plants to be studied : tomato, especially solanum lycopersicum and solanum pennellii. - project objectives : plants acquire the bulk of their energy from light capture by leaves, and leaf shape has direct consequences on the efficiency of light capture and photosynthetic carbon fixation. as a result, leaf shape must be optimized in response to variation in light quality. to understand the genetic programs controlling fundamental developmental processes, genetic networks regulating both environmental response and morphological form must be integrated. this proposal uses a genomics approach to understand natural variation in leaf morphology and light response, and to investigate the mechanism by which these two genetic networks are integrated to ensure optimal developmental pattern. - experimental approaches : to elucidate developmental networks, we are using a " genetical genomics " approach, taking advantage of near isogenic mapping lines ( nils ) where regions of the s. pennellii genome have been introgressed into s. lycopersicum. importantly, the parental species vary significantly in both light response and leaf complexity. we are sequencing the parental line transcriptomes to deep coverage to acquire genome - wide mrna sequence and snp information. the resulting data will be used to expand the tomato unigene set and to develop a dense genome - wide marker database for s. lycopersicum and s. pennellii. the nil population will be phenotyped for leaf development and light - response traits and characterized for genome - wide transcript levels and genotypes by massively parallel short - read sequencing. construction of genetic networks regulating leaf morphology and light development from this genotype, phenotype, and trancript profile data will be coupled with genetic and transgenic approaches to identify central regulators of development and developmental variation. the resulting network will then be used as a guide to survey natural variation found in additional wild tomato accessions.


with summer just around the corner, the days are getting longer and the nights are getting shorter. this means more hours a day that the sun is in contact with your skin. with this prolonged uv exposure, it is important to keep your skin protected. keep reading for some helpful tips on using sunscreen to effectively guard your skin during the summer months. choosing your sunscreen do you ever wonder how effective your sunscreen really is? are certain types better than others? does spf actually mean anything? keep reading for some tips on choosing sunscreen. what kind is the best? there are two main types of sunscreen : physical blockers and chemical blockers. each one has its pros and cons. physical blockers are made from titanium dioxide and zinc oxide, which are materials that sit on the surface of the skin and are not quickly absorbed. because of this, physical blockers reflect uv rays. this type of sunscreen lasts longer than chemical blockers, but because it is not absorbed can be easily washed or sweated off. chemical blockers, on the other hand, are made up of benzophenones. these chemicals help to absorb uv radiation. because this type of sunscreen does soak into the skin, it is much more water resistant than physical blockers. however, it wears off much faster, and therefore needs to be reapplied more frequently. both chemical and physical blockers are effective in protecting your skin from uv rays, but which one you use should depend on the situation. if you are going to be in water or sweating a lot, a chemical blocker would probably be the best choice. any other sun exposure would most likely be fine with a physical blocker. what does spf even mean? spf stands for sun protection factor. a common misconception about spf is that the higher the number, the less you have to reapply. in actuality, the spf number is only a guide to how long you can go without reapplying. a good rule of thumb is to multiply the number of minutes it takes you to burn without sunscreen times the spf number to find your maximum sun exposure time with sunscreen. for example, if it normally takes you 15 minutes to burn, and you use a sunscreen of 20 spf, then you can go a maximum of 300 minutes in the sun before reapplying. this equation is not always accurate, however, because most people use less sunscreen than the amount used in testing ; therefore


& 8fe1 | | beq - 20 - - > & 8fe8 | | beq 96 - - > & 9060 ' = ' return from function call ( fn ) | | 032 166 155 | | 20 a6 9b | | jsr & 9ba6 check end of statement | | bne - 78 - - > & 8fbd skip the rest of the line ( until ' < cr > ' found ) & process the next program line | | beq - 10 - - > & 900b | | bcc 12 - - > & 9025 | | 124 077 135 | | 7c 4d 87 | | 032 224 142 | | 20 e0 8e | | jsr & 8ee0 get next non - space character pointed to by ptr a | | bcs - 12 - - > & 9019 | | 032 009 153 | | 20 09 99 | | jsr & 9909 evaluate variable / array name & return the address of the value | | bne 27 - - > & 904f create variable ( let ) | | bcs - 75 - - > & 8feb | | 032 134 155 | | 20 86 9b | | jsr & 9b86 check for ' = ' | | 032 084 152 | | 20 54 98 | | jsr & 9854 create new variable name in variable pointer table | | bne 1 - - > & 9045 | | 032 131 152 | | 20 83 98 | | jsr & 9883 allocate space for variable disassembly for 9b86 check for ' = ' routine | | 032 213 142 | | 20 d5 8e | | jsr & 8ed5 get next non - space character ( ptr b ) | | bne - 45 - - > mistake error


freezing parkinson ' s in its tracks wednesday, may 2, 2012 tau researcher developing therapy to halt symptoms in parkinson ' s patients parkinson ' s disease, a disorder which affects movement and cognition, affects over a million americans, including actor michael j. fox, who first brought it to the attention of many tv - watching americans. it ' s characterized by a gradual loss of neurons that produce dopamine. mutations in the gene known as dj - 1 lead to accelerated loss of dopaminergic neurons and result in the onset of parkinson ' s symptoms at a young age. the ability to modify the activity of dj - 1 could change the progress of the disease, says dr. nirit lev, a researcher at tel aviv university ' s sackler faculty of medicine and a movement disorders specialist at rabin medical center. working in collaboration with profs. dani offen and eldad melamed, dr. lev has now developed a peptide which mimics dj - 1 ' s normal function, thereby protecting dopamine - producing neurons. what ' s more, the peptide can be easily delivered by daily injections or absorbed into the skin through an adhesive patch. based on a short protein derived from dj - 1 itself, the peptide has been shown to freeze neurodegeneration in its tracks, reducing problems with mobility and leading to greater protection of neurons and higher dopamine levels in the brain. dr. lev says that this method, which has been published in a number of journals including the journal of neural transmission, could be developed as a preventative therapy. guarding dopamine levels as we age, we naturally lose dopamine - producing neurons. parkinson ' s patients experience a rapid loss of these neurons from the onset of the disease, leading to much more drastic deficiencies in dopamine than the average person. preserving dopamine - producing neurons can mean the difference between living life as a parkinson ' s patient or aging normally, says dr. lev. the researchers set out to develop a therapy based on the protective effects of dj - 1, using a short peptide based on the healthy version of dj - 1 itself as a vehicle. " we attached the dj - 1 - related peptide to another peptide that would allow it to enter the cells, and be carried to the brain, " explains dr. lev. in pre - clinical trials, the treatment was tested on mice utilizing well - established toxic and genetic models for parkinson ' s disease. from both a behavioral and biochemical standpoint, the mice that received the


idea and its magnificent implementation in stone. it ' s hard to describe the range of feelings you experience while walking the grounds of swaminarayan akshardham. you feel harmony, tranquility, and strength of your spirit. the only time i experienced something similar was during my visit to the meteora monasteries in greece. our guide told us that the temple has no iron elements in its structure, and no cement. the concrete was used only in the foundation. the rest was made of stone. marble and granite for the construction was delivered from all over the world. it was processed using special technology, and then joint together. all pillars of the temple are stacked, and all stone elements are turned 90 degrees after being connected. it was done to provide seismic resistance in case of earthquakes, which sometimes happen in india. imagine the level of precision required for stone processing to assemble this big " puzzle ". beside the buildings ' structure, wall facing is quite impressive : stone figurines cover the walls all around! the size of the carvings ranges greatly : from actual size to palm size, but even the smallest figurines have the highest level of detail. the time of our excursion flew by. i was heading toward the exit, but felt confident that we would be back here. we were called the following evening and granted the permit to photograph swaminarayan akshardham. our first photo session was scheduled early in the morning, just before the site opens for tourists. pigeons, flying in the morning sky, quickly welcomed our rc helicopter to their flock. it was the most comfortable photo session we had in india : both by the atmosphere and the working process. everything indeed went very smoothly. the temple security arranged an area for us in the center of the alley for the night shooting. the temple lighting was switched on 15 minutes earlier than usual especially for our photo shoot. we just couldn ' t do a bad job in these perfect conditions. leaving premises i realized that i had just completed my most important photo shoot in india. it wasn ' t taj mahal that won me over in this extraordinary and amazing country, but swaminarayan akshardham! i truly hope to return to this temple one more time someday. nikunjnik ' s shingala, india " i did not know about this temple. it is magnificent and i hope to visit it some day. thanks! " birgit blume, germany c d patel, india pravinbhai thaker, india nitin thacker ca, india " i


huntington ' s disease ( hd ) by giuliano binetti in 1872 g. huntington described the variety of chorea that came to bear his name. his description contains all the essential features considered disgnostic of huntington ’ s disease ( hd ) : a progressive disorders combining chorea with behavioral disturbances and dementia, transmitted via an autosomal dominant inheritance pattern. huntington ’ s disease is the prototypic neurogenetic disorder, one of the first to be mapped ( 1983 ) and subsequently cloned ( 1993 ), and the model on which presymptomatic genetic testing is based. symptoms and course it is usually apparent in the forth or fifth decades, but may occur at almost any age. no clear sex preponderance is evident. low prevalence rates have been noted in japan and among african and american blacks, and most patients are of northern european ancestry. the clinical triad of movement disorder, psychiatric features, and eventual dementia will be well known to neurologists. chorea is the first manifestation in about two thirds of patients, initially a mild fidgetiness apparent only to the careful observer, which gradually progresses and may be the only clinical manifestation of hd for several years. personality change and eye movement disorders including slow saccades, and head thrusting or blinking to generate saccadic eye movements, are also common early features. a wide range of movement disorders including parkinsonism, loss of postural stability, and dystonia eventually supervene, leading to increasingly functional impairment. progressive weight loss, often resulting in cachexia, is common. the juvenile onset form of hd may present with parkinsonism, the so - called westphal variant, while late onset forms may cause chorea alone. the majority of the patients exhibit neuropsychiatric symptoms, the most prevalent being dysphoria, agitation, irritability, apathy, and anxiety. symptoms range from mild to severe and are unrelated to dementia and chorea. the cognitive disturbances associated to hd may begin early in the disease course and include deficit in attention and concentration, memory retrieval, “ executive ” functions, and psychomotor speed. the constellation of cognitive and behavior deficits associated with hd forms a so called “ subcortical dementia syndrome ” tht is distinct from the frank amnesia, aphasia, apraxia, and agnosia that embodies the cortical dementia syndrome associated to disorders such as alzheimer disease. death most often results from dysphagia through aspiration pneumonia or suffocation, usually between 10


. expansion of a polyglutamine ( cag ) trinucleotide repeat beyond the critical threshold of 36 repeats results in disease, and forms the basis of the polymerase chain reaction based genetic test. inheritance is dominant with full penetrance, meaning that almost all mutation carriers will eventually develop the disease, except those with 36 – 39 repeats where penetrance is reduced. predictive genetic testing of asymptomatic at - risk relatives of affected patients is governed by international guidelines. prenatal testing in known mutation carriers is routinely available, while linkage based exclusion testing is available to those at - risk women who do not wish to know their own gene status. the latter depends on termination of a pregnancy where linkage shows the fetus to have the same 50 % genetic risk as the mother. care and treatment chorea may respond to dopamine antagonists, both presynaptic ( tetrabenazine or reserpin ) and postynaptic ( neuroleptics such as haloperidol ). the high incidence of serious adverse reactions to these agents limits their use where the movements disorder are truly disambling. ongoing research / clinical trials current research is exploring possible drug treatments, which would prevent the accumulation of anomalous proteins in cells. other research efforts include the development of a mouse model for huntington ' s disease and the care - hd study, a clinical drug trial underway at about 20 huntington study group sites. researchers are evaluating the combination of a medication ( remacimide ) and co - enzyme q - 10. both basic ( laboratory ) and clinical ( testing of medications and treatments ) research continues to pursue avenues to facilitate new drug testing and experimental surgical techniques. international huntington association callunahof 8 7217 st harfsen the netherlands tel : + 31 - 573 - 431 595 ) fax : + 31 - 573 - 431 719 email @ example. com www. huntington - assoc. com / - bilney b, morris me, perry a. effectiveness of physiotherapy, occupational therapy, and speech pathology for people with huntington ' s disease : a systematic review. neurorehabil neural repair. 2003 mar ; 17 ( 1 ) : 12 - 24. - feigin a, zgaljardic d. disease : implications for experimental therapeutics. curr opin neurol. 2002 aug ; 15 ( 4 ) : 483 - 9. - mcmurray ct. huntington ' s disease :


how is it diagnosed? alzheimer ' s disease is a form of dementia but is not necessarily caused by the same factors which cause other forms of dementia. however, despite a considerable amount of research, the actual cause of the disease remains unknown. there is no single test to determine whether someone has alzheimer ' s disease. it is diagnosed by a process of elimination, as well as a careful examination of a person ' s physical and mental state, rather than by finding actual evidence of the disease. a carer or relative may be asked to provide information about the person ' s behaviour, e. g. difficulties getting dressed, washing, handling finances, keeping appointments, travelling alone, managing at work and using household appliances. a neuropsychological assessment is usually carried out. this involves finding out about possible problems with memory, language, planning and attention. a simple test called the mini - mental state examination is often used. this involves the person being asked to answer questions such as : what is the date? what city are we in? what is this called? ( shown a watch ). another part of the test is to follow a series of simple instructions. a number of tests may be carried out ( e. g. blood and urine samples ) in order to rule out the possibility of other illnesses which might explain the dementia syndrome or illnesses which might aggravate an already existing case of alzheimer ' s disease. in addition to this, a few methods of brain imaging have been developed which produce images of the living brain, thereby revealing possible differences between the brains of people with alzheimer ' s disease and those of non - affected individuals. these tests provide a risk - free and pain - free means of examining the brain of a living person. although they cannot lead to a certain diagnosis of alzheimer ' s disease, some doctors may use one or more of these techniques to give more weight to a diagnosis. methods of brain imaging magnetic resonance imaging this permits an extremely detailed image of the brain ' s structure. when one image is placed over another, taken a few months ' later, it is possible to see changes at an early stage in a certain part of the brain. ct ( computed tomography ) scanning this measures the thickness of a part of the brain which becomes rapidly thinner in people with alzheimer ' s disease. spect ( single photon emission computed tomography ) scanning this can be used to measure the flow of blood in the brain, which has been found to be reduced in people with alzheimer ' s disease as a consequence of nerve cells not working properly.


. spect ( single photon emission computed tomography ) scanning this can be used to measure the flow of blood in the brain, which has been found to be reduced in people with alzheimer ' s disease as a consequence of nerve cells not working properly. pet ( positron emission tomography ) the use of this scanning technique is often limited to research settings. it can detect changes in the way the brain of someone with alzheimer ' s disease functions. it can, for example, detect abnormal patterns of glucose usage by the brain. the importance of an early diagnosis although it is not possible to accurately predict dementia, it is extremely important that people who have dementia obtain an early diagnosis. it is only by obtaining a diagnosis that the correct medical treatment can be prescribed. existing drug treatment is most effective in the early stages, so delaying diagnosis prevents people from benefiting from the latest medical advances, which in many cases lead to a temporary improvement of symptoms. however, memory problems are not always a sign of dementia. although mental faculties change with age, ageing is not synonymous with dementia. many older people need more time to assimilate information and this may affect their capacity to learn and remember things. nevertheless, older people are often worried about these changes and are afraid that they might be developing dementia. at the same time, many people do not know what the symptoms are. this is not surprising, as different kinds of dementia have different symptoms. furthermore, some forms of dementia ( e. g. alzheimer ' s disease ) are insidious. the following table describes some of the early symptoms of different kinds of dementia. - difficulties with memory and orientation - difficulty finding one ’ s words - personality change - lack of interest in hobbies - slowing down of thought and movement pick ' s disease and frontal lobe degeneration - loss of control and inhibitions - personality change - difficulties with language dementia with lewy bodies - cognitive decline - similar symptoms to those of parkinson ' s disease - visual hallucinations - odd lapses of memory and mood swings - lack of co - ordination - inclination to withdraw from social activities - attention difficulties ( very rapid progression usually ) the presence of one or more of these symptoms does not necessarily mean that a person has dementia. in fact, in the case of older people, the symptoms of depression are very similar to those observed in the early stages of dementia and it is not uncommon for the two to be mixed up. sometimes, the symptoms are linked to other disorders such as thyroid gland dysfunction, lack of vitamin b12, disorders


symptoms of depression are very similar to those observed in the early stages of dementia and it is not uncommon for the two to be mixed up. sometimes, the symptoms are linked to other disorders such as thyroid gland dysfunction, lack of vitamin b12, disorders of the metabolic system, alcohol or drug abuse, infections, surgical operations, stress and intolerance of medication. in such cases, the symptoms may be reversible. a differential diagnosis is clearly essential in order to rule out other causes for the symptoms experienced and correctly diagnose dementia. in case of concern, the family doctor / general practitioner should be consulted. he or she will carry out a few tests and if his / her suspicions are confirmed refer the person concerned to the relevant specialists for further tests. what are the different kinds of diagnosis? there are three possibilities for a diagnosis of alzheimer ' s disease : possible, probable and certain alzheimer ' s disease. possible alzheimer ' s disease a diagnosis of possible alzheimer ' s disease is based on the observation of clinical symptoms and the deterioration of two or more cognitive functions ( e. g. memory, language or thought ) when a second illness is present which is not considered to be the cause of dementia, but makes the diagnosis of alzheimer ' s disease less certain. probable alzheimer ' s disease the diagnosis is classed as probable on the basis of the same criteria used to diagnose possible alzheimer ' s disease, but in the absence of a second illness. certain alzheimer ' s disease identification of characteristic plaques and tangles in the brain is the only way to confirm with certainty the diagnosis of alzheimer ' s disease. for this reason, the third diagnosis, that of certain alzheimer ' s disease, can only be made by brain biopsy or after an autopsy has been carried out. should the person be informed of their diagnosis? nowadays more and more people with alzheimer ' s disease are being informed of their diagnosis. this is perhaps due to a greater awareness of the disease. some people might not want to be informed of the diagnosis. however, it is generally considered that everyone should have the right and be given the opportunity to decide whether they would rather know or waive this right. there are pros and cons involved in informing someone of their diagnosis. also once the decision has been made to inform someone about their diagnosis the problem may arise of how to inform the person. pros and cons of telling the person in many cases a diagnosis is made as a result of concern expressed by members of the family. often the person with dementia is unaware or does


another earth day has passed us and just as we make resolutions on new year ’ s day, you might have planned to change your energy wasting ways. those new year ’ s resolutions are difficult to maintain, because we often try to do too much. making just a few small changes is helpful and can be the key to lasting change. lisa abraham at ohio. com has compiled her tips for saving energy in the kitchen. they include being creative when using kitchen appliances and modifying some eating habits. limit the time the stove / oven is used never light the oven or turn on a burner when a small appliance will do the job. microwave ovens, toaster ovens, electric griddles, panini makers and, yes, even a slow cooker all consume less energy than a traditional gas or electric stove. consistently using these small appliances can make a huge difference in your energy consumption, jackie newgent a dietitian, cooking instructor and cookbook author of the newly released big green cookbook ( wiley, 2009 ). said. even though slow cookers are typically on for hours at a time, they will burn less energy than a traditional oven to prepare the same dish, such as a roast. look for ways to lessen the amount of time the oven and burners are on. when cooking pasta, newgent recommends using skinny varieties, like angel hair, that will cook more quickly. she also uses a method she dubs ” lid cooking ” to turn the stove off sooner. newgent brings a pot of water to a boil, adds her pasta and brings it up to a boil again. but then she turns the heat off, puts a lid on the pot, and lets the pasta finish cooking from the heated water. when baking something, turn the oven off five minutes before the item is done and allow the residual heat in the oven to finish the job, she said. consider making one meal each week that doesn ’ t require using the stove at all, such as a salad. eat more fruits and vegetables, less meat newgent suggests eating one meatless meal per week. it requires more energy to produce meat than vegetables and fruits. cutting meat out of just one meal per week can lead to significant energy savings over a year, she said. that salad fits in well here. think of it as a chance to be a more adventurous eater. run an energy - efficient kitchen while new major kitchen appliances may not be in the budget for many homeowners, most would see an immediate savings on electric bills with the conversion


many studies have shown that interval training is a very effective way to boost metabolism and burn more fat calories. in addition, interval training is one of the most efficient ways to build fitness. but what exactly is interval training? the following article explains the theory and concept of interval training and offers suggestions for how to apply it to your specific sport. interval training is a workout that combines varying levels of difficulty for specific time durations. most interval workouts alternate between high and low intensities. the high intensity portions are often for a shorter time duration and thus are referred to as sprints. sprints may be as short as 15 seconds for anaerobic workouts or as long as 20 minutes for aerobic training. a rest interval follows the sprint and allows the athlete to slowly recover by performing the same exercise at a much lower intensity. the duration of the rest interval depends on the fitness level of the athlete as well as the duration of the sprint. interval training utilizes both the aerobic and anaerobic systems of the body. during the sprints, the anaerobic system uses the stored energy from your muscles ( glycogen ). since no oxygen is being used during this type of exercise, your body produces lactic acid, which continues to build and eventually forces the athlete into oxygen debt. the rest interval allows the heart and lungs to " pay back " the oxygen debt and break down the lactic acid that has been building up in the muscles. because the resting interval utilizing the aerobic system, the body uses oxygen to convert stored carbohydrates into expendable energy. thus, the theory behind interval training is if you practice at higher intensity levels your body will adapt and burn lactic acid at a much more efficient rate during exercise. through this adaptation, athletes can perform at a higher intensity for a longer time period before pain or fatigue alters their performance. the physiological adaption that occurs with interval training increases the body ' s ability to deliver oxygen to the muscles and its tolerance of lactic acid accumulation. as a result of these adaptations, athletes experience greater performance, speed and endurance. another benefit of interval training is the higher caloric expenditure. calories are burned faster when an athlete performs short, high intensity exercise. even though there are less intensive resting periods, the higher, anaerobic intervals boost metabolism and burn more calories. while interval training is most often thought of for running workouts, many other forms of exercise can be adapted to this type of training. biking, swimming, rowing,


air is surprisingly heavy stuff. the air under an average coffee table weighs about 1kg, which means when we push large quantities of it through the small pipes of an engine at high speed it has a significant amount of momentum. engines breathe in huge quantities of air, each 100bhp consumes about 35 pints of air per second and expels about three times that volume in exhaust gas. all this flow needs to be carefully controlled, the flow into the cylinders is not constant but stops and starts many times a second with each cycle, inertia has to be allowed for so that enough time is available for the gas to speed up or slow down. this is all achieved with the camshaft, a long steel rod with lumps on that pushes the valves up and down. it ' s spun round in synchronisation with the crank and pistons so that the lumps, called lobes, hit the top of the valve stems via the follower or other links and force them open at just the right moment. the valve is gradually opened and shut to avoid excessive forces which would increase wear. because it takes time for the air to get moving the cam opens the intake valve before the piston starts the intake stroke ( i ' ll come back to this situation later ), as the piston draws the air in the speed increases and gains momentum, then when the piston is at the bottom of the stroke and starts coming up the momentum continues to force air in whilst the valve gradually shuts. so rather than the intake valve being only open for the 180 degrees of the intake stroke, it is more usually open for over 230 degrees in total. after it shuts and the compression stroke is followed by the expansion stroke it becomes time to open the exhaust valve, but again rather than waiting for the power stoke to finish and the exhaust stroke to start the exhaust valve is actually opened a bit early. near the end of the power stroke very little useful power is being transmitted to the crank, the exhaust is opened and gradually exhaust gas speed increases. initially the exhaust gas is forced out by combustion pressure, but as the piston travels up on the exhaust stroke it pushes the remaining exhaust gas out, further increasing momentum. near the top of the stroke there is still enough gas momentum to drag the remaining exhaust gas out of the chamber even as the piston starts going back down on the intake stroke. the exhaust valve is then gradually closed. this does mean that there is a period at the end of the exhaust stroke and the beginning of the intake stroke where both the intake and


the chamber even as the piston starts going back down on the intake stroke. the exhaust valve is then gradually closed. this does mean that there is a period at the end of the exhaust stroke and the beginning of the intake stroke where both the intake and exhaust valves are open, the exhaust momentum prevents it going the wrong way and even helps to drag fresh intake air into the cylinder. this situation is referred to as valve overlap. matching cam timing to the valve size and port diameter is vital, big valve / port engines have lower gas speeds, less momentum and during the overlap phase the exhaust gas can reverse direction and flow into the intake more easily at low engine speeds, but at high engine speeds a big valve head with a large overlap phase can make the engine breathe in much more air than it would normally do, effectively the gas momentum cramming more intake charge in just like a supercharger does. that is why race engines can make so much more power than road engines, but struggle to idle smoothly and can be unpleasant to drive at light throttle. cams are generally referred to by the total duration the valve is open for in degrees, most cams have the same duration for the intake and exhaust, but some race cams may use different amounts, particularly on turbo or supercharged engines. a standard cam may have a duration of 240 to 260 degrees, a sporty road cam might have about 275 to 285 degrees, but a full bore race cam could keep the valves open for as much as 310 degrees, although that probably wouldn ' t idle below 4000rpm! the cam designed is a complex subject but the design has a massive effect on how well the engine breaths, many tuning companies offer performance cams sold as ' stage 1 ' etc., but there is no technical definition of a ' stage ' and this is simply a marketing term, one company ' s stage 1 cam might be equivalent to another companies stage 3. the cams are driven by either a chain or a toothed belt that is driven by the crank so everything is synchronised. the crank has to go round twice for the pistons to do all four strokes on a 4 stroke engine, so the cams are driven at half the speed of the crank, this is done by having the cog on the crank half the size of the cogs on the cams. a very small number of engines use a series of gears instead of a belt or chain, one example being the old rolls royce v8, which has the advantage of never needing replacement and maintaining accurate


in several installations the generator manufacturer has installed the brushes so they trail the commutator. in this case, if the generator drive shaft is rotated opposite the normal direction, brush damage can occur. many operators elect to replace their own brushes in the field. this is usually not a problem as long as brush spring tensions are tested and adequate brush seating techniques are used. one nonrecommended technique used for brush seating is after installation of two brush sets ( 180 degrees apart ) in a starter generator to complete two successive ground power starts. after the second start, the brushes are seated. unfortunately, implementing this technique results in excessive arcing between the brushes and the commutator during the first start. the reason the brushes are so well seated after the second start is the arcing causes the commutator surface to resemble a rough cut file. so much for extended brush life. attention should always be paid to the manufacturer ' s recommendations prior to conducting any maintenance on a starter generator. aircraft using separate starters can incorporate brushless generators or rectified alternators. there are several distinct differences in the internal operation of these devices as compared with a unit using brushes. one primary difference is that a brushless unit will include a permanent magnet generator ( pmg ). anytime the shaft of this device is rotating, the pmg has relative movement with a series of coils. this means that even if the cockpit switch is selected " off " there will still be excitation power available when the engine is in operation. frequently, three phase ac power is supplied from this pmg to a generator control unit. here the excitation power is converted to dc and is then metered into the main excitor winding within the generator case. the magnetic field produced by this stationary excitor winding works in conjunction with ( usually three ) main power coils installed on the rotor. output from each power coil is ac and is directed through a diode circuit to change the ac into a rippled dc. feeder cables are used to connect this output into the aircraft electrical distribution system. the generator control unit will also monitor this output and adjust the regulation system according to voltage deficiencies or surges. numerous avionic / airframe system problems arise from anomalies in the power systems. most autoflight systems, as well as electronic flight instrument systems ( efis ), are voltage sensitive. in the event of voltage drop below a specific threshold, the autopilot may disconnect or the efis could black out. in one


warning : in the list of prokaryotic names with standing in nomenclature, an arrow ( - - - > ) only indicates the sequence of valid publication of names and does not mean that the last name in the sequence must be used ( see : introduction ). classification - list of genera included in the order - list of families included in the order - warning : see also the file " classification of prokaryotes : introduction ". picrophilales cavalier - smith 2002, ord. nov. ( type order of the class ¤ picrophilea cavalier - smith 2002 ). type genus : ¤ picrophilus schleper et al. 1996. etymology : n. l. masc. n. picrophilus, type genus of the order ; suff. - ales, ending denoting an order ; n. l. fem. pl. n. picrophilales, the picrophilus order. reference : cavalier - smith ( t. ) : the neomuran origin of archaebacteria, the negibacterial root of the universal tree and bacterial megaclassification. int. j. syst. evol. microbiol., 2002, 52, 7 - 76. original article in ijsem online copyright © j. p. euzeby the information on this page may not be reproduced, republished or mirrored on another webpage or website. see, legal rights and disclaimers


. there are several reasons for this, but one is fundamental : even with the best of intentions, it is difficult to properly ascertain the effectiveness of a hands - on therapy like chiropractic. only one form of study can truly prove that a treatment is effective : the trial. ( for more information on why such studies are so crucial, see why does this database rely on double - blind studies? ) however, it isn ’ t easy to fit chiropractic into a study design of this type. consider the obstacles : what could researchers use for placebo chiropractic treatment? and how could they make sure that both participants and practitioners would be kept in the dark regarding who was receiving real chiropractic manipulation and who was receiving fake manipulation? because of these problems, all studies of chiropractic manipulation fall short of optimum design. many have compared chiropractic treatment against no treatment. however, studies of this type cannot provide reliable evidence about the efficacy of a treatment. if a benefit is seen, there is no way to determine whether it was caused by chiropractic manipulation specifically, or just attention generally. ( attention alone will almost always produce some reported benefit. ) more meaningful trials used some sort of unrelated fake treatment for the control group, such as phony laser acupuncture. however, it is less than ideal to use a placebo treatment that is so very different in form from the treatment under study. better studies compare real chiropractic manipulation against sham forms of manipulation, such as light touch. studies of this type are a definite step forward. however, it is quite likely that the practitioners at least unconsciously conveyed more enthusiasm and optimism when performing the real therapy than the fake therapy ; this, too, could affect the outcome. it has been suggested that the only way to get around this problem would be to compare the effectiveness of trained practitioners to actors trained only enough to provide a simulation of treatment ; however, such studies have not been reported. still other studies have simply involved treating people with chiropractic spinal manipulation and seeing whether they improve. these trials are particularly meaningless ; it has been long since proven that both participants and examining physicians will at least think that they observe improvement in people given a treatment, regardless of whether the treatment does anything on its own. finally, other trials have compared chiropractic manipulation to competing therapies, such as or conventional physical therapy. however, neither of these therapies has been proven effective. when you compare un


if he casts the right fly, an angler can catch some really big fish. scientists are the same way, needing the right type of microscope to visualize nature ' s smallest molecules and atoms. now, researchers are redesigning their light microscopes to catch a glimpse of some of the most miniscule molecules, those that make proteins in bacteria and archaea. a promising solution is the use of fluorescence in situ hybridization ( fish ) and stochastical optical reconstruction microscopy ( storm ). together, these techniques are improving our understanding of how bacteria and archaea transcribe dna to rna and then translate rna to proteins. in addition, they are re - shaping how cell biology studies relate to environmental microbes. luring and lighting biomolecules " light microscopy has been a workhorse in cell biological research, " says harvard biophysicist xiaowei zhuang. she says scientists want to use light microscopy to study cells, especially live ones, because it is non - invasive. the problem, however, with zooming in on biomolecules and their movements in bacteria and archaea is the small size of the individual cells. at only about three micrometers long and a micrometer wide, bacterial and archaeal cells come into focus just around the diffraction limit of light, which is about 200 nanometers. with light microscopy, scientists can see a cell but not its nuclear and cellular machinery. even though these cells are relatively simpler than mammalian cells and other eukaryotic ones, scientists still know little about them. to get a better look, zhuang and her collaborators developed storm in 2008 ( 1 ). zhuang ' s group has used it to image individually labeled proteins in live cells, including bacteria and archaea. and, like pairing the right fly with a great bait, other researchers are using storm with their own techniques to " look at the distribution and dynamics of nuclear targets at a resolution that is far from the reach of conventional microscopy, " says bakshi. for example, cristina moraru of the max planck institute for marine microbiology in germany and colleagues wanted to know where ribosomes sit within the cell because those molecular machines interact with the nucleoid — the carrier of the genetic information in archaea and bacteria. based on where ribosomes are located, there are different models of interactions, which can significantly shape regulation of transcription, translation, and other cellular processes. in a paper recently published in systematic and applied microbiology ( 2 ), moraru


bacteria. based on where ribosomes are located, there are different models of interactions, which can significantly shape regulation of transcription, translation, and other cellular processes. in a paper recently published in systematic and applied microbiology ( 2 ), moraru ’ s group reported on a combined storm and fish approach to locate ribosomes in an escherichia coli cell. moraru ’ s team used fish to label specific sequences of ribosomal rna with fluorescent probes, and then imaged the samples with storm. " in the end, all these differences could reflect in the way the cell answer to environmental changes, and therefore, in the fitness and survival, " says moraru. in the near future, she adds, scientists could use storm, fish, and other super - resolution techniques to count of the number of ribosomes in a bacterium. ribosomal catch and release counting the number of ribosomes is essential to understanding how bacteria grow. moraru explains that " the regulation of ribosome numbers in microbial cells is complex and, probably, there will not always be a direct correlation between ribosome numbers and metabolic activity. " but it is likely that a cell with a high ribosome content will be more active compared with one with a low ribosome content. if scientists can count ribosomes, they could get a sense of the level of metabolic activity in microbial cells. but scientists have not yet counted the exact numbers of ribosomes per cell ; the fish protocol and rna probes need to be more efficient at hybridization. " work in this direction is in progress, and we are confident that there is only a matter of time till ribosome quantification per cell will be achieved, " says moraru. so far, prokaryotic cell biology studies have been limited because many methods are not compatible with uncultivated microorganisms. but because the fish - storm approach uses rna probes that target different microbial taxa in environmental samples, scientists could study ribosome variation across bacterial species. " by looking at samples from different environmental conditions, from warm season versus cold season, or, from high salinity versus low salinity, the variation of ribosome number across environmental conditions could be assessed, " says moraru. in structured environments, such as biofilms, activated sludge and tissue samples, fish also preserves the spatial information and reveals potential interactions between different species and community members in a sample. " targeting rrna by super - resolution fish


says moraru. in structured environments, such as biofilms, activated sludge and tissue samples, fish also preserves the spatial information and reveals potential interactions between different species and community members in a sample. " targeting rrna by super - resolution fish is only the beginning. in the near future, we envision targeting the other nucleic acid components of microbial cells to reveal the sub - cellular localization and numbers of specific genes and mrnas, " says moraru. a different kettle but the fish - storm approach isn ' t the only way to bait biomolecules in small cells. bakshi, a graduate student in university of wisconsin - madison chemist james weisshaar ' s lab, uses a technique called pointillism to do sub - diffraction limit imaging. with this technique, he constructs an image of a cell by localizing a large number of single molecules iteratively. this requires labels that can be switched on and off, but generates resolution up to 20 – 30 nanometers. in contrast to fish, bakshi ’ s approachcan be used for live - cell imaging. to truly understand the complexity and heterogeneity of the behavior of any biomolecule, says bakshi, requires that scientists can probe one molecule at a time. his team ' s technique gives them the position and movement of a single object in a cell at a high spatio - temporal resolution. " when we are looking at a ribosome, it enables us to determine which molecules are involved in translation and where they are inside the cell, " he says. in a 2012 paper published in molecular microbiology ( 3 ), he and weisshaar reported that most of e. coli ' s translation is not coupled with transcription — a discovery that runs counter to the common view in the scientific literature. bakshi says that since bacteria lack a nuclear membrane — which separates the nucleoid from the rest of the cytoplasm — co - transcriptional translation is possible in the cells. to what extent the translation process is coupled to transcription, however, was not clear. electron microscope images of ribosomes in cell extract, published in the 1970s, suggested that all translating ribosomes are joined to the chromosome through transcriptional coupling. " when we found that our results suggest that most translation is actually happening without such coupling, we were very surprised, " says bakshi. the team eventually figured out that the lifetime of an mrna in e. coli is much longer than the time taken for its


we found that our results suggest that most translation is actually happening without such coupling, we were very surprised, " says bakshi. the team eventually figured out that the lifetime of an mrna in e. coli is much longer than the time taken for its transcription. the mrna gets released from proteins associated with the nucleoid once transcription terminates and is then translated by ribosomes without being attached to dna for the rest of its lifetime, he says. the techniques — whether it ' s fish, storm, or something else — ultimately let biologists cast deeper lines into individual cells of bacteria and archaea, learning more about their molecular and metabolic dynamics. 1. huang, b., w. wang, m. bates, and x. zhuang. 2008. three - dimensional super - resolution imaging by stochastic optical reconstruction microscopy. science 319 ( 5864 ) : 810 - 813. 2. moraru, c. and amann, r. ( 2012 ). " crystal ball : fluorescence in situ hybridization in the age of super - resolution microscopy. " systematic and applied microbiology. in press. 3. bakshi, s. et al. ( 2012 ). super - resolution imaging of ribosomes and rna polymerase in live escherichia coli cells. " molecular microbiology 85 ( 1 ) : 21 – 38 4. wang, w. et al. ( 2011 ). " chromosome organization by a nucleoid - associated protein in live bacteria. " science 333 : 1445 - 1449.


at least a thousand years before the jewish concept of humans being made in the image of god ( genesis 1, 27 ), african sages said the sanctity of life is the central pillar inside each human being. this concept was introduced in the sebait of kheti for his son meritkara in the first intermediate period, more specifically in the 9th dynasty ( c. 4042 - 3633 bce ). kheti ’ s comments not only provide the earliest known concept of humans as the images of god, but they also pose them as the children or offspring of god ( karenga, maat, p. 225, 318 ). out of this evolved concepts of the sanctity of human life and humans as the bearers of dignity and divinity — both characterizing what it means to be human — and both constituting the source of good character. thus, ones dignity is the absolute reality and significance of ones selfhood and ones divinity is the subtle and hidden qualities of god ’ s consciousness that requires cultivation throughout ones lifetime. by being of a spiritual nature both are without degrees. this ancient africans belief in man being made in the image of god ( snn ntr ; imago dei ) became the spiritual grounding or meaning for human dignity and divinity ; for the sacredness of life ; and for moral responsibility. hence it followed that the moral relationship between one human and another ought to be that of acknowledgement of the dignity and divinity bestowed on every person and the appreciation of whatever flows out of and / or contributes to either or both. to appreciate ones dignity demands the acquisition of african - type moral character. african - type moral character is fashioned around the spark of the divine presence within each human being. this means that whereas dignity and divinity are birth gifts, ones dignity must be displayed around ones divinity while ones divinity must be cultivated into enlightenment. when one esteems who one is, based upon ones dignity, and then attaches to ones dignity the tasks one does in life and carries those tasks to completion, one exhibits self - respect. selfhood mastery means one maintains moral character every time one is being severely tested. | < prev | | next > |


sounding conversation ). these - bots were easy to anthropomorphize, and more or less harmless - unlike, say, an autonomous evil cyborg. more recently, twitter has been colonized by a host of twitterbots, little programs that automatically find, create, or send data. many are annoying and spammy, bombarding the poor souls who happen to tweet about ipads or other hot products with commercial messages. but some are pure entertainment, such as a comedybot, which automatically posts bits from comedians, or @ einsteinbot, which autotweets quotes from albert einstein. friendlier words seem to be more easily suffixed with - bot. there are guidebots and guardbots, helpbots and healthbots, medbots and newsbots, shopbots and teachbots. the chalkbot writes inspirational messages in chalk on the roadway ; the dustbot is an “ on - call robotic rubbish collection service ” being tried in italy. the suffix - bot is also popular in product names - there ’ s jambot ( musical software ), kegbot ( a beer dispenser that tracks how much you ’ ve consumed ), and wattbot ( which helps you figure out whether you can save money through renewable energy sources ). dorkbot is an organization for those interested in electronic art ; makerbot is a company that creates 3d printers - which can also make parts for more makerbots. when - bot words do turn unfriendly, they emphasize the knee - jerk automaticity of what ’ s being done, and so are often political. there are obamabots and randbots ; romneybots, republibots, and dembots, conserva - bots, bushbots, palinbots, paulbots ( ron paul enthusiasts ), and limbots ( followers of rush limbaugh ). the scariest - bot may be the fembot, encompassing the evil - but - hot fembots of austin powers, ads for svedka vodka, and the robyn song that insists that “ fembots have feelings too. ” why don ’ t we call them robo - femmes? because they ’ re still more sexy than scary : thus the - bot suffix. so what happened to make robo - take the aggressive path and - bot the cute and friendly one? other words that have split into prefix - suffix pairs have clearer rationales for their separate meanings : alcoholic ’ s more common - holic suffix is used for any addiction, with alco


mobility / stability statistics for 2011 - 2012 definitions of terms used the total ( cumulative ) number of students in membership at any time during the academic year. instructional program service type ( ipst ) : services provided by schools and / or districts for students identified as belonging to one or more of the categories below. students with disabilities : students who have been formally identified as having physical or health conditions that may have a significant impact on the student ’ s ability to learn and therefore warrant placing the student on an individual educational program ( iep ). limited english proficient : this designation encompasses all students identified as either non - english proficient or limited english proficient. non - english proficient is defined as a student who speaks a language other than english and does not comprehend, speak, read, or write english. limited english proficient is defined as a student who comprehends, speaks, reads, or writes some english, but whose predominant comprehension or speech is in a language other than english. districts must provide language services to all limited english proficient students. student qualifies for either the free or reduced lunch program. the federal national school lunch act establishes eligibility for the reduced price lunch program for families with income up to 185 percent of the federal poverty level ( in 2009, this amount was $ 39, 220 for a family of four ). families with income up to 130 percent of the federal poverty level qualify for the free lunch program ( in 2009 this amount was $ 27, 560 for a family of four ). students enrolled in a specially designed program for children who are, or whose parent or spouse is a migratory agricultural worker, and who, in the preceding 36 months, in order to obtain, or accompany such parent or spouse in order to obtain, temporary or seasonal employment in agricultural work has moved from one school district to another. students that are identified by the school as failing, or most at risk of failing, to meet the state ’ s challenging student academic achievement standards on the basis of multiple, educationally related, objective criteria established by the school. according to the mckinney act, a “ homeless individual ” : lacks a fixed, regular, and adequate nighttime residence. gifted and talented : students who have been formally identified, using district - wide procedures aligned with cde guidelines, as being endowed with a high degree of exceptionality or potential in mental ability, academics, creativity, or talents ( visual, performing, musical arts, or leadership. for additional information, e - mail :


march 26, 2012 contact : john ascenzi, children ’ s hospital of philadelphia, phone : ( 267 ) 426 - 6055, ascenzi @ email. chop. edu new biological research reveals how an invading virus hijacks a cell ’ s workings by imitating a signaling marker to defeat the body ’ s defenses. by manipulating cell signals, the virus destroys a defensive protein designed to inhibit it. this finding, from studies in human cell cultures, may represent a broader targeting strategy used by other viruses, and may lay the scientific groundwork for developing more effective treatments for infectious diseases. “ learning details of how cells respond to viruses helps us to understand key cellular machinery better, ” said study leader matthew d. weitzman, ph. d., of the center for cellular and molecular therapeutics at the children ’ s hospital of philadelphia. “ this study tells us how a virus overcomes intrinsic host defenses. in this case the virus mimics signals used during normal dna repair mechanisms. ” the study team, formerly based at the salk institute for biological studies in la jolla, calif., published their current findings online march 8 in molecular cell. biologists have long known that viruses hijack cellular processes to replicate themselves, while host cells have evolved intrinsic defense systems to resist viral invasion. to replicate, viruses must deliver their own dna into a cell ’ s nucleus, so a viral infection entails a conflict between two genomes — the dna of the host cell versus the foreign dna of the virus. viruses mount their attack by interacting with specific cell proteins as a way of penetrating the cell ’ s defenses. “ in this study, we asked how the herpes simplex virus finds the specific proteins that it interacts with, ” said weitzman. “ by describing the mechanism of this particular interaction between a virus and a cell protein, we have pinpointed key regulators of a cell ’ s processes, and shed light on how a cell regulates its defenses. ” this laboratory study focused on herpes simplex virus type - 1 ( hsv - 1 ), a common human virus that results in recurrent infections alternating with inactive periods. like other viruses, hsv - 1 is known to manipulate cellular processes in order to infect cells, but the specific mechanisms by which it acts on the dna repair pathway were previously unknown. weitzman ’ s study team was studying a viral protein called icp0 that overcomes host defenses by targeting cellular proteins for destruction. they found that icp0 exploits ph


mechanisms by which it acts on the dna repair pathway were previously unknown. weitzman ’ s study team was studying a viral protein called icp0 that overcomes host defenses by targeting cellular proteins for destruction. they found that icp0 exploits phosphorylation, a chemical mark that is often used in cells to promote interactions between proteins, especially as part of the cellular signaling response to dna damage. in hsv - 1 infection, the phosphorylation signal on icp0 attracts a cellular dna damage response protein, rnf8, which binds to the false signaling marker and is then degraded. because rnf8 normally inhibits viral replication, its destruction leaves the cell vulnerable to hsv - 1 infection, as the virus takes over the cell ’ s machinery. the researchers also found that icp0 exploits the same phosphorylation signal to bind to other cellular proteins in addition to rnf8, a hint that it may play a broader role in defeating antiviral defenses and manipulating cellular machinery. weitzman will continue to investigate hsv - 1 infection in neurons and in animal models. he also plans to extend his research into other viruses, which may act on different pathways than hsv - 1 does. “ ultimately, ” he added, “ better knowledge of molecular mechanisms in infection may suggest strategies to interrupt the viral life cycle and treat infections. ” the national institutes of health, the salk institute, the american cancer society and the howard hughes medical institute were among the funders of this research. “ viral e3 ubiquitin ligase - mediated degradation of a cellular e3 : viral mimicry of a cellular phosphorylation mark targets the rnf8 fha domain, ” molecular cell, published online march 8, 2012, to appear in print, april 13, 2012. doi : 10. 1016 / j. molcel. 2012. 02. 004


carbon savings - promoting tangible methods of conservation ( finalist. ) ymca - toronto office updates based on feedback : many have felt this proposal is based on measuring a person ' s carbon footprint, instead we are helping people estimate the economic and environmental benefits they can expect to achieve by switching to a new light bulb, showerhead or even by adding a rain barrel. we will be getting the word out through our own marketing efforts but also see this as a resource to support the many organizations that are already out there. we provide traction to the envrionmental movement and use money and environmental benefits as incentives for people to consider and try new products. we are looking to work with sustainability networks, housing associations, builders, manufactuers and retailers ( to help market their products ), real estate agents, mortgage specialists, educational programs, speakers and the list goes on. - if you are one of these people or know someone who is, we would love to hear from you! carbon savings is committed to reducing society ’ s demand on natural resources by promoting environmentally preferred products ( epps ). to do this, carbon savings focuses on public awareness by helping people to understand how to conserve water and energy and then to estimate the financial and environmental benefits associated with each method. this is done through calculators which help people estimate their annual savings, payback period and co2 reductions. please view http : / / carbonsavings. org / product. php? item = faucet for an example. the organization was founded on the following premises : - people would prefer to reduce their impact on the environment as long as it does not affect their standard of living - the majority of people are motivated to action based on financial considerations - people are hesitant to spend money when the resulting savings are unknown in order to support the transition towards a low carbon economy, carbon savings has decided to concentrate its efforts on a two pronged approach. the first is to help homeowners and businesses find tangible methods to conserve energy and water. there are roughly 30 household technologies that are good for the environmental and have a fast payback period, yet many of them are unfamiliar to the public. as a result, carbon savings is building a comprehensive and easy - to - use website for consumers to view all of their options and learn about each one. the second approach is to help companies communicate the benefits of their epps to the public. this allows manufacturers and retailers to promote their products by demonstrating the economic and environmental benefits to the customer. in essence, the calculators


learn about each one. the second approach is to help companies communicate the benefits of their epps to the public. this allows manufacturers and retailers to promote their products by demonstrating the economic and environmental benefits to the customer. in essence, the calculators become interactive marketing tools to help companies sell more products. at the end of the day, increased sales translate into greater adoption of conservation. background & details the concept of carbon savings was born in 2010 as part of a sustainability course in engineering at queen ’ s university. since that time, the idea has evolved and gained momentum. today, the company has teamed up with a number of non - profit organizations to provide traction to their environmental efforts. one of carbon savings ’ core beliefs is that in order to achieve mainstream conservation, consumers must first know what their options are and then be convinced these products are worth buying. as a result, the company has created a working prototype at www. carbonsavings. org to allow users to browse through different product categories, such as showerheads and thermostats, in order to learn about them and their importance. each technology is highlighted with its own interactive calculator to help users estimate the financial and environmental benefits. the calculators are pre - loaded with average household data to help people that may not be aware of reasonable input values. these numbers can be changed to generate customized estimates. in addition to the 30 household technologies, there are roughly 40 commercial technologies that can be adopted at work to generate even greater savings. as the site develops, the goal is to provide a user experience geared towards helping people and companies explore practical opportunities to achieve conservation. by highlighting all of these technologies, carbon savings is looking to offer the most extensive collection of environmental products and their calculators in one location. beyond the educational website, carbon savings will leverage its impact by creating marketing tools for manufacturers and retailers. the calculators can be customized to be product specific and can be placed on the retailer ’ s site beside the product, which positions the calculators in front of people at the point of sale. it also enables companies to provide personalized estimates without sending their customers away from their website. the calculators have a lot of flexibility in terms of look, feel and the number of questions asked of the user. they must also be approved by carbon savings for accuracy and then carry the carbon savings logo, providing third party verification. companies do not currently have the option to license energy savings calculators and therefore, cannot benefit from the various advantages they have


contact lens prescription by mary jameson, bhs, coa, nclc, cpot what do the numbers on a contact lens prescription mean? how do they relate to a patient ' s eyes? how important are they? with all of the controversy surrounding the issue of releasing contact lens prescriptions, we should understand what every detail of the prescription means. measuring base curve the back of a contact lens features a series of curves. these curves help the contact lens fit the contour of a cornea. the main back surface curve of a lens is the base curve. it represents the central radius of curvature of the back of the lens. the base curve corresponds to the keratometry reading, the measurement of a patient ' s corneal curvature. we typically record keratometry measurements in diopters of power and typically measure the base curve reading in millimeters of radius. you can use a conversion chart to transition from diopters to millimeters of radius. when you select a trial lens, you can choose a base curve that is on k ( meaning it matches the corneal curvature reading ), steeper than k ( meaning the base curve is smaller than the corneal curvature reading ) or flatter than k ( meaning that the base curve is larger or longer than the corneal curvature reading ). an " on k fit " is not always the ideal. you can compare this to shopping for shoes or clothing - - if you are a certain size in one brand, you may not be the same size in another. the same is true for contact lenses. patients need to try contact lenses on to make sure the fit is the best possible. the power of a lens represents the prescription that will neutralize the power of the patient ' s eye. this number is not always the same for a contact lens fitting as it is for a spectacle prescription. you must take the vertex distance ( the distance from the surface of the cornea to the back of the spectacle lens ) into consideration because the contact lens fits onto the cornea. you can use an effectivity chart to make the appropriate power adjustments. also, the over - refraction during the lens fit will help finalize the patient ' s prescription. when you fit gas permeable lenses, you must consider the relationship of the base curve to the cornea. when you fit a lens steeper or flatter than the keratometry reading, a lacrimal lens forms between the cornea and the back curvature of the lens. if you fit a lens steeper than


problem code : manyleft all submissions for this problem are available. the classical game of oneleft is played as follows. some pegs are placed on an nxn grid. initially, at least one cell is empty and at least one contains a peg ( each cell contains at most one peg ). a move consists of jumping one peg over an adjacent peg to an empty cell, and removing the peg that was jumped over. formally, if there is a peg in cell ( x1, y1 ), and cell ( x2, y2 ) is empty, and ( x1 - x2, y1 - y2 ) is one of ( 0, 2 ), ( 0, - 2 ), ( 2, 0 ), or ( - 2, 0 ), and there is a peg in cell ( ( x1 + x2 ) / 2, ( y1 + y2 ) / 2 ), then the peg in cell ( x1, y1 ) may be moved to cell ( x2, y2 ) and the peg in cell ( ( x1 + x2 ) / 2, ( y1 + y2 ) / 2 ) removed. the coordinate ( 0, 0 ) indicates the top - left corner, ( n - 1, 0 ) indicates the top - right corner, ( 0, n - 1 ) indicates the bottom - left corner, and ( n - 1, n - 1 ) indicates the bottom - right corner. the game continues until no more moves are possible. normally the goal of oneleft is to leave a single peg on the grid. however, in this problem the goal is to leave as many pegs as possible. optimal solutions are not required, but solutions that leave more pegs will score more points. input begins with an integer n, the size of the grid. n lines follow with n characters each, representing the grid. a '. ' character indicates an empty cell, and a ' * ' character indicates a peg. for each test case, first output the number of moves in your solution. then output each move in the form " x1 y1 x2 y2 ", which indicates a peg moving from ( x1, y1 ) to ( x2, y2 ). any whitespace in your solution will be ignored. your score for each test case is the fraction of cells containing pegs after performing the moves in your solution. your overall score is the average of your scores on the individual test cases. invalid solutions


. any whitespace in your solution will be ignored. your score for each test case is the fraction of cells containing pegs after performing the moves in your solution. your overall score is the average of your scores on the individual test cases. invalid solutions will be judged as " wrong answer ". in particular, if any legal moves exist after the moves in your solution have been performed, your solution will considered invalid. sample input 1 6.. *.. * *.. *. * * * *. * *. * * *.. * * * *.. * *. *. * sample output 1 13 1 3 1 1 3 3 1 3 0 5 0 3 0 2 0 0 3 5 3 3 5 2 3 2 5 0 5 2 3 2 3 0 2 4 0 4 0 3 0 5 3 0 1 0 0 0 2 0 0 5 2 5 sample input 2 5. *. *... *.. *... *... *.. *... sample output 2 the first sample output scores 8 / 36 = 0. 2222. the second sample output scores 7 / 25 = 0. 28. recall that the goal is to maximize your score. test case generation for each official test file, n is chosen randomly and uniformly between 10 and 30, inclusive. a real number d is chosen randomly and uniformly between 0. 5 and 0. 95, then each cell is independently chosen to contain a peg with probability d. | time limit : | | 1 sec | | source limit : | | 50000 bytes | | languages : | | ada, asm, bash, bf, c, c99 strict, caml, cloj, clps, cpp 4. 0. 0 - 8, cpp 4. 3. 2, cs2, d, erl, fort, fs, go, hask, ick, icon, jar, java, js, lisp clisp, lisp sbcl, lua, nem, nice, nodejs, pas fpc, pas gpc, perl, perl6, php, pike, prlg, pyth, pyth 3. 1. 2, ruby, scala, scm guile, scm qobi, st, tcl, text, wspc | fetching successful submissions


imagine a moment from the age of dinosaurs frozen in time : primitive birds, bees, insects, early mammals, the first known flowering plants and of course, dinosaurs, all exquisitely preserved in fine - grained fossils from chinaa€™s liaoning province. volcanic eruptions killed and buried victims quickly in this dinosaur pompeii, capturing soft, fragile features not normally preserved in fossils a€ ” notably the feathers on animals that had never been known to have them before. now, with state - of - the - art animation to bring this lost world to life, nova investigates the mysterious feathered dinosaurs that are challenging old ideas about the origin of bird flight. the central character in this drama is a strange little dinosaur with wings on its legs as well as its arms. the pigeon - sized microraptor is the smallest adult dinosaur ever found, perhaps the first known tree dweller. but could it really fly? is it the key to understanding the origin of flight or merely an evolutionary dead end unrelated to the ancestry of birds? to help solve the riddle, nova assembles a team of top paleontologists, aeronautical engineers and paleo - artists to reconstruct the microraptor and build a sophisticated model for a wind tunnel experiment. the results have surprising implications for long - accepted ideas about how winged flight began. a


about seven years ago, a brain scientist was working with primate brain signals three floors underground. the scientist was using special neurological amplifiers that amplified micro - volt signals. he called me to solve a strange, sporadic noise problem that had appeared in his amplifier outputs. his laboratory had been in operation for many years before this problem appeared. when confronted with a mysterious problem, i always ask one particular question : " what is changed, what is different? " but in this case, the answer was nothing. connecting up a scope, i soon saw a signal on the screen that coincided with a noise from a speaker connected to a neural amplifier output. we heard a distinctive " click ” sound. by slowing the horizontal time period to one second / division, we could see the entire several - millisecond - long noise pulse. but this was no ordinary noise pulse - - it was actually a perfect bipolar square wave. envision a single period of a full sine wave on a scope screen, then convert that same wave pattern to fit a bipolar square wave. that ' s exactly what it was. every few seconds it appeared, but each time, the starting and ending polarity was flipped. there was no question this was an intelligently generated signal - - but from where? soon, a pattern was discernible. pulse spacing was a consistent 5. 5 seconds. remember, this laboratory was about 60 feet underground. the building had corrugated steel plates as the base, with three reinforced concrete floors up above. line of sight with the local radar dish required that you travel through wet dirt, steel, rock, and reinforced concrete for about two miles at a slight upward angle to reach the local airport dish. and microwaves will not travel through any of these materials very well. certain types of microwave sources contain a property few engineers know about - - scalar energy. scalar electromagnetic waves have the e and b fields in phase, unlike normal electromagnetic waves where e and b fields are typically 90 degrees out of phase. there is another interesting characteristic of scalar waves - - they are not stopped by shielding, even by a faraday cage. when e and b fields are in phase, they do not interact with metal molecules like conventional rf does, which makes shielding useless. usually, only distance can stop scalar waves. based on the waveform period, there could be only one source of this signal. i called the local international airport tracon group, which stands for tracking and control. my one question to the engineer on duty was simply this


scalar waves. based on the waveform period, there could be only one source of this signal. i called the local international airport tracon group, which stands for tracking and control. my one question to the engineer on duty was simply this : " what is the rotation period of your radar dish? i ' m certain i ' m picking up your signal at the university. " he replied : " let me look out the window and see. " a short time later, he came back to the phone, saying : " about five and a half seconds. " ah ha! there was my signal source. conventional microwave theory says this was impossible, but there it was. clearly these were not conventional microwaves at all. the engineer then asked where i was picking up their signal and i told him. he mumbled, " guess it would be good for tracking submarines, too. " apparently, i was correct. this scalar signal disappeared overnight and never returned. as for the real purpose of this scalar pulse, which traveled through two miles of dirt, reinforced concrete, steel, and rock? it remains unknown to this day. shutting down that short - lived signal, which was transmitted for just one day, did not cause the airport to close. apparently, it had little to do with air traffic control. here is the strangest part of all : it was a signal that was dc - based and detected by a neural amplifier with a - 3db bandwidth of 50hz. no diode detector, no rf amplifier, no demodulators, no if stages, no dish, no waveguides, none of the usual rf components. yet, this very low frequency signal definitely originated from a radar dish after traveling through about two miles of dirt and other materials. this entry was submitted by ted twietmeyer and edited by rob spiegel. ted twietmeyer ’ s background includes a patented optical backplane technology. he also has more than 30 years of experience in defense and aerospace systems engineering, project management, and the training of customer technical personnel. since 2000, ted has been designing advanced, custom - designed, high - performance systems at the board level. tell us your experience in solving a knotty engineering problem. send stories to rob spiegel for sherlock ohms.


above the bit : where the horse evades the rider ' s aids by raising the head above the level of the rider ' s hands. this reduces the amount of control the rider has over the horse. action : the movement of the horse ' s legs. aids : signals or cues by which the rider communicates his wishes to the horse. the " natural " aids include the voice, the legs, the hands, and weight. " artificial " aids include the whip and spurs. airs above the ground : high school movements performed by highly trained horses, where either the front legs or all four legs are off the ground. airs above the ground include the levade and the capriole. amble : the slower form of the lateral pacing gait. ( see pacer ) back : to step a horse backward. barrel racing : a timed event in western riding where horse and rider complete a cloverleaf pattern around three barrels. bascule : term used to describe the arc a horse makes as it jumps a fence. blistering : application of a caustic agent, or blister, to the leg. formerly and, occasionally, still used in the treatment of a number of conditions, such as spavin, ringbone, and bowed tendon. thought to encourage internal healing in some cases. bosal : a braided noseband used in western equitation. western bitless bridle. breaking, or breaking - in : the early education of the young horse, where it is taught the skills it will need for its future life as a riding or driving horse. broken - in / broke to ride : horse that has been accustomed to the tack and the rider and has begun initial training. ( also called greenbroke. ) buck : a leap in the air with the head lowered and the back arched. canter : three - beated gait of the horse in which one hind leg strides first ( the leading leg ), followed by the opposite diagonal pair and finally the opposite foreleg. called the lope in western riding. capriole : one of the airs above the ground in which the horse leaps with all four legs and strikes out with the hind legs in mid - leap. cavelletti : adjustable low wooden jumps used in the schooling of horse and rider. chip / chip - in : when a horse puts in a short, additional stride in front of a fence. chukker : a seven - and - one - half - minute period in a polo game ; from hindu meaning " a circle


and rider. chip / chip - in : when a horse puts in a short, additional stride in front of a fence. chukker : a seven - and - one - half - minute period in a polo game ; from hindu meaning " a circle. " class : a grouping of horses in a show involving horses with riders or shown at hand that perform according to the class specifications as described in the rulebook of that show. collected : controlled gait : a correct coordinated action. collection : where the rider, by means of carefully balanced driving and restraining aids, causes the horse ' s frame to become compacted and the horse light and supple in the hand. the baseline is shortened, the croup is lowered, the shoulder is raised and the head is held on the vertical. cooling out : cooling down a heated horse by walking, brushing, giving very small drinks of water, and sponging him off after he has been worked. counter canter : school movement in which the horse canters in a circle with the outside leg leading, instead of the more usual inside leg. courbette : one of the airs above the ground. after performing the levade, the horse bounds or hops forward on bent hind legs. combined training : equestrian competition held over one or three days and including the disciplines of dressage, cross country, and show jumping. also known as eventing. cross - firing : condition in which the hind foot strikes the opposite front leg or hoof. crow hopping : when a horse hops or leaps repeatedly in the air, with all four feet off the ground at the same time, he is said to be crow hopping. crow hops : mild bucking motions. cues : another name for aids. signals by which the rider communicates his wishes to the horse. dishing : a faulty action, where the foot of the foreleg is thrown outward in a circular movement with each stride. disunited : canter in which the horse ' s legs are out of sequence. diagonals : the horse ' s legs move in pairs at the trot, called diagonals. the left diagonal is when the left foreleg and right hindleg move together, the right diagonal is when the right foreleg and the left hindleg move together. dressage : ( i ) the art of training the horse so that he is totally obedient and responsive to the rider, as well as supple and agile in his performance. ( ii ) competitive sport which, by a series of


. dressage : ( i ) the art of training the horse so that he is totally obedient and responsive to the rider, as well as supple and agile in his performance. ( ii ) competitive sport which, by a series of set tests, seeks to judge the horse ' s natural movement and level of training against an ideal. driving : a discipline in which a horse or horses pull a vehicle such as a carriage, cart, or wagon. engagement : the hindlegs are engaged when they are brought well under the body. english pleasure : a saddleseat class judged on manners, performance, attitude, and quality of the horse. equitation : the art of horse riding. eventing : equestrian competition held over one or three days and including the disciplines of dressage, cross country, and show jumping. also known as combined training. extension : the extension of the paces is the lengthening of the frame and stride. the opposite of collection. extravagant action : high knee and hock action such as that seen in the hackney and the saddlebred. flat race : a race without jumps. floating : the action associated with the trotting gait of the arabian horse. flying change : change of canter lead performed by the horse to rebalance during turns and changes of direction. forefooting : roping an animal by the forefeet. forging : a fault in a gait which occurs when a hind foot strikes the bottom of the front foot on the same side. four - in - hand : a team of four harness horses. fox trot : a short - step gait, as when passing from walk to trot. gait : the paces at which horses move, usually the walk, trot, canter, and gallop. gallop : four - beated gait of the horse, in which each foot touches the ground separately, as opposed to the canter, which is a three - beat gait. going : term used to describe the nature of the ground, i. e. deep, good, rough. green : a horse that is in the early learning stage of his particular discipline is said to be green. greenbroke : horse that has been accustomed to the tack and the rider and has begun initial training. ( also called broken - in or broke to ride. ) ground line : pole placed on the ground in front of a fence to help the horse and / or rider judge the take - off point. gymkhana : mounted games,


initial training. ( also called broken - in or broke to ride. ) ground line : pole placed on the ground in front of a fence to help the horse and / or rider judge the take - off point. gymkhana : mounted games, including bending poles, sack race, musical sacks, and a variety of other games and races. gymnastic : combination of fences placed at relative distances to each other, used in the training of the jumping horse. habit : traditional riding attire for sidesaddle riders. half halt : an exercise, basically a " pay attention, please " used to communicate to the horse that the rider is about to ask for some change of direction or gait, or other exercise or movement. half pass : dressage movement performed on two tracks in which the horse moves sideways and forwards at the same time. halter - broke : term used to describe a young horse that has been accustomed to the very basics of wearing a halter. halt : when the horse is at a standstill. hand gallop : an extension of the canter. haute ecole : the classical art of advanced riding. see also airs above the ground. high school : advanced training and exercise of the horse. horsemanship : the art of equitation or riding. hunt seat : an english discipline which includes riding on the flat and over fences to demonstrate suitability to the hunt field. impulsion : strong, but controlled, forward movement in the horse ( not to be confused with speed ). in front of the bit : a term used to describe a horse which pulls or hangs heavily on the rider ' s hand. in hand : when a horse is controlled from the ground rather than being ridden. indirect rein : the opposite rein to the direction in which the horse is moving. when giving an indirect rein aid, the instruction comes by pressing the opposite rein against the horse ' s neck. inside leg : the legs of both horse and rider which are on the inside of any circle or curved track being travelled. inside : in a ring, the side of the horse closer to the center of the ring. interference : faulty gait in which a foot strikes the fetlock or cannon of the opposite foot ; most often done by base - narrow, toe - wide, or splay - footed horses. jog : western riding term for trot. also used to describe a slow, somewhat shortened pace in english riding. leader : either of the two leading horses in a team of four, or a single horse harnessed in front of one


horses. jog : western riding term for trot. also used to describe a slow, somewhat shortened pace in english riding. leader : either of the two leading horses in a team of four, or a single horse harnessed in front of one or more horses. the " near " leader is the left hand horse and the " off " leader is the right hand horse. leg up : method of mounting in which an assistant stands behind the rider and supports the lower part of his left leg and giving a boost as necessary as the rider springs up off the ground. leopard : a rope which attaches to the halter that is used to lead or tie a horse with. levade : a classical air above the ground in which the forehand is lifted with bent forelegs on deeply bent hind legs - a controlled half - rear. line - up : a command used in the show ring for riders to come to the center of the ring and form a line. lope : slow western canter. manege : an enclosure used for training and schooling horses. also called a school. nearside : the left hand side of the horse. offside : the right hand side of the horse. on the bit : a horse is said to be " on the bit " when he carries his head in a near vertical position and he is calmly accepting the rider ' s contact on the reins. outfit : the equipment of rancher or horseman. outside : when riding in a ring, the side closest to the rail or fence of the ring. overface : to present a young horse at a fence which is beyond his level of training, or beyond his physical capability. overreaching : faulty gait in which the hind foot steps on the heel of the front foot on the same side. occurs most often when the horse is galloping or jumping. pacer : a horse which moves its legs in lateral pairs, rather than the conventional diagonal pairs. pace : a lateral two - beat gait mostly performed by gaited horses. paddling : throwing the front feet outward as they are picked up ; most common in toe - narrow or pigeon - toed horses. passage : dressage movement in which the horse trots in an extremely collected and animated manner. passenger : one who rides a horse without control, letting the horse go as he wishes. performance registry : a record book in which the performance of animals is recorded and preserved. piaffe : dressage movement in which the horse trots in place, with forehand elevated and cr


horse without control, letting the horse go as he wishes. performance registry : a record book in which the performance of animals is recorded and preserved. piaffe : dressage movement in which the horse trots in place, with forehand elevated and croup lowered. pirouette : dressage movement in which the forelegs of the horse describe a small circle, while the hind legs remain in place, one of them acting as a pivot. plantation pleasure : an english class judged on manners and way of going to include tennessee walking horses, which will show at the flat walk, running walk, and canter. pleasure driving : a class of horses pulling carts which is judged on manners and way of going. pointing : perceptible extension of the stride with little flexion ; likely to occur in the long - strided thoroughbred and standardbred breeds - animals bred and trained for great speed. posting trot : the action of the rider rising from the saddle in rhythm with the horse ' s trot. ( also called rising trot. ) pounding : heavy contact with ground instead of desired light, springy movement. rack : the fifth gait of the american saddlebred - a flashy four - beat gait. rein back : when a horse moves backward with the hooves being set down almost simultaneously in diagonal pairs. reining : type of western riding in which advanced movements such as spins and slides are executed in various patterns. reverse : a command used in the show ring to indicate a change of direction. rising trot : the action of the rider rising from the saddle in rhythm with the horse ' s trot. ( also called posting trot. ) running walk : a four - beat gait faster than a walk, often over 6 miles per hour. saddle seat : a discipline of riding which is typically used for breeds that show with high knee and hock action and a very flashy, animated way of going. school movements : the gymnastic exercises performed in the school or manege. school : enclosed, marked out area used for the training and exercise of the horse. ( see also manege. ) serpentine : school movement in which the horse, at any pace, moves down the center of the school in a series of equal - sized loops. shoulder - in : two - track movement in which the horse is evenly bent along the length of its spine away from the direction in which it is moving. showmanship : a class at a horse show judged on the exhibitor ' s ability


loops. shoulder - in : two - track movement in which the horse is evenly bent along the length of its spine away from the direction in which it is moving. showmanship : a class at a horse show judged on the exhibitor ' s ability to fit ( prepare ) and show a horse at halter being poised and confident while leading a well - groomed and conditioned horse through a precise pattern. side - wheeler : a pacer that rolls the body sidewise as he paces. single - foot : a term formerly used to designate the rack. speedy cutting : the inside of diagonal fore and hind pastern make contact ; sometimes seen in fast - trotting horses. spread : to stretch or pose. trailer : transportation vehicle of one or more horses, which is towed behind another vehicle. transition : the act of changing from one pace to another. walk to trot and trot to canter are known as " upward transitions. " canter to trot and trot to walk are known as " downward transitions. " trappy : a short, quick, choppy stride ; a tendency of horses with short, straight pasterns and straight shoulders. traverse or side up : lateral movement without forward or backward movement. tree : the wooden or metal frame of a saddle. trot : moderate - speed gait in which the horse moves from one diagonal pair of legs to the other, with a period of suspension in between. two track : school movements in which the hindlegs follow a separate track from that made by the forelegs. vaulting : equestrian sport involving gymnastic exercises done on the back of a moving horse. vertical : upright fence with no spread. can be rails, planks, gate, or wall. walk : a slow four - beat gait. warming - up : the process of going through the gaits while performing suppling exercises to limber up both horse and rider in the beginning of a workout. whoa : a verbal command used to signal a well - trained horse to stop. usually combined with gently pulling back on the horse ' s reins. wrangling : rounding up ; saddling range horses.


per square meter warm - up : relationships in ecosystems ( 10 minutes ) 1. begin this lesson by presenting the powerpoint, “ per square meter ”. 2. after the presentation, ask students to think of animal relationships that correspond to each of the following types ; competition, predation, parasitism, and mutualism a. for example, two animals that compete for food are lions and cheetahs ( they compete for zebras and antelopes ) 3. record the different types of relationships on the board. activity one : my own square meter ( 30 minutes ) 1. have students go outside and pick a small area ( about a square meter each ) to explore. it is preferable that this area be grassy or ‘ natural ’. the school playground might be a good spot. 2. each student should keep a list of both the living organisms and man - made products found in their area ( i. e grass, birds, insects, flowers, sidewalk etc. ) students are allowed to collect a few specimens from this area to show to the class. if students do not have jars, they can draw their observations. * see reproducible # 1 activity two : who lives in our playground? ( 10 minutes ) 1. after listing, collecting, and drawing specimens, students should return to the classroom and present their findings. a. have the students sit in a circle. each student should read his or her list of findings out loud. if they collected specimens or drew observations, have them present them to the class. 2. make a list of these findings on the board. only write repeated findings once ( to avoid writing grass as many times as there are students ). keep one list of living organisms and one list of man - made products. 3. for now, focus on the list of living organisms. as a class, help students name possible relationships between the organisms. see if they can find one of each type of relationship. for example, a bee on a flower is an example of mutualism because the nectar from the flower nourishes the bee and in return, the bee pollinates the flower. activity three : humans and the environment : human effect on one square meter ( 15 minutes ) 1. now that students have focused on the animal relationships of their square meter, it is time to examine the effect of humans on the natural environment. focus on the human - made product list. ask students to consider the possible relationships between the human - made products and the environment. prompt a brief class discussion on the effects


meter, it is time to examine the effect of humans on the natural environment. focus on the human - made product list. ask students to consider the possible relationships between the human - made products and the environment. prompt a brief class discussion on the effects of man - made products on the environment. use the following questions as guidelines. a. what is the effect of an empty drink bottle ( or any other piece of trash ) in a grassy field? will it decompose? will it be used by an animal as a habitat or food? answer : trash is an invasive man - made product. most trash is non - bio degradable and is harmful to the environment and to eco - system relations. therefore, it is a harmful addition to the square meter. b. who left the bottle there? do you think they are still thinking about it? did they leave it there on purpose? why did they leave it there? answer : most people litter thoughtlessly. they are not thinking about their actions and how they may effect the environment or eco - systems. it is important that people recognize that litter has a major effect on the environment. c. what about a bench? does a park bench have the same effect on the environment as a piece of trash? answer : a park bench can be considered as a positive human - made product. a park bench has little negative effect on the environment and even helps humans further appreciate eco - systems. the park bench may even provide shelter or a perch for the eco - systems living organisms. d. is there a difference between positive human - made products and negative ones? what are some examples of each? answer : yes, there is a difference between positive and negative human - made products. positive products have minimal effect on the functioning of eco systems whereas negative products have major effects on eco systems. an example of a positive human - made product would be a solar powered house. an example of a negative human - made product would be a car that produces a lot of pollution. wrap up : our classroom eco - web ( 20 - 30 minutes ) 1. have students create classroom artwork by illustrating the relationships between their eco - systems. 2. each student should draw at least two components of his or her square meter. 3. after everyone has finished their illustrations, create a web relating the illustrations. draw arrows between illustrated components with written indications of the type of relationship exemplified. 4. post the finished product in the classroom so that students can see the interconnectedness of the earth ’ s eco - systems. extension