all of the flight after the boost phase. nevertheless, this new nozzle - control system enables the shahab - 3b guidance and steering in all phases of the flight, so that course corrections can be done at any time. the new shahab - 3b was for the first time officially tested only a very short time after the israeli arrow abm system scored a first hit against a ss - 1 scud ballistic missile. the iranian defence minister said that the missile would be iran \u2019 s answer to the arrow and behind this statement are credible reasons. around one year ago iran claimed for the first time to have developed and produced a laser gyroscope ins system coupled with gps as backup. for full - guided flight with trajectory of the shahab - 3b, an accurate ins and / or gps is needed : laser gyroscope and gps are two of the most accurate technologies, used for course calculations. it is not yet known if this technology is also used in the shahab - 3b, but the coincidence is striking, especially as", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.5107804152161759, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:0805a8ad-bb69-4232-81c2-6e6ec40b4d86>", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T10:38:08.826799"}
{"text": "is needed : laser gyroscope and gps are two of the most accurate technologies, used for course calculations. it is not yet known if this technology is also used in the shahab - 3b, but the coincidence is striking, especially as with such an accurate navigation system the shahab - 3 could archive several objectives. the missile could change its trajectory several times during re - entry and even terminal phase, effectively preventing pre - calculated intercept points of radar systems - which is a method nearly all abm systems using these days. as a high - speed ballistic missile and pre - mission fuelling capability, the shahab - 3 has an extremely short launch / impact time ratio. this means that the ins / gyroscope guidance would also remain relatively accurate until impact ( important, given the fact that the gyrosopes tend to become inaccurate the longer the flight lasts ). with that guidance system, the shahab - 3b could archive an accuracy of around 30 - 50m cep or even less. the iranians have already proved of developing even more precise systems, then their fateh - 110 missiles have an electro - optical terminal guidance system : shahab - 3b is not known of having anything similar, but should be fully dependent on ins and \u2013 likely \u2013 gps. this new improved accuracy was apparently the reason why the warhead weight has been significantly decreased - to suggested 500kg. this, namely, is sufficient for pin - point target attack capability. another reason for the 500kg warhead would be the improved range, which is reported to be meanwhile between 1. 700 and 2. 500km. the shahab - 3 programme is extremely important for the iranian defence capability. this weapon is now apparently the main deep - strike weapon system of iranian armed services, deployed even ahead of fighter - bombers of the iriaf. this step - by - step project was provided with relatively large funding and the mass - production of the shahab - 3 is running already since two years. the shahab - 3b has apparently reached an initial operational capability phase, but it remains unclear if the version is already in production or not. it is, nevertheless, certain that the new variant should be more expensive than the basic shahab - 3a, which is why it is believed that the shahab - 3a will remain in production, while the shahab - 3b will only be used against high priority and / or heavily defended targets \u2013 perhaps after a salvo of shahab - 3as has forced the opponent to spend his", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.5055087809906796, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:0805a8ad-bb69-4232-81c2-6e6ec40b4d86>", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T10:38:08.828936"}
{"text": "case study : theatre seating in many auditoria, the seating and audience form the main absorption in the room, and consequently being able to correctly measure and predict the absorption coefficient of these surfaces is very important. the wrong estimation of seating absorption has been blamed for acoustic problems in many halls. salford university developed a method for testing theatre seating which is now used commercial. the aim of measuring the random incidence absorption of a small sample of seats in a reverberation chamber is to predict the absorption that a large area of the same seats will exhibit when installed in an auditorium. there are problems, however, in that the small sample of chairs in the reverberation chamber ( say 24 ) is unrepresentative of a large block of seating because the edge effect is overemphasised in the reverberation chamber measurements. the kath and kuhl method involves placing the seating in the corner of the reverberation chamber in rows with their intended row spacing, and the exposed edges obscured with barriers. the concept is to separately measure three absorption coefficients by carrying out measurements with and without barriers : - for an infinite array with no edges with side and front barriers in place ; - for the front edges with the side barrier only in place, and - for the side edges with the front barrier only in place. this then allows the absorption of the array, front and sides to be found, and a proper prediction of the absorption of any size array. the test technique has been used extensively over the past few years to test provide information for the design several new or refurbished theatres and concert halls such as the royal albert hall and royal festival hall. back to commercial testing homepage", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.5296341228821879, "token_count": 340, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:5563b49c-47f8-447d-b847-3fd44ac68de1>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T10:38:08.833316"}
{"text": "launching a \" social networking war \" against cancer tuesday, august 14, 2012 like bacteria, cancer cells rely on communication and cooperation, says tau research experts agree that, more than ever before, modern wars will be fought in the cyber zone, targeting an enemy ' s communications technology to cause untold damage. now a tel aviv university researcher is suggesting that the same tactics should be employed in the battle against one of the body ' s deadliest enemies \u2014 cancer. in an article published in trends in microbiology, prof. eshel ben - jacob of tau ' s school of physics and astronomyandprof. herbert levine of rice university, long - time bacteria researchers, and prof. donald coffey of johns hopkins university, a renowned cancer researcher, examine the shared traits of cancer cells and bacteria. like bacteria, cancer cells rely on communication and \" social networking \" to become powerful entities within the body. inspired by the social and survival tactics of bacteria, the team presents a new picture of cancer as a meta - community of smart communicating cells possessing special traits for cooperative behavior. knowing the enemy for many years, scientists ignored the complex social interactions of bacteria, now the number three killer in hospitals in the western world. the researchers believe that medical professionals are similarly \" underestimating the enemy \" when it comes to cancer cells that exhibit many similar behaviors. the parallels that can be drawn between the two types of cells are astounding. while healthy cells are highly disciplined, responding to chemical and physical cues telling them how to behave, bacteria and cancer cells override this control by using different chemical and genetic pathways. they proliferate quickly to make rapid genetic changes, avoiding the body ' s immune system and developing drug resistance. using intricate communication, cancer cells can distribute tasks, share resources, differentiate, and make decisions. before sending cells to colonize organs and tissues throughout the body ( metastasis ), \" spying cells \" explore the body and return the cancer ' s origin. only then do metastatic cells leave the primary tumor and navigate to new posts. also like bacteria, cancer cells change their own environment. they induce genetic changes and enslave surrounding normal cells, forcing them to do the disease ' s bidding \u2014 providing physical support, protecting them from the immune system, and more. cancer cells can also become dormant when they sense danger, such as chemotherapy chemicals, then reactivate at will. a new therapeutic direction prof. ben - jacob suggests that studying the social behavior of cancer cells can inspire new research directions and pave the way for the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5425689945311192, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:c4fd7324-0fd7-422a-9503-407ee92c5919>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T10:38:08.842312"}
{"text": "can also become dormant when they sense danger, such as chemotherapy chemicals, then reactivate at will. a new therapeutic direction prof. ben - jacob suggests that studying the social behavior of cancer cells can inspire new research directions and pave the way for the development of novel therapeutic approaches \u2014 for example, a new class of drugs to target cell - to - cell communication or send misleading messages. with the ability to become immune to chemotherapy and lay dormant until it determines the time is right to reawaken, cancer often relapses undetected until it ' s too late to treat, says prof. levine. breaking the communication code for awakening dormant cells could help researchers learn how to reactivate them on purpose \u2014 and be ready to kill them as soon as they \" awaken. \" the team also suggests further research into cancer \" cannibalism, \" when cancer cells may consume their peers when they run out of resources. the idea is to send signals which trigger cancer cells to kill each other, which can be done with bacteria. other researchers have demonstrated that injected bacteria can \" outsmart cancer. \" bacteria can be used to induce gap junctions between the cancer cells and immune cells, \" teaching \" the immune system to recognize and kill the tumor cells. we might be entering a new era of biological cyber - warfare, in which scientists can enlist bacterial intelligence to defeat cancer, prof. ben - jacob concludes. for more cancer research news from tel aviv university, click here.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5164801547003153, "token_count": 297, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:c4fd7324-0fd7-422a-9503-407ee92c5919>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T10:38:08.843023"}
{"text": "a brief description of islam as the shi ' ites believe 5 - monotheism is the very soul of all the islamic commandments we believe that one of the most important subjects of the knowledge of god, is the monotheism, i. e. the belief that there is but one god. as a matter of fact monotheism ( towhid ) is not only a principle of the religion, but the most important of the tenets. it is the very soul and the base of all the islamic ideas and beliefs. we can say that the roots, as well as the branches of islam take their forms in the monotheism. the unity and oneness is a general topic of conversation everywhere and in every field : - unity of god ' s essence, unity of his attributes, and actions. in other word, also the unity of prophets and their teachings, the unity of the law, ghibleh, and the books. and after all, the unity of moslims through their brotherhood and the unity of the resurrection day. from this point of view the holy qur\u00f8 \u00b7 n declares polytheism as an unforgiveable sin : - \" allah does not forgive those who set up partners with him, but he may forgive any sin inferior to that, of whom he wills. he that sets up co - sharers with allah is guilty of a sin which is most heinous indeed. \" the holy quran - s4 : 48 \" it has already been revealed to you as it was revealed to those before you that : - \" if you join gods with allah, your deeds shall be fruitless, and you surely will be one of those who lose. ( all spiritual goodnesses ) the holy quran - s39 : 65 6 - the branches of monotheism we believe that monotheism, ( towhid ) has many branches among which four are the most important ones : -", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5181758538732559, "token_count": 389, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:39e0755c-4a5a-471c-a088-b2ce1d366dc4>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T10:38:08.850208"}
{"text": "johannes wilcke invented and then alessandro volta perfected the electrophorus over two hundred years ago. this device was quickly adopted by scientists throughout the world because it filled the need for a reliable and easy - to - use source of charge and voltage for experimental researches in electrostatics [ dibner, 1957 ]. many old natural philosophy texts contain lithographs of the electrophorus. a hand - held electrophorus can produce significant amounts of charge conveniently and repeatedly. it is operated by first frictionally charging a flat insulating plate called a \" cake \". in volta ' s day, the cake was made of shellac / resin mixtures or a carnauba wax film deposited on glass. nowadays, excellent substitutes are available. teflontm, though a bit expensive, is a good choice because it is an excellent insulator, charges readily, and is easy to clean and maintain. the electrophorus is ideal for generating energetic capacitive sparks required for vapor ignition demonstrations. the basic operational steps for the electrophorus are depicted in the sequence of diagrams below. note that the electrode, though making intimate contact with the tribocharged plate, actually charges by induction. no charge is removed from the charged cake and, in principle, the electrode can be charged any number of time by repeating the steps depicted. click here to view a neat animation of the electrophorus charging process. ainslie describes interesting experiments with an electrophorus that was charged in the springtime and then its charge monitored throughout the summer [ ainslie, 1982 ]. the apparent disappearance of the charge during humid weather and its reappearance in the fall must be attributed to changes in the humidity. the energy for each capacitive spark drawn from the electrophorus is actually supplied by the action of lifting the electrode off the cake. this statement can be confirmed by investigating the strength of the sparks as a function of the height to which the electrode is lifted. layton makes this point and further demonstrates with a small fluorescent tube the dependence of the electrostatic potential on the position of the electrode [ layton, 1991 ]. lifting the electrode higher gives stronger sparks [ lapp, 1992 ]. click here to view an interactive, animated version of this demonstration that reveals the movement of charge as the steps of the demonstration are followed. please be patient while the java script loads! the electrophorus works most reliably if the charged insulating plate rests atop a grounded plane, such as a metal sheet, foil, or conductive", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5326053487184944, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:c009257d-7858-4c03-97a8-b9e17e05b736>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T10:38:08.862866"}
{"text": "as the steps of the demonstration are followed. please be patient while the java script loads! the electrophorus works most reliably if the charged insulating plate rests atop a grounded plane, such as a metal sheet, foil, or conductive plastic. [ see bakken museum booklet, pp. 78 - 80. ] the ground plane limits the potential as the electrode is first lifted from the plate, thus preventing a premature brush discharge. in dry weather, powerful 3 / 4 \" ( 2 cm ) sparks can be drawn easily from a 6 \" ( 15 cm ) diameter, polished, nick - free aluminum electrode. estimating the potential of the electrode at v = ~ 50 kv and the capacitance at c = ~ 20 pf, we get q = cv = ~ 1 microcoulomb for the charge and ue = cv2 / 2 = ~ 30 millijoules for the capacitive energy. this energy value easily exceeds the minimum ignition energy ( mie ) of most flammable vapors. click here to learn about a new type of electrophorus invented by s. kamachi. the web site of the world - famous exploratorium in san francisco describes a simple electrophorus made of aluminum pie plates and other inexpensive materials. young scientists should check out this page. in addition, the library references below contain interesting information about the electrophorus and other electrostatics demonstrations. one example is the cylindrical electrophorus [ ainslie, 1980 ]. a simple leaf electroscope attachment, shown in the figure below, makes it very easy to reveal some of the important charging and charge redistribution phenomena of the electrophorus. this accessory is especially handy because it works even on warm, humid days when large, impressive sparks can not be coaxed out of the electrophorus. refer to the electroscope page for details on how to make this convenient accessory. the electroscope is operated in the same way as before, but now the electroscope reveals information about the charge and its distribution on the electrode. in particular, it should be noted that, as the electrophorus is lifted up, its charge does not change. the leaves of the electroscope spread apart because the constant charge on the electrode redistributes itself, with about half of the charge moving to the top surface. another thing to notice is that the leaves, which spread to a wide angle when the electrode is first lifted, slowly come back together with time, indicating the leakage of electric charge, presumably", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5312296207869575, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:c009257d-7858-4c03-97a8-b9e17e05b736>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T10:38:08.865796"}
{"text": "with about half of the charge moving to the top surface. another thing to notice is that the leaves, which spread to a wide angle when the electrode is first lifted, slowly come back together with time, indicating the leakage of electric charge, presumably due to corona discharge from the edges of the leaves. corona discharge accessory another simple accessory is a corona discharge point that can be attached to the electrophorus. the attachment is a metal rod of diameter 1 / 16 \" or greater with one end sharpened to a point. when the charged electrode is lifted, the electric field at the sharpened tip exceeds the corona limit and a local discharge starts, dissipating the charge on the electrophorus. if one listens closely as the electrode is lifted, a soft, varied - pitch buzzing noise lasting just a few seconds may be heard. this is the corona, and it stops after the voltage has been reduced below the corona threshold. passive corona discharge points are used widely in manufacturing to dissipate unwanted static charge. the corona discharge can be largely suppressed by covering the sharpened point with a small piece of antistatic plastic foam of the type used for packaging esd - sensitive electronic components. the figure below shows how this scheme - - called resistive grading - - works to reduce or stop corona discharges. d. s. ainslie, \" inversion of electrostatic charges in a cylindrical electrophorus \", physics teacher, vol. 18, no. 7, october, 1980, p. 530. d. s. ainslie, \" can an electrophorus lose its charge and then recharge itself? \", physics teacher, vol. 20, no. 4, april, 1982, p. 254. bakken library and museum, sparks and shocks, kendall / hunt publishing co., dubuque, ia, 1996, pp. 53 - 55. b. dibner, early electrical machines, pub. # 14, burndy library, norwalk, ct, 1957, p. 50 - 53. r. a. ford, homemade lightning : creative experiments in electricity ( 2nd ed. ), tab books ( mcgraw - hill ), new york 1996, chapter 10. o. d. jefimenko, \" long - lasting electrization and electrets, \" in electrostatics and its applications ( a. d. moore, ed. ), wiley - interscience, new york, 1973, pp. 117 - 118. d. r. lapp, \" letters, \" physics", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.5231966720716652, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:c009257d-7858-4c03-97a8-b9e17e05b736>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T10:38:08.866864"}
{"text": "science fair project encyclopedia gaba a receptor the receptor is a multimeric transmembrane receptor that sits in the membrane of its neuron. once bound to its ligand, the protein receptor changes confirmation within the membrane. this particular protein is configured in such a way as to allow certain ions to pass through its pore when the pore is open. the ligand gaba is the endogenous compound that tells this receptor to open, allowing chloride ions ( cl - ) to pass down its electrochemical gradient. because the chloride ion concentration is high outside of the cell, opening of the channel pore results in an influx of chloride into the cell, thus hyperpolarizing it. other ligands interact with the gaba ( a ) receptor to mimic gaba or to potentiate its response. such other ligands include the benzodiazepines ( increase pore opening frequency ), barbiturates ( increase pore opening duration ), and certain steroids. still other compounds interact with the gaba ( a ) receptor to attenuate the effects of gaba ; such blocking agents are flumazenil ( a competitive benzodiazepine antagonist ) and picrotoxin, which blocks the channel directly. the phenotypic response to all of these interactions is seen in effects such as muscle relaxation, sedation, anticonvulsion, and anesthesia, based on the location of the cell in question, its intracellular second - messenger milieu, and the dose of the ligand at the receptor ; the dosage issue is commonly related to the amount of exogenous drug that is delivered to the patient ( e. g., anesthesia during surgery ). the contents of this article is licensed from www. wikipedia. org under the gnu free documentation license. click here to see the transparent copy and copyright details", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5644769254284383, "token_count": 374, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:9474f750-6893-454a-97ac-d40a464838cf>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T10:38:08.869260"}
{"text": "medical ethics and bioethics in europe definitions and approaches the term \u201c medical ethics \u201d is often used to refer to the deontology of the medical profession covering issues such as moral rules, rules of etiquette and rules for professional conduct. the word \u201c deontological \u201d comes from the root \u201c deon \u201d which means duty or obligation in latin. in some countries, codes or medical ethics have been supplemented by patients \u2019 rights laws. there is a difference between the two in that the former emphasizes the obligations and duties of doctors whereas the latter usually involves some form of legal right or entitlement. nevertheless, in some countries codes of medical ethics are enshrined in law and consequently take on a legal status ( with regard to the obligations of healthcare professionals ). hoy ( 2004 ) argues that obligations which are enforced and hence not undertaken freely, are not in the realm of the ethical. for example, in countries where slavery has been abolished or certain forms of animal experimentation made illegal, such issues move from the realm of the ethical to that of the legal. on the other hand, certain practices such as abortion or euthanasia have been legalized in some countries but are not accepted some groups in society as being ethical. the term \u201c bioethics \u201d was used for the first time by potter, a biologist, in 1970 to refer to ethical problems linked to the present and the future of life in general and of human life in particular. later, helleger used the term to refer to a way to approach and resolve the moral conflicts raised by modern medicine ( gracia, 2001 ). bioethics is not just a series of principles but implies, in the european tradition at least, a moral obligation to act. kant, a german philosopher from the enlightenment period, was concerned with the motivation behind any action. he stated that action done from duty has its moral worth not in the purpose to be attained by it but in the maxim in accordance with which it is decided upon. he developed the categorical imperative which states, \u201c act only on that maxim whereby you can at the same time will that it should become a universal law or a universal law of nature \u201d ( in kuczewski, 2004 ). in europe, bioethics is very much based on the principle of solidarity, as well as freedom, tolerance, equal opportunity, social justice and human dignity. the gradual and continued expansion of the european union has led to new possibilities and potential problems in the health care domain. at the same time, efforts are constantly", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5079564254638889, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:8c7f7679-9540-4ca8-8f34-912b2929fffc>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T10:38:08.873113"}
{"text": "of solidarity, as well as freedom, tolerance, equal opportunity, social justice and human dignity. the gradual and continued expansion of the european union has led to new possibilities and potential problems in the health care domain. at the same time, efforts are constantly underway to harmonise health care provision, promote cooperation and find consensus on a variety of healthcare issues. in 1992, the maastricht treaty on the european union made public health an object of eu policy ( ten have, 2001 ). however, long before this, the council of europe had decided to set up a single specialised committee to deal with bioethical issues. this committee, the steering committee on bioethics, was granted permanent status in 1992. this came just one year after the commission of the european union set up the group of advisers on the ethical implications of biotechnology ( gaeib ). in 1997, the council of europe \u2019 s convention on human rights and biomedicine was signed by 21 member states in oviedo, spain. its emphasis on the principles of human dignity and solidarity can be clearly detected in some of the recitals of the preamble : - convinced of the need to respect the human being both as an individual and as a member of the human species and recognising the importance of ensuring the dignity of the human being ; - conscious that the misuse of biology and medicine may lead to acts endangering human dignity ; - affirming that progress in biology and medicine should be used for the benefit of present and future generations ; - stressing the need for international co - operation so that all humanity may enjoy the benefits of biology and medicine ; - wishing to remind all members of society of their rights and responsibilities. last updated : vendredi 09 octobre 2009", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.513866895590051, "token_count": 359, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:8c7f7679-9540-4ca8-8f34-912b2929fffc>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T10:38:08.873944"}
{"text": "this book explores image processing from several perspectives : the creative, the theoretical ( mainly mathematical ), and the programmatical. it explains the basic principles of image processing, drawing on key concepts and techniques from mathematics, psychology of perception, computer science, and art, and introduces computer programming as a way to get more control over image processing operations. it does so without requiring college - level mathematics or prior programming experience. the content is supported by pixelmath, a freely available software program that helps the reader understand images as both visual and mathematical objects. the first part of the book covers such topics as digital image representation, sampling, brightness and contrast, color models, geometric transformations, synthesizing images, stereograms, photomosaics, and fractals. the second part of the book introduces computer programming using an open - source version of the easy - to - learn python language. it covers the basics of image analysis and pattern recognition, including edge detection, convolution, thresholding, contour representation, and k - nearest - neighbor classification. a chapter on computational photography explores such subjects as high - dynamic - range imaging, autofocusing, and methods for automatically inpainting to fill gaps or remove unwanted objects in a scene. applications described include the design and implementation of an image - based game. the pixelmath software provides a \" transparent \" view of digital images by allowing the user to view the rgb values of pixels by zooming in on an image. pixelmath provides three interfaces : the pixel calculator ; the formula page, an advanced extension of the calculator ; and the python window.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5619934065424215, "token_count": 334, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:882d1b3e-a37a-42e5-9605-0df66d8b0652>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T10:38:08.875717"}
{"text": "cynthia willett brings together diverse insights from social psychology, classical and contemporary literature, and legal and justice theory to redefine the basis of the moral and legal person. feminists, communitarians, and postmodern thinkers have made clear that classical liberalism, with its emphasis on individual autonomy and excessive rationalism, is severely limited. although she is sympathetic with the liberal view, willett finds it necessary to go further. for her, attention to the social dimensions of the family and civil society is critical if issues of race, gender, class, and sexuality are to be taken seriously. interdependency, not autonomy, is of increasing significance in an era of globalization. willett proposes an alternate normative theory that recognizes the impact of social forces on individual well - being. citizenship in a democracy should not be defined solely on the basis of rights to autonomy, such as bare rights to property or free speech, she explains. rather, citizenship should be defined first of all in terms of the rights, responsibilities, and capacities of the social person. it is within the african american tradition of political thought that willett finds a more useful definition of human identity and political freedom. the african american experience offers a compelling vision of social change and a deeper understanding of what it means to be a social person. by focusing on everyday battles against racism, willett contends, we can gain valuable insight into the meaning of justice.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5657923648194567, "token_count": 288, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:a632d388-0c6c-462b-96fa-a6a22f57fad9>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T10:38:08.877471"}
{"text": "- drawing from imagination - recognizing the unique characteristics which define an animal. - working with details and patterns. realistic, pattern, unique characteristics you will need - 12 x 18 - inch white drawing paper - non - toxic black permanent markers - watercolor markers - pencils ( optional ) - set out the pencils, markers, and drawing paper. - have the watercolor markers ready, but put aside until the drawings are completed. creating the animals - explain to the children that, by combining the parts of three or more animals, they will be creating one - of - a - kind, never - before - seen animals. ask them to imagine an animal with an alligator ' s head, a tiger ' s body, and an elephant ' s ears. - discuss the unique characteristics which identify an animal, such as a squirrel ' s tail, a giraffe ' s neck, and a camel ' s hump. emphasize the importance of including patterns and details. for example, leopards and tigers have similar body shapes, but are immediately recognized by their spots or stripes. - have the children each draw one large animal combining the parts of three or more animals. older children appreciate drawing with pencils first and then going over their lines with the black markers. younger children work best drawing directly with the black markers. - when the drawings are completed, have the children color their animals with watercolor markers. since this project is most effective when the parts of the animals are quickly recognizable, encourage the children to use realistic colors as seen in nature. - have the children name their new species of animals by combining several sounds or syllables from the names of the animals used in the drawings, such as a \" chelegator \" ( ch - ele - gator ), which includes parts of a chicken, an elephant, and an alligator. the older children can work individually to name their animals, but plan this as a group activity with the younger children. - tongue twisters are fun, as long as the children are able to pronounce the names. - prepare a list of the unique characteristics which define some animals to offer when ideas run short. for a greater variety of even zanier animals, include insect and / or fish parts. - encourage the children to draw one large animal that fills their paper instead of several smaller ones. - for the most impact, the animals need to be quickly recognizable. encourage the children to include lots of details and use realistic colors. - young children tend to fill in their work with the black markers, so be", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5135500715376974, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:dc93d357-9959-477a-b003-ea3fccedcada>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T10:38:08.955862"}
{"text": "to nobel - prize - winning research : development of yellow fever vaccine ( 1951 ) ; culturing of poliovirus that ultimately led to a polio vaccine ( 1954 ) ; and the significant discoveries in visual processing in the brain ( 1981 ) ( reference : r. w. leader & d. stark, 1987, the importance of animals in biomedical research. perspectives in biology and medicine, vol. 30, no. 4, pp. 470 - 485 ; see also the foundation for biomedical research, the payoff from animal research ). of course, nonhuman primates are also studied because they are fascinating animals. they live in a wide range of habitats, and show many interesting differences in behavior and life styles. for example, in some species like squirrel monkeys, many adult males and many adult females live together the year round in a troop that also contains infants and juvenile animals. in other species, like titi monkeys that live in the same area as squirrel monkeys, a single adult male and a single adult female live together with their offspring. what might account for the differences between these two types of social systems? are there differences in psychological characteristics between squirrel and titi monkeys that might be related to their different social systems? male titi monkeys appear to exhibit behavior that looks very much like jealousy, but male squirrel monkeys do not. why is that? as you can see, there are many kinds of ' primate research ', including field observations of undisturbed wild primates, behavioral observations of animals in captive colonies, experimental behavioral and physiological research, biomedical research, and more. for further information on many types of research involving nonhuman primates, see f. king, c. yarbrough, d. anderson, t. gordon, and k. gould, 1988. primates. science, 1988, vol. 240, pages 1475 - 1482. how many primates are research subjects per year? according to the fiscal year 2006 animal welfare enforcement report, 1, 012, 713 warm - blooded animals were used in research, testing, teaching, or experimentation. this figure does not cover laboratory rats and mice, and farm animals used exclusively in agricultural research. of these, 62, 315 primates ( 6. 15 % of the total ) were used. two points should be made. first, the vast majority of animals used in research are laboratory rats and mice. in 1995, researchers at tufts university center for animals and public policy estimated that 14 - 21 million animals were used in american laboratories in 1992.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.5025486344424507, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:8ac6af2c-cb10-4f7a-9413-bd38a63759e3>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T10:38:08.967985"}
{"text": "1. 1 this test method covers a test that can be used to compare the cavitation erosion resistance of solid materials. a submerged cavitating jet, issuing from a nozzle, impinges on a test specimen placed in its path so that cavities collapse on it, thereby causing erosion. the test is carried out under specified conditions in a specified liquid, usually water. this test method can also be used to compare the cavitation erosion capability of various liquids. 1. 2 this test method specifies the nozzle and nozzle holder shape and size, the specimen size and its method of mounting, and the minimum test chamber size. procedures are described for selecting the standoff distance and one of several standard test conditions. deviation from some of these conditions is permitted where appropriate and if properly documented. guidance is given on setting up a suitable apparatus, test and reporting procedures, and the precautions to be taken. standard reference materials are specified ; these must be used to verify the operation of the facility and to define the normalized erosion resistance of other materials. 1. 3 two types of tests are encompassed, one using test liquids which can be run to waste, for example, tap water, and the other using liquids which must be recirculated, for example, reagent water or various oils. slightly different test circuits are required for each type. 1. 4 this test method provides an alternative to test method g 32. in that method, cavitation is induced by vibrating a submerged specimen at high frequency ( 20 khz ) with a specified amplitude. in the present method, cavitation is generated in a flowing system so that both the jet velocity and the downstream pressure ( which causes the bubble collapse ) can be varied independently. 1. 5 the values stated in si units are to be regarded as the standard. the values given in parentheses are for information only. this standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. it is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. 2. referenced documents ( purchase separately ) the documents listed below are referenced within the subject standard but are not provided as part of the standard. a276 specification for stainless steel bars and shapes b160 specification for nickel rod and bar b211 specification for aluminum and aluminum - alloy rolled or cold finished bar, rod, and wire d1193 specification for reagent water e691", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5244082274904173, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:bdaa71f6-d2c1-4e0b-9c7a-083483899da0>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T10:38:08.975826"}
{"text": "test method, as a part of a suite of mobility test methods, is to quantitatively evaluate a teleoperated ground robot \u2019 s ( see terminology e2521 ) capability of traversing complex terrain composed of crossing pitch / roll ramps in confined areas. 1. 1. 2 robots shall possess a certain set of mobility capabilities, including negotiating complex terrains, to suit critical operations such as emergency responses. a part of the complexity is that the environments often pose constraints to robotic mobility to various degrees. this test method specifies apparatuses to standardize a confined areas terrain that is composed of crossing pitch / roll ramps and that notionally represents types of terrains containing moderate discontinuities, existent in emergency response and other environments. this test method also specifies procedures and metrics to standardize testing using the apparatus. 1. 1. 3 the test apparatuses are scalable to provide a range of lateral dimensions to constrain the robotic mobility during task performance. fig. 1 shows three apparatus sizes to test robots intended for different emergency response scenarios. 1. 1. 4 emergency ground robots shall be able to handle many types of obstacles and terrains. the required mobility capabilities include traversing gaps, hurdles, stairs, slopes, various types of floor surfaces or terrains, and confined passageways. yet additional mobility requirements include sustained speeds and towing capabilities. standard test methods are required to evaluate whether candidate robots meet these requirements. 1. 1. 5 astm task group e54. 08. 01 on robotics specifies a mobility test suite, which consists of a set of test methods for evaluating these mobility capability requirements. this confined area terrain with crossing pitch / roll ramps is a part of the mobility test suite. fig. 2 shows examples of other confined area terrains, along with the traversing paths. the apparatuses associated with the test methods challenge specific robot capabilities in repeatable ways to facilitate comparison of different robot models as well as particular configurations of similar robot models. 1. 1. 6 the test methods quantify elemental mobility capabilities necessary for ground robots intended for emergency response applications. as such, users of this standard can use either the entire suite or a subset based on their particular performance requirements. users are also allowed to weight particular test methods or particular metrics within a test method differently based on their specific performance requirements. the testing results should collectively represent an emergency response ground robot \u2019 s overall mobility performance as required. these performance data can be used to guide procurement specifications and acceptance testing for robots intended for emergency response applications. note 1 \u2014 additional test methods", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5324057003539822, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:f1dd10ed-7449-4e47-a143-32d04cd7e103>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T10:38:08.986587"}
{"text": "lc39a. lv family. launch vehicle - sts - 135 -. payload : atlantis f33 / rafaello mplm - 2. nation : usa. program : iss. class : manned. type : manned spaceplane. flight : sts - 135 ; iss eo - 27 ; iss eo - 28. spacecraft : atlantis. duration : 12. 77 days. decay date : 2011 - 07 - 21. usaf sat cat : 37736. cospar : 2011 - 031a. apogee : 385 km ( 239 mi ). perigee : 371 km ( 230 mi ). inclination : 51. 6000 deg. period : 92. 10 min. final space shuttle flight, denoting the end of the space age. atlantis docked with the harmony module of the iss on 10 june at 15 : 07 gmt. primary payload was the raffaello multipurpose logistics module delivering consumables and spare parts to the station sufficient to support the six crew members through the end of 2012 should delays occur in nasa ' s commercial robotic resupply program. main crew task while docked with the station was to unload rafaello and return of the station ' s failed coolant pump module for analysis. atlantis undocked on 19 july at 06 : 28 gmt. the picosat solar cell experiment satellite was released from the cargo bay on 20 july. atlantis made the final shuttle landing at the kennedy space center on 21 july at 09 : 57 gmt. payload delivered was : - external airlock / ods : 1800 kg - emu spacesuits 3015, 3006 : 260 kg - rms arm 301 : 410 kg - orbiter boom sensor system : 382 kg - mplm - 2 rafaello : 11, 556 kg - spdu : 17 kg - roeu 755 umbilical for mplm : 78 kg - lightweight mpess carrier : 1050 kg - robotic refuelling mission : 300 kg - picosat launcher : 22 kg - pssc - 2 / mtv aerospace corporation picosat solar cell experiment satellite : 4 kg - total payload : 15, 879 kg 2011 july 12 - - eva sts - 135 - 1 -. crew : fossum ; garan. eva type : extravehicular activity. eva duration : 0. 27 days. nation : usa. program : iss. flight : sts - 135 ; iss eo - 27 ; iss eo - 28. summary : final eva from a shuttle. the astronauts moved a", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5170020309418486, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:82c7d78b-ae8f-492a-ac38-e65ceb53d73f>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T10:38:08.992658"}
{"text": "spinal cord injury is damage to the spinal cord that results in paralysis ( loss of mobility, reflexes, or sensation ). sci can occur from : vehicular accidents, sporting activities, gunshot wounds, falls, etc. spinal cord injury is dependent on the type and level of injury. an injury can be complete or incomplete. a complete injury means that there is no function, no sensation, and no voluntary mobility below the level of injury. an incomplete injury means that there is some functioning below the primary level of the injury. a person may have partial or complete movement in limb ( s ) or sensation and feeling in different parts of the body. when a spinal cord injury occurs, there is usually swelling of the spinal cord. some people may regain some functioning if the swelling subsides after several days or weeks. every case of sci is different and the amount of function that is regained differs among individuals. after an sci patient is stabilized, the next step is usually rehabilitation. the amount of stay in a rehabilitation center or unit is dependent on insurance and financial resources. at the rehab center, physical and occupational therapists will work with the sci patient to achieve as much independence as possible ( dependent on level of inury ). also, it is important that family members make sure that the patients stay be one in which a patient learns everything that will fully prepare him when he is discharged. following an sci, the alan t brown foundation ( atbf ) is here to answer any questions that may arise regarding a newly - injured person. please feel free to contact atbf at 212 - 944 - 8727 or via email at email @ example. com. atbf can show you that there is life after paralysis.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.5475757096053885, "token_count": 344, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:8db84c71-0909-4c78-8731-2c89a50a4c5e>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T10:38:08.998691"}
{"text": "do deficits in visual motion processing underlie social difficulties in autism? little is known about the perceptual deficits associated with autism. this is surprising because the accurate perception of socially relevant information is a necessary first step in social behavior. people communicate vast amounts of rich social information, such as emotion and intention, through their actions. given the importance of human action perception to social behavior, vision researchers have conducted numerous experiments to understand how the human visual system normally analyzes the bodily movements or actions of other people. this is done by simulating human movements using multiple points of light across a computer screen. this psychophysical measurement will be applied to individuals with high functioning autism ( hfa ) to determine how, and how well, adults with autism can differentiate patterns of individual points of light that mimic human movement. significance : this proposal addresses the question of whether individuals with high functioning autism ( hfa ) are compromised in their ability to perceive human action. if individuals with hfa have difficulty perceiving the actions of other people, then this might account for aspects of their social deficits. such a finding would indicate that significant changes are needed in our understanding, assessment, and treatment of hfa. the results of this study are complemented by the group at the university of glasgow which will investigate neural activation during tasks which involve visual processing while observing biological stimuli.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.582413918685244, "token_count": 273, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:c299f974-9dff-4aaf-9557-5d4a04b33831>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T10:38:09.003283"}
{"text": "aviation agency, later called the federal aviation administration ( faa ) when congress created the department of transportation ( dot ) in 1967. the agency was charged with establishing and running a broad air traffic control system, to maintain safe separation of all commercial aircraft through all phases of flight. in addition, it assumed jurisdiction over all other aviation safety matters, such as the certification of aircraft designs, and airline training and maintenance programs. the civil aeronautics board retained jurisdiction over economic matters, such as airline routes and rates. wide - bodies and supersonics 1969 marked the debut of another revolutionary aircraft, the boeing 747, which, again, pan am was the first to purchase and fly in commercial service. it was the first wide - body jet, with two aisles, a distinctive upper deck over the front section of the fuselage, and four engines. with seating for as many as 450 passengers, it was twice as big as any other boeing jet and 80 percent bigger than the largest jet up until that time, the dc - 8. recognizing the economies of scale to be gained from larger jets, other aircraft manufacturers quickly followed suit. douglas built its first wide - body, the dc - 10, in 1970, and only a month later, lockheed flew its contender in the wide - body market, the l - 1011. both of these jets had three engines ( one under each wing and one on the tail ) and were smaller than the 747, seating about 250 passengers. during the same period of time, efforts were underway in both the united states and europe to build a supersonic commercial aircraft. the soviet union was the first to succeed, testing the tupolev 144 in december of 1968. a consortium of west european aircraft manufacturers first flew the concorde two months later and eventually produced a number of those fast, but small, jets for commercial service. u. s. efforts to produce a supersonic passenger jet, on the other hand, stalled in 1971 due to public concern about it ' s expense and the sonic boom produced by such aircraft. log in - view aviation jobs aviation job of the week aviation career news aviation jobs newsletter free aviation employment toolbar post aviaiton jobs view aviation resumes aviation employer services aviation company directory cares re - employment service aviation salary wages & pay aviation jobs blog student aviation program discounts aviation career overviews site map and table of contents link to us \u00a9 avjobs, inc. 1988 - 2013 all rights reserved | federal copyright law prohibits unauthorized reproduction by any means. dissemination via email is prohibited without prior written consent of avjobs", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5081676441702219, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:cead47b3-0612-4a67-86a0-b4fde0089b46>", "chunk_index": 12, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T10:38:09.043045"}
{"text": "the department of health, the department for work and pensions and the scottish chief scientist office of the scottish government health directorates. the study was published in the peer - reviewed journal plos one. the coverage by the bbc news was appropriate, though it is unclear how the \u201c millions of pounds \u201d they say the economy could save from wide adoption of these treatments was derived. the term \" brain training \" used in the headline could give the misleading impression that people with cfs were given computer games consoles to play, but that was not what was looked at in this research. what kind of research was this? this was a cost - effectiveness study based on the results of previous research ( the pace trial ) that investigated the effectiveness of four treatment options for patients with cfs. a cost - effectiveness study models the expected total costs of different treatments or interventions ( in this case interventions for chronic fatigue syndrome ), and compares the effects on health outcomes, to assess which treatments or interventions can be considered to give the best \u201c value for money \u201d. this is usually done from the perspective of the health service. in this case societal costs such as lost employment and the cost of informal care for people affected by the illness were included. this sort of information helps decision - makers decide how best to allocate limited healthcare resources. as this approach takes into account benefits of improvements in health and the savings made from better care, the cheapest treatment option is not necessarily the most cost - effective. it allows different treatments in different diseases to be compared against each other and against society \u2019 s willingness to pay for such things. what did the research involve? the researchers used data from a previous study on 640 people with chronic fatigue syndrome. this study compared the effectiveness of adding adaptive pacing therapy, cognitive behavioural therapy or graded exercise therapy to specialist medical care for patients with chronic fatigue syndrome. in this latest study the researchers have investigated the relative cost - effectiveness of these interventions by calculating : - quality - adjusted life years ( qalys ), which are a standard measure used to determine how much somebody \u2019 s life can be extended and improved as a result of receiving a particular intervention - the one - year healthcare and societal costs involved with providing each intervention ( societal costs were considered by the researchers as lost employment and unpaid informal care ) the researchers then compared the : - one - year service and societal costs of providing each intervention - one - year cost - effectiveness of each intervention in terms of gains in qalys, and reductions in fatigue and disability the number and duration of treatment sessions for each", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.516741571744164, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:6ac77305-d7af-42da-be86-b3c115f25a6d>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T10:38:09.060249"}
{"text": "rgeogan at welchlink. welch. jhu. edu mon apr 7 11 : 37 : 53 est 1997 announcing the science guide. a new internet directory and information service run by scientists and physicians for scientists and physicians. after visiting the guide, if you have any suggestion for making the guide better please let us know. ( webmaster at scienceguide. com ) the science guide consists of a number of different sections designed to help the scientist and physician find information on the internet and to sponsor communication between those interested in science : every day the science guide compiles medical and research news from national news sources around the net. most of the news articles are concerned with medicine, bioscience, and physics, but all other sciences from agriculture to zoology are commonly included. news sources currently listed include : cnn, eurekalert, hms beagle, msnbc sci - tech, science magazines sciencenow, cbs space news, usa today, the albuquerque journal, scientific american web weekly, the why files, discover magazine, scientific american, smithsonian magazine, and the technology review. the news pages also list links to news sources not compiled within the news site. we are currently working on adding a number of other sources to the site to make it even more useful. to make getting science news even easier, we send out a daily news emailer listing the articles which have been compiled on our site. anyone can subscribe to the emailer by sending an email to news at scienceguide. com with the message subscribe directory of usenet news groups and discussion lists the directory of usenet and discussion groups is compiled quarterly from different sources around the net to provide the scientist and those interested in science easy access to these invaluable sources of discourse and information. we are currently working on finding the proper subscription method for each of the discussion lists. this is taking a bit longer that we thought so please pardon our dust. the usenet portions of this section are complete. on - line journal hyperlink section the journals section contains links to peer reviewed scientific journals on the internet. each listing clearly indicates whether the journal provides only the table of contents, toc with abstracts, or the full text of the journal the jobs and positions section contains hyperlinks to the best scientific employment databases and classifieds on the net. grants and funding section the funding section contains links to the best funding and grant databases on the internet, making it very easy for scientists to quickly find funding opportunities. the featured site of the section is the community of science, a johns hopkins", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5417517588725703, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:b1678f07-7e89-4e29-92cb-7f7e3a790c3c>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T10:38:09.107135"}
{"text": "the text begins with an introduction to alpine ecosystems. alpine environments are here described as those that exist above timberline, a rather rich concept in itself as five different kinds of timberline are listed : forest limit ( physiognomic forest line ), economic forest line ( above which trees cannot be economically harvested ), tree limit ( the elevation above which some species reach tree size ), tree species limit ( the elevation above which tree species are stunted but present, i. e. krummholz, elfinwood or krupelkiefer ), and historic tree line ( indicating earlier climatic regimes ). the alpine flora of the rocky mountains is limited to those species growing above the elevation where more or less continuous trees are found ( tree limit ), trees being defined as arborescent species 3 m or more in height. a few geomorphic processes such as nivation, solifluction, and frost action are then briefly outlined. next follows a compact but informative discussion of alpine environments. the general introductory material ends with a presentation of the adaptations required of plants living in the often harsh alpine milieu. following the general introduction, the middle rocky mountains themselves are examined. the area containing the middle rock mountains includes southwestern montana, wyoming, and northeastern utah. in this section of the book individual mountain ranges and drainage basins are discussed, and included are brief synopses of glacial events, tectonic activity, and mineralology. the author has chosen to include the medicine bow mountains, with the alpine - containing snowy range, as part of the middle rocky mountains. although this stance is controversial - the medicine bows are often placed in the southern rocky mountains - the author in large part includes them in the middle rocky mountains so that the book covers all of the alpine areas found in the state of wyoming ( scott, pers. comm. ). thus possibly the book covers an area defined both vegetationally / physiographically and politically. i would have liked to see a stronger biological or physiographic justification for the inclusion of the medicine bow mountains in the middle rocky mountains. in all, the material that introduces the reader to the alpine zone and to the study area in particular is quite informative and is consistent with the usual material found in large regional floras. most of the text, of course, is devoted to the flora. except for a few personal observations made by the author, this flora was assembled from voucher specimens. the bulk of the specimens examined are housed at the rocky mountain herbarium (", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5133163030965735, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:0a591cab-d4a2-416a-90ab-a877991ceb4e>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T10:38:09.729676"}
{"text": "- psychology & the public - what we do - member networks - careers, education & training brief interruptions can lead to crucial errors people are more prone to making mistakes when their attention is caught by even the shortest of interruptions. this is the suggestion of new research from michigan state university ( msu ), which found a person ' s ability to accurately complete a task is significantly impacted by small disturbances, such as taking the time to silence a ringing phone. published in the journal of experimental psychology : general, the findings, which were gathered from more than 300 participants, revealed error rates doubled when individuals performing a sequence - based task on a computer were disrupted for just three seconds. erik altmann, associate professor of psychology at msu, said : \" what this means is that our health and safety is, on some level, contingent on whether the people looking after it have been interrupted. \" the authors explained the findings show interruptions - of which there are often many in people ' s daily lives - can have serious consequences, especially for professionals such as emergency room doctors. professor john davies from the university of strathclyde, a fellow of the british psychological society, comments : \" the research from msu confirms similar findings from a number of previous studies. distraction is a major cause of the ' attentional lapse ', which increases the probability of subsequent error. although there are several reasons as to why this happens, one of the simplest to understand is that sometimes people forget where they left off the task at hand, prior to the interruption. this can lead to missing out a crucial step ( such as leaving something in a wound for example ) or alternatively duplicating something they have already done. \" - most read - most comments - register of applied psychology practice supervisors - raising awareness of adult autism", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5374093626628258, "token_count": 363, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:e3393b17-7527-4901-9d16-becc9b441ddb>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T10:38:09.740170"}
{"text": "\u00a9 2005 - 2012 american society of clinical oncology ( asco ). all rights reserved worldwide. fatigue is a common symptom in people with cancer that causes a lack of energy for many usual activities. most people receiving cancer treatment experience fatigue, and some cancer survivors have fatigue for months and even years after finishing their treatment. cancer - related fatigue is different than other types of fatigue, like what happens when you don \u2019 t get enough sleep, because this feeling of exhaustion does not improve with rest. fatigue ' s effect on quality of life fatigue can have negative effects on the overall physical, psychological, social, and economic well - being of people with cancer. for some it can be slightly bothersome, while for others the experience can be devastating. fatigue can influence a person ' s : - daily activities - hobbies and other enjoyable activities - social relationships - mood and emotions - job performance - feeling of well - being and sense of joy - attitude toward the future - ability to undergo treatment identifying the causes of fatigue there are multiple causes of cancer fatigue, but not all of them are well understood. in situations where many different reasons contribute to a sense of exhaustion, it is still important to develop effective strategies to help deal with this symptom. some of the common causes of fatigue include : - the cancer itself - appetite loss - cancer - related treatment - anemia ( low red blood cell count ) - uncontrolled pain - lack of sleep - lack of regular exercise - inadequate nutrition - co - existing medical conditions strategies to help cope with fatigue exercising and eating healthy. researchers now think that a regular exercise program is the best strategy to help relieve cancer - related fatigue. athletes and physically fit individuals may continue a program of modified regular exercise while undergoing some cancer treatments. however, most people with cancer will experience some degree of deconditioning, making their regular exercise routine more difficult and, in some cases, even dangerous. exercise helps prevent muscle loss and once lost, resistance training can help to rebuild it. talk with your doctor about modifying your exercise program to meet your needs. a gradual program will increase muscle tone and lead to a sense of well - being. even people who are weak benefit from getting out of bed and walking around the house. read more about physical activity and cancer. eating well and drinking enough fluids are important to maintaining an adequate weight and meeting your body \u2019 s nutritional requirements. read more about the importance of hydration. if available, consider talking with a nutrition counselor or registered dietitian ( rd ) at your treatment", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5374666526008928, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:f7e5e8a5-57b7-44de-a1f3-345eead92bf9>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T10:38:09.772763"}
{"text": "from physics research archive - page 4 the physics classroom : total internal reflection - sep 16, 2010 the optical fiber in the photo above doesn ' t just guide the beam - - the fiber produces the beam. instead of a tube of helium and neon gas, or a piece of ruby, the \" active medium \" of this laser is added to the glass in the fiber. since the mirrors are just the polished ends of the fiber, there is nothing to go out of alignment, and maintenance is easy. network theory : a key to unraveling how nature works - sep 1, 2010 you are looking at a network diagram that shows the interconnectedness of the world economy. to learn more about this network, visit mapping the world economy. making a supersonic jet in your kitchen - aug 16, 2010 what exactly happens when an object makes a splash in water? the disk shown above was pulled into water in a reproducible way to investigate the splash. the real sea monsters : on the hunt for rogue waves - aug 1, 2010 this \" rogue wave \" broke over the deck of an oil tanker, and was much taller than the other waves on the ocean at the time. see freak waves, rogue waves for graphs of rogue waves building up in the ocean, and for the measurement of one that struck an oil platform in the north sea. from soap bubbles to technology - jul 16, 2010 the soap film you see here, made in between two metal rings, is called a catenoid, and it uses the minimum area to enclose a given volume. click on the image to see another example of a \" minimal surface \" soap film. about dust - jul 1, 2010 this satellite image shows a recent dust storm in china that was so large it spread out to neighboring countries. for more on this storm, see this time magazine article and also about dust. shock diamonds and mach disks - jun 16, 2010 when the speed of the gases in a jet or rocket exhaust exceeds the speed of sound, a dazzling pattern results called \" shock diamonds \" or \" mach disks, \" as shown in this photo of the sr - 71 blackbird. the diamonds are created by crisscrossing shock waves in the exhaust. image credit : nasa, esa, h. bond ( stsci ), r. ciardullo ( penn state ), and the hubble heritage team ( aura / stsci ) ; image source ; larger image stellar evolution - jun 1, 2010 when the sun reaches the end of its life, its outer layers will", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.6433676682902442, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:61a1c128-6043-43d5-acf4-3f35e7ec4ab0>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T10:38:09.868098"}
{"text": "had to be calculated for the use and disposal phases, including : washing machine use, hot water heating, drying and treatment of the waste water generated by washing. greiner found that the consumer use phase \u2014 washing machine use, heating hot water and drying the load \u2014 used the most energy and had the highest greenhouse gas impact \u2014 roughly 95 % of the greenhouse gas emissions generated for an average load of laundry in the us. with these findings and the strong communication channels seventh generation had with their customers, it became clear that changing customer behavior was a top priority, as the detergent is specially formulated to have the same cleaning effectiveness in both hot and cold water cycles. greiner also touched on his experiences with data sources in lca tools. to help determine data quality requirements for materials, he often considers the percentage of a total product ' s weight. for example, a material that makes up 40 % versus 1 % of a product ' s weight may need greater attention. the company could then take this information to its suppliers to determine if the data was representative of their operations or if there were marked differences. he pointed out that there many limitations to gathering better data, and the further a company goes up its supply chain, the less leverage it has. for commodity materials such as detergent surfactants, a purchaser generally only knows the region, and in some cases may not even know that. regional specificity and thresholds for emissions and water use from production processes are not usually available. when a number of companies are interested in the attributes of a specific commodity material - palm oil, for instance \u2014 greiner believes industry standards can play a role, much like we buy ' green ' power. when a number of companies collaborate on industry standards, the benefits become more compelling for suppliers. products from biomass - based crops melissa hamilton of earthshift, an organization focused on lca capacity building within corporations, talked about the different methodologies used in lca and results that often surprise clients. according to hamilton, companies that create products from biomass - based crops often think their products are naturally better than the petrochemical - based alternatives, but discover the impacts from intensive land use, fertilizer use and pesticide application are much higher than expected. this depends on the resources used in growing those plants, and lca can help identify critical areas to focus on during the production of these products. she also points out that there is variability produced by the impact methodologies within lca. these are consensus - based approaches decided upon by life cycle practitioners", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5079587894194052, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ffab7ed1-9c57-4ac2-a3b3-5f1434faad00>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T10:38:09.884554"}
{"text": "plants, and lca can help identify critical areas to focus on during the production of these products. she also points out that there is variability produced by the impact methodologies within lca. these are consensus - based approaches decided upon by life cycle practitioners and scientists that convert emissions into human and environmental impacts. there are many to choose from, but each yields different results depending on value choices and the emissions measured. it is important for companies to select one that is relevant for the product studied, and to compare results across methods. treatment of biomass - based crops might produce either favorable or unfavorable results for a product depending on the selected methodology, for example. the control of this variability grows with the sophistication of the lca tool. in more advanced systems, the user may specify how emissions are translated into impacts. summary of the uses of lca to summarize, key uses of lca by practitioners include determining and monitoring the most significant environmental aspects ; establishing a baseline for comparison, labeling impacts and setting corporate goals ; and considering all life cycle impacts, including changing customer behavior in the use phase. these same practitioners are making important contributions to lca by seeking industry standards to create more compelling benefits for suppliers to change practices ; mastering the selection of appropriate data sources ( industry - averages versus factory - specific ) ; and becoming aware of the need for and developing transparent methodology. in a design studio i taught at pratt institute last fall, i used one of the new lca tools called sustainable minds. with no download needed, the students signed in to the web - based tool and quickly got into testing their design concepts. projects ranged from a vertical grow - light system for plants to a vermicomposting bin. after establishing which elements each product should be evaluated and compared by ( e. g., providing light for indoor plants or the material for containment of food scraps ), users also indicate how long this service will be delivered. next, data pertaining to material selection, production methods, transport distances and end - of - life assumptions are entered. sustainable minds makes it easy to upload a bill of materials from autodesk ' s inventor ( as well as other 3d modeling programs ), so no manual entry is necessary for the material selection stage. once the life cycle stages are filled in, the results are broken down in easy - to - read to charts, giving a quick idea about where the impacts are in the product life cycle. add as many concepts as you want and compare any two of them side by side.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.513708894318472, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ffab7ed1-9c57-4ac2-a3b3-5f1434faad00>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T10:38:09.885576"}
{"text": "microsoft office 2010 ( 5 courses ) microsoft office 2010 improves on office 2007 to make your working day even more efficient and effective. new image - editing tools help you design documents that stand out from the crowd. new social networking tools help you connect with colleagues. you can post documents to the internet, and then view or edit those documents through a web browser or mobile phone. you can embed and edit videos within slide presentations, and turn slide presentations into videos themselves. you can track trends in spreadsheet data with new filtering and visualization tools. flash and audio provide animated, interactive lesson introductions, activities, and simulations. audio accompanies each lesson page throughout the course. mindnotes provide printable quick - reference sheets and other files to be used as learners apply their skills on the job. show me hows allow learners to access instructional demonstrations from all courses in the series. simulations teach learners to perform specific tasks in applications through guided, multi - step exercises. activities allow learners to apply course concepts in an interactive questioning environment. full - page images allow learners to experience an application as if it were open on their computer. exercises allow learners to practice in the actual application being studied. a course topics list contains active hyperlinks, permitting quick access to specific topics. find - a - word allows learners to look up an unfamiliar term in the glossary, on the web, or in a dictionary. in addition, it lets them find other occurrences of the term in the same course. search text enables learners to rapidly search all text within a course to easily retrieve information required. courses challenge the learner with a variety of question formats, including multi - step simulations, true / false, multiple choice, and fill - in - the - blank. a skill assessment generates a customized learning path based on the results of a pre - test. a glossary provides a reference for definitions of unfamiliar terms. bookmarking tracks the learner ' s progress in a course.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_computing", "similarity_score": 0.5024402076594298, "token_count": 395, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:738a5348-6176-4527-8c8d-bd74dcc6f9a3>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T10:38:09.892207"}
{"text": "year end is always a time of forecasts and predictions, and technology giant ibm is wading in with its fifth annual \u201c next five in five, \u201d its list of innovations that have the potential to change the way people work, live and play over the next five years. the list, according to ibm, is based on market and societal trends as well as on emerging technologies percolating in ibm \u2019 s global labs. here \u2019 s what big blue sees in our future as part of its drive towards a \u201c smarter planet \u201d : hanging out in 3 - d. in the next five years, ibm says 3 - d interfaces, like those in the movies, will let people interact with 3 - d holograms in real time. the trend, enabled by more sophisticated and miniaturized 3 - d holographic cameras finding their way into cell phones as well as new video chat capabilities along the lines of 3 - d telepresence, will let give people new ways of interacting with photos, browsing the web or chatting with friends. scientists at ibm research are working on new ways to visualize 3 - d data, including technology that would allow engineers to step inside designs of everything from buildings to software programs, running simulations of how diseases spread across interactive 3 - d globes, and visualizing trends happening around the world on twitter \u2013 all in real time and with little to no distortion. battery power. ibm says scientific advances in transistors and battery technology over the next five years will allow devices to last about 10 times longer than they do today. in some cases, ibm predicts batteries may disappear altogether in smaller devices. how can that happen? the way ibm explains it, in lieu of the heavy lithium - ion batteries used today, scientists are working on batteries that use the air we breath to react with energy - dense metal, eliminating a key inhibitor to longer lasting batteries. if successful, the result will be a lightweight, powerful and rechargeable battery capable of powering everything from electric cars to consumer devices. ibm prognosticators are even going as far as to suggest the elimination of batteries all together by rethinking the basic building block of electronic devices, the transistor. ibm is aiming to reduce the amount of energy per transistor to less than 0. 5 volts, making batteries obsolete in some devices like mobile phones or e - readers. these devices could leverage a concept called energy scavenging, used today in some watches, which would let them charge by simple movements like shaking.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.5305622796909222, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:9a81d08b-d5c6-423a-be68-122b22bd76db>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T10:38:09.935990"}
{"text": "than 0. 5 volts, making batteries obsolete in some devices like mobile phones or e - readers. these devices could leverage a concept called energy scavenging, used today in some watches, which would let them charge by simple movements like shaking. we \u2019 re all data collectors. ibm says that in five years, sensors in phones, cars, wallets and even tweets will collect data that will give scientists a real - time picture of the environment. this data will be leveraged to fight global warming, save endangered species or track invasive plants or animals that threaten ecosystems around the world. in the next five years, ibm says a whole class of \u201c citizen scientists \u201d will emerge, using simple sensors that already exist to create massive data sets for research. personalized commutes. in the next five years, advanced analytics technologies will provide personalized recommendations that get commuters where they need to go in the fastest time. adaptive traffic systems will intuitively learn traveler patterns and behavior to provide more dynamic travel safety and route information to travelers than is available today. specifically, ibm researchers are developing new models that will predict the outcomes of varying transportation routes to provide information that goes well beyond traditional traffic reports, which ibm researchers say only indicate where you are already located in a traffic jam, and web - based applications that only give estimated travel time in traffic. using new mathematical models and ibm \u2019 s predictive analytics technologies, the researchers will analyze and combine multiple possible scenarios that can affect commuters to deliver the best routes for daily travel, including many factors, such as traffic accidents, commuter \u2019 s location, current and planned road construction, most traveled days of the week, expected work start times and local events, including weather, that may impact traffic. computers : the new energy source. ibm is working innovations in computers and data centers, including its novel on - chip - water - cooling systems, which will enable the excessive heat and energy that data centers give off to be redeployed to do things like heat buildings in the winter and power air conditioning in the summer. ibm officials point to a pilot project in switzerland involving a computer system fitted with the technology as a prime example. the project is expected to save up to 30 tons of carbon dioxide emissions per year, the equivalent of an 85 percent carbon footprint reduction.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5763228686321866, "token_count": 465, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:9a81d08b-d5c6-423a-be68-122b22bd76db>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T10:38:09.937202"}
{"text": "in isis unveiled, h. p. blavatsky wrote : if the pythagorean metempsychosis should be thoroughly explained and compared with the modern theory of evolution, it would be found to supply every \" missing link \" in the chain of the latter. but who of our scientists would consent to lose his precious time over the vagaries of the ancients. notwithstanding proofs to the contrary, they not only deny that the nations of the archaic periods, but even the ancient philosophers had any positive knowledge of the heliocentric system. the \" venerable bedes, \" the augustines and lactantii appear to have smothered, with their dogmatic ignorance, all faith in the more ancient theologists of the pre - christian centuries. but now philology and a closer acquaintance with sanskrit literature have partially enabled us to vindicate them from these unmerited imputations. in the vedas, for instance, we find positive proof that so long ago as 2000 b. c., the hindu sages and scholars must have been acquainted with the rotundity of our globe and the heliocentric system. hence, pythagoras and plato knew well this astronomical truth ; for pythagoras obtained his knowledge [ [ vol. 1, page ] ] 10 the veil of isis. in india, or from men who had been there, and plato faithfully echoed his teachings. we will quote two passages from the aitareya brahmana : in the \" serpent - mantra, \" * the brahmana declares as follows : that this mantra is that one which was seen by the queen of the serpents, sarpa - rajni ; because the earth ( iyam ) is the queen of the serpents, as she is the mother and queen of all that moves ( sarpat ). in the beginning she ( the earth ) was but one head ( round ), without hair ( bald ), i. e., without vegetation. she then perceived this mantra which confers upon him who knows it, the power of assuming any form which he might desire. she \" pronounced the mantra, \" i. e., sacrificed to the gods ; and, in consequence, immediately obtained a motley appearance ; she became variegated, and able to produce any form she might like, changing one form into another. this mantra begins with the words : \" ayam gauh pris ' nir akramit \" ( x., 189 ). the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5341845566764666, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:9d350e7d-9d20-4691-b388-d2a9d50327af>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T10:38:09.942198"}
{"text": "became variegated, and able to produce any form she might like, changing one form into another. this mantra begins with the words : \" ayam gauh pris ' nir akramit \" ( x., 189 ). the description of the earth in the shape of a round and bald head, which was soft at first, and became hard only from being breathed upon by the god vayu, the lord of the air, forcibly suggests the idea that the authors of the sacred vedic books knew the earth to be round or spherical ; moreover, that it had been a gelatinous mass at first, which gradually cooled off under the influence of the air and time. so much for their knowledge about our globe ' s sphericity ; and now we will present the testimony upon which we base our assertion, that the hindus were perfectly acquainted with the heliocentric system, at least 2000 years b. c. in the same treatise the hotar, ( priest ), is taught how the shastras should be repeated, and how the phenomena of sunrise and sunset are to be explained. it says : \" the agnishtoma is that one ( that god ) who burns. the sun never sets nor rises. when people think the sun is setting, it is not so ; they are mistaken. for after having arrived at the end of the day, it produces two opposite effects, making night to what is below, and day to what is on the other side. when they ( the people ) believe it rises in the morning, the sun only does thus : having reached the end of the night, it makes itself produce two opposite effects, making day to what is below, and night to what is on the other side. in fact the sun never sets ; nor does it set for him who has such a knowledge.... \" * * this sentence is so conclusive, that even the translator of the rig - veda, dr. haug, was forced to remark it. he says this passage contains \" the denial of the existence of sunrise and sunset, \" and that the author supposes the sun \" to remain always in its high position. \" * * * * from the sanskrit text of the aitareya brahmanam. rig - veda, v., ch. ii., verse 23. * * aitareya brahmanam, book iii., c. v., 44. * * * ait. brahm., vol. ii.,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5107714379975035, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:9d350e7d-9d20-4691-b388-d2a9d50327af>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T10:38:09.943267"}
{"text": "graph the asymptote of a tangent function an asymptote is a line that helps give direction to a graph of a trigonometry function. this line isn \u2019 t part of the function \u2019 s graph ; rather, it helps determine the shape of the curve by showing where the curve tends toward being a straight line \u2014 somewhere out there. asymptotes are usually indicated with dashed lines to distinguish them from the actual function. the asymptotes for the graph of the tangent function are vertical lines that occur regularly, each of them \u03c0, or 180 degrees, apart. they separate each piece of the tangent curve, or each complete cycle from the next. the equations of the tangent \u2019 s asymptotes are all of the form where n is an integer. under that stipulation for n, the expression 2n + 1 always results in an odd number. by replacing n with various integers, you get lines such as the reason that asymptotes always occur at these odd multiples of is because those points are where the cosine function is equal to 0. as such, the domain of the tangent function includes all real numbers except the numbers that occur at these asymptotes. the preceding figure shows what the asymptotes look like when graphed alone. the first figure isn \u2019 t all that exciting, but it does show how many times the tangent function repeats its pattern. now take a look at the second preceding figure, which shows one cycle of the tangent function on a graph. the tangent values go infinitely high as the angle measure approaches 90 degrees. the values go infinitely low as the angle measure approaches \u2013 90 degrees. in the third figure, there is more of the tangent on a graph, asymptotes included, to give you a better idea of what \u2019 s going on. as you can see, the tangent function repeats its values over and over. the main difference between this function and the sine and cosine functions is that the tangent has all these breaks between the cycles. as you move from left to right, the tangent appears to go up to positive infinity. it actually disappears at the top of the graph and then picks up again at the bottom, where the values come from negative infinity. graphing calculators and other graphing utilities don \u2019 t usually show the graph disappearing at the top, so it \u2019 s up to you to know what \u2019 s actually happening, even though the picture may not look exactly that", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5173957526653874, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:8dec08bf-06f6-42d9-b382-8778f2fa5ff3>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T10:38:09.954002"}
{"text": "with 40 - hour - plus work weeks the norm and no signs of that trend reversing, seeing well in the office at any time of day or night is necessary to get the job done. illumination in the office can mean a combination of different types of light, artificial and natural. but the big story in lighting centers on new products and control systems that bring the discipline to the forefront of commercial integration. just as heating, ventilating and air - conditioning ( hvac ) has become one with building management and energy savings, lighting has stepped up to take its place as part of the integrated control environment. it makes perfect sense. most of a building \u2019 s energy costs come from the use of lighting. statistics continue to show uncon - trolled lighting can raise the temperature inside the building and cause hvac systems to operate more frequently. lighting also has become closely tied to energy efficiency and the green building movement, epitomized in the leadership in energy and environmental design ( leed ) program administered by the u. s. green building council, washington, d. c. there are other drivers of widespread changes in lighting. depending on the location and the type of facility, local or state energy codes may be mandated, and usage must be curbed inside and out \u2014 such as the case with the dark - sky initiatives, which are part of a movement to avoid the effects upward lighting has on the environment. up to the task lighting for commercial offices takes many different forms and performs multiple functions. the end application for deployed lighting is critical. task areas require high illumination, both direct and indirect, but the amount of light, of course, depends on the nature of the business. lighting should not interfere with computer screens by causing unwanted glare. close work on production tables or other processing areas must illuminate clearly and evenly. office areas with displays or showrooms need task lighting and illumination, which puts light on key areas of the facility. proper deployment of lighting is a science. the key performance characteristic of a light source is its output or lumen rat - ing. the intensity distribution or candle power also must be known, and many variables must be considered. numerous re - sources are available to the electrical contractor ( see box on page 92 ). one study of task lighting in offices conducted by the national research council ( nrc ) canada suggests office workers prefer to have light on all room surfaces, not just on their desks, which may be due to low levels of ambient lighting and high levels of task lighting, creating uncomfortable lighting conditions", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5281194795979728, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:0aca365c-4dc0-4f3a-be5c-e57013c1d7cd>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T10:38:09.965628"}
{"text": "by the national research council ( nrc ) canada suggests office workers prefer to have light on all room surfaces, not just on their desks, which may be due to low levels of ambient lighting and high levels of task lighting, creating uncomfortable lighting conditions. according to nrc, it found no link between organizational productivity and vertical surface brightness. however, their studies have demonstrated that when lighting conditions differ from occupant preferences, there can be a negative impact on comfort and satisfaction. task or ambient light for office buildings has been a staple of design for many decades ; fluorescent or metal halide use has been the primary components of these markets. they still hold their own, providing lighting integral to work spaces and buildings. but these disciplines have evolved into lamps, ballasts and controls that can save energy by being dimmable or being able to shut down quickly and return to service at a moment \u2019 s notice or within a preset time. a ballast supplies the ini - tial electricity that creates the light and then regulates the amount of electricity flowing through the appliance, so the lamp emits the right amount of light. ballasts also are integral to the use of occupancy sensors, and instant - start types are not rec - ommended for use with these detectors. new developments in fluorescent and high - intensity discharge ( hid ) ballast technology focus on improved system perform - ance, control capability for dimming, daylighting integration, energy management functions, and solutions to some long - standing problems that occur when certain lamps reach end of life, such as those containing mercury. the most energy - efficient fixtures, according to the american council for an energy efficient economy, are t8 or t5 fluorescent lamps, low - wattage and ceramic metal halide lamps, white leds or electronic ballasts. according to tom leonard, director of marketing and product management, leviton lighting management systems, tuala - tin, ore., fluorescent lighting is still the unsung hero of efficiency. \u201c fluorescent lighting is definitely not a \u2018 shop light \u2019 anymore, \u201d he said. \u201c users need to know that it \u2019 s not just cool white bulbs anymore. there \u2019 s a perception on the part of many that all fluorescents look like that. fluorescent lighting provides high performance and a reasonable cost and a wide array of different tones, \u201d he said. because fluorescent lamps don \u2019 t use heat to create light, they are far more energy - efficient than incandescent bulbs. but how do they compare to leds? \u201c", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5260793780898616, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:0aca365c-4dc0-4f3a-be5c-e57013c1d7cd>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T10:38:09.967394"}
{"text": "this lesson introduces the concept of monopoly. it calls upon students to consider how monopoly power might affect the quality and price of goods and services offered to consumers. in light of what they learn about the history of trusts and the sherman antitrust act, the students write editorials, stating and explaining their views about laws prohibiting monopolies. finally, students consider the effect that the internet has had on the potential of companies to become entrenched as monopolies in our national and global economies. - define monopoly. - explain the market power that monopolies can exert. - evaluate american laws prohibiting monopolies. this lesson is intended to help students will develop an understanding of economic monopolies. it introduces the sherman anti - trust act, which forbade the establishment and practices of economic monopolies in the united states. working as newspaper editorialists, students explain whether or not they believe that monopolies should be prohibited in free market economic systems. the students also consider the ways in which today ' s technological infrastructure has influenced the capacity of companies to establish themselves as monopolies. finally, the students create radio broadcasts explaining the nature of monopolies today. monopoly : this econedlink glossary provides a large number of definitions of economic concepts. monopoly defined : this page provides a print - out for students that defines monopolies. monopoly defined handout standard oil and the sherman anti - trust act : this econedlink worksheet provides information and questions for students to answer related to monopolies. student responses to editorials : this worksheet allows students to write if they felt that the editorial that they read was well - written or not. student responses to editorials edublogs : at this site, students and teachers can set up their own blogs and post their own editorials. technology and monopolies : this worksheet helps students to understand how advances in technology are related to monopolies. technology and monopolies odeo enterprise : this site allows students to create their own podcasts. creating a monopoly : this econedlink worksheet asks students to develop their own monopoly. creating a monopoly to begin this lesson, tell the students that you want to purchase a pen from somebody. ask whether any of them would be pen that they would be willing to sell. after the students have completed this short exercise ask them what they wrote willing to sell you a pen. tell them to write down on a piece of paper the price that they would charge for a pen - - using the down", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.556680693846062, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:a26fec87-9c62-43ee-9542-9794a96ec19a>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T10:38:09.978950"}
{"text": "would be willing to sell. after the students have completed this short exercise ask them what they wrote willing to sell you a pen. tell them to write down on a piece of paper the price that they would charge for a pen - - using the down. also ask them to help you decide which pen to purchase : what information should you think about in making your decision about which pen to purchase? the students may suggest that you should think about which pen you want, and that you should try to purchase it for the lowest possible price. if the students do not suggest these ideas on their own, raise them for the students. ask them to explain why these ideas make sense. now tell the students to imagine that one student in the class owned all of the pens in the classroom. and you have decided that you would buy a pen only from somebody in the class. ask them how this scenario might influence the price of the pen and the quality of the pen being sold. here you would like to thear the students state that if one person owned all of the pens, that person could charge more money for them and sell lower - quality pens. ask the students to explain why this is true. they should recognize that since only one person was selling pens, this individual would not have to worry about either the price set by other people or the quality of the pens that other people were selling. tell the students that this scenario is an example of a monopoly. now show the students the definition of monopoly and use it as a transparency. ask the students to explain this definition in their own words. then shift the discussion : ask the students if they think it is fair for monopolies to exist. urge them to support their opinions. as the students share their opinions take notes on the board. encourage the students to express ideas that both support and oppose monopolies. now tell students that they should learn how the u. s. government views economic monopolies. invite them to read and complete the worksheet entitled standard oil and the sherman anti - trust laws, available here. after the students have completed this work, reconvene the class. call on students to share their answers with one another. click here to view possible answers to the standard oil and sherman anti - trust laws worksheet. ask the students why companies might to be monopolies. help them understand that in a free - market economic system, people work to make money and companies exist to make profit : individual companies want to make as much profit as possible. certainly companies", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.509555950201643, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:a26fec87-9c62-43ee-9542-9794a96ec19a>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T10:38:09.980022"}
{"text": "what we ship things in makes a difference. take the banana, for example. in 1876, at the philadelphia centennial exposition, the banana was a delicacy ( and very black ). millions of bunches could only be sent to u. s. shores if they were refrigerated. by 1901, as i describe in econ 101 1 / 2, united fruit was distributing 14 million bunches of bananas in the u. s. one reason, in addition to the railroad and the steamboat, was a banana vessel that could maintain a 53 degree temperature for its cargo. just like refrigerated banana vessels transformed world trade, so too has the cargo container. introduced in 1956, now one ship can carry 3, 000 forty foot containers with 100, 000 tons of shoes, electronics and clothing. imagine the potential efficiency. put everything in the container, arrive at a port, and just slip it onto a truck or a railroad car for it to move to its next stop. journalist marc levinson says the result is more variety for consumers, lower freight bills, less shipping time, lower inventory costs and longer supply chains. this takes us back to yesterday \u2019 s supership post and the expansion of the panama canal. larger ships mean more containers on board. the ny times said that the newest generation of superships could hold 15, 000 containers that are 20 feet long. the economic lesson adam smith would have been delighted to see his ideas about mass production and regional specialization extend around the world. describing the productivity of factory pin production in the wealth of nations, he told us that one worker, functioning alone, could produce 1 pin per day. however, when that worker specialized through a division of labor in a factory, 4, 800 pins per worker per day were made. adam smith used the term \u201c distant sale \u201d to explain the transport of goods from a factory to a distant market. he could have been describing a container ship moving from china to the u. s.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5205467549384657, "token_count": 399, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:473a31c4-d44e-4ff8-bad9-6fb0119b23d4>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T10:38:09.986528"}
{"text": "selenium is a trace mineral found in water, soil, and some plants. the body requires it to get energized and to function normally. a deficiency of this trace mineral is rare but some of its manifestations include fatigue and muscular weakness. an oversupply of selenium on the other hand, can cause nervousness, nausea, vomiting, depression, baldness and bad odor of the fingernails. here are some of the health benefits of selenium : 1. it helps to nourish your thyroid glands. selenium is an important component for the health and nourishment of your thyroid glands. it helps to regulate the secretion of thyroid hormones, and it stimulates the production of t3 hormone which is the most active form of thyroid hormone in the body. 2. it helps to reduce the risk of joint inflammation. selenium works to reduce oxidative stress around the joints. this will result in the reduced risk of inflammation. selenium deficiency is one of the contributing causes of rheumatoid arthritis and the deterioration of joint tissues. 3. it helps to prevent cancer. according to the world health foods website, selenium may play an active part in the preventing cancer by supporting dna repair and synthesis in damaged cells. this can help to prevent the growth of cancer cells. the website added that selenium may play a role in inducing cancer cells to self destruct. this process is called apoptosis. the body uses it as a self - destruct mechanism to eliminate abnormal cells. 4. it helps to stimulate antibodies. selenium may help to stimulate antibodies after a person gets vaccinated. antibodies are your body \u2019 s defenses against infectious organisms. these are some of the known health benefits of selenium. you can get selenium from natural food sources which include beef, broccoli, brown rice, fish, egg, ham, lobster, mushroom, oyster, and tuna. tags : infectious organisms, trace mineral, dna repair, health medical pharma filed under : vitamins about the author : the energize team is comprised of sam green, a health conscious super blogger, and his tireless staff who ' s main purpose is to provide useful and helpful information to the public. leading a healthy and happy life begins with knowledge and learning. they hope to have visitors apply what they learn here in their everyday lives.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5159036438380976, "token_count": 491, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:fda03942-4b47-473c-b08d-93324df92190>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T10:38:10.008885"}
{"text": "rhenium is a rare, silvery - white metallic element. its atomic number is 75 and its symbol is re. rhenium was discovered in 1925 by a team of german scientists named walter noddack, ida tacke - noddack, and otto berg. they discovered rhenium as a trace element in platinum ores and the mineral columbite. it is very dense. it has a melting temperature of 3, 186 degrees celsius ( 5, 767 degrees fahrenheit ). it is not known to have any health benefit for animals or plants. rhenium does not form minerals of its own, but it does occur as a trace element in columbite, tantalite and molybdenite. these minerals are the principal sources of columbium ( commonly called niobium ), tantalum and molybdenum metals. rhenium is a very rare element that is produced principally as a by - product of the processing of porphry copper - molybdenum ores. because it is scarce, very little rhenium is actually processed and isolated each year as compared to the millions of tons of copper and millions of pounds of molybdenum that are extracted from these same porphry copper deposits. as a result, the processing of rhenium poses no environmental threat. the equipment that reduces sulfur dioxide in these processing plants also removes any rhenium that may escape through the smokestacks. | previous element : tungsten | next element : osmium | phase at room temp. | | solid | | melting point ( k ) | | 3453. 2 | | boiling point ( k ) | | 5923 | | heat of fusion ( kj / mol ) | | 33. 054 | | heat of vaporization ( kj / mol ) | | 707 | | heat of atomization ( kj / mol ) | | 770 | | thermal conductivity ( j / m sec k ) | | 48 | | electrical conductivity ( 1 / mohm cm ) | | 51. 813 | | number of isotopes | | 45 ( 2 natural ) | | electron affinity ( kj / mol ) | | 14 | | first ionization energy ( kj / mol ) | | 760 | | second ionization energy ( kj / mol ) | | - - - | | third ionization energy ( kj / mol ) | | - -", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5168584924385504, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:c664e83e-de9f-4793-8ec6-412b4f0d26e6>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T10:38:10.020182"}
{"text": "| first ionization energy ( kj / mol ) | | 760 | | second ionization energy ( kj / mol ) | | - - - | | third ionization energy ( kj / mol ) | | - - - | | atomic volume ( cm3 / mol ) | | 8. 9 | | ionic radius2 - ( pm ) | | - - - | | ionic radius1 - ( pm ) | | - - - | | atomic radius ( pm ) | | 137 | | ionic radius1 + ( pm ) | | - - - | | ionic radius2 + ( pm ) | | - - - | | ionic radius3 + ( pm ) | | - - - | | common oxidation numbers | | + 4 | | other oxid. numbers | | - 3, - 1, + 1, + 2, + 3 + 5, + 6, + 7 | | in earth ' s crust ( mg / kg ) | | 7. 0x10 - 4 | | in earth ' s ocean ( mg / l ) | | 4. 0x10 - 6 | | in human body ( % ) | | 0 % | | regulatory / health | | osha permissible exposure limit ( pel ) | | no limits | | osha pel vacated 1989 | | no limits | | niosh recommended exposure limit ( rel ) | | no limits | university of wisconsin general chemistry mineral information institute jefferson accelerator laboratory rhenium was named after the greek word for the rhine river, rhenus. rhenium is obtained almost exclusively as a by - product of the processing of a special type of copper deposit known as a porphyry copper deposit. specifically, it is obtained from the processing of the mineral molybdenite ( a molybdenum ore ) that is found in porphyry copper deposits. a porphyry copper deposit is a valuable copper - rich deposit in which copper minerals occur throughout the rock. the copper in these deposits occurs as primary chalcopyrite ( cufes2 ) or the important secondary copper mineral chalcocite ( cu2s ). the identified rhenium resources in the united states are estimated to total 5 million kilograms. these resources are found in the southwestern united states. the identified rhenium resources in the rest of the world are estimated to total 6 million kilograms. countries producing rhenium include armenia, canada, chile, kazakhstan, mexico, peru, russia, and uzbekistan. even", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5320418942352106, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:c664e83e-de9f-4793-8ec6-412b4f0d26e6>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T10:38:10.021005"}
{"text": "| table 1. tissue weighting factors ( wt ) for individual tissues and organs | | tissue or organ | | tissue weighting factor ( wt | | gonads ( testes or ovaries ) | | 0. 20 | | red bone marrow | | 0. 12 | | * * the remainder is composed of the following additional tissues and organs : adrenal, brain, upper large intestine, small intestine, kidney, muscle, pancreas, spleen, thymus and uterus. | the tissue weighting factor ( wt ) is an important unit of radiation measurement that weights the equivalent dose in a particular tissue or organ in terms of its relative contribution to the total deleterious effects resulting from uniform irradiation of the whole body. this weighting factor takes account of the probability of fatal cancer, the probability of nonfatal cancer, weighted for severity, and the average length of life lost due to an induced cancer. the values shown in table 1 were developed from a reference population of equal numbers of both sexes and a wide range of ages. in the definition of effective dose they apply to workers, to the whole population, and to either sex. when an equivalent dose to an organ is multiplied by the ( wt ) for that organ, the result is the effective dose to that organ : - effective dose = sum of [ organ doses x tissue weighting factor ] the unit of effective dose is the sievert ( sv ). according to the international agency for research on cancer ( iarc ) \" for purposes of calculation, the ' remainder ' category in table 1 is composed of the following additional tissues and organs : adrenals, brain, upper large intestine, small intestine, kidney, muscle, pancreas, spleen, thymus and uterus. the list includes organs which are likely to be selectively irradiated. some organs in the list are known to be susceptible to cancer induction. if other tissues and organs subsequently become identified as having a significant risk of induced cancer they will then be included either with a specific wt or in this additional list constituting the remainder. the latter may also include other tissues or organs selectively irradiated. \" in those exceptional cases in which a single one of the remainder tissues or organs receives an equivalent dose in excess of the highest dose in any of the twelve organs for which a weighting factor is specified, a weighting factor of 0. 025 should be applied to that tissue or", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.542050146430156, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:45473f45-026b-4255-a5fa-1ba3c9147a0d>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T10:38:10.024881"}
{"text": "earth observing laboratory ( eol ) field deployments eol supports the observing needs of research programs in the following categories : become a fan on watch us on follow us on - climate science - atmospheric chemistry - atmospheric physics - atmospheric dynamics earth science, or geoscience, is an all encompassing term used for the sciences that relate to the earth ' s processes ; atmospheric, geological, geophysical, glacial, and oceanic. the atmosphere is one component of many that make up earth ' s intricate system. atmospheric science is a broad discipline, within which there are several more specific areas of study ( ie - climate, ocean / air interactions, atmospheric chemistry, societal impacts ). the national center for atmospheric research ( ncar ) is charged with, among other things, providing the atmospheric science community with expertise, oversight and observing systems to carry out research projects on the field. ncar : : earth observing laboratory : : field projects field project categories : field projects are designed to develop a more complete understanding of the complex interactions between the earth \u2019 s atmosphere, oceans, land, ice masses, and biosphere. the impact of human activities on the earth \u2019 s physical, chemical, and biological processes is a major focus of our national center. the earth observing laboratory ( eol ) is tasked primarily with developing technologically advanced instrumentation and data acquisition systems, and overseeing scientific field campaigns that enable the collection of data for innovative scientific research. eol field projects contribute directly to ncar \u2019 s goal of improving society ' s understanding of the atmosphere and earth ' s systems, specifically by investigating atmospheric processes and examining interactions between the atmosphere and other environmental components. eol ' s field projects can be categorized into 5 areas of study : severe weather, climate processes, atmospheric chemistry, atmospheric cycles, and ocean systems. many of the projects can be included in multiple categories, due to the nature of the project. for example, the main goal of a study may be to examine severe weather, which is likely a subset of a natural atmospheric cycle or climate process, and could be exacerbated by air pollution.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5380414422817557, "token_count": 418, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:5825321d-ea34-4af4-9788-29b027baba9f>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T10:38:10.027210"}
{"text": "front page ddblock logic & problem solving have never been such fun! active engagement is the name of the game in these 72 word - problem challenges for any computer or interactive whiteboard. students drag and drop 4 kinds of beans to solve problems visually, developing both logic and number sense. one volunteer can demonstrate on an interactive whiteboard while others follow along with manipulatives at their seats and the teacher guides the discussion. then the learning can continue at centers. as students progress through increasing levels of difficulty, the skills and the enthusiasm grow! these challenges can be used with a singapore math program or with any other math curriculum to make math come alive for students. ( 3 - 5 ) get ready to spill the beans! get ready to \" spill the beans \" about math with these hands - on cards. students reinforce number sense, logic, and problem - solving skills as they work with real beans from your classroom to determine the answers to the problems on the cards. the interactive cards are numbered for easy differentiation and designed to keep students at all levels engaged, challenged, and motivated. ideal for centers, too. ( 3 - 5 ) 84 cards. also available for grades 4 - 6, spill the beans challenge level click here for free stories, poems, crafts and puzzles from highlights.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.5216642735425927, "token_count": 258, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:bfb42643-beb7-457f-a04f-469008bd68e2>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T10:38:10.034535"}
{"text": "cells rely on tiny molecular motors to deliver cargo, such as mrna and organelles, within the cell. the critical nature of this transport system is evidenced by the fact that disruption of motors by genetic defects leads to fatal diseases in humans. although investigators have isolated these motor to study their function in a controlled environment outside the cell, it has been difficult for researchers to follow these fascinating molecular transporters in their natural environment, the living cell. now, two articles published by cell press in biophysical journal, make use of incredibly tiny, glowing \" quantum dots \" to track the miniscule motions of myosin v in living cells. interestingly, both research groups independently report that myosin v molecules carry their quantum dot cargo either in a straight line or in a manner akin to a drunken walk. myosin v is a motor molecule that \" walks \" in a fashion similar to humans by stepping along actin filament tracks that are assembled in a dense, criss - crossing network inside the cell. a critical feature of these motors is their ability to walk long distances without falling off their tracks. however, this has never been observed within cells. through the binding of quantum dots directly to a single myosin v molecule, both investigative teams used sophisticated microscopes and sensitive cameras to witness the 72 nanometer strides ( equivalent to 1 millionth of an inch ) taken by these motors for the first time in cells. in results published in the may 20th 2009 issue of biophysical journal, dr. giovanni cappello from the institut curie in paris, france tracked the movement of single myosin v molecules with inside living hela cells. dr. cappello and colleagues reported that the myosin v can transport cargo for long distances without falling off its track at velocities higher than would be expected based on earlier studies. \" our approach goes beyond conventional experiments on organelles and opens interesting perspectives for studying intracellular transport pathways and how motors behave in complex filament networks, \" says dr. cappello. dr. david warshaw and colleagues from the university of vermont college of medicine used quantum dots to follow the activity of myosin v in cos - 7 cells. their findings, published in the july 22nd 2009 issue of the journal, suggested that myosin v ' s apparent drunken walk is in fact the motor taking turns at almost every intersection it encounters along the dense and randomly oriented intracellular actin highway. \" cargo delivery in cells can ' t totally be a random process, therefore,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.6151268389397333, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:5f725809-c65a-4ea3-9c56-3f7abc647b7e>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T10:38:10.039838"}
{"text": "a professor with the university of houston cullen college of engineering has won a $ 2. 1 million grant to study the best ways to modify human immune cells to fight against cancer. navin varadarajan, an assistant professor of chemical and biomolecular engineering, won the grant from the national institutes of health ( nih ) and its national cancer institute to conduct this immunotherapy study. immunotherapy, one of the most promising avenues of cancer research and treatment, involves a process in which human immune cells are modified and trained to fight hard - to - treat tumors. varadarajan ' s research focuses on engineered t cells, immune cells that, among other functions, recognize and attack disease cells. one immunotherapy approach involves modifying naturally occurring t cells to fight cancer cells. known as chimeric antigen receptor t cells, or car t cells for short, these cells have proven effective in combating some cancers that are particularly difficult to treat. \" in response to tumor recognition, car t cells can proliferate within the patient. unlike traditional drugs that are removed from the body, these cells can multiply. the better these car t cells proliferate and survive within the host, the better the chances of getting rid of the tumor, \" said varadarajan. among the cancers that have been responsive to car t cell therapy are b - cell lymphomas such as leukemia. this therapy, in combination with other immunotherapy techniques, has achieved impressive clinical successes in fighting b - cell lymphomas that are otherwise considered untreatable outside of stem cell transplantation. researchers and clinicians, though, don ' t know exactly what properties of these car t cells are responsible for their clinical success. varadarajan will use a novel research tool of his own design to study individual car t cells. the tool, dubbed the nanowell array, is a polymer slide containing tens of thousands of individual chambers, each 125 picoliters. at this size, the chambers are the perfect size to isolate and study individual cells. in this project, varadarajan will expose car t cells used to fight these lymphomas to a nanowell array. the individual cells trapped in the array ' s chambers will then be studied to determine their individual properties relating to their ability to fight cancer, such as their ability to kill tumor cells and what molecules they produce to communicate with other immune cells. cells from the same batches will also be infused into patients", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.5152250166463517, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:3d043045-c600-4b42-86c8-26b8e09ddde2>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T10:38:10.043857"}
{"text": "chambers will then be studied to determine their individual properties relating to their ability to fight cancer, such as their ability to kill tumor cells and what molecules they produce to communicate with other immune cells. cells from the same batches will also be infused into patients, allowing researchers to correlate car t cell properties with clinical outcomes over the course of months, effectively allowing them to identify which modified t cells are most effective at fighting cancer. the research won ' t stop with this identification, though. three to six months after infusion, varadarajan and his collaborators will take blood from their patients and isolate their car t cells. once again using the nanowell array, varadarajan will isolate and study these cells, most of which will be several generations removed from the cells the patients originally received. he will then determine how well those daughter cells maintain the properties that make them effective cancer fighters. by singling out those car t cells that are most effective and most long - lived, varadarajan said researchers should be able to design better treatment regimens. \" immunotherapy is at the forefront of cancer treatment and research. in some cases it has actually resulted in complete remission, \" he said. \" to help the most people, though, we ' ve got to understand exactly what properties of engineered cells are most effective at fighting cancer. this research will help us quickly identify those properties so they can be included in the future rounds of research and clinical trials. \" varadarajan ' s collaborators on this project include laurence cooper, a physician and researcher at the university of texas md anderson cancer center who will create the car t cells being studied ; badrinath roysam, chairman of uh ' s electrical and computer engineering department, who will use his farsight histopathology software suite to track cell movement inside the chambers of the nanowell array ; and peng qiu, an assistant professor of bioinformatics and computational biology at md anderson who will perform data analysis. varadarajan also emphasized the key role cullen college graduate students in both his and roysam ' s labs will play in this project. not only will they be involved in the research itself, it was through their efforts that the investigation earned funding in the first place, he said. \" the ability of our graduate students and postdocs to work together and to address scientific and engineering challenges was essential in generating the data required to successfully apply for this grant. their efforts demonstrate the ability of uh graduate students to lead cutting - edge research projects.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.5390261705383967, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:3d043045-c600-4b42-86c8-26b8e09ddde2>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T10:38:10.044951"}
{"text": "nearly all cases of pediatric cardiomyopathy are nonischemic. this report deals with nonischemic pediatric cardiomyopathy. cardiomyopathy may also be termed primary or secondary. primary cardiomyopathy refers to cases where cardiomyopathy occurs by itself or for unknown reasons ( idiopathic ). secondary cardiomyopathy refers to cases where the disease occurs secondary to a known cause such as heart muscle inflammation ( myocarditis ) caused by viral or bacterial infections ; exposure to certain toxins such as heavy metals or excessive alcohol use ; or certain disorders that affect the heart and / or additional organs systems. according to the pediatric cardiomyopathy registry, approximately 79 percent of pediatric cardiomyopathy cases occur for unknown reasons ( idiopathic ). nonischemic cardiomyopathy may be further divided into four subtypes based upon the specific changes within the heart. these subtypes are : dilated, hypertrophic, restrictive and arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia. american heart association 8200 brookriver drive dallas, tx 75247 nih / national heart, lung and blood institute p. o. box 30105 bethesda, md 20892 - 0105 montgomery heart foundation for cardiomyopathy 1830 e. monument st. / suite 7300 baltimore, md 21205 chiltern court, unit 10 bucks, intl hp5 2px tel : + 44 ( 0 ) 1494 791224 fax : + 44 ( 0 ) 1494 797199 tel : 0800 018 1024 hypertrophic cardiomyopathy association 328 green pond rd p. o. box 306 hibernia, nj 07842 cardiac arrhythmias research and education foundation, inc. ( c. a. r. e ) 427 fulton street p. o. box 69 seymour, wi 54165 kids with heart ~ national association for children ' s heart disorders, inc. p. o box 12504 green bay, wi 54307 - 2504 little hearts, inc. p. o. box 171 110 court street, suite 3a cromwell, ct 06416 congenital heart information network ( c. h. i. n. ) 101 n washington ave, suite 1a margate city, nj 08402 - 1195 children ' s cardiomyopathy foundation po box 547 tenafly, nj 07670 genetic and rare diseases ( gard ) information center po", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5242469501612175, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:57aaea4b-3521-4f92-8343-388b7bb58d11>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T10:38:10.063464"}
{"text": "of the difference between a prince and a tyrant and of what is meant by a prince. between a tyrant and a prince there is this single or chief difference, that the latter obeys the law and rules the people by its dictates, accounting himself as but their servant. it is by virtue of the law that he makes good his claim to the foremost and chief place in the management of the affairs of the commonwealth and in the bearing of its burdens ; and his elevation over others consists in this, that whereas private men are held responsible only for their private affairs, on the prince fall the burdens of the whole community. wherefore deservedly there is conferred on him, and gathered together in his hands, the power of all his subjects, to the end that he may be sufficient unto himself in seeking and bringing about the advantage of each individually, and of all ; and to the end that the state of the human commonwealth may be ordered in the best possible manner, seeing that each and all are members one of another. wherein we indeed but follow nature, the best guide of life ; for nature has gathered together all the senses of her microcosm or little world, which is man, into the head, and has subjected all the members in obedience to it in such wise that they will all function properly so long as they follow the guidance of the head, and the head remains sane. therefore the prince stands on a pinnacle which is exalted and made splendid with all the great and high privileges which he deems necessary for himself. and rightly so, because nothing is more advantageous to the people than that the needs of the prince should be fully satisfied ; since it is impossible that his will should be found opposed to justice. therefore, according to the usual definition, the prince is the public power, and a kind of likeness on earth of the divine majesty. beyond doubt a large share of the divine power is shown to be in princes by the fact that at their nod men bow their necks and for the most part offer up their heads to the axe to be struck off, and, as by a divine impulse, the prince is feared by each of those over whom he is set as an object of fear. and this i do not think could be, except as a result of the will of god. for all power is from the lord god, and has been with him always, and is from everlasting. the power which the prince has is therefore from god, for the power of god is never lost, nor", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.5482999725313458, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:93f19670-4bc3-49d8-ba98-080b5e6641f1>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T10:38:10.096265"}
{"text": "of the will of god. for all power is from the lord god, and has been with him always, and is from everlasting. the power which the prince has is therefore from god, for the power of god is never lost, nor severed from him, but he merely exercises it through a subordinate hand, making all things teach his mercy or justice. \" who, therefore, resists the ruling power, resists the ordinance of god, \" [ romans 13 : 2 ] in whose hand is the authority of conferring that power, and when he so desires, of withdrawing it again, or diminishing it. for it is not the ruler ' s own act when his will is turned to cruelty against his subjects, but it is rather the dispensation of god for his good pleasure to punish or chasten them. thus during the hunnish persecution, attila, on being asked by the reverend bishop of a certain city who he was, replied, \" i am attila, the scourge of god. \" whereupon it is written that the bishop adored him as representing the divine majesty. \" welcome, \" he said, \" is the minister of god, \" and \" blessed is he that cometh in the name of the lord, \" and with sighs and groans he unfastened the barred doors of the church, and admitted the persecutor through whom he attained straightway to the palm of martyrdom. for he dared not shut out the scourge of god, knowing that his beloved son was scourged, and that the power of this scourge which had come upon himself was as nought except it came from god. if good men thus regard power as worthy of veneration even when it comes as a plague upon the elect, who should not venerate that power which is instituted by god for the punishment of evil - doers and for the reward of good men, and which is promptest in devotion and obedience to the laws? to quote the words of the emperor, \" it is indeed a saying worthy of the majesty of royalty that the prince acknowledges himself bound by the laws. \" [ justinian, codex i. 14. 4 ] for the authority of the prince depends upon the authority of justice and law ; and truly it is a greater thing than imperial power for the prince to place his government under the laws, so as to deem himself entitled to do nought which is at variance with the equity of justice. what the law is ; and", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.503603086768565, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:93f19670-4bc3-49d8-ba98-080b5e6641f1>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T10:38:10.098367"}
{"text": "law ; and truly it is a greater thing than imperial power for the prince to place his government under the laws, so as to deem himself entitled to do nought which is at variance with the equity of justice. what the law is ; and that although the prince is not bound by the law, he is nevertheless the servant of the law and of equity, and bears the public person, and sheds blood blamelessly. princes should not deem that it detracts from their princely dignity to believe that the enactments of their own justice are not to be preferred to the justice of god, whose justice is an everlasting justice, and his law is equity. now equity, as the learned jurists define it, is a certain fitness of things which compares all things rationally, and seeks to apply like rules of right and wrong to like cases, being impartially disposed toward all persons, and allotting to each that which belongs to him. of this equity the interpreter is the law, to which the will and intention of equity and justice are known. therefore crisippus asserted that the power of the law extends over all things, both divine and human, and that it accordingly presides over all goods and ills, and is the ruler and guide of material things as well as of human beings. to which papinian, a man most learned in the law, and demosthenes, the great orator, seem to assent, subjecting all men to its obedience because all law is, as it were, a discovery, and a gift from god, a precept of wise men, the corrector of excesses of the will, the bond which knits together the fabric of the state, and the banisher of crime ; [ digest i. 3. 1 - 2 ] and it is therefore fitting that all men should live according to it who lead their lives in a corporate political body. all are accordingly bound by the necessity of keeping the law, unless perchance there is any who can be thought to have been given the license of wrong - doing. however, it is said that the prince is absolved from the obligations of the law ; but this is not true in the sense that it is lawful for him to do unjust acts, but only in the sense that his character should be such as to cause him to practice equity not through fear of the penalties of the law but through love of justice ; and should also be such as to cause him from the same motive to promote", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5342746385183786, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:93f19670-4bc3-49d8-ba98-080b5e6641f1>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T10:38:10.099376"}
{"text": "acts, but only in the sense that his character should be such as to cause him to practice equity not through fear of the penalties of the law but through love of justice ; and should also be such as to cause him from the same motive to promote the advantage of the commonwealth, and in all things to prefer the good of others before his own private will. who, indeed, in respect of public matters can properly speak of the will of the prince at all, since therein he may not lawfully have any will of his own apart from that which the law or equity enjoins, or the calculation of the common interest requires? for in these matters his will is to have the force of a judgment ; and most properly that which pleases him therein has the force of law, because his decision may not be at variance with the intention of equity. \" from thy countenance, \" says the lord, \" let my judgment go forth, let shine eyes look upon equity \" ; [ psalm 17 : 2 ] for the uncorrupted judge is one whose decision, from assiduous contemplation of equity, is the very likeness thereof. the prince accordingly is the minister of the common interest and the bond - servant of equity, and he bears the public person in the sense that he punishes the wrongs and injuries of all, and all crimes, with even - handed equity. his rod and staff also, administered with wise moderation, restore irregularities and false departures to the straight path of equity, so that deservedly may the spirit congratulate the power of the prince with the words, \" thy rod and thy staff, they have comforted me. \" [ psalm 23 : 4 ] his shield, too, is strong, but it is a shield for the protection of the weak, and one which wards off powerfully the darts of the wicked from the innocent. those who derive the greatest advantage from his performance of the duties of his office are those who can do least for themselves, and his power is chiefly exercised against those who desire to do harm. therefore not without reason he bears a sword, wherewith he sheds blood blamelessly, without becoming thereby a man of blood, and frequently puts men to death without incurring the name or guilt of homicide. for if we believe the great augustine, david was called a man of blood not because of his wars, but because of uria. and samuel is nowhere described as a man of blood or a homicide, although he slew agag,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.51585166482693, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:93f19670-4bc3-49d8-ba98-080b5e6641f1>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T10:38:10.100410"}
{"text": "now \" much \" and \" little, \" if we follow the prince of the peripatetics, signify diminution or excess of the legitimate quantity of specific kinds of things. will it then be lawful to multiply dogs, or rapacious birds, or fierce beasts, or any other monsters of nature, when even the number of horses, which are a military necessity - and serve all the useful purposes of life, is thus strictly limited in advance to a lawful quantity? concerning actors and mimes, buffoons and harlots, panders and other like human monsters, which the prince ought rather to exterminate entirely than to foster, there needed no mention to be made in the law ; which indeed not only excludes all such abominations from the court of the prince, but totally banishes them from among the people of god. under the name of horses is to be understood all things needful for the use of a household, and all its necessary equipment ; of which a legitimate quantity is that which necessity or utility reasonably requires, understanding, however, that the useful is identified with the honorable, and that the refined comfort of living is limited to honorable things. for philosophers have long ago agreed that no opinion is more pernicious than the opinion of those who distinguish the useful from the honorable ; and that the truest and most useful view is that the honorable and the useful are convertible terms. [ cicero, de officiis iii. 3. 11 ] plato, as is told in the histories of the gentiles, when he saw dionisius the tyrant of sicily surrounded by his bodyguards, asked him, \" what harm have you done that you should need to have so many guards? \" this in no wise behooves a prince who by the faithful performance of his duties so wins for himself the affection of all that for his sake every subject will expose his own head to imminent dangers in the same manner that by the promptings of nature the members of the body are wont to expose themselves for the protection of the head. and skin for skin, and all that a man has, he will put forward for the protection of his life. the next commandment is, \" he shall not lead back the people into egypt, made proud by the number of his horsemen. \" truly every precaution must be taken, and great diligence used, by all who are set in high place not to corrupt their inferiors by their example, nor by their abuse of things, nor by", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.554355327871425, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:93f19670-4bc3-49d8-ba98-080b5e6641f1>", "chunk_index": 11, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T10:38:10.108215"}
{"text": "advanced internet searching \u2013 how to search the internet quicker and more effectively download the print version web search engines a web search engine is a web based service that searches for information on the web. it searches documents for key words and phrases that it has been asked to look for. when a person enters their query or key words the search engine searches through its index and displays all the results that may be matched with that query. for example if you were looking for information on green tree frogs you would type \u201c green tree frogs \u201d into your search engine. the search engine will then display links to all the pages with information on green tree frogs with ones most likely to match your search listed at the top. there are a number of search engines you can use such as ; multiple or meta search tools a multiple or meta search tool is a tool that searches the internet using several search engines at the same time. you use them in the same way as a search engine by typing your request into the search box. the only difference is that instead of the search engine searching its records, the meta tool uses multiple search engines and their records and displays all the results giving you a fast and comprehensive way to cast a wide internet search. examples of meta search tools include : there are also search engines that are specific to a particular field of study or work such as medical and legal search engines. conducting a search and refining your results here are some tips which will save you time and give you better results. - to conduct a search you type key words into the search box. let \u2019 s say you want to buy books in adelaide. - use more precise words \u2014 instead of just typing \u2018 books \u2019, try \u2018 bookshops adelaide \u2019. - use quotation marks to search for a specific phrase if you are looking for an exact phrase you may not get good results by typing only the phrase into your search engine. a good tool for exact phrases is quotation marks. if you want to search for an exact phrase such as pulitzer prize winner you can enclose it in quotation marks and the search engine will only bring up pages that have that exact phrase in the exact order in which you typed it. that way you will not get hundreds of listing on pulitzer prizes or the nominees, you will only get pulitzer prize winners. - don \u2019 t use too many words \u2014 avoid typing in full questions, as every word will be searched for. just use the key words. if you are looking for a smaller or less known item such as a small bookshop it can be helpful to weed", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.506975280599791, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:e53c7953-637b-4d2b-8fd5-221ab09b29cd>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T10:38:10.118441"}
{"text": ", or, not and near ( known as operators ) to limit, widen, or define your search. most internet search engines default to a boolean and search, but its handy for you to know how to do a basic boolean search. - boolean logic is just the term used to describe certain logical operations that are used to combine search terms in many search engine databases and directories on the net. basic boolean search operator - and using and narrows a search by combining terms ; it will retrieve documents that use both the search terms that you specify, as in this example : adelaide and south australia basic boolean search operator - or using or broadens a search to include results that contain either of the words you type in. or is a good tool to use when there are several common spellings or synonyms of a word, as in this example : computer or pc basic boolean search operator - not - using not will narrow a search by excluding certain search terms. not retrieves documents that contain one, but not the other, of the search terms you enter, as in this example : adelaide not travel. keep in mind that not all search engines and directories support boolean terms. however, most do, and you can easily find out if the one you want to use supports this technique by consulting the faq ' s ( frequently asked questions ) on a search engine or directory ' s home page. further search operators include : - near means you want all the words in that specific order or the actual phrase. - nand means a combination of not and and - nor means a combination of not and or conduct a search with domain names to refine the search : if you know the website you are looking for is specific type of website, for example a website for a government agency or a school can be identified by the last part of its web address. -. com = a commercial business -. edu = an educational institution -. gov = a governmental institution -. org = a non - profit organization -. biz = a business example : to search for a south australian government website you would type \u201c south australia site :. sa. gov. au \u201d into your search engine. you can also select to search for websites from a specific country. -. au = australia -. fr = france -. co. uk = england example : for holiday websites from australia you would type \u201c holidays site :. au \u201d into your search engine.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_computing", "similarity_score": 0.6028622572976443, "token_count": 496, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:e53c7953-637b-4d2b-8fd5-221ab09b29cd>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T10:38:10.120586"}
{"text": "from population centers thus had new markets for their milk. tractors replaced horses and mules as power sources on the farm ; consequently more acreage and crops were available to be sold or to support dairy cows instead of supplying feed for horses and mules. the introduction of electricity and the milking machine allowed more cows to be milked by one person with less effort. each pail of milk was strained and placed in electrical coolers. mechanical refrigeration cooled milk more efficiently and maintained its freshness longer. all of these advances led to a rise in the number of dairy farms and dairy cows in the state of georgia as well as in the united states. at the same time, the great depression of the 1930s caused decreasing farm prices. part of farmers ' attraction to dairying during the depression was that it provided steady income over time. about 1867 to 1919 the number of dairy cows in georgia increased from about 20, 000 head to 411, 000 head, with an average price per cow of $ 16. in 1920 the average price per cow increased to $ 65. at this time dairy farmers were typically still producer - processors who owned fifteen to twenty - five cows apiece. following a decline in the dairy herd after world war i ( 1917 - 18 ) that lasted through the early years of the depression, georgia ' s dairy herd grew once again to a high of 419, 000 head in 1935, and the price per cow fluctuated until world war ii ( 1941 - 45 ), when it began to increase rapidly. in 1945 dairy cows in georgia numbered about 360, 000 head. by 1953 cows were valued at an average of $ 138 per head. pasteurization and sanitation milk production became industrialized, sanitation became a more critical issue. the french scientist louis pasteur ' s experiments in the 1860s with heating milk to destroy bacteria generated great interest in milk ' s health aspects, and studies showed that milk could be a source of such human diseases as diphtheria, typhoid fever, tuberculosis, undulant fever, and pox. nevertheless, there was much resistance to the pasteurization of milk because of its expense. in 1923 the u. s. congress passed the pasteurized milk ordinance ( pmo ), which required that all milk shipped between states be pasteurized. milk sold within a state was not covered by the pmo and was regulated by each individual state. this law ( with revisions over the years ) still governs the sale of milk in the united states. in georgia pasteurization was not", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5028103250865443, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:84aab844-111e-4e4b-b8dc-719ba95b7ab4>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T10:38:10.149419"}
{"text": "the evolutionist deceptions in the documentary the shape of life the first in the series of documentaries called the shape of life, jointly produced by the pbs and the national geographic society, was about the origin of animals ( metazoans ). the scientific deceptions contained in that documentary, which attempted to describe how the first multicellular organisms came into being, are set out below. the organization within the sponge cannot be explained by evolution at the beginning of the documentary there is an account of how one day, in some way, sponge cells living independently of one another took a decision among themselves to live together. in fact, in line with the familiar evolutionist scenario, the program even said that \" somehow, cells developed a language that allowed them to work together. \" yet, the fact is that this imaginary account \u2014 the product of the evolutionists ' own fantasy world \u2014 is a complete violation of the facts. the origin of the organization in living things is one of the fundamental questions for which the theory of evolution can never offer a logical explanation. there is absolutely no reason for cells that can function independently of one another to begin to act together. yet, the different cells in all multicellular organisms do work together towards a common purpose in an extremely organized manner. the sponge is one example of this flawless organization among cells. despite its very simple appearance, the sponge, an animal from the phylum porifera, actually consists of exceedingly complex cells. these cells, organized in two layers, set up a continuous flow of water inside the sponge. on the one hand, the plankton in the water are filtered and digested ; on the other, waste material is deposited into the flow and carried away. in this way, the sponge functions like a funnel in a specially established current. the cells cannot have adopted the principle of working together by themselves. that is because they come into being already in possession of the special connecting nodules that bind them together. when sponge cells approach one another, these connecting nodules grip one another and an organized, multicellular appearance emerges. in short, sponge cells were designed to work together. when they are all together, they immediately acquire a nature of their own and assume the duties regarding the particular layer they are in. with the enzymes they produce and their chemical digestion methods, sponge cells are actually very complex. sponges, which are regarded as having the simplest animal organization, are actually very complex. they attract scientists ' attention because of their unusual cellular organization ( the cells do not form tissues such as those found", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5088006378848297, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:9af72d92-d4d6-4a4b-89a2-437c0a2ae3f5>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T10:38:10.188653"}
{"text": "is the inevitable result of the fact that this coded language employs only four letters. to put it another way, the finding of similarities in dna does not in any way show that living things had a common ancestor. this similarity is proof not of a \" common ancestor, \" but of \" common design. \" every similarity we encounter proves the common aspect of the design in living things. on the other hand, just the length of the dna in the sponge is sufficient to invalidate the evolutionists ' expectations. the dna of the sponge, put forward as the \" primal animal ancestor, \" consists of 1. 8 billion base pairs ( 1. 80pg. ) according to the evolutionary family tree, the dna of the tench ( species tinca tinca ) should be a great deal longer than this, whereas in fact it is only half the length of sponge dna, consisting of a mere 810 million base pairs ( 0. 81pg. ) the chicken, described as a much more advanced species than the sponge in the evolutionary family tree, also has dna that is shorter, at 1. 25 billion base pairs ( 1. 25pg. ) as we have seen, the genetic facts are at total variance with the assumptions of the theory of evolution. as the scientific findings have shown, living species did not evolve from one another, but were created separately. ( for further details regarding genetic comparisons and the theory of evolution, see http : / / harunyahya. com / en / works / 592 /. ) the flawless design in living species invalidates the idea of the evolutionary process. evolutionists are unable to account for even the emergence of a single cell by means of evolution, so it is meaningless for them to try to use evolution to explain the organization between those cells. chance and unconscious atoms cannot produce superior design. the dna in cells is a description written in the same language in all the millions of different living species. the fact that the information is written in the same language does not support the claim that these species came about by chance and evolved from one another. on the contrary, it shows that they were created according to a common design. this is a scientific expression of the fact that god created all living things.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5523687355359206, "token_count": 449, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:9af72d92-d4d6-4a4b-89a2-437c0a2ae3f5>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T10:38:10.190951"}
{"text": "so said the late francis crick, who along with james watson worked out the basic structure of dna in the early 1950s. his remark was quoted in a 1978 new yorker article on the history of dna ( sometimes i get a tad behind in my reading, and this article, yellowed with age, was close to, although not at the bottom of, my \" to read \" pile ). it ' s too bad the american diabetes association doesn ' t follow crick ' s sage advice. it ' s hampering their progress and destroying their reputation in the minds of many people with diabetes. real science operates as crick suggested. you have an idea, and you test it to see if it ' s true. if it is, you then try to refine your idea, or you let other people do that and you move on to a new idea. if the experimental results show you ' re wrong, you reject your first idea and try to come up with a better one. you don ' t hang on to some old theory, for example that the earth is flat, simply because you ' ve invested a lot in promoting that idea. if it ' s wrong, it ' s wrong. admit it and move on. in the early part of the 20th century, the standard treatment for all types of diabetes - - they didn ' t even know then that there were several different types, just \" mild diabetes \" ( type 2 ) and life - threatening diabetes ( type 1 ) - - was a low - carbohydrate, high - fat diet. then in the 1950s, when the results of ancel keys ' s studies appeared to show that diets with a lot of saturated fat increased risks of heart disease, the ada started promoting low - fat diets for people with diabetes, who are at very high risk of heart disease. because they also thought high - protein diets caused kidney disease, the only major nutrient left was carbohydrate, so the diets they supported were 60 % to 70 % carbohydrate. \" make starch the star! \" people were told by dieticians and ada publications. \" the more carbohydrates you eat, the better, \" the authors of a popular book on the glycemic index advised people with diabetes. of course, everyone knows it ' s carbohydrates that make blood glucose ( bg ) levels rise. but before the landmark diabetes control and complications trial results reported in 1993, doctors didn ' t even believe", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5297615859091207, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:fb9e79f9-dfc5-4349-8a82-9acd3cdcf29c>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T10:38:10.202781"}
{"text": "sign up now and receive the hhmi bulletin by mail or e - mail. features : one foot in front of the other page 2 of 5 for devising ways to study molecular motors in detail, ronald vale, along with colleagues michael sheetz and james spudich, received the 2012 lasker basic medical research award. beyond that, some of the goods must first be packaged and then picked up by vehicles that follow an ever - changing highway to the right destination. in the past half - century, scientists have revealed how cells build these thoroughfares, and they \u2019 ve uncovered specialized proteins that walk along the roads \u2019 lengths carrying freight. but plenty of questions remain : how does the cell control the transportation? how do the walking proteins coordinate their steps to keep grounded on their tracks? how can materials hitch a ride on cellular freeways if there isn \u2019 t energy to spare? \u201c it \u2019 s become clear that there is an enormous platter of movements that have to be executed by the cell, \u201d says hhmi investigator ronald vale of the university of california, san francisco. \u201c chromosomes have to be separated, a cell has to pinch in two, materials made in one place have to be delivered to another place in the cell. all of those features of life are dependent on physical motion. \u201d \u201c it \u2019 s become clear that there is an enormous platter of movements that have to be executed by the cell. \u201d that physical motion is generated by three types of molecular motors that can walk down tracks inside cells : myosin, which walks on actin filaments, and two microtubule motors \u2014 kinesin, which carries cargo from the center of a cell outward, and dynein ( the largest and least understood ), which carries cargo from the periphery toward the cell \u2019 s center. most of the motors in the cell have \u201c two feet, \u201d which alternate steps as they move. but each protein also has distinct quirks in its movement, a unique form of regulation, and a different role in keeping cells alive. research by hhmi investigators and others has revealed that when any of the molecular motors fails, it causes not only traffic jams and lost messages but also faulty construction and demolition of the cells \u2019 roads, and that can lead to disease. understanding the process better, scientists think, can help them learn how to rev up the engines of the motors, keep their steps on track, and rebuild the transport systems that are needed to keep a cell alive. the right motor for the job since the dawn of microscopy", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5375018411265786, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:0ad84325-3246-4fa5-ad16-19b99734bf1b>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T10:38:10.222904"}
{"text": "better, scientists think, can help them learn how to rev up the engines of the motors, keep their steps on track, and rebuild the transport systems that are needed to keep a cell alive. the right motor for the job since the dawn of microscopy, scientists peering into the innards of cells have seen many moving parts. the earliest experiments on mobile proteins studied muscle cells, an obvious place to look for molecular movement. more than 50 years ago, scientists isolated two proteins \u2014 myosin and actin \u2014 from muscle cells. andrew huxley and hugh huxley ( no relation ) independently proposed that actin thin filaments slide across myosin thick filaments in the presence of the cellular energy molecule atp. as this idea gained traction, it also became clear that isolated molecules of myosin could walk along actin filaments, suggesting a way that materials in the cell could be transported as well as providing a way to study myosin motors ( see sidebar, \u201c stepping back in time \u201d ). stepping back in time 2012 albert lasker basic medical research award. by the mid - 1980s, scientists at stanford university were using a microscope to watch myosin carry plastic beads along actin filaments in non - muscle cells. vale, a graduate student at stanford at the time, got caught up in the excitement of seeing cellular movement and wanted to try the same experiments on proteins from nerve cells, where materials could be seen moving through the cells \u2019 long axons. he expected to turn up myosin as the vehicle responsible for this transportation. instead, vale, together with mike sheetz and tom reese, isolated another molecular motor \u2014 kinesin \u2014 and they began focusing their attention on it. myosin trucks along on actin filaments, aiding in muscle contraction, vesicle transport and many other processes. within 10 years, vale and colleague robert fletterick had solved the structure of kinesin, helping to explain the molecular underpinnings of how the molecule walks along microtubules, dynamic tubes that run throughout cells. and he showed that the three - dimensional arrangement of atoms that make up kinesin was highly comparable to that found in myosin. \u201c by using what was known about myosin, \u201d says vale, \u201c we could bootstrap experiments and apply prior knowledge on myosin to understand the workings of kinesin, the newer kid in town. \u201d the microscopic motors of life ronald vale discusses efforts beginning in the early 1980s that uncovered how", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5171448805729273, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:0ad84325-3246-4fa5-ad16-19b99734bf1b>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T10:38:10.224165"}
{"text": "radiant barriers : performance revealed in the summertime, radiant barriers give attic insulation a clear advantage in cutting the demand for cooling energy. radiant barriers \u2014 sheets of aluminum foil that are normally adhered to a fiberglass mesh or a mylar bubble wrap \u2014 obstruct the transfer of heat from the attic into the conditioned space and can cut summertime cooling loads. but exactly how well do radiant barriers work in different attics with different levels of insulation? surprisingly few field data exist to help answer this question. to sort out the situations in which radiant barriers would have the most impact, i chose to investigate how the level of attic insulation would affect the performance of radiant barriers during a hot summer. i conducted the experiment in college station, texas, where hot summers and mild winters are typical of a subtropical climate. i used two identical single - room test houses with identical insulation characteristics. one of the houses was used as a control, while the other was retrofitted with a radiant barrier. both the radiant barrier and the fiberglass insulation were new at the time of installation. over the summer, i sequentially fitted both houses with three different levels of fiberglass insulation : r - 11, r - 19, and r - 30. each level was measured for seven to ten days, with air and surface temperatures taken in the attics and living spaces. to produce reliable experimental results, it is critical to control air movement in the attic. for this reason, i chose to use forced attic ventilation instead of natural ventilation. since attic ventilation flow rates greater than 0. 25 cfm / ft2 do not affect the reduction in ceiling heat flow caused by a radiant barrier, and since higher air flow rates are more accurately measured than lower rates, i ventilated the attics at a rate of 1 cfm / ft2. finally, as the results were strongly influenced by the indoor temperature of the houses, i was careful to keep the temperature inside each house as constant as possible. the average difference in indoor temperature between the two houses never surpassed 0. 3\u00b0f. my experiments confirmed that radiant barriers cut summertime heat gain through the attic floor, when the sun is shining. the average reduction in ceiling heat flow when radiant barriers were used in combination with r - 11 insulation was 42 % ( see figure 1 ). when r - 19 was used, the average reduction was 34 %. when the insulation level was r - 30, the average reduction was approximately 25 %. this reduction in ceiling heat flow contributed to maintaining the indoor temperature at a constant value", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5487566433410127, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:3d43d0c0-0d5b-4580-be6c-7b5916c6b099>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T10:38:10.245525"}
{"text": "1 ). when r - 19 was used, the average reduction was 34 %. when the insulation level was r - 30, the average reduction was approximately 25 %. this reduction in ceiling heat flow contributed to maintaining the indoor temperature at a constant value without placing much demand on the air conditioner. two notable conclusions may be drawn from these data. first, radiant barriers cut air conditioning demand. second, the less insulation there is, the larger the effect produced by the radiant barrier. in attics where insulation levels are low, and installing more insulation is difficult, radiant barriers should be used, since they clearly reduce the heat gain and increase comfort levels during the summer. ( see table 1 for cost - effectiveness of materials. ) why do radiant barriers reduce heat flow less as insulation levels increase? one possible explanation is that, as insulation level increases, so does the surface temperature of the radiant barrier ( as well as other parts of the attic ). this causes the radiation exchange to occur at higher temperatures, making the relative heat flow reduction smaller. every heat transfer process is driven by a temperature difference between the bodies ( or surfaces ) that exchange heat. therefore, if the temperature difference between the \u201c hot \u201d body and the \u201c cold \u201d body is significant, the heat transfer will be significant. on the other hand, if the temperature difference between \u201c hot \u201d and \u201c cold \u201d bodies is relatively small, the heat transfer is low. in the case of the attics with r - 30, what happens is that the top of the fiberglass ( assuming that the fiberglass is installed on the attic floor ) develops a relatively high temperature. this happens because the insulation prevents the heat from traveling to the conditioned space. so now we have a \u201c hot \u201d deck and a not - so - \u201c cold \u201d top of the fiberglass ( or top of the radiant barrier ). as a result, the temperature difference that drives the heat transfer process is small, and thus the heat transfer is lower than it is with lower levels of insulation. in retrofit applications, radiant barriers are usually installed in one of two configurations. in the horizontal radiant barrier ( hrb ) configuration, the barrier is installed horizontally over the attic frame ( see figure 2 ). in the truss radiant barrier ( trb ) configuration, the barrier is attached to the rafters that support the deck ( see figure 3 ). the hrb configuration is often not recommended for residential use because dust and other particulates accumulate on the barrier, which can reduce the barrier \u2019 s performance. in addition", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5413632223747296, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:3d43d0c0-0d5b-4580-be6c-7b5916c6b099>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T10:38:10.247037"}
{"text": "is attached to the rafters that support the deck ( see figure 3 ). the hrb configuration is often not recommended for residential use because dust and other particulates accumulate on the barrier, which can reduce the barrier \u2019 s performance. in addition, this type of installation eliminates attic space that might otherwise be used for storage purposes. however, the first problem can be minimized by using a radiant barrier with low emissivity on both sides. most of the heat transfer from the bottom side of the radiant barrier to the insulation occurs via radiation. this radiation heat transfer is affected by surface emissivity. the surface emissivity of the bottom side of the radiant barrier is relatively low because this side faces down. therefore, very little or no dust and other particulates accumulate on it. in comparing the performance of the trb and hrb configurations in attics equipped with r - 19 insulation, i found that they showed similar profiles and almost identical heat flux reductions. however, the trb showed a significantly greater reduction in attic air temperature than the hrb, because of the location of the radiant barrier. in the trb configuration, the radiant barrier is above the attic space ; in the hrb, the attic space is above the radiant barrier. in the trb, there is therefore less heat transfer from the deck to the rest of the attic. this is because the hrb reflects a significant amount of the heat from the deck that arrives at the barrier, thus making the attic hotter. the temperatures of the shingles were nearly identical in both cases. the temperature probe was located where the shingles overlap, where the temperature is greatly influenced by the solar flux and convection from the shingles to the ambient air rather than by what is beneath the roof layers. i used my measurements to calibrate an attic heat flow model. the model accurately predicted the reductions in ceiling heat flows in preretrofit as well as in retrofit cases for both hrb and trb configurations. the weather data used to drive the simulations were from typical meteorological year ( tmy ) tapes for the city of austin, texas. the modeling agreed with the experimental findings that reductions in heat flow differed depending on the level of insulation ( see figures 4 and 5 ). that is, there were more relative savings in the low - insulation case than in the highinsulation case. the modeling results for yearly aggregates \u2014 excluding the swing season months of march, april, october, and november \u2014 revealed that the radiant barrier produced the greatest reduction in", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5336498821066882, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:3d43d0c0-0d5b-4580-be6c-7b5916c6b099>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T10:38:10.249148"}
{"text": "more relative savings in the low - insulation case than in the highinsulation case. the modeling results for yearly aggregates \u2014 excluding the swing season months of march, april, october, and november \u2014 revealed that the radiant barrier produced the greatest reduction in heat flows ( 44 % ) in attics insulated with r - 11. i excluded the swing season months because, in subtropical climates, little cooling or heating is done during these months. reductions in ceiling heat flows, in the range of 28 % and 23 %, were realized by the use of radiant barriers in combination with insulation levels of r - 19 and r - 30, respectively. these results are aggregated over the year. my experimental results differed slightly from the simulation results. in the field, i had obtained summertime reductions in ceiling heat flow of 42 %, 34 %, 25 % for insulation levels of r - 11, r - 19, and r - 30, respectively. one possible reason for the discrepancies in savings between the experiments and the simulations could be the number of days used in the two cases. during the experiments, the data were produced in seven - to ten - day increments, while yearly simulations using a tmy took into account every day in an eight - month period. the model predicted negative savings of less than 10 % in the heating season for an attic with a radiant barrier and either of two levels of insulation ( r - 11 or r - 30 ) compared to an attic with no radiant barrier. it is not known why the middle level of insulation did not follow the same pattern as the other two in this regard. one of the reasons for these losses is weather related. in austin, winters are mild with significant sunshine. in monthly simulations in subtropical regions, the heating energy savings would either be low \u2014 next to insignificant \u2014 or negative. sunshine is desirable during the heating season because it reduces the load on heating equipment. radiant barriers, on the other hand, limit the amount of solar radiation, which is carried to the conditioned space through the attic. this blockage of solar radiation from the attic deck is undesirable during the winter season, and helps to explain the negative savings produced. in warmer regions, wintertime savings could be realized. in subtropical ( hot and humid ) climates, more energy is used for cooling than for heating. therefore, even with this detrimental effect, the net annual savings in subtropical climates are still positive, because of the energy reductions that are realized in the summer. radiant barriers cut cooling energy demand in every situation that", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5763527731595326, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:3d43d0c0-0d5b-4580-be6c-7b5916c6b099>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T10:38:10.250194"}
{"text": "after the flood - there ' s hope homes that are damaged by flooding can be repaired and made more durable. flooding is a fact of life that results in more damage to buildings throughout the united states than any other single natural cause. residential buildings are especially hard hit during floods ; the lives of the residents are disrupted and precious possessions are lost. while homeowners are discouraged or prohibited from building new homes in floodprone areas, existing homes, when damaged, must be repaired. builders can minimize damage to these homes from future flooding by repairing or renovating them using materials and methods that are resistant to flood damage. researchers at oak ridge national laboratory ( ornl ) and tuskegee university have been working to identify and evaluate building materials, systems, and methods that can be used to repair houses after flooding and that make the envelope of a house more resistant to future flood damage ( see \u201c after the flood, \u201d he jan / feb \u2019 03, p. 12 ). we were also interested in providing a scientific basis for certifying building materials and systems that are resistant to flood damage, so that that information can inform future building code development. the department of homeland security, emergency preparedness and response directorate defines flood damage resistance as the ability of materials, components, and systems to withstand direct and prolonged contact with floodwater without sustaining degradation that requires more than cosmetic repair to restore it to its original condition. cosmetic repair includes cleaning, sanitizing, and resurfacing material ; resurfacing includes sanding, repairing joints, and repainting. repair should be less costly than simply replacing the affected materials and systems. as a result of our materials testing, we have identified another key attribute of flood damage resistance. individual materials that are considered flood damage resistant must not cause the degradation of adjacent materials, or the systems of which the material is a part. a 2 - ft flood our test facility is located on the experimental farm near an agricultural lake at tuskegee university, in tuskegee, alabama. initially, two test modules were built with typical home construction materials and methods. the modules were flooded to a level of 2 ft above the floor with water from an agricultural lake that reasonably represented typical riverine floodwater. the test modules were allowed to dry for 30 days. detailed information was collected to determine how these construction materials and systems were affected during and after flooding. test results from these materials and systems provided a baseline against which other materials and systems could be compared. based on what we learned in those tests, we conducted a second", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5079246987182418, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:e4567872-fb78-459d-9a71-4eebe23bc3d7>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T10:38:10.264565"}
{"text": "was collected to determine how these construction materials and systems were affected during and after flooding. test results from these materials and systems provided a baseline against which other materials and systems could be compared. based on what we learned in those tests, we conducted a second set of tests. the second set of tests introduced materials and systems that we expected to be more flood damage resistant than typical construction materials and systems. in the second tests, unlike the first ones, we sanitized the materials and systems while they were drying, and cosmetically restored them after the drying period, in order to assess their performance after exposure to a flood. samples of the various materials were taken for testing and observation, and the test modules were then demolished and autopsied. the initial results of our research were reported in the article cited above. we built a third pair of modules to attempt dry floodproofing \u2014 constructing a building in such a way that no water enters the structure during flooding \u2014 and to test additional materials and systems for resistance to flood damage. in all of our testing, we employed relative humidity transmitters ; thermocouples that measured temperature ; and moisture sensors installed in wall studs, wall surfaces, floor joists, and floor surfaces ( see figure 1 ). a weather station provided data on ambient conditions during the test. we used a hand - held moisture meter to measure material moisture content during the postflood drying period. mold was sampled from the modules and tested in a laboratory to identify its type. flexural strength and modulus were determined for various types of siding and wallboard. we also developed detailed protocols for visual observation. while visual observation is subjective, the protocols were developed to systematize these observations and make them as detailed and consistent as possible throughout the series of tests. we made extensive photographic and video records as well. flood - damage - resistant materials and systems the ornl / tuskegee experiments tested only for resistance to physical degradation that results from the wetting and drying cycle associated with flooding. the testing did not address the structural impact on the envelope of externally applied hydrostatic pressures. postflooding mold growth was documented and selected specimens were analyzed. some test modules were also cleaned and sanitized to determine if mold growth could be controlled. however, bacteriological and toxic materials testing were not performed during this series of tests. and we did not test for the residual health effects of flooding on otherwise flood - damage - resistant materials and systems. such testing could potentially change our conclusions. the following conclusions should be viewed as preliminary", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5061232640789411, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:e4567872-fb78-459d-9a71-4eebe23bc3d7>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T10:38:10.266299"}
{"text": "it could be cleaned, sanitized, and restored. fiberock exterior sheathing was applied to some interior walls. it regained 82 % \u2013 87 % of its initial strength on an exterior wall insulated with spuf and 101 % \u2013 130 % of its initial strength on an interior, hollow - cavity wall. ( the strength actually increased in one instance after exposure to flooding. this happens occasionally with gypsum products, since complete hydration of all of the gypsum does not always occur in manufacturing, and subsequent exposure to water completes the process. ) the fiberock exterior sheathing applied to interior walls also dried out during the drying period. it did not support mold growth and its surfaces were easily cleaned and restored. ceramic tile performed well under flood conditions and showed no longterm deterioration. both latex flat paint and latex semigloss enamel paint peeled, blistered, and stained. mold grew on both types of paint. high - and low - permeability paints were tested. both types of paint had to be sanded and new coats of paint applied to restore the walls to preflood conditions. we also compared waterbased flat latex and oil - based enamel paint. the water - based latex flaked and blistered. oil - based flat enamel paint performed better than any other paint that we tested. it flaked and blistered very little and was much easier to restore than other paints. of all the paints tested, oil - based flat enamel paint was found to be the most flood damage resistant. however, we did not completely investigate the impact of oil - based enamel on the drying of adjacent materials and systems in this testing. vinyl wall covering blistered, peeled, and debonded after flooding. it damaged the surface of the gypsum board, and it may inhibit the drying of the substrate or wall system. exterior wood - paneled doors in a wood frame, and exterior prehung metal - clad doors in a wood frame were stained slightly, but could be washed and restored. foam - filled fiberglass and foam - filled metal were restored to preflood conditions with minimal effort. the fiberglass and metal doors used in the second modules were reused in the third modules and once again were easily restored. all the interior doors that we tested were severely stained after flooding and drying, and some warped, split, and peeled. considering the relatively low cost of replacement, we did not consider it economically feasible to restore any of these doors. all vinyl and aluminum", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5011697196414123, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:e4567872-fb78-459d-9a71-4eebe23bc3d7>", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T10:38:10.269405"}
{"text": "income, inhalants, marijuana, mental health, mental health services, methamphetamine, pain relievers, pregnancy, prescription drugs, sedatives, smoking, stimulants, substance abuse, substance abuse treatment, tobacco use, tranquilizers, youths geographic coverage : united states date of collection : unit of observation : individual universe : the civilian, noninstitutionalized population of the united states aged 12 and older, including residents of noninstitutional group quarters such as college dormitories, group homes, shelters, rooming houses, and civilians dwelling on military installations. data types : survey data data collection notes : data were collected and prepared for release by research triangle institute, research triangle park, north carolina. since 1999, the survey sample has employed a 50 - state design with an independent, multistage area probability sample for each of the 50 states and the district of columbia. prior to the 2002 survey, this series was titled national household surveys on drug abuse. although the design of the 2010 survey is similar to the design of the 1999 through 2001 surveys, there are important methodological differences since 2002 that affect the 2010 estimates. each nsduh respondent since 2002 has been given an incentive payment of $ 30. this change resulted in an improvement in the survey response rate. in addition, since 2002 new population data from the 2000 decennial census became available for use in nsduh sample weighting procedures. therefore the data from 2002 and later should not be compared with data collected in 2001 or earlier to assess changes over time. for selected variables, statistical imputation was performed following logical inference to replace missing responses. these variables are identified in the codebook as \"... logically assigned \" for the logical procedure, or by the designation \" imputation - revised \" in the variable label when the statistical procedure was also performed. the names of statistically imputed variables begin with the letters \" ir \". for each imputation - revised variable, a corresponding imputation indicator variable indicates whether a case ' s value on the variable resulted from an interview response or was imputed. missing values for some demographic variables were imputed by the unweighted hot - deck technique used in previous surveys. beginning in 1999, imputation of missing values for many other variables was accomplished using predictive mean neighborhoods ( pmn ), a new procedure developed specifically for this survey. both the hot - deck and pmn imputation procedures are described in the codebook. to protect the privacy", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5025159990342594, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:12192bcf-4ff5-4b9c-afa6-a08e64262ca5>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T10:38:10.299122"}
{"text": "lean, mean and green heating, cooling and powering the 2012 olympics in a sustainable way some modern olympic games have been branded as extravagant and a waste of public money. installations are costly and facilities in service for only a short period during the event \u2013 but are unsuitable for later use by the general public. mindful of this, the london 2012 organizers placed sustainability firmly at the core of this year ' s olympics. the provision of heating, cooling and power in a sustainable way is at the very centre of this effort and should ensure a positive legacy long after the games are over. many iec tcs ( technical committees ) and scs ( subcommittees ) prepare international standards for components and systems that are being installed on the olympic park. early green commitment when bidding to host the games the locog ( london organising committee of the olympic and paralympic games ) made a commitment to meet 20 % of the olympic park electricity requirements with new local renewable energy sources. these include advanced waste - to - energy technologies, pv ( photovoltaic ) panels, small scale wind turbines, bio - diesel generators and micro - co - generation for public lighting, venues, accommodation and electric vehicle power. all additional site electricity demand is to be met with off - site renewables, supplied by wind farms and marine current turbines. three iec tcs prepare international standards for renewable energy sources proposed for the 2012 games. they are tc 82 : solar photovoltaic energy systems, tc 88 : wind turbines and tc 114 : marine energy \u2013 wave, tidal and other water current converters. the commitment to renewable sources was restated in the london 2012 sustainability plan. furthermore, the oda ( olympic delivery authority ) set an overall target of cutting carbon emissions by 50 % across the olympic park, in comparison with schemes constructed and operated using more conventional means. to achieve this it adopted a ' lean, mean, green ' approach : - lean \u2013 minimizing energy demand by building energy - efficient venues - mean \u2013 supplying heat, cooling and power from on - site energy centres, further reducing their carbon emissions - green \u2013 generating heat and power from renewable sources. the right mean and green tools to provide heat, cooling and power on site, the organizers chose to build two flexible modular energy centres at kings yard ( olympic park ) and stratford city. each is equipped with a natural gas - fired cchp ( combined cooling, heat and power ) unit and bio - mass fired boilers. using zero carbon renewable energy sources such as biomass will provide savings in carbon emissions of more than 1 000 tonnes", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5345134173183922, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:d08be8d3-46ad-40e8-b2a2-037bbec619e1>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T10:38:10.309168"}
{"text": "city. each is equipped with a natural gas - fired cchp ( combined cooling, heat and power ) unit and bio - mass fired boilers. using zero carbon renewable energy sources such as biomass will provide savings in carbon emissions of more than 1 000 tonnes per year in comparison with schemes employing fossil fuels. chp ( combined heat and power ) plants are up to 30 % more energy efficient than those using traditional means of generation. basic demand for heat during winters will be met through the bio - boilers that burn sustainable biomass such as woodchips and pulp. iec tc 5 : steam turbines, has been asked by the smb ( standardization management board ) to carry out a study of standardization needs for chp. the energy centres have a flexible modular design that will avoid overcapacity in the first phase of development but allow future technologies to be incorporated in the buildings as they are developed and as demand grows after 2012. they will provide an efficient, low - carbon heating and cooling system across the site for the games and for the new community and housing projects that will be developed after 2012. between them the two centres currently produce 92, 7 mw of heating, 55 mw of cooling and 10 mw of electrical power. eventually they will be able to supply a total of 194, 9 mw of heating, 64 mw of cooling and 30 mw of electrical power to tens of thousands of homes and businesses. the centres are interconnected and electrical power is distributed by 200 km of underground cables running through two 6 km tunnels. this underground network has replaced 52 pylons and 130 km of overhead cables. iec tc 20 prepares international standards for electric cables. a primary electrical substation forms the central part of the utilities network. it takes power from the upstream 132 kv electrical network outside the park, ' stepping it down ' to 11 kv to supply venues and buildings across the olympic park and stratford city. each 132 / 11 kv transformer is supported by 11 000 items of switchgear and auxiliary equipment. standardization for power transformers is the task of iec tc 14, whilst tc 17 and its scs prepare international standards for high - and low - voltage switchgear and controlgear and associated assemblies. to minimize primary energy use, both centres exploit recovered waste heat for their operation. they use energy - efficient systems and mechanisms to reduce the costs of heat supply. ammonia - based chillers and electrical and absorption chillers enable the centres to meet the demand for cooling, while the site - wide heat network generates hot water and heats the aquatics centre swimming pools and other venues and", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5617799002670826, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:d08be8d3-46ad-40e8-b2a2-037bbec619e1>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T10:38:10.310339"}
{"text": "to reduce the costs of heat supply. ammonia - based chillers and electrical and absorption chillers enable the centres to meet the demand for cooling, while the site - wide heat network generates hot water and heats the aquatics centre swimming pools and other venues and buildings. the roof of the olympic park copper box, the venue for various events, is fitted with 88 light pipes that allow natural light inside, reducing the demand for electric lights and achieving annual energy savings of up to 40 % in comparison with a more conventional structure. as with any major project, some adjustments were required late on in the process. as time constraints caused the installation of the preferred wind turbine system to be abandoned, the oda had to revise down its target for cutting carbon emissions, from 50 % to 43 %. however, energy efficiency schemes in boroughs surrounding the park have been introduced to make up for the shortfall and some small renewable sources, such as pv panels on the media centre and its car park and some micro wind turbines, have been added. further efforts will also be made to deliver additional carbon savings by reducing electricity consumption during the games. electrical installations at the core power generation and distribution are essential for the olympic and paralympic games and will provide a beneficial legacy for the local communities. they are just two of the countless electrical systems deployed during the event that rely on iec international standards for proper and safe operation. a successful, lean, mean and green london 2012 implies an iec success \u2013 albeit a discreet one.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5433196804881331, "token_count": 297, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:d08be8d3-46ad-40e8-b2a2-037bbec619e1>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T10:38:10.311230"}
{"text": "the pathways from economic and social policies to improved food security and nutrition for the poor often are not well understood. yet each day governments decide on policies that ultimately affect their well - being. how households increase their incomes, acquire food, improve health, or cope with insecurity are important concerns that need to be examined in order to devise policies to help eradicate poverty. nearly all attempts to study these issues have used snapshot approaches \u2014 those that look at one point in time. these approaches are limited in that they do not reveal anything about the actual dynamics of poverty, food security, and their consequences for nutrition and health. in poverty, household food security, and nutrition in rural pakistan, research report 96, harold alderman and marito garcia address these concerns by looking at longitudinal data for a three - year period, 1986 - 89, and analyzing fluctuations in incomes, consumption, savings, nutrition and health - seeking behavior of 800 households in five districts in rural pakistan ( faisalabad and attock in punjab province, badin in sind, dir in north - west frontier province, and mastung / kalat in baluchistan ). the report examines income sources and wage formation in rural pakistan and investigates the level and distribution of income in poor households. it contributes to analysis of the temporal dimensions of poverty and thus adds to the literature on coping strategies of households. although the three - year panel of data analyzed is too short to model fully the dynamics of poverty, it is sufficient to indicate the fluidity of the economic environment that households in pakistan face. the report also traces the efficiency by which household incomes are converted to better nutritional well - being and the influence of other intervening factors such as health and education.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.512475819212156, "token_count": 344, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:f9cf2c97-85c1-48fc-ac6a-5d63cbf42dc2>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T10:38:10.313067"}
{"text": "z94. 15 - organization planning and theory the new editors added to the excellent list of terms that previous editors had compiled. there have been some changes which have been added to the list and in addition, some of the new terms of quality management have been added because of the effect of tqm ( total quality management ) on organizational structure and culture. approximately 60 definitions have been added to the list to bring it more up - to - date and to make it more comprehensive. hopefully the more than 50 years experience will contribute to the needs of the users of the terms. dr. anita l. callahan, ph. d. dr. paul e. givens, ph. d. industrial & management systems department college of engineering university of south florida | a | b | c | d | e | f | g | h | i | j | k | l | m | n | o | p | q | r | s | t | u | v | w | x | y | z | adhocracy. a structure that is flexible, adaptive, and responsive ; organized around unique problems to be solved by groups of relative strangers with diverse professional skills. administration. ( 1 ) usually synonymous with the term management. however, it sometimes refers to the portion of management exclusive of establishing goals and policies. ( 2 ) that group of people who perform the process of administration. attribution theory. when individuals observe behaviors, they attempt to determine whether it is internally or externally caused. authoritarianism. the belief that here should be status and power differences among people in organizations. authority. the right to exercise power and to extend jurisdiction over others for the attainment of performance. ( 1 ) the \" legitimate \" ' right to direct or influence the performance of others under the condition of applying rewards and penalties. authority lies in the position in an organization, not in the man. this authority derived from institutionalized power should be distinguished from other authority concepts. ( 2 ) authority by subordinate acceptance - authority is a function of the degree to which subordinates accept decisions and direction and is derived from the group of subordinates. ( 3 ) authority of person - authority is derived from superior ability or knowledge or charismatic qualities. ( 4 ) authority by legal decree - authority invested by law to enforce statutes. ( see delegation, responsibility. ) autocratic leader. one who tends to control in an absolute manner through the use of personal domination and application of coercive measures. ( compare to participative management. ) autonomous work - group design.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5892967818566315, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:a2170b1f-b9ce-43f2-af97-b2885a542cd3>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T10:38:10.317407"}
{"text": "how our information is produced : our methods \" evidence - based \" means : supported by scientific evidence and proof. most people who are interested in evidence - based health information already know this. yet : how is our evidence - based health information actually produced in detail? what individual steps are necessary? who reviews or tests the contents? how does the information stay up - to - date? we explain our methods using an easy - to - read diagram. read more here to find out about how we produce evidence - based information the basic principles of evidence - based medicine do you know the trick with the spoon in the top of the champagne bottle? a spoon put into an opened champagne bottle is supposed to keep the champagne fresh and bubbly for longer. how can you test if that is true? and what has that got to do with evidence - based medicine? read more here about the basics of evidence - based medicine why is it important for people to be \" randomized \" in trials? the story of an important large randomized trial from 1954 shows the importance of \" randomizing \" people in trials. the trial tested the use of high levels of oxygen in incubators for preterm babies and found that it was causing blindness in many babies. this was used for many years without being adequately tested. a cautionary tale of medically - caused blindness is it possible to find out in trials whether a treatment has a benefit based solely on measured data? readings like blood pressure or cholesterol levels are important in the field of medicine. but can they also predict how a particular treatment affects events that are critical to patients, like heart attacks or broken bones? you can read more here about the use of readings in testing treatments", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.53150990252995, "token_count": 344, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:d5d14bf9-2a03-4dc6-91ff-ee40e363dbdc>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T10:38:10.341363"}
{"text": "about 4, 200 athletes from about 165 countries competed for medals at the london 2012 paralympic games impressively demonstrating the high standards of international disabled sport. one example of this was the 24 : 50, 22 minutes that it took former formula 1 racing driver alessandro zanardi to cover the specified 16km in the hand bike time trial to win the gold medal. whereas sports equipment such as hand bikes are individually built and totally customised to the specific requirements of the athletes and their physical impairment, as far as their clothing is concerned they frequently only have access to the ready - made clothes for able - bodied athletes. within the framework of the research project ( aif - nr. 17377 n ), scientists at the hohenstein institute in bonnigheim are aiming to optimise functionality and comfort of sportswear for wheelchair users. project leader anke klepser ascertained the physical dimensions of male wheelchair basket ball players and hand bikers : \u201c by choosing these particular sports we are covering both indoor and outdoor sports which means that our research results can also be adapted to other sports disciplines. a further benefit is that we are examining two different body postures, the more horizontal body position of the hand bikers and the upright sitting position of the wheelchair basketball players and this enables any results to be easily transferred to other sports. \u201d the test persons were measured once in a stationary 3d bodyscanner in their usual wheelchair and then also with a handscanner in their respective sports wheelchair. back in the 1980s clothing technology experts had already captured the physical dimensions of wheelchair users in order to improve the fit of everyday clothing. with the assistance of today ' s 3d scanner technology first of all the body can be captured in full and then a virtual twin ( avatar ) can be compiled which can be used to measure on the computer, as required, individual body measurements such as the back, legs or arms. an important objective of the project is to use the measurement data to optimise the cuts and seam lines of sportswear. but also the physiological comfort, or in other words, the ability of the textiles to absorb body sweat and divert it away from the body as well as the heat insulation of the materials should also be adapted to the specific requirements of the athletes. skin irritations caused by mechanical actions such as intensive friction of the arms on the upper body should be minimised in the demonstration / functional samples that are to be developed. the sitting position of wheelchair users in particular creates specific requirements for clothing cuts. in order to achieve a horizontal waistband fit", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.5206468760932796, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:5358b679-4870-40a6-bd83-c0012e49ae91>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T10:38:10.353573"}
{"text": "as intensive friction of the arms on the upper body should be minimised in the demonstration / functional samples that are to be developed. the sitting position of wheelchair users in particular creates specific requirements for clothing cuts. in order to achieve a horizontal waistband fit, the back part of the trousers must be cut longer than the front. the horizontal position of the handbikers on the other hand requires the exact opposite in functionalities if the sportswear is to sit in the optimum position. in the majority of wheelchair athletes the upper body and arms are very muscular which must be taken into consideration in the design of shirts and jackets. to create a good fit with extensive freedom of movement, the clothing items should therefore have adapted seam lines. in addition to the anatomical specifics, as part of their project, the researchers also collated those special requirements which arise from the sports commitment of the athletes. therefore, in addition to the 3d scanner measurements, anke klepser has also conducted a survey to collate the optimisation wishes of the test persons. for instance, the hand bikers said that they would like to see a narrow lower leg trouser width which would offer them better head wind protection. the scientists also had to consider the specific requirements of disabled athletes in relation to the diversion of body sweat, also known as clothing moisture management. due to the position of the back or back of the thigh which is in close contact with the hand bike or wheel chair, moisture can very quickly get trapped. this could be avoided through the use of various suitable materials and functional designs in these areas ( comfort - mapping ) in contrast to this, depending on the type and degree of the spinal cord injury, for the majority of wheelchair athletes, the paralysis of the extremities is also linked to a restricted functionality of the body ' s own temperature control. for example, quadriplegics whose legs and arms are affected to a greater or lesser extent by the paralysis, do not sweat or only sweat to a limited extent and run the risk, especially in the case of very high external temperatures and / or high physical exertion, of suffering a circulatory collapse due to the body overheating. water applied externally to the clothing can help in such cases by ensuring the necessary cooling through evaporation. anke klepser and her team also had to consider other specific aspects in their research work. \" the clothing requirements for wheelchair athletes are extremely variable and complex. we hope that our data and information will form the basis for", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.5236679593724012, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:5358b679-4870-40a6-bd83-c0012e49ae91>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T10:38:10.354793"}
{"text": "evaporation. anke klepser and her team also had to consider other specific aspects in their research work. \" the clothing requirements for wheelchair athletes are extremely variable and complex. we hope that our data and information will form the basis for many optimised products which will make life easier for the athletes and will support them appropriately in their outstanding achievements. it is expected that the results of the project will be available for interested manufacturers from early 2014. phone : + 49 7143 271 - 325 rose - marie riedl | source : hohenstein institute further information : www. hohenstein. de more articles from materials sciences : stacking 2 - d materials produces surprising results 17. 05. 2013 | massachusetts institute of technology engineered biomaterial could improve success of medical implants 15. 05. 2013 | university of washington researchers have shown that, by using global positioning systems ( gps ) to measure ground deformation caused by a large underwater earthquake, they can provide accurate warning of the resulting tsunami in just a few minutes after the earthquake onset. for the devastating japan 2011 event, the team reveals that the analysis of the gps data and issue of a detailed tsunami alert would have taken no more than three minutes. the results are published on 17 may in natural hazards and earth system sciences, an open access journal of... a new study of glaciers worldwide using observations from two nasa satellites has helped resolve differences in estimates of how fast glaciers are disappearing and contributing to sea level rise. the new research found glaciers outside of the greenland and antarctic ice sheets, repositories of 1 percent of all land ice, lost an average of 571 trillion pounds ( 259 trillion kilograms ) of mass every year during the six - year study period, making the oceans rise 0. 03 inches ( 0. 7 mm ) per year.... about 99 % of the world \u2019 s land ice is stored in the huge ice sheets of antarctica and greenland, while only 1 % is contained in glaciers. however, the meltwater of glaciers contributed almost as much to the rise in sea level in the period 2003 to 2009 as the two ice sheets : about one third. this is one of the results of an international study with the involvement of geographers from the university of zurich. second sound is a quantum mechanical phenomenon, which has been observed only in superfluid helium. physicists from the university of innsbruck, austria, in collaboration with colleagues from the university of trento, italy, have now proven the propagation of such a temperature wave in a quantum", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.544912627356791, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:5358b679-4870-40a6-bd83-c0012e49ae91>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T10:38:10.356085"}
{"text": "so when is a chicken not a chicken? when it ducks! you might be wondering how in the world that pathetic old joke is relevant to those spinning little ( or big ) fans in your computer case. if you \u2019 re a custom pc builder, be it for the sweet sound of silence, or for some rage against the machine overclocking, if there \u2019 s one thing that you know, it \u2019 s fans. electronics don \u2019 t like to be hot, and whether it \u2019 s moving air over a heatsink or moving air over a liquid cooling radiator, at some point you just have to transfer the heat that computer parts generate into the air. that means you need ye olde whirling dervish, aka a fan. but fans are tricky. you \u2019 re often limited to the size of the fan that you can use, which reduces their efficiency. the speed that they run at and the design of the fan blades determine all sorts of factors from the amount of air moved, to the pressure of the air, to the focus cone of how the air moves, to the amount of power the fans consume, to the noise that they make as the blades spin around going whir whir whir. and then there \u2019 s the bearing design. how long will the fan really last? when it comes to pcs, fans are a tricky business! but what if your fan \u2026 wasn \u2019 t a fan? general electric has developed an interesting novel approach to moving air in consumer electronics, which they based not on ye olde whirling dervish, but on a bellows. taking a concept from their commercial jet engines, ge used tiny ceramic piezoelectronics and two 40mm x 40mm metal plates to make what they call a dual piezo cooling jet ( dcj ). the little buggers are smaller than fans, move more air, use less electricity, and make so little noise as to be virtually inaudible. and with no bearings to grind, in theory they \u2019 ll last longer too! allegedly they don \u2019 t even gather dust. in theory they \u2019 re better all - around than any fan. now, you \u2019 re probably thinking, \u201c sounds great! where can i get a dcj? \u201d that \u2019 s where problems start to come in. because ge isn \u2019 t really interested in manufacturing and selling the dcjs themselves. they \u2019 re only promoting the intellectual property. ge is presently demonstrating dcjs to manufacturers and so far have licensed the design to only one company :", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5494111842661201, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:bbfe7257-e7e2-4141-ab08-035fe7c47f19>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T10:38:10.362062"}
{"text": "start to come in. because ge isn \u2019 t really interested in manufacturing and selling the dcjs themselves. they \u2019 re only promoting the intellectual property. ge is presently demonstrating dcjs to manufacturers and so far have licensed the design to only one company : fujikura ltd of japan. so it may be some time yet before you can buy one. there \u2019 s also another problem : the way that they work. as you watch their video, you realize one really important thing, dcjs are thin. like really really thin. sure, they create a jet of air, but how often in a big pc case do you need a really tiny jetstream? if you want a big fan, or need to cover a lot of area, the dcj may not be for you. they look to create a very concentrated little jetstream. sure, it moves air, but how many of the little buggers do you need to cover as much area as you want? and in the case of an exhaust fan, what \u2019 ll it feel like to be the person who dares to walk behind the computer? so there may be a few features that need tweaking for pc use. it \u2019 s a design that \u2019 ll work great in super - thin devices, like smartphones, tablets, and ultrabooks. i \u2019 m not so convinced about larger consumer electronics though. not without a serious rethink of how air moves in the device. i don \u2019 t see someone fitting a dcj into any traditional fan slot. they just work too differently, moving air along a completely different axis. i \u2019 m also not sure that i like the idea of my cellphone having a fan. still, it \u2019 s interesting, isn \u2019 t it? we could find that five years from now the dual piezo cooling jet may just have completely revolutionized consumer electronics airflow designs. i can already see a few of my old theoretical computer case designs that i \u2019 d been thinking about for silence that didn \u2019 t work well with traditional spinning fans would work quite the treat with dcjs. they \u2019 d finally become reasonable designs. makes me wish i had the money to patent a few case designs and manufacture them. it also makes me wonder, if they can move air so much more efficiently, and air is just a fluid ( as far as the physics of fluid dynamics are concerned ) how about an adaptation to water? and if that works, what about other liquids? from better water cooling rigs in pcs to fuel injection in cars, just how many things", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5509446211186785, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:bbfe7257-e7e2-4141-ab08-035fe7c47f19>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T10:38:10.363115"}
{"text": "interrupt the execution of an expression and allow the inspection of the environment where browser was called from. browser ( text = \" \", condition = null, expr = true, skipcalls = 0l ) - a text string that can be retrieved once the browser is invoked. - a condition that can be retrieved once the browser is invoked. - an expression, which if it evaluates to truethe debugger will invoked, otherwise control is returned directly. - how many previous calls to skip when reporting the calling context. a call to browser can be included in the body of a function. when reached, this causes a pause in the execution of the current expression and allows access to the r interpreter. the purpose of the condition arguments are to allow helper programs ( e. g. external debuggers ) to insert specific values here, so that the specific call to browser ( perhaps its location in a source file ) can be identified and special processing can be achieved. the values can be retrieved by calling the purpose of the expr argument is to allow for the illusion of conditional debugging. it is an illusion, because execution is always paused at the call to browser, but control is only passed to the evaluator described below if expr evaluates to true. in most cases it is going to be more efficient to use an if statement in the calling program, but in some cases using this argument will be simpler. skipcalls argument should be used when the browser ( ) call is nested within another debugging function : it will look further up the call stack to report its location. at the browser prompt the user can enter commands or r expressions, followed by a newline. the commands are - ( or just an empty line, by default ) exit the browser and continue execution at the next statement. - synonym for - enter the step - through debugger if the function is interpreted. this changes the meaning of c : see the documentation for debug. for byte compiled functions nis equivalent to - print a stack trace of all active function calls. - exit the browser and the current evaluation and return to the top - level prompt. ( leading and trailing whitespace is ignored, except for an empty line ). anything else entered at the browser prompt is interpreted as an r expression to be evaluated in the calling environment : in particular typing an object name will cause the object to be printed, and ls ( ) lists the objects in the calling frame. ( if you want to look at an object", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5430023328402431, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:a0f6a31d-26d9-465a-85af-fcef7ca88935>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T10:38:10.377131"}
{"text": "last reviewed by faculty of harvard medical school on january 24, 2013 by harvey b. simon, m. d. harvard medical school regular exercise has enormous health benefits. most importantly, it reduces the risk of heart attack, stroke and premature death. and that ' s not all. many studies link physical activity to protection against : - high blood pressure - osteoporosis and fractures - colon cancer, breast cancer and possibly prostate cancer. despite all these benefits, only about one in four american adults gets the exercise they need to promote health. people have many excuses for not exercising. one excuse concerns the belief that exercise causes arthritis. is this true or not? back to top excuses, excuses, excuses couch potatoes have many excuses to explain their sedentary ways. lack of time is the most common. the belief that exercise is too hard is a close second. but neither excuse is very convincing. all it takes is 30 minutes of moderate exercise nearly every day to promote health. what about the arthritis excuse? recent studies show that exercise can be safe for joints, both in older, overweight folks and in athletes. even if it were true, it might be wise to accept aching knees as the price for a healthy heart, brain and metabolism ( cholesterol, blood sugar, body fat and muscle ). back to top should runners worry? running, in particular, is considered to be hard on the body. unlike walking, running is a high - impact exercise. it ' s simply a matter of gravity : what goes up must come down. walkers have one foot on the ground at all times, while joggers and runners are entirely airborne for part of every stride. each time a foot hits the ground, it puts a stress equal to eight times the body ' s weight on a person ' s feet, legs, hips and neck. in just one mile, a runner ' s legs will have to absorb tons and tons of force from the impact. running actually causes relatively few physical problems. it ' s a testament to the wonderful construction of the human body. the faster the pace, however, the greater the impact and the greater the risk of injury. but that doesn ' t mean that running will cause arthritis. in fact, new studies provide reassurance that exercise, and particularly running, are safe for healthy joints. exercise may even help joints stay healthy. back to top what the research shows framingham offspring cohort in 1948, more than 5, 200 residents of framingham, ma volunteered for the framingham heart study.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5016224563582414, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:775bf0ac-abe6-4ab5-8fea-e3202b9160ed>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T10:38:10.392008"}
{"text": "| | | | diseases and conditions what is it? a phobia is a persistent, excessive, unrealistic fear of an object, person, animal, activity or situation. it is a type of anxiety disorder. a person with a phobia either tries to avoid the thing that triggers the fear, or endures it with great anxiety and distress. some phobias are very specific and limited. for example, a person may fear only spiders ( arachnophobia ) or cats ( galeophobia ). in this case, the person lives relatively free of anxiety by avoiding the thing he or she fears. some phobias cause trouble in a wider variety of places or situations. for example, symptoms of acrophobia ( fear of heights ) can be triggered by looking out the window of an office building or by driving over a high bridge. the fear of confined spaces ( claustrophobia ) can be triggered by riding in an elevator or by using a small restroom. people with these phobias may need to alter their lives drastically. in extreme cases, the phobia may dictate the person ' s employment, job location, driving route, recreational and social activities, or home environment. there are three major types of phobia : - specific phobia ( simple phobia ). with this most common form of phobia, people may fear specific animals ( such as dogs, cats, spiders, snakes ), people ( such as clowns, dentists, doctors ), environments ( such as dark places, thunderstorms, high places ) or situations ( such as flying in a plane, riding on a train, being in a confined space ). these conditions are at least partly genetic ( inherited ) and seem to run in families. - social phobia ( social anxiety disorder ). people with social phobia fear social situations where they may be humiliated, embarrassed or judged by others. they become particularly anxious when unfamiliar people are involved. the fear may be limited to performance, such as giving a lecture, concert or business presentation. or it may be more generalized, so that the phobic person avoids many social situations, such as eating in public or using a public restroom. social phobia seems to run in families. people who have been shy or solitary as children, or who have a history of unhappy or negative social experiences in childhood, seem more likely to develop this disorder. - agoraphobia. agoraphobia is a fear of being in", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5779930935799447, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:c9f4f058-36b1-441f-8b67-ce7582013fcd>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T10:38:10.404183"}
{"text": "families. people who have been shy or solitary as children, or who have a history of unhappy or negative social experiences in childhood, seem more likely to develop this disorder. - agoraphobia. agoraphobia is a fear of being in public places where it would be difficult or embarrassing to make a sudden exit. a person with agoraphobia may avoid going to a movie or a concert, or traveling on a bus or a train. in many cases, he or she also has repeated, unexpected panic attacks ( intense fear and a set of uncomfortable physical symptoms - - trembling, heart palpitations and sweating ). childhood phobias occur most commonly between the ages of 5 and 9, and tend to last a short while. most longer - lasting phobias begin later in life, especially in people in their 20s. adult phobias tend to last for many years, and they are less likely to go away on their own. without proper treatment, phobia can increase an adult ' s risk of other types of psychiatric illness, especially other anxiety disorders, depression and substance abuse. the symptoms of phobia are : - excessive, unreasonable, persistent feelings of fear or anxiety that are triggered by a particular object, activity or situation. the feelings are either irrational or out of proportion to any actual threat. for example, while anyone may be afraid of an unrestrained, menacing dog, most people do not run away from a calm, quiet animal on a leash. - anxiety - related physical symptoms. these can include tremors, palpitations, sweating, shortness of breath, dizziness, nausea or other symptoms that reflect the body ' s \" fight or flight \" response to danger. - avoidance of the object, activity or situation that triggers the phobia. because people who have phobias recognize that their fears are exaggerated, they are often ashamed or embarrassed about their symptoms. to prevent anxiety symptoms or embarrassment, they avoid the triggers for the phobia. a mental health professional is likely to ask about current symptoms and family history, particularly whether other family members have had phobias. you may want to report any experience or trauma that may have set off the phobia - - for example, a dog attack leading to a fear of dogs. it may be helpful to discuss how you react - - your thoughts, feelings and physical symptoms - - when you are confronted with the thing you fear. also, describe what you do to avoid fearful situations, and how the phobia affects your daily", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.5290060297846886, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:c9f4f058-36b1-441f-8b67-ce7582013fcd>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T10:38:10.405477"}
{"text": "stocks are commonly touted as being safe ( real returns greater than 0 ) over the long run. if you look only at the united states over the past century, this has been the case for any period greater than 20 years. however, in many other countries, stocks needed to be held for a much longer period in order for this statement to hold true. furthermore, social and economic conditions in the u. s. today are very different from those at the beginning of the last century. in the future, the u. s. may have more difficulty claiming that stocks are safe over the long run - an issue that has important implications for building portfolios in the twenty - first century. in this article, we examine the reasons behind this change and discuss what it means for the equity premium ( defined as equity return - cash return ). ( for further reading, see the equity risk premium - part 1 and part 2. ) the u. s. and uncommon returns all too often, investors look at historical u. s. returns as a gauge for future returns. given that the u. s. saw the largest economic and market growth of any country in the twentieth century, this might not be a prudent strategy, as countries, just like sectors, eventually rotate in and out of favor. because of its success, however, the u. s. has been the most researched market ; more long - term quality financial data exists on it than on any other market. this resulting success bias has strongly influenced investors ' projected returns. the bull market of 1982 to 2000 also had an effect on investors ' expectations, but given that it was the greatest combined bull market ( equities and fixed income ) in history, it may be difficult to repeat any time soon. at the beginning of the twenty - first century, valuation levels on stocks were higher and, therefore, not as compelling as they were at the start of the previous century, and investors hurt during the last bubble may be much less likely to pay such high premiums in the future. ( for background info, read digging deeper into bull and bear markets other countries did not share the unprecedented degree of success enjoyed by the u. s. over the twentieth century. according to elroy dimson, paul marsh and mike staunton in their book \" triumph of the optimists : 101 years of global investment returns \" ( 2002 ), the u. s. has seen positive real equity returns for every 20 - year period in the last century. the same cannot be said for many other", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5027493402113707, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:bea20ac6-92e8-45f2-a7d0-067ac020659d>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T10:38:10.415787"}
{"text": "of long - term returns from the last century. finally, proceeding with a lower equity premium and the same historical amount of volatility will mean longer periods before stocks can be considered safe over the long run. according to dimson, marsh and staunton, the equity premium in the second half of the twentieth century was twice that of the first half. the post - war years saw unprecedented growth and trade in the global economy, while central bankers came to better understand the intricacies of monetary policy. during this time, global investing was a true \" free lunch \", where you could pick up additional return with little additional risk. this was due to the poor correlation of financial market returns. the financial markets and the world economy were not as integrated as they are today ; this has changed dramatically since the 1970s, and global market returns have become more closely correlated. therefore, this \" free lunch \" may be harder to realize now. ( for further reading see, broadening the borders of your portfolio and investing beyond your borders some argue that long - term equity returns can even be more certain than bond returns. according to peter l. bernstein in his article \" what rate of return can you reasonably expect... or what can the long run tell us about the short run? \" ( 1997 ), stock market returns are historically mean reverting ( returns ultimately coming back to their long - run averages ), while bonds have not been mean reverting on either a nominal or a real basis. for example, the bond market in the twentieth century was basically two secular bull markets and bear markets - there was no mean reversion about it. despite this argument, the yields on inflation - protected securities ( another basis for calculating equity premium ) were actually dramatically compressed at the beginning of this century, as a glut of global savings resonated throughout the world. since that time, the world has generally become a much safer place to invest. shouldn ' t this relative safety be reflected in lower equity premiums required by investors? at any rate, it certainly helps to explain the increase in valuations in the last half of the twentieth century. assuming a lower equity premium in the future, people will need to change the way they invest. personal savings will have to increase to offset lower real returns and real assets may offer a more viable alternative to financial assets. finally, sector and stock selection will become even more important. conclusion in terms of market returns, the twentieth century was more favorable to the u. s. than to most other countries", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5087700158886348, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:bea20ac6-92e8-45f2-a7d0-067ac020659d>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T10:38:10.418196"}
{"text": "high blood pressure | integrative therapy quick links : | - aneroid monitor, aneurysms, angina, angiogenesis, angiogram, antihypertensive, aneurysm, aorta, aortic coarctation, artery, arteriogram, atherosclerosis, blood clot, cholesterol, chronic heart failure ( chf ), coronary heart disease ( chd ), cushing ' s disease, diabetes, diastolic, digital monitor, endocrine, endothelial dysfunction, endothelium, erectile dysfunction ( ed ), essential, high - density lipoprotein ( hdl ), hyperaldosteronism, hyperlipidemia, hyperparathyroidism, hypertension, hypotension, idiopathic, impotence, isolated systolic hypertension, low - density lipoprotein ( ldl ), malignant hypertension, metabolic syndrome, myocardial infarction, obesity, palpitation, pheochromocytoma, pre - eclampsia, pre - hypertension, primary, pulmonary hypertension, renal, secondary, silent ischemia, smoking, sphygmomanometer, stress, stroke, syndrome x, systolic, tinnitus, vertigo. - blood pressure is the force of blood pushing against the walls of arteries ( blood vessels ). each time the heart beats, it pumps blood through blood vessels, supplying the body ' s muscles, organs and tissues with the oxygen and nutrients that they need to function. over the course of a day, an individual ' s blood pressure rises and falls transiently many times in response to various stimuli. elevated blood pressure over a sustained period of time is a condition referred to as hypertension ( htn ). - the american heart association estimates that nearly one in three american adults has high blood pressure. approximately two - thirds of people over the age of 65 have high blood pressure. of those people with high blood pressure, 71. 8 % are aware of their condition. of all people with high blood pressure, 61. 4 % are under current treatment, 35. 1 % have it under control, and 64. 9 % do not have it controlled. - the cause of 90 - 95 % of the cases of high blood pressure is not known ; however, high blood pressure is easily detected and usually controllable. - from 1994 to 2004 the death rate from high blood pressure", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.533466001561346, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:7df2c02b-3013-4ab0-a13c-4c01a58c76f7>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T10:38:10.501955"}
{"text": "least 4, 000 years old. there are two main types of qi gong practice : internal and external. internal qi gong is a self - directed technique that involves the use of sounds, movements, and meditation. internal qi gong actively engages people in their own health and well - being, and can be performed with or without the presence of a master instructor. it may be practiced daily to promote health maintenance and disease prevention. several human trials suggest benefits of qi gong in the treatment of high blood pressure, particularly when added to conventional treatments such as prescription drugs. there is early evidence that there may be lower death rates in people with high blood pressure who practice qi gong. some studies report that high blood pressure associated with pregnancy may be partially controlled through internal qi gong relaxation exercises. although this research is promising, a major problem is that the way qi gong is practiced is not always clear in these studies, and may not be similar to the way qi gong is practiced in the community. - qi gong is generally considered to be safe in most people when learned from a qualified instructor. use cautiously with psychiatric disorders. - stevia : stevia ( stevia rebaudiana ) standardized extracts are used as natural sweeteners and dietary supplements. stevioside is a natural plant component isolated from stevia that has demonstrated blood pressure lowering effects. despite evidence of benefits in some human studies and support from laboratory and animal studies, more research is warranted to compare stevia ' s effectiveness for hypertension with the current standard of care. - caution is advised when taking stevia, as numerous adverse effects including blood sugar lowering have been observed. stevia should not be used if pregnant or breastfeeding, unless otherwise directed by a doctor. - unclear or conflicting scientific evidence : - acupressure, shiatsu : the practice of applying finger pressure to specific acupoints throughout the body has been used in china since 2000 bc, prior to the use of acupuncture. acupressure techniques are widely practiced internationally for relaxation, wellness promotion, and the treatment of various health conditions. small studies in men and women report that acupressure may reduce blood pressure. study results on the effect of acupressure on heart rate have yielded mixed results. large, well - designed studies are needed to better understand the role of acupressure in treatment of hypertension. - with proper training, acupressure appears to be safe if self - administered or administered by an experienced therapist. no serious long - term complications have been reported,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5490572723177246, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:7df2c02b-3013-4ab0-a13c-4c01a58c76f7>", "chunk_index": 14, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T10:38:10.520476"}
{"text": "to better understand the role of acupressure in treatment of hypertension. - with proper training, acupressure appears to be safe if self - administered or administered by an experienced therapist. no serious long - term complications have been reported, according to scientific data. hand nerve injury and herpes zoster ( \" shingles \" ) cases have been reported after shiatsu massage. forceful acupressure may cause bruising. - acupuncture : the practice of acupuncture originated in china 5, 000 years ago. today it is widely used throughout the world and is one of the main pillars of chinese medicine. it involves the insertion of needles in various point of the body to help move the \" chi \" or energy. although used for centuries to lower blood pressure, human trials are lacking. more studies are needed to determine what can be expected in the use of acupuncture for hypertension. - needles must be sterile in order to avoid disease transmission. avoid with valvular heart disease, infections, bleeding disorders, medical conditions of unknown origin, or neurological disorders. avoid if taking drugs that increase the risk of bleeding ( e. g. anticoagulants ). avoid on areas that have received radiation therapy and during pregnancy. use cautiously with pulmonary disease ( e. g. asthma or emphysema ). use cautiously in elderly or medically compromised patients, diabetics, or with history of seizures. avoid electroacupuncture with arrhythmia ( irregular heartbeat ) or in patients with pacemakers because therapy may interfere with the device. - acustimulation : acustimulation is the mild electrical stimulation of acupuncture points to control symptoms such as nausea and vomiting. a low intensity electrical current is used to penetrate just slightly below the surface of the skin. it may be delivered by acupuncture needles attached to electrodes or, more commonly, by battery - powered appliances that can be worn on the body ( touching the surface of the skin ). acustimulation has been examined in the treatment of high blood pressure in one small study of patients diagnosed with diastolic hypertension. a set of four different acupuncture points were used, with results showing an immediate reduction of diastolic blood pressure. at this time, the evidence is insufficient for use of acustimulation in high blood pressure. - a known side effect of acustimulation devices is slight skin irritation under the electrodes when the wristband is used", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.506071735293657, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:7df2c02b-3013-4ab0-a13c-4c01a58c76f7>", "chunk_index": 15, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T10:38:10.521527"}
{"text": "been published in this area. although some studies are suggestive, overall the existing evidence remains debatable. better research is necessary before a firm conclusion can be drawn. - use extra caution during cervical adjustments. use cautiously with acute arthritis, conditions that cause decreased bone mineralization, brittle bone disease, bone softening conditions, bleeding disorders, and migraines. use cautiously with the risk of tumors or cancers. avoid with symptoms of vertebrobasilar vascular insufficiency, aneurysms, unstable spondylolisthesis, or arthritis. avoid if taking drugs that increase the risk of bleeding. avoid in areas of para - spinal tissue after surgery. avoid if pregnant or breastfeeding due to a lack of scientific data. - chlorella : ingestion of chlorella may somewhat reduce blood pressure in hypertensive patients. as the results of available studies are not significant, chlorella cannot be recommended for hypertension at this time. - avoid in patients with known allergy / hypersensitivity to chlorella, its constituents, mold, or members of the oocystaceae family. avoid in patients using warfarin or other anticoagulant therapy. use cautiously in patients with hypotension or taking antihypertensives. use cautiously in patients taking immunomodulators or with altered immune function, or cancer. use cautiously in patients with photosensitivity, taking photosensitizers, or exposed to the sun. - color therapy : in humans, color therapy has been studied as a possible treatment for hypertension. further research is needed before a recommendation can be made. - color therapy is generally considered safe. exposure to bright light may cause eye injury, such as retinopathy. strobe lights may cause seizures in susceptible individuals. avoid during pregnancy and breastfeeding. - evening primrose oil : evening primrose oil is proposed to have effects on chemicals in the blood called prostaglandins, which may play a role in pre - eclampsia. however, more studies are needed before a firm conclusion can be drawn. - avoid if allergic to plants in the onagraceae family ( e. g. willow ' s herb or enchanter ' s nightshade ) or gamma - linolenic acid. avoid with seizure disorders. use cautiously with mental illness drugs. stop use two weeks before surgery with anesthesia. avoid if pregnant or breastfeeding. - flaxseed : fl", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5075590414793634, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:7df2c02b-3013-4ab0-a13c-4c01a58c76f7>", "chunk_index": 19, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T10:38:10.526993"}
{"text": "hypnosis, hypnotherapy : hypnosis is a trance - like state in which a person becomes more aware and focused and is more open to suggestion. hypnotherapy has been used to treat health conditions or to change behaviors. early study suggests that hypnosis may have short and long - term effects for patients with mild high blood pressure. additional research is needed to confirm these findings. - use cautiously with mental illnesses ( e. g. psychosis, schizophrenia, manic depression, multiple personality disorder, or dissociative disorders ) or seizure disorders. iridology is the study of the iris ( colored part of the eye ) with the intention of gaining information about underlying diseases. iridologists believe that the degrees of light and darkness in the iris give clues to the body ' s general health. preliminary studies by a south korean team of researchers using a computerized approach suggest that iridology may assist in the identification of individual predispositions for vascular diseases such as hypertension. further research is needed to confirm the effectiveness of iridology as a diagnostic tool for hypertension, and further teams of researchers would need to conduct parallel work in order for these methods to become validated. - iridology should not be used alone to diagnose disease. studies of iridology have reported incorrect diagnoses, and thus, potentially severe medical problems may go undiagnosed. in addition, research suggests that iridology may lead to inappropriate treatment. iridology is therefore not recommended as a sole method of diagnosis or treatment for any condition. - lutein : lutein and zeaxanthin are found in high levels in foods, such as green vegetables, egg yolk, kiwi fruit, grapes, orange juice, zucchini, squash, and corn. preliminary evidence suggests that pre - eclampsia risk may decrease with increasing concentrations of lutein. additional human studies are needed before a firm recommendation can be made. - avoid if allergic or hypersensitive to lutein or zeaxanthin. use cautiously if at risk for cardiovascular disease or cancer. avoid if pregnant or breastfeeding. - lycopene : lycopene is a carotenoid, which is a naturally occurring class of fat - soluble pigments ( coloring ) found mainly in plants and algae. lycopene is present in human serum, liver, adrenal glands, lungs, prostate, colon, and skin at higher levels than other carote", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.6000166252524446, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:7df2c02b-3013-4ab0-a13c-4c01a58c76f7>", "chunk_index": 23, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T10:38:10.533369"}
{"text": "occurring class of fat - soluble pigments ( coloring ) found mainly in plants and algae. lycopene is present in human serum, liver, adrenal glands, lungs, prostate, colon, and skin at higher levels than other carotenoids. there is some evidence that short - term treatments of lycopene may reduce blood pressure. lycopene may also reduce the development of pre - eclampsia and intrauterine growth retardation in women having their first child. more research is needed, especially to examine the long - term effects of lycopene in patients with high blood pressure. - avoid if allergic to tomatoes or to lycopene. due to a lack of conclusive data, avoid if pregnant or breastfeeding. - magnesium : controversy exists whether oral magnesium ( mg ) supplementation can lower blood pressure in patients with mild to moderate hypertension or prevent the onset of hypertension. several studies have reported a small but not significant decrease in blood pressure with mg. further research is indicated for the use of mg in the treatment of hypertension. - use cautiously in patients with bleeding disorders, or in those taking anticoagulants or antiplatelet agents, antidiabetic agents, or antihypertensive agents. use intravenous magnesium sulfate with extreme caution in patients with eclampsia. avoid in patients with atrioventricular heart block, renal failure, or severe renal disease. avoid intravenous magnesium in women with toxemia during the first few hours of labor. - massage : various forms of therapeutic superficial tissue manipulation have been practiced for thousands of years across cultures. chinese use of massage dates to 1600 bc, and hippocrates made reference to the importance of physicians being experienced with \" rubbing \" as early as 400 bc. based on early study, massage may decrease blood pressure in patients with hypertension. more high - quality studies are needed. - avoid with bleeding disorders, low platelet counts, or if taking blood - thinning medications ( such as heparin or warfarin / coumadin\u00ae ). areas should not be massaged where there are fractures, weakened bones from osteoporosis or cancer, open / healing skin wounds, skin infections, recent surgery, or blood clots. use cautiously with history of physical abuse or if pregnant or breastfeeding. massage should not be used as a substitute for more proven therapies for medical conditions. massage should not cause pain to the client. -", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5081378516891365, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:7df2c02b-3013-4ab0-a13c-4c01a58c76f7>", "chunk_index": 24, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T10:38:10.534475"}
{"text": "surgery, or blood clots. use cautiously with history of physical abuse or if pregnant or breastfeeding. massage should not be used as a substitute for more proven therapies for medical conditions. massage should not cause pain to the client. - melatonin : melatonin is a hormone produced in the brain by the pineal gland, from the amino acid tryptophan. the synthesis and release of melatonin are stimulated by darkness and suppressed by light, suggesting the involvement of melatonin in circadian rhythm and regulation of diverse body functions. levels of melatonin in the blood are highest prior to bedtime. synthetic melatonin supplements have been used for a variety of medical conditions, most notably for disorders related to sleep and as an antioxidant. several controlled studies in patients with hypertension report small reductions in blood pressure when taking melatonin by mouth ( orally ) or inhaled through the nose ( intranasally ). better - designed research is necessary before a firm conclusion can be reached. - caution is advised when taking melatonin, as adverse effects including drowsiness and drug interactions are possible. melatonin should not be used if pregnant or breastfeeding, unless otherwise directed by a doctor. melatonin is for short - term use only ( one to two weeks ). - omega - 3 fatty acids : several studies of fish oil do not provide enough reliable evidence for use of this supplement for pre - eclampsia. - avoid if allergic or hypersensitive to fish, omega - 3 fatty acid products that come from fish, nuts, linolenic acid, or omega - 3 fatty acid products that come from nuts. avoid during active bleeding. use cautiously with bleeding disorders, diabetes, low blood pressure or drugs, herbs or supplements that treat any such conditions. use cautiously before surgery. pregnant and breastfeeding women should not consume doses that exceed the recommended dietary allowance ( rda ). - onion : onion - olive oil capsules may help lower blood pressure. high quality clinical research is needed to confirm the effectiveness of onion for treatment of hypertension. - avoid if allergic or hypersensitive to onion ( allium cepa ), its constituents, or members of the lilaceae family. use cautiously with hematologic ( blood ) disorders, diabetes, hypoglycemia ( low blood sugar ), and hypotension ( low blood pressure ). use cautiously if taking anticoagulants or antiplatelets ( blood thinner", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5207862980659903, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:7df2c02b-3013-4ab0-a13c-4c01a58c76f7>", "chunk_index": 25, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T10:38:10.535505"}
{"text": "may increase the risk of bleeding, hypertensive ( high blood pressure ) medications, or immune stimulating or inhibiting drugs. avoid if pregnant or breastfeeding. - reishi mushroom : reishi ( ganoderma lucidum ) is a fungus ( mushroom ) that grows wild on decaying logs and tree stumps. reishi has been used in traditional chinese medicine for more than 4, 000 years to treat liver disorders, high blood pressure, arthritis and other ailments. preliminary data suggest that reishi may exert a blood pressure lowering effect ; however, currently available evidence in this area is weak. future studies are warranted to validate the results of these small studies and to provide clinical usefulness of reishi as a possible treatment for high blood pressure. - caution is advised when taking reishi supplements, as adverse effects including an increase in bleeding and drug interactions are possible. reishi supplements should not be used if pregnant or breastfeeding, unless otherwise directed by a doctor. - relaxation therapy : relaxation techniques include behavioral therapeutic approaches that differ widely in philosophy, methodology, and practice. the primary goal is usually non - directed relaxation. relaxation techniques have been associated with reduced pulse rate, systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, lower perception of stress, and enhanced perception of health. further research is needed to confirm the effectiveness of relaxation therapy for high blood pressure. - avoid with psychiatric disorders such as schizophrenia / psychosis. jacobson relaxation ( flexing specific muscles, holding that position, and then relaxing the muscles ) should be used cautiously with illnesses, such as heart disease, high blood pressure, or musculoskeletal injury. relaxation therapy is not recommended as the sole treatment approach for potentially serious medical conditions and should not delay the time to diagnosis or treatment with more proven techniques. - rhubarb : chinese herbalists have relied on rhubarb ( rheum palmatum ) for thousands of years. the rhizomes and roots contain powerful anthraquinones ( components with laxative properties ) and tannins ( components that tonify tissue ). studies on rhubarb ' s effect on pre - eclampsia indicate that it may be a helpful treatment to decrease blood pressure. more high quality trials are needed to confirm this hypothesis. - avoid if allergic / hypersensitive to rhubarb, its constituents, or related plants from the polygonaceae family. avoid using rhubarb for more than two weeks because it may induce tolerance in", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5046903483638091, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:7df2c02b-3013-4ab0-a13c-4c01a58c76f7>", "chunk_index": 28, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T10:38:10.540359"}
{"text": ". soy and components of soy called isoflavones have been studied scientifically for numerous health conditions. although soy products have not been proven to be effective in lowering blood pressure in humans, laboratory and some human studies do support the use of soy in reducing the risk of developing coronary artery disease ( cad ). additional research is needed to better understand the role of soy in hypertension. - caution is advised when taking soy, as adverse effects including drug interactions are possible. soy supplements should not be used if pregnant or breastfeeding, unless otherwise directed by a doctor. experts recommend that individuals with breast cancer not use soy products unless under the supervision of a doctor. - spiritual healing : there is limited research on the use of spiritual healing for treatment of hypertension. - spiritual healing should not be used as the only treatment approach for medical or psychiatric conditions, and should not delay the time it takes to consider more proven therapies. - tai chi : tai chi techniques aim to address the body and mind as an interconnected system. early study shows that tai chi may help to reduce blood pressure, cholesterol, and anxiety in patients with high blood pressure ( hypertension ). - avoid with severe osteoporosis or joint problems, acute back pain, sprains, or fractures. avoid during active infections, right after a meal, or when very tired. some believe that visualization of energy flow below the waist during menstruation may increase menstrual bleeding. straining downwards or holding low postures should be avoided during pregnancy, and by people with inguinal hernias. some tai chi practitioners believe that practicing for too long or using too much intention may direct the flow of chi ( qi ) inappropriately, possibly resulting in physical or emotional illness. tai chi should not be used as a substitute for more proven therapies for potentially serious conditions. advancing too quickly while studying tai chi may increase the risk of injury. - taurine : taurine is a non - essential amino acid ( building blocks of protein ) and is important in several metabolic processes of the body, including stabilizing cell membranes in electrically active tissues, such as the brain and heart. it also has functions in the gallbladder, eyes, and blood vessels, and may have some antioxidant and detoxifying effects. in early study, taurine has been reported to result in decreased blood pressure in patients with hypertension. well - designed and reported clinical trials are still needed. - caution is advised when taking taurine", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5038324616980333, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:7df2c02b-3013-4ab0-a13c-4c01a58c76f7>", "chunk_index": 32, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T10:38:10.544582"}
{"text": "minerva ( micro / nano experimental robot vehicle for asteroid ), japan ' s first planetary exploration rover, traveled to the itokawa asteroid aboard hayabusa. it is a 16 - sided prism measuring 12 cm in diameter and 10 centimeters in height, and weighing 591 grams. minerva was released from hayabusa during its descent to itokawa. it was designed to move around on the asteroid autonomously, by hopping, and to perform observations with a camera and thermometer. minerva was deployed on november 12, 2005, two - and - a - half years after hayabusa ' s launch on may 9, 2003. unfortunately, it did not make the landing on itokawa. however, it was able to take an image of hayabusa ' s solar paddle during deployment, which is the world ' s first image of a deep - space explorer taken from outside the spacecraft while in space. maintaining stable function after release, minerva also succeeded in demonstrating many new engineering technologies. q. minerva is designed to travel by hopping. how did this idea come about? originally, hayabusa was supposed to carry only a nasa rover, but in 1998 we initiated a project to develop an original japanese one. later, nasa canceled its rover plan, so minerva was the only one on board. we wanted to make our robot different from nasa ' s wheeled version, in part out of pride. we wanted to build an original japanese robot. and after considering it theoretically and experimentally, we also came to the conclusion that a hopping transportation method made sense. no matter what direction minerva descends from, it can hop. q. what was the greatest challenge in developing minerva? the first obstacle was the extremely low gravity on the asteroid itokawa. low gravity makes a rover hop no matter what, so with that in mind i came up with a design where the rover would move by hopping. it was necessary to make it hop horizontally because if it hopped only vertically, it would stay in one place. we tested the rover for direction and speed in a simulated zero - gravity environment, and also looked at its response on hard surfaces such as rocks, and soft surfaces such as sand. minerva ' s data was to be transmitted to earth via hayabusa. but itokawa is about 300 million kilometers from earth, and it takes approximately 40 minutes for communication signals to travel back and forth between them. it ' s not very efficient if it takes that much time to send a command from earth to hayabusa and wait for confirmation of its receipt. so, we needed", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.5155757764183498, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:86403108-bdd0-4abb-9bc6-dd8cbdcb873a>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T10:38:10.570810"}
{"text": "it takes approximately 40 minutes for communication signals to travel back and forth between them. it ' s not very efficient if it takes that much time to send a command from earth to hayabusa and wait for confirmation of its receipt. so, we needed to make minerva capable of assessing its environment and taking action on its own, but the development of the software for this was very difficult. minerva is powered by solar cells on its body, which generate about 2 watts of electricity. with higher computer processing speeds, more electricity is consumed, so we couldn ' t increase minerva ' s processing speed because of its limited amount of consumable energy. as a result, the performance of its onboard computer is less than one per cent that of ordinary, everyday computers we use. adding many functions to such a computer caused delays and crashes, and we had a tough time solving these problems. q. what do you remember most vividly among all hayabusa operations thus far? it ' s the deployment of minerva. minerva was released from hayabusa during a rehearsal descent on november 12, 2005. a command was transmitted to hayabusa to separate minerva, and i waited in front of the monitor to hear back from hayabusa. forty minutes later, the deployment of minerva was confirmed. i was so happy and informed everyone of the success. but three hours later we realized something was wrong. itokawa ' s rotation period is 12 hours. minerva should have landed on the asteroid around noon itokawa time. the shift from noon to night there takes about three hours, and at night communication with minerva stops, as its solar cells cannot get any sunlight. however, the communication remained active for more than three hours, which indicated that the rover had not landed on itokawa ' s surface. we learned from subsequent inspection that minerva had actually been released at a distance of 200 meters from the asteroid, instead of 70 meters. in addition, hayabusa was flying away from itokawa at a speed of 15 centimeters per second, which was the most severe problem. minerva might still have been able to make a landing, even from 200 meters away, if the probe had been moving towards the asteroid. even though minerva flew away from itokawa without landing on it, stable communication lasted for 18 hours after the release. after communication stopped, i waited with the transmitter on for two weeks, just in case minerva sent a signal. however, in the end, no radio waves from the probe were detected. minerva had become the world ' s smallest satellite, at 591 grams", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5315864268580965, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:86403108-bdd0-4abb-9bc6-dd8cbdcb873a>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T10:38:10.571931"}
{"text": "were many things we had to do by ourselves, and it gave me a sense that we were making a satellite with our own hands. core parts of a satellite or an explorer are hard for us to build by ourselves, but it is possible for us to make a certain level of instruments, such as those used for observation, and in fact, that is what people at isas do. i realized that we should build what we can by ourselves, even if it ' s a spacecraft. i ' ve gained some confidence in hand - crafting. i ' ve also learned not to give up, not to compromise, no matter what, until the end, always trying to make the situation the best you can at that time. i think that space exploration requires creative ideas and pushing boundaries, and the hayabusa mission has taught me the ideal way of working on a space project. q. what do you think about hayabusa ' s return? i hope that propulsion by the ion engines, which is the initial step for coming back, will go well at first. but the return journey will take about three years, so we cannot relax for a while. as a member of the development team, i don ' t see that my agitation will stop soon. it will turn into joy if hayabusa returns successfully, but i think that our trial will continue until then. q. what is your dream for the future? i ' ve been interested in robots since i was a child, so i ' m basically keen on using them for unmanned exploration. i ' d like to send various types of robotic explorers not only to asteroids but also to other celestial bodies, such as the moon, mars and comets. q. do you have a message for children who wish to be part of future space development? space is surely easy to get interested in, but i don ' t think it necessarily has to be space. as a kid myself, i preferred robots and automobiles, if anything, to space. whatever it is, i think it ' s wonderful for children to be interested in something that gets them using their own hands. education reform and children ' s dislike of science have been issues of concern, but it ' s not easy to like science simply because you are told to do so. if children find it fun to work on things related to science with their own hands, their interest in science and mathematics will inevitably grow. so i ' d like children to have opportunities to create things themselves.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5289288727367669, "token_count": 500, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:86403108-bdd0-4abb-9bc6-dd8cbdcb873a>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T10:38:10.574075"}
{"text": "what sustainability education is to me james pittman \u2019 s \u201c living definition of sustainability \u201d forms the foundation for my definition of optimal sustainability education in that it offers an integrated vision for sustainability that focuses on the health and integrity of human / nature systems. pittman defines living sustainability as \u201c the long - term equilibrium of health and integrity maintained dynamically within any individual system ( organism, organization, ecosystem, community, etc. ) through a diversity of relationships with other systems. \u201d pittman \u2019 s definition of living sustainability describes what i call \u201c socio - ecological living sustainability. \u201d i use \u201c socio - ecological \u201d in addition to \u201c living \u201d because \u201c ecology \u201d \u2014 the study of the earth household \u2014 is inherently concerned with relationships \u2014 with systems views \u2014 and these views are central to exploring social power and exploitation. using the term \u201c ecology \u201d highlights the fact that the systems referenced in the definition include both living and nonliving components of earth systems. this definition is \u201c socio - ecological \u201d because society is embedded within ecology, and the definition is \u201c living \u201d because, like all life, it is open to change driven by historical and natural forces. this openness to change points to an important aspect of the definition : it is place specific ; what might be sustainable in a given context is not necessarily so in every context. the appropriateness of changes to and adaptations of the definition is therefore place - specific in the same way that the appropriateness of life adaptations is in many ways determined by the specific context. the definition, to remain viable, must take form and evolve in living situations. sustainability, then, is a set of lifeways lived within specific, historical circumstances. within these lifeways, considerations of the \u201c long - term equilibrium of health and integrity \u201d remain the central focus for communities. my focus as a sustainability educator is in higher education as a critical pedagogical process that, at its best, is capable of engaging students, faculty members, and the community in sustainability praxis. the purposes and goals of this transformative praxis depart from those dominant in higher education today in that they involve students in the process of naming the world and defining desired action. this praxis seeks to ( re ) integrate our fractured identities and worldviews. it is counterhegemonic in orientation so that it directly confronts the political economy of late capitalism and its means of production as primary drivers in the sustainability crisis. it takes a transdisciplinary approach to integrating the academic disciplines and seeks to heal dichotomous and destructive", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5539784442526797, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:85f79e62-fbcd-45f7-9f47-e59413173deb>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T10:38:10.595324"}
{"text": "user : oh, how the sea calls if you have questions ask on my talk page. quick references for common japanese - a little bit on the japanese language to possibly act as a reference guide for the wiki. - more verbs, common nouns, asking questions, and a little bit more order to follow soon. important particles ' ga ' - subject marker. ex. - sasuke ga naruto o hanasu. sasuke ( subject marker ) naruto ( d. o. marker ) hanasu ( speaks ). ' o ' - direct object marker. shows what the subject is doing the action to. ex. sasuke ga naruto o hanasu. sasuke ( subject marker ) naruto ( direct object marker ) hanasu ( speaks ). ' no ' - shows possession, or is as a modifying phrase. ex ( possession ) - sora no kiiburedo ( keyblade ). sora ' s keyblade. ex ( modifying phrase ) - nihongo ( japanese language ) no hon ( book ). japanese language book. ' wa ' - denotes the subject of the sentence. - clarifies what you are talking about. - add ' wa ' after the topic of the sentence. - any noun can be the topic, if it is the d. o., replace ' o ' with ' wa ', and if it is the subject, replace ' ga ' with ' wa. ' ex. - kinou wa ( as for yesterday ) sensei ( teacher ) ga ( subj. mark ) jon ( john ) o ( d. o. marker ) shikatta ( scolded ). ' ka ' - lists choices like the english word ' or. ' ame ka yumi. ( rain or water ). ' to ' - lists items, or specifies the co - agent. ex ( lists items ) - ame to yumi ( rain and water ). ex ( specifies co - agent - sasuke ga ( subj mark. ) naruto to ( co - agent specifier ) tabeta ( ate ). - always at the end of a sentence. - comes in four forms ; the dictionary, negative, stem ( i will post these forms later ) and ' te ' form ( also, later ). - info on past tense will follow with the ' te ' form. dictionary - the one you would see if you looked it up in a dictionary. the present tense and affirmative form of the verb. ex - tab", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5044246494024, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ae117dd5-8eda-4be8-b8a2-29322274a647>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T10:38:10.611276"}
{"text": "posted : may 8, 2012 5 : 54 pm by andy koen updated : may 8, 2012 6 : 02 pm a local start - up company is on the cutting edge of renewable energy development by designing and building machines that make electricity by harnessing the power of ocean waves. atargis energy corporation was founded in 2010 by air force academy aeronautics professor dr. stefan siegel, ph. d. the company is currently building a 1 / 10th scale prototype in their facility on janitell road for testing at tested at the hydromechanics laboratory at texas a & m university next month. \" the vision is to really produce electricity at the utility scale and feed that electricity to the power grid to communities in the vicinity of the ocean shore, \" siegel said. dr. siegel says a single generator can produce five megawatts of electricity, enough to power a community roughly the size of falcon. the generators would also create electricity at a similar cost per kilowatt hour as non - renewable sources like oil, gas and coal. so, why would an aeronautics professor start a wave energy company in a land locked state? siegel says the science is virtually the same. \" water and air are basically just fluids, \" he explained. \" the same laws of motion and physics apply to both of them. \" using a 1 / 300th scale model, siegel demonstrated that the same forces that create lift under an airplane wing are also at work spinning the blades of his generator with passing ocean waves. as for the location, siegel says the design of the machine is such that a large manufacturing plant isn ' t necessary. instead, the various components can easily be mass produced by existing manufacturers. the generators would then be assembled at shipyards near the coasts before installation. another unique attribute of the design is that it operates completely submerged, protected from heavy winds and storms on the surface of the water. \" if you go below the water surface you already don ' t have the impact of the wind, if you go down a little bit further, you ' re actually losing the impact of the wave as well and that is how our device survives storms, \" siegel explains. atargis plans to build quarter - scale and full - size prototypes for ocean testing in the next two years. they hope to begin selling them in 2015.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.52256857829537, "token_count": 464, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:233d6a1b-2d3c-4e48-8214-857d5ada4d73>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T10:38:10.637082"}
{"text": "allow these kinds of sweeping powers, says aasim sajjad, a professor of political economy at quaid - e - azam university in islamabad. \" frankly, to be honest, it is not as if this act per se would be required for this sort of big - brother apparatus to operate. i think it operates in any case, \" sajjad says. \" the worry is that the state and the intelligence apparatus here has historically been so powerful and so unaccountable that there is a feeling that we would be totally surrendering every last remaining bit of independence or civil liberties \" by passing the law. limited opposition to date while sajjad ' s concern about civil liberties would be common in the united states, in pakistan it is unusual. aside from university professors and the liberal elite, opposition to the bill has been, at best, muted. while its passage in the lower house made the front pages of the english - language papers here, there was barely a whisper about it in the urdu - language press. \" amongst a fairly limited circle \u2014 activists and observers \u2014 there has been concern, \" sajjad says. \" but it hasn ' t generated or garnered the kind of response that i think would be necessary for some sort of countervailing pushback to prevent something like this from going through. it will pass the senate and the president will sign it. \" mohman hussein baluch is a ph. d. candidate in pakistani studies at the university, and his reaction is typical of the students there. he says if he isn ' t doing anything wrong, he has nothing to fear. \" i am a peaceful citizen of pakistan. i bleed in peace, so i am not worried about this, \" he says. the senate is more conservative than the lower house in pakistan, and it is expected to approve the bill and send it to the president for his signature early in the new year. steve inskeep, host : on top of their concerns about terrorism, sectarian violence, the taliban and their painful relationship with the united states, people in pakistan are talking about privacy. the lower house of pakistan ' s parliament passed what ' s called the investigation for fair trial bill. it is the pakistani version of the patriot act. it clears the way for intelligence and law enforcement agencies to tap phones, monitor internet traffic and follow people they suspect are terrorists. of course, it ' s an open secret that security agencies in pakistan already do this, but the new bill will give them legal cover. npr ' s dina", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5123573648005817, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:e39a7189-6192-42f3-abf3-0f035c9349e6>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T10:38:10.654951"}
{"text": "- \" what is a wiki? \" questions questions about using this wiki - finding and accessing information in the wiki - adding information to the wiki - adding other document formats to the wiki - installation & configuration - administering the wiki \" what is a wiki? \" questions what is a ' ' wiki ' '? the term wiki is a shortened form of wikiwikiweb. a wiki is a database of pages that can be collaboritively edited using a web browser. what is a ' ' moinmoin ' '? a moinmoin is a wiki provided by the python wiki program moinmoin. what is this good for? to be honest, it is good for whatever you use it for. at lineo we have put up a wiki on our internal web site with very many pages, which describe various projects, architectures, ideas, etc. for people to comment on. some pages just sit there and convey information. other pages are an open invitation for discussion and commentary. we also have set up a wiki for a very simple skills database. in general, a wiki is very much a free - form tool, whose value derives from the use to which it is put. for instance, a page in a wiki can serve the same purpose as a discussion thread. you could use a wiki page to collaboratively work on a project. wikis are used internally by the guys who write zope to manage their ideas and projects. what are the major features of a wiki? here are some important wiki features : - editability by anyone - a wiki page is editable by anyone with a web browser - ability to view recent changes - ability to search pages ( several ways ) - ability to very easily add new pages - ability to see the change history for a document - ability to add new information or modify existing information how does this compare to other collaboration tools, like notes? a wiki can accomplish certain things very easily, but there are some things it cannot do. the biggest missing feature is some kind of access control, to allow only certain groups to see and manipulate informatin. what about wiki security? isn ' t a wiki subject to complete wipeout or nastiness from a saboteur? this is an important question. in general, wiki ' s have no security. ( that ' s right! ) because of this, the possibility exists for accidental or conscious destruction or corruption", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5445768497053567, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:e00308ba-2e7d-4351-8523-7d93508f354f>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T10:38:10.694667"}
{"text": "performance will be recorded. they ' ll also be monitored by web cam to test how well crews on the ground can gauge the emotions of the crew in space. unlike current space missions, where ground control and astronauts are in near - constant communication, deep space exploration will take astronauts far outside the realm of easy contact. signals will take hours to reach earth, neerincx said, so astronauts have to be able to solve problems on their own. to do so, they ' ll need software that ' s easy to use, supportive and responsive to changing situations. the software being tested has already gone through one 105 - day isolation trial, said wolff. using data from that study, researchers were able to improve their communications network and add more realistic tasks to their modules. this time around, they hope to gather enough data from the training module to automate the system so that the computer would do the training without a human instructor. they also hope to monitor the astronaut ' s performance to better understand how to allocate the day - to - day tasks of running a deep - space mission. next year, the team hopes to take the experiments one step further by re - testing the software at europe ' s concordia base in the antarctic, where astronauts will be asked to carry out real scientific tasks, not just simulations. eventually, they hope to test the system on the international space station. \" our experiments mainly look very similar, but the people are going to be in another environment, \" wolff said. \" the results may be different. \" more from livescience. com", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.5033055884441151, "token_count": 316, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:658a8036-2a7a-4cc6-a22a-c86e09fd30d3>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T10:38:10.704911"}
{"text": "math10131 - 2006 / 07 - title : calculus and vectors - unit code : math10131 - credits : 15 - prerequisites : a - level mathematics - co - requisite units : this course unit can only be taken with math10131 sets, numbers and functions - school responsible : mathematics - member of staff responsible : dr. jack williams the programme unit aims to provide an introduction to the basic elements of calculus. brief description of the unit this lecture course introduces the basic ideas of complex numbers relating them the standard transcendental functions of calculus. the basic ideas of the differential and integral calculus are revised and developed. vectors in two and three dimensions are introduced and this leads on to the calculus of functions of more than one variable and the beginnings of vector calculus. on successful completion of this module students will have acquired an active knowledge and understanding of some basic concepts and results in calculus. future topics requiring this course unit almost all mathematics course units will rely on material in this course unit. - numbers and functions. basic algebra of real and complex numbers ; real line and complex plane ; graphs and curve sketching ; functions, domain and range, inverse functions ; standard functions and inverse functions ; basic algebra of real and complex numbers. - limits and differentiation. basic notion of limit and continuity ; discontinuities, left and right limits ; finding some limits ; definition of derivative ; derivatives of standard functions and their inverses ; sums, products, quotients and the chain rule ; implicit functions ; logarithmic differentiation ; higher derivatives ( use in curve sketching ). - infinite series. notation, basic notions of convergence, radius of convergence ; infinite taylor ' s series ; expansions for standard functions. - more on complex numbers. euler ' s theorem and de moivre ' s theorem ; polar form of complex numbers ( polar representation of the plane ) ; roots of unity ; complex forms of sin and cos, relationship to trigonometric identities. - integration. definite and indefinite integrals ; fundamental theorem of calculus ; techniques : linearity, integration by parts, partial fractions, substitution ; lengths of curves, surfaces and volumes of revolution. - vectors in 2 and 3 dimensions. representation as directed line segments ( magnitude, direction ) ; choice of axes, components, cartesian representation ; basic properties, addition, subtraction, polar representation and relationship with complex numbers in 2 dimensions ; scalar and vector product ; representation of lines, planes, curves and surfaces. - functions of more than one variable. partial", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5826979015576115, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:192a4c8f-07bd-4295-a634-2d6660d5deb2>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T10:38:10.741771"}
{"text": "must pay for what one wants. however, when we examine the most approved method of financing war we find that it is based on a general reluctance to foot the bill. every war is fought with current production \u2014 there is no way of shooting off guns that have not yet been made or of feeding soldiers with food that will be raised by the next generation \u2014 and in a real sense every war is conducted on a pay - as - you - fight basis. but the producers of the means of war seem to put a lower value on it than do the management, for they demand receipts for what is taken from them to prosecute the war, receipts which become a claim on future production, not only as to their face value but also as to the interest which patriotism demands ; it is possible that if the state raised all the costs of war by taxes, issued no bonds or even issued only non - interest - bearing bonds, the war might be called off, which would be proof enough that society puts little worth on its political purposes. the economic consequence of the most approved method of financing wars is that a lien on the future production of the nation is established, and nearly always it is a permanent lien. that is, for all time to come, or as long as the state stays in business, the housewives ' pantries must contribute to the cost of a nation ' s past \" protective \" wars. but war, and the preparations for it, is attended with a charge that has nothing to do with protection and is a load that increasingly hampers society in its search for a better life. that is the power which the state acquires during war and does not relinquish when it is over. when the enemy is at the city gates, or there is a general fear that he is coming, the individual abdicates his self - reliance and places himself unreservedly under the direction of the captain ; he gives up his freedom in order to attain freedom. or so he thinks. but it is a matter of record that what he gives up is never fully returned to him, that he must fight his own captain to get back his natural heritage. the state jealously guards the power over society which it has acquired during a climate of fear. to prove the point, we need not review the history of ancient rome, where a succession of protective wars ended up in the servitude of the people to the emperors ; we need only list and add up the interventionary powers acquired by the american state during the wars it", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5014487889066681, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:962310c5-a226-48a3-8081-66b8486ba668>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T10:38:10.788791"}
{"text": "the following html text is provided to enhance online readability. many aspects of typography translate only awkwardly to html. please use the page image as the authoritative form to ensure accuracy. engineering and environmental challenges : technical symposium on earth systems engineering the term lupang pangako means promised land \u2014 the sardonic name given to a garbage dump outside the city of manila inhabited by almost 100, 000 people. i visited lupang pangako about 15 years ago in a different life as a geologist, and the place really is hell on earth. as you drive through the promised land, you see stygian mists rising from the hillsides, the mountains of garbage, and if you look closely you see movement everywhere in the distance. you soon realize that the mountains are covered with people scavenging for their livelihoods. you may remember that in july 2000 torrential typhoon rains caused a huge landslide in the promised land that buried more than 200 people under a mountain of garbage. to me, this horrific event provides a powerful indicator of how we should be thinking about the impacts of climate on people and about human adaptation. the problem was not whether the typhoon was an above - average or below - average event. it was not a problem whose root causes could be revealed through a better understanding of anthropogenic climate change. the problem was that 100, 000 people were living in poverty so deep that they could survive only by culling garbage. the results of humanity \u2019 s mistreatment of the environment fall disproportionately on poor people, on developing countries, and on tropical regions. although these impacts are most severe in their chronic forms, they are most spectacular in their catastrophic versions, such as this landslide. as figure 1 shows, the number of disasters has risen sharply throughout the world in the last 30 years, most markedly in the developing world. this trend does not reflect a changing climate ; it reflects changing demographics \u2014 growing numbers of poor people living in urban areas, living in coastal regions, living on garbage dumps. unlike changes in climate, this trend is something we can control. these are not natural disasters ; these are intersections of natural phenomena and complex sociopolitical and socioeconomic processes. the number of disasters will continue to rise because we know that demographic trends are pointing toward more urbanization and greater numbers of impoverished people moving from agrarian areas to cities \u2014 often to areas in harm \u2019 s way. megacities like jakarta and manila that have nearly 10 million people apiece are subject to typhoons, volcanoes,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5113134676060187, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:7084b5bd-239a-410e-b73d-f1d0e7c57a3d>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T10:38:10.821430"}