© 2005 - 2012 american society of clinical oncology ( asco ). all rights reserved worldwide. fatigue is a common symptom in people with cancer that causes a lack of energy for many usual activities. most people receiving cancer treatment experience fatigue, and some cancer survivors have fatigue for months and even years after finishing their treatment. cancer - related fatigue is different than other types of fatigue, like what happens when you don ’ t get enough sleep, because this feeling of exhaustion does not improve with rest. fatigue ' s effect on quality of life fatigue can have negative effects on the overall physical, psychological, social, and economic well - being of people with cancer. for some it can be slightly bothersome, while for others the experience can be devastating. fatigue can influence a person ' s : - daily activities - hobbies and other enjoyable activities - social relationships - mood and emotions - job performance - feeling of well - being and sense of joy - attitude toward the future - ability to undergo treatment identifying the causes of fatigue there are multiple causes of cancer fatigue, but not all of them are well understood. in situations where many different reasons contribute to a sense of exhaustion, it is still important to develop effective strategies to help deal with this symptom. some of the common causes of fatigue include : - the cancer itself - appetite loss - cancer - related treatment - anemia ( low red blood cell count ) - uncontrolled pain - lack of sleep - lack of regular exercise - inadequate nutrition - co - existing medical conditions strategies to help cope with fatigue exercising and eating healthy. researchers now think that a regular exercise program is the best strategy to help relieve cancer - related fatigue. athletes and physically fit individuals may continue a program of modified regular exercise while undergoing some cancer treatments. however, most people with cancer will experience some degree of deconditioning, making their regular exercise routine more difficult and, in some cases, even dangerous. exercise helps prevent muscle loss and once lost, resistance training can help to rebuild it. talk with your doctor about modifying your exercise program to meet your needs. a gradual program will increase muscle tone and lead to a sense of well - being. even people who are weak benefit from getting out of bed and walking around the house. read more about physical activity and cancer. eating well and drinking enough fluids are important to maintaining an adequate weight and meeting your body ’ s nutritional requirements. read more about the importance of hydration. if available, consider talking with a nutrition counselor or registered dietitian ( rd ) at your treatment


from physics research archive - page 4 the physics classroom : total internal reflection - sep 16, 2010 the optical fiber in the photo above doesn ' t just guide the beam - - the fiber produces the beam. instead of a tube of helium and neon gas, or a piece of ruby, the " active medium " of this laser is added to the glass in the fiber. since the mirrors are just the polished ends of the fiber, there is nothing to go out of alignment, and maintenance is easy. network theory : a key to unraveling how nature works - sep 1, 2010 you are looking at a network diagram that shows the interconnectedness of the world economy. to learn more about this network, visit mapping the world economy. making a supersonic jet in your kitchen - aug 16, 2010 what exactly happens when an object makes a splash in water? the disk shown above was pulled into water in a reproducible way to investigate the splash. the real sea monsters : on the hunt for rogue waves - aug 1, 2010 this " rogue wave " broke over the deck of an oil tanker, and was much taller than the other waves on the ocean at the time. see freak waves, rogue waves for graphs of rogue waves building up in the ocean, and for the measurement of one that struck an oil platform in the north sea. from soap bubbles to technology - jul 16, 2010 the soap film you see here, made in between two metal rings, is called a catenoid, and it uses the minimum area to enclose a given volume. click on the image to see another example of a " minimal surface " soap film. about dust - jul 1, 2010 this satellite image shows a recent dust storm in china that was so large it spread out to neighboring countries. for more on this storm, see this time magazine article and also about dust. shock diamonds and mach disks - jun 16, 2010 when the speed of the gases in a jet or rocket exhaust exceeds the speed of sound, a dazzling pattern results called " shock diamonds " or " mach disks, " as shown in this photo of the sr - 71 blackbird. the diamonds are created by crisscrossing shock waves in the exhaust. image credit : nasa, esa, h. bond ( stsci ), r. ciardullo ( penn state ), and the hubble heritage team ( aura / stsci ) ; image source ; larger image stellar evolution - jun 1, 2010 when the sun reaches the end of its life, its outer layers will


had to be calculated for the use and disposal phases, including : washing machine use, hot water heating, drying and treatment of the waste water generated by washing. greiner found that the consumer use phase — washing machine use, heating hot water and drying the load — used the most energy and had the highest greenhouse gas impact — roughly 95 % of the greenhouse gas emissions generated for an average load of laundry in the us. with these findings and the strong communication channels seventh generation had with their customers, it became clear that changing customer behavior was a top priority, as the detergent is specially formulated to have the same cleaning effectiveness in both hot and cold water cycles. greiner also touched on his experiences with data sources in lca tools. to help determine data quality requirements for materials, he often considers the percentage of a total product ' s weight. for example, a material that makes up 40 % versus 1 % of a product ' s weight may need greater attention. the company could then take this information to its suppliers to determine if the data was representative of their operations or if there were marked differences. he pointed out that there many limitations to gathering better data, and the further a company goes up its supply chain, the less leverage it has. for commodity materials such as detergent surfactants, a purchaser generally only knows the region, and in some cases may not even know that. regional specificity and thresholds for emissions and water use from production processes are not usually available. when a number of companies are interested in the attributes of a specific commodity material - palm oil, for instance — greiner believes industry standards can play a role, much like we buy ' green ' power. when a number of companies collaborate on industry standards, the benefits become more compelling for suppliers. products from biomass - based crops melissa hamilton of earthshift, an organization focused on lca capacity building within corporations, talked about the different methodologies used in lca and results that often surprise clients. according to hamilton, companies that create products from biomass - based crops often think their products are naturally better than the petrochemical - based alternatives, but discover the impacts from intensive land use, fertilizer use and pesticide application are much higher than expected. this depends on the resources used in growing those plants, and lca can help identify critical areas to focus on during the production of these products. she also points out that there is variability produced by the impact methodologies within lca. these are consensus - based approaches decided upon by life cycle practitioners


plants, and lca can help identify critical areas to focus on during the production of these products. she also points out that there is variability produced by the impact methodologies within lca. these are consensus - based approaches decided upon by life cycle practitioners and scientists that convert emissions into human and environmental impacts. there are many to choose from, but each yields different results depending on value choices and the emissions measured. it is important for companies to select one that is relevant for the product studied, and to compare results across methods. treatment of biomass - based crops might produce either favorable or unfavorable results for a product depending on the selected methodology, for example. the control of this variability grows with the sophistication of the lca tool. in more advanced systems, the user may specify how emissions are translated into impacts. summary of the uses of lca to summarize, key uses of lca by practitioners include determining and monitoring the most significant environmental aspects ; establishing a baseline for comparison, labeling impacts and setting corporate goals ; and considering all life cycle impacts, including changing customer behavior in the use phase. these same practitioners are making important contributions to lca by seeking industry standards to create more compelling benefits for suppliers to change practices ; mastering the selection of appropriate data sources ( industry - averages versus factory - specific ) ; and becoming aware of the need for and developing transparent methodology. in a design studio i taught at pratt institute last fall, i used one of the new lca tools called sustainable minds. with no download needed, the students signed in to the web - based tool and quickly got into testing their design concepts. projects ranged from a vertical grow - light system for plants to a vermicomposting bin. after establishing which elements each product should be evaluated and compared by ( e. g., providing light for indoor plants or the material for containment of food scraps ), users also indicate how long this service will be delivered. next, data pertaining to material selection, production methods, transport distances and end - of - life assumptions are entered. sustainable minds makes it easy to upload a bill of materials from autodesk ' s inventor ( as well as other 3d modeling programs ), so no manual entry is necessary for the material selection stage. once the life cycle stages are filled in, the results are broken down in easy - to - read to charts, giving a quick idea about where the impacts are in the product life cycle. add as many concepts as you want and compare any two of them side by side.


microsoft office 2010 ( 5 courses ) microsoft office 2010 improves on office 2007 to make your working day even more efficient and effective. new image - editing tools help you design documents that stand out from the crowd. new social networking tools help you connect with colleagues. you can post documents to the internet, and then view or edit those documents through a web browser or mobile phone. you can embed and edit videos within slide presentations, and turn slide presentations into videos themselves. you can track trends in spreadsheet data with new filtering and visualization tools. flash and audio provide animated, interactive lesson introductions, activities, and simulations. audio accompanies each lesson page throughout the course. mindnotes provide printable quick - reference sheets and other files to be used as learners apply their skills on the job. show me hows allow learners to access instructional demonstrations from all courses in the series. simulations teach learners to perform specific tasks in applications through guided, multi - step exercises. activities allow learners to apply course concepts in an interactive questioning environment. full - page images allow learners to experience an application as if it were open on their computer. exercises allow learners to practice in the actual application being studied. a course topics list contains active hyperlinks, permitting quick access to specific topics. find - a - word allows learners to look up an unfamiliar term in the glossary, on the web, or in a dictionary. in addition, it lets them find other occurrences of the term in the same course. search text enables learners to rapidly search all text within a course to easily retrieve information required. courses challenge the learner with a variety of question formats, including multi - step simulations, true / false, multiple choice, and fill - in - the - blank. a skill assessment generates a customized learning path based on the results of a pre - test. a glossary provides a reference for definitions of unfamiliar terms. bookmarking tracks the learner ' s progress in a course.


year end is always a time of forecasts and predictions, and technology giant ibm is wading in with its fifth annual “ next five in five, ” its list of innovations that have the potential to change the way people work, live and play over the next five years. the list, according to ibm, is based on market and societal trends as well as on emerging technologies percolating in ibm ’ s global labs. here ’ s what big blue sees in our future as part of its drive towards a “ smarter planet ” : hanging out in 3 - d. in the next five years, ibm says 3 - d interfaces, like those in the movies, will let people interact with 3 - d holograms in real time. the trend, enabled by more sophisticated and miniaturized 3 - d holographic cameras finding their way into cell phones as well as new video chat capabilities along the lines of 3 - d telepresence, will let give people new ways of interacting with photos, browsing the web or chatting with friends. scientists at ibm research are working on new ways to visualize 3 - d data, including technology that would allow engineers to step inside designs of everything from buildings to software programs, running simulations of how diseases spread across interactive 3 - d globes, and visualizing trends happening around the world on twitter – all in real time and with little to no distortion. battery power. ibm says scientific advances in transistors and battery technology over the next five years will allow devices to last about 10 times longer than they do today. in some cases, ibm predicts batteries may disappear altogether in smaller devices. how can that happen? the way ibm explains it, in lieu of the heavy lithium - ion batteries used today, scientists are working on batteries that use the air we breath to react with energy - dense metal, eliminating a key inhibitor to longer lasting batteries. if successful, the result will be a lightweight, powerful and rechargeable battery capable of powering everything from electric cars to consumer devices. ibm prognosticators are even going as far as to suggest the elimination of batteries all together by rethinking the basic building block of electronic devices, the transistor. ibm is aiming to reduce the amount of energy per transistor to less than 0. 5 volts, making batteries obsolete in some devices like mobile phones or e - readers. these devices could leverage a concept called energy scavenging, used today in some watches, which would let them charge by simple movements like shaking.


than 0. 5 volts, making batteries obsolete in some devices like mobile phones or e - readers. these devices could leverage a concept called energy scavenging, used today in some watches, which would let them charge by simple movements like shaking. we ’ re all data collectors. ibm says that in five years, sensors in phones, cars, wallets and even tweets will collect data that will give scientists a real - time picture of the environment. this data will be leveraged to fight global warming, save endangered species or track invasive plants or animals that threaten ecosystems around the world. in the next five years, ibm says a whole class of “ citizen scientists ” will emerge, using simple sensors that already exist to create massive data sets for research. personalized commutes. in the next five years, advanced analytics technologies will provide personalized recommendations that get commuters where they need to go in the fastest time. adaptive traffic systems will intuitively learn traveler patterns and behavior to provide more dynamic travel safety and route information to travelers than is available today. specifically, ibm researchers are developing new models that will predict the outcomes of varying transportation routes to provide information that goes well beyond traditional traffic reports, which ibm researchers say only indicate where you are already located in a traffic jam, and web - based applications that only give estimated travel time in traffic. using new mathematical models and ibm ’ s predictive analytics technologies, the researchers will analyze and combine multiple possible scenarios that can affect commuters to deliver the best routes for daily travel, including many factors, such as traffic accidents, commuter ’ s location, current and planned road construction, most traveled days of the week, expected work start times and local events, including weather, that may impact traffic. computers : the new energy source. ibm is working innovations in computers and data centers, including its novel on - chip - water - cooling systems, which will enable the excessive heat and energy that data centers give off to be redeployed to do things like heat buildings in the winter and power air conditioning in the summer. ibm officials point to a pilot project in switzerland involving a computer system fitted with the technology as a prime example. the project is expected to save up to 30 tons of carbon dioxide emissions per year, the equivalent of an 85 percent carbon footprint reduction.


in isis unveiled, h. p. blavatsky wrote : if the pythagorean metempsychosis should be thoroughly explained and compared with the modern theory of evolution, it would be found to supply every " missing link " in the chain of the latter. but who of our scientists would consent to lose his precious time over the vagaries of the ancients. notwithstanding proofs to the contrary, they not only deny that the nations of the archaic periods, but even the ancient philosophers had any positive knowledge of the heliocentric system. the " venerable bedes, " the augustines and lactantii appear to have smothered, with their dogmatic ignorance, all faith in the more ancient theologists of the pre - christian centuries. but now philology and a closer acquaintance with sanskrit literature have partially enabled us to vindicate them from these unmerited imputations. in the vedas, for instance, we find positive proof that so long ago as 2000 b. c., the hindu sages and scholars must have been acquainted with the rotundity of our globe and the heliocentric system. hence, pythagoras and plato knew well this astronomical truth ; for pythagoras obtained his knowledge [ [ vol. 1, page ] ] 10 the veil of isis. in india, or from men who had been there, and plato faithfully echoed his teachings. we will quote two passages from the aitareya brahmana : in the " serpent - mantra, " * the brahmana declares as follows : that this mantra is that one which was seen by the queen of the serpents, sarpa - rajni ; because the earth ( iyam ) is the queen of the serpents, as she is the mother and queen of all that moves ( sarpat ). in the beginning she ( the earth ) was but one head ( round ), without hair ( bald ), i. e., without vegetation. she then perceived this mantra which confers upon him who knows it, the power of assuming any form which he might desire. she " pronounced the mantra, " i. e., sacrificed to the gods ; and, in consequence, immediately obtained a motley appearance ; she became variegated, and able to produce any form she might like, changing one form into another. this mantra begins with the words : " ayam gauh pris ' nir akramit " ( x., 189 ). the


became variegated, and able to produce any form she might like, changing one form into another. this mantra begins with the words : " ayam gauh pris ' nir akramit " ( x., 189 ). the description of the earth in the shape of a round and bald head, which was soft at first, and became hard only from being breathed upon by the god vayu, the lord of the air, forcibly suggests the idea that the authors of the sacred vedic books knew the earth to be round or spherical ; moreover, that it had been a gelatinous mass at first, which gradually cooled off under the influence of the air and time. so much for their knowledge about our globe ' s sphericity ; and now we will present the testimony upon which we base our assertion, that the hindus were perfectly acquainted with the heliocentric system, at least 2000 years b. c. in the same treatise the hotar, ( priest ), is taught how the shastras should be repeated, and how the phenomena of sunrise and sunset are to be explained. it says : " the agnishtoma is that one ( that god ) who burns. the sun never sets nor rises. when people think the sun is setting, it is not so ; they are mistaken. for after having arrived at the end of the day, it produces two opposite effects, making night to what is below, and day to what is on the other side. when they ( the people ) believe it rises in the morning, the sun only does thus : having reached the end of the night, it makes itself produce two opposite effects, making day to what is below, and night to what is on the other side. in fact the sun never sets ; nor does it set for him who has such a knowledge.... " * * this sentence is so conclusive, that even the translator of the rig - veda, dr. haug, was forced to remark it. he says this passage contains " the denial of the existence of sunrise and sunset, " and that the author supposes the sun " to remain always in its high position. " * * * * from the sanskrit text of the aitareya brahmanam. rig - veda, v., ch. ii., verse 23. * * aitareya brahmanam, book iii., c. v., 44. * * * ait. brahm., vol. ii.,


graph the asymptote of a tangent function an asymptote is a line that helps give direction to a graph of a trigonometry function. this line isn ’ t part of the function ’ s graph ; rather, it helps determine the shape of the curve by showing where the curve tends toward being a straight line — somewhere out there. asymptotes are usually indicated with dashed lines to distinguish them from the actual function. the asymptotes for the graph of the tangent function are vertical lines that occur regularly, each of them π, or 180 degrees, apart. they separate each piece of the tangent curve, or each complete cycle from the next. the equations of the tangent ’ s asymptotes are all of the form where n is an integer. under that stipulation for n, the expression 2n + 1 always results in an odd number. by replacing n with various integers, you get lines such as the reason that asymptotes always occur at these odd multiples of is because those points are where the cosine function is equal to 0. as such, the domain of the tangent function includes all real numbers except the numbers that occur at these asymptotes. the preceding figure shows what the asymptotes look like when graphed alone. the first figure isn ’ t all that exciting, but it does show how many times the tangent function repeats its pattern. now take a look at the second preceding figure, which shows one cycle of the tangent function on a graph. the tangent values go infinitely high as the angle measure approaches 90 degrees. the values go infinitely low as the angle measure approaches – 90 degrees. in the third figure, there is more of the tangent on a graph, asymptotes included, to give you a better idea of what ’ s going on. as you can see, the tangent function repeats its values over and over. the main difference between this function and the sine and cosine functions is that the tangent has all these breaks between the cycles. as you move from left to right, the tangent appears to go up to positive infinity. it actually disappears at the top of the graph and then picks up again at the bottom, where the values come from negative infinity. graphing calculators and other graphing utilities don ’ t usually show the graph disappearing at the top, so it ’ s up to you to know what ’ s actually happening, even though the picture may not look exactly that


with 40 - hour - plus work weeks the norm and no signs of that trend reversing, seeing well in the office at any time of day or night is necessary to get the job done. illumination in the office can mean a combination of different types of light, artificial and natural. but the big story in lighting centers on new products and control systems that bring the discipline to the forefront of commercial integration. just as heating, ventilating and air - conditioning ( hvac ) has become one with building management and energy savings, lighting has stepped up to take its place as part of the integrated control environment. it makes perfect sense. most of a building ’ s energy costs come from the use of lighting. statistics continue to show uncon - trolled lighting can raise the temperature inside the building and cause hvac systems to operate more frequently. lighting also has become closely tied to energy efficiency and the green building movement, epitomized in the leadership in energy and environmental design ( leed ) program administered by the u. s. green building council, washington, d. c. there are other drivers of widespread changes in lighting. depending on the location and the type of facility, local or state energy codes may be mandated, and usage must be curbed inside and out — such as the case with the dark - sky initiatives, which are part of a movement to avoid the effects upward lighting has on the environment. up to the task lighting for commercial offices takes many different forms and performs multiple functions. the end application for deployed lighting is critical. task areas require high illumination, both direct and indirect, but the amount of light, of course, depends on the nature of the business. lighting should not interfere with computer screens by causing unwanted glare. close work on production tables or other processing areas must illuminate clearly and evenly. office areas with displays or showrooms need task lighting and illumination, which puts light on key areas of the facility. proper deployment of lighting is a science. the key performance characteristic of a light source is its output or lumen rat - ing. the intensity distribution or candle power also must be known, and many variables must be considered. numerous re - sources are available to the electrical contractor ( see box on page 92 ). one study of task lighting in offices conducted by the national research council ( nrc ) canada suggests office workers prefer to have light on all room surfaces, not just on their desks, which may be due to low levels of ambient lighting and high levels of task lighting, creating uncomfortable lighting conditions


by the national research council ( nrc ) canada suggests office workers prefer to have light on all room surfaces, not just on their desks, which may be due to low levels of ambient lighting and high levels of task lighting, creating uncomfortable lighting conditions. according to nrc, it found no link between organizational productivity and vertical surface brightness. however, their studies have demonstrated that when lighting conditions differ from occupant preferences, there can be a negative impact on comfort and satisfaction. task or ambient light for office buildings has been a staple of design for many decades ; fluorescent or metal halide use has been the primary components of these markets. they still hold their own, providing lighting integral to work spaces and buildings. but these disciplines have evolved into lamps, ballasts and controls that can save energy by being dimmable or being able to shut down quickly and return to service at a moment ’ s notice or within a preset time. a ballast supplies the ini - tial electricity that creates the light and then regulates the amount of electricity flowing through the appliance, so the lamp emits the right amount of light. ballasts also are integral to the use of occupancy sensors, and instant - start types are not rec - ommended for use with these detectors. new developments in fluorescent and high - intensity discharge ( hid ) ballast technology focus on improved system perform - ance, control capability for dimming, daylighting integration, energy management functions, and solutions to some long - standing problems that occur when certain lamps reach end of life, such as those containing mercury. the most energy - efficient fixtures, according to the american council for an energy efficient economy, are t8 or t5 fluorescent lamps, low - wattage and ceramic metal halide lamps, white leds or electronic ballasts. according to tom leonard, director of marketing and product management, leviton lighting management systems, tuala - tin, ore., fluorescent lighting is still the unsung hero of efficiency. “ fluorescent lighting is definitely not a ‘ shop light ’ anymore, ” he said. “ users need to know that it ’ s not just cool white bulbs anymore. there ’ s a perception on the part of many that all fluorescents look like that. fluorescent lighting provides high performance and a reasonable cost and a wide array of different tones, ” he said. because fluorescent lamps don ’ t use heat to create light, they are far more energy - efficient than incandescent bulbs. but how do they compare to leds? “


this lesson introduces the concept of monopoly. it calls upon students to consider how monopoly power might affect the quality and price of goods and services offered to consumers. in light of what they learn about the history of trusts and the sherman antitrust act, the students write editorials, stating and explaining their views about laws prohibiting monopolies. finally, students consider the effect that the internet has had on the potential of companies to become entrenched as monopolies in our national and global economies. - define monopoly. - explain the market power that monopolies can exert. - evaluate american laws prohibiting monopolies. this lesson is intended to help students will develop an understanding of economic monopolies. it introduces the sherman anti - trust act, which forbade the establishment and practices of economic monopolies in the united states. working as newspaper editorialists, students explain whether or not they believe that monopolies should be prohibited in free market economic systems. the students also consider the ways in which today ' s technological infrastructure has influenced the capacity of companies to establish themselves as monopolies. finally, the students create radio broadcasts explaining the nature of monopolies today. monopoly : this econedlink glossary provides a large number of definitions of economic concepts. monopoly defined : this page provides a print - out for students that defines monopolies. monopoly defined handout standard oil and the sherman anti - trust act : this econedlink worksheet provides information and questions for students to answer related to monopolies. student responses to editorials : this worksheet allows students to write if they felt that the editorial that they read was well - written or not. student responses to editorials edublogs : at this site, students and teachers can set up their own blogs and post their own editorials. technology and monopolies : this worksheet helps students to understand how advances in technology are related to monopolies. technology and monopolies odeo enterprise : this site allows students to create their own podcasts. creating a monopoly : this econedlink worksheet asks students to develop their own monopoly. creating a monopoly to begin this lesson, tell the students that you want to purchase a pen from somebody. ask whether any of them would be pen that they would be willing to sell. after the students have completed this short exercise ask them what they wrote willing to sell you a pen. tell them to write down on a piece of paper the price that they would charge for a pen - - using the down


would be willing to sell. after the students have completed this short exercise ask them what they wrote willing to sell you a pen. tell them to write down on a piece of paper the price that they would charge for a pen - - using the down. also ask them to help you decide which pen to purchase : what information should you think about in making your decision about which pen to purchase? the students may suggest that you should think about which pen you want, and that you should try to purchase it for the lowest possible price. if the students do not suggest these ideas on their own, raise them for the students. ask them to explain why these ideas make sense. now tell the students to imagine that one student in the class owned all of the pens in the classroom. and you have decided that you would buy a pen only from somebody in the class. ask them how this scenario might influence the price of the pen and the quality of the pen being sold. here you would like to thear the students state that if one person owned all of the pens, that person could charge more money for them and sell lower - quality pens. ask the students to explain why this is true. they should recognize that since only one person was selling pens, this individual would not have to worry about either the price set by other people or the quality of the pens that other people were selling. tell the students that this scenario is an example of a monopoly. now show the students the definition of monopoly and use it as a transparency. ask the students to explain this definition in their own words. then shift the discussion : ask the students if they think it is fair for monopolies to exist. urge them to support their opinions. as the students share their opinions take notes on the board. encourage the students to express ideas that both support and oppose monopolies. now tell students that they should learn how the u. s. government views economic monopolies. invite them to read and complete the worksheet entitled standard oil and the sherman anti - trust laws, available here. after the students have completed this work, reconvene the class. call on students to share their answers with one another. click here to view possible answers to the standard oil and sherman anti - trust laws worksheet. ask the students why companies might to be monopolies. help them understand that in a free - market economic system, people work to make money and companies exist to make profit : individual companies want to make as much profit as possible. certainly companies


what we ship things in makes a difference. take the banana, for example. in 1876, at the philadelphia centennial exposition, the banana was a delicacy ( and very black ). millions of bunches could only be sent to u. s. shores if they were refrigerated. by 1901, as i describe in econ 101 1 / 2, united fruit was distributing 14 million bunches of bananas in the u. s. one reason, in addition to the railroad and the steamboat, was a banana vessel that could maintain a 53 degree temperature for its cargo. just like refrigerated banana vessels transformed world trade, so too has the cargo container. introduced in 1956, now one ship can carry 3, 000 forty foot containers with 100, 000 tons of shoes, electronics and clothing. imagine the potential efficiency. put everything in the container, arrive at a port, and just slip it onto a truck or a railroad car for it to move to its next stop. journalist marc levinson says the result is more variety for consumers, lower freight bills, less shipping time, lower inventory costs and longer supply chains. this takes us back to yesterday ’ s supership post and the expansion of the panama canal. larger ships mean more containers on board. the ny times said that the newest generation of superships could hold 15, 000 containers that are 20 feet long. the economic lesson adam smith would have been delighted to see his ideas about mass production and regional specialization extend around the world. describing the productivity of factory pin production in the wealth of nations, he told us that one worker, functioning alone, could produce 1 pin per day. however, when that worker specialized through a division of labor in a factory, 4, 800 pins per worker per day were made. adam smith used the term “ distant sale ” to explain the transport of goods from a factory to a distant market. he could have been describing a container ship moving from china to the u. s.


selenium is a trace mineral found in water, soil, and some plants. the body requires it to get energized and to function normally. a deficiency of this trace mineral is rare but some of its manifestations include fatigue and muscular weakness. an oversupply of selenium on the other hand, can cause nervousness, nausea, vomiting, depression, baldness and bad odor of the fingernails. here are some of the health benefits of selenium : 1. it helps to nourish your thyroid glands. selenium is an important component for the health and nourishment of your thyroid glands. it helps to regulate the secretion of thyroid hormones, and it stimulates the production of t3 hormone which is the most active form of thyroid hormone in the body. 2. it helps to reduce the risk of joint inflammation. selenium works to reduce oxidative stress around the joints. this will result in the reduced risk of inflammation. selenium deficiency is one of the contributing causes of rheumatoid arthritis and the deterioration of joint tissues. 3. it helps to prevent cancer. according to the world health foods website, selenium may play an active part in the preventing cancer by supporting dna repair and synthesis in damaged cells. this can help to prevent the growth of cancer cells. the website added that selenium may play a role in inducing cancer cells to self destruct. this process is called apoptosis. the body uses it as a self - destruct mechanism to eliminate abnormal cells. 4. it helps to stimulate antibodies. selenium may help to stimulate antibodies after a person gets vaccinated. antibodies are your body ’ s defenses against infectious organisms. these are some of the known health benefits of selenium. you can get selenium from natural food sources which include beef, broccoli, brown rice, fish, egg, ham, lobster, mushroom, oyster, and tuna. tags : infectious organisms, trace mineral, dna repair, health medical pharma filed under : vitamins about the author : the energize team is comprised of sam green, a health conscious super blogger, and his tireless staff who ' s main purpose is to provide useful and helpful information to the public. leading a healthy and happy life begins with knowledge and learning. they hope to have visitors apply what they learn here in their everyday lives.


rhenium is a rare, silvery - white metallic element. its atomic number is 75 and its symbol is re. rhenium was discovered in 1925 by a team of german scientists named walter noddack, ida tacke - noddack, and otto berg. they discovered rhenium as a trace element in platinum ores and the mineral columbite. it is very dense. it has a melting temperature of 3, 186 degrees celsius ( 5, 767 degrees fahrenheit ). it is not known to have any health benefit for animals or plants. rhenium does not form minerals of its own, but it does occur as a trace element in columbite, tantalite and molybdenite. these minerals are the principal sources of columbium ( commonly called niobium ), tantalum and molybdenum metals. rhenium is a very rare element that is produced principally as a by - product of the processing of porphry copper - molybdenum ores. because it is scarce, very little rhenium is actually processed and isolated each year as compared to the millions of tons of copper and millions of pounds of molybdenum that are extracted from these same porphry copper deposits. as a result, the processing of rhenium poses no environmental threat. the equipment that reduces sulfur dioxide in these processing plants also removes any rhenium that may escape through the smokestacks. | previous element : tungsten | next element : osmium | phase at room temp. | | solid | | melting point ( k ) | | 3453. 2 | | boiling point ( k ) | | 5923 | | heat of fusion ( kj / mol ) | | 33. 054 | | heat of vaporization ( kj / mol ) | | 707 | | heat of atomization ( kj / mol ) | | 770 | | thermal conductivity ( j / m sec k ) | | 48 | | electrical conductivity ( 1 / mohm cm ) | | 51. 813 | | number of isotopes | | 45 ( 2 natural ) | | electron affinity ( kj / mol ) | | 14 | | first ionization energy ( kj / mol ) | | 760 | | second ionization energy ( kj / mol ) | | - - - | | third ionization energy ( kj / mol ) | | - -


| first ionization energy ( kj / mol ) | | 760 | | second ionization energy ( kj / mol ) | | - - - | | third ionization energy ( kj / mol ) | | - - - | | atomic volume ( cm3 / mol ) | | 8. 9 | | ionic radius2 - ( pm ) | | - - - | | ionic radius1 - ( pm ) | | - - - | | atomic radius ( pm ) | | 137 | | ionic radius1 + ( pm ) | | - - - | | ionic radius2 + ( pm ) | | - - - | | ionic radius3 + ( pm ) | | - - - | | common oxidation numbers | | + 4 | | other oxid. numbers | | - 3, - 1, + 1, + 2, + 3 + 5, + 6, + 7 | | in earth ' s crust ( mg / kg ) | | 7. 0x10 - 4 | | in earth ' s ocean ( mg / l ) | | 4. 0x10 - 6 | | in human body ( % ) | | 0 % | | regulatory / health | | osha permissible exposure limit ( pel ) | | no limits | | osha pel vacated 1989 | | no limits | | niosh recommended exposure limit ( rel ) | | no limits | university of wisconsin general chemistry mineral information institute jefferson accelerator laboratory rhenium was named after the greek word for the rhine river, rhenus. rhenium is obtained almost exclusively as a by - product of the processing of a special type of copper deposit known as a porphyry copper deposit. specifically, it is obtained from the processing of the mineral molybdenite ( a molybdenum ore ) that is found in porphyry copper deposits. a porphyry copper deposit is a valuable copper - rich deposit in which copper minerals occur throughout the rock. the copper in these deposits occurs as primary chalcopyrite ( cufes2 ) or the important secondary copper mineral chalcocite ( cu2s ). the identified rhenium resources in the united states are estimated to total 5 million kilograms. these resources are found in the southwestern united states. the identified rhenium resources in the rest of the world are estimated to total 6 million kilograms. countries producing rhenium include armenia, canada, chile, kazakhstan, mexico, peru, russia, and uzbekistan. even


| table 1. tissue weighting factors ( wt ) for individual tissues and organs | | tissue or organ | | tissue weighting factor ( wt | | gonads ( testes or ovaries ) | | 0. 20 | | red bone marrow | | 0. 12 | | * * the remainder is composed of the following additional tissues and organs : adrenal, brain, upper large intestine, small intestine, kidney, muscle, pancreas, spleen, thymus and uterus. | the tissue weighting factor ( wt ) is an important unit of radiation measurement that weights the equivalent dose in a particular tissue or organ in terms of its relative contribution to the total deleterious effects resulting from uniform irradiation of the whole body. this weighting factor takes account of the probability of fatal cancer, the probability of nonfatal cancer, weighted for severity, and the average length of life lost due to an induced cancer. the values shown in table 1 were developed from a reference population of equal numbers of both sexes and a wide range of ages. in the definition of effective dose they apply to workers, to the whole population, and to either sex. when an equivalent dose to an organ is multiplied by the ( wt ) for that organ, the result is the effective dose to that organ : - effective dose = sum of [ organ doses x tissue weighting factor ] the unit of effective dose is the sievert ( sv ). according to the international agency for research on cancer ( iarc ) " for purposes of calculation, the ' remainder ' category in table 1 is composed of the following additional tissues and organs : adrenals, brain, upper large intestine, small intestine, kidney, muscle, pancreas, spleen, thymus and uterus. the list includes organs which are likely to be selectively irradiated. some organs in the list are known to be susceptible to cancer induction. if other tissues and organs subsequently become identified as having a significant risk of induced cancer they will then be included either with a specific wt or in this additional list constituting the remainder. the latter may also include other tissues or organs selectively irradiated. " in those exceptional cases in which a single one of the remainder tissues or organs receives an equivalent dose in excess of the highest dose in any of the twelve organs for which a weighting factor is specified, a weighting factor of 0. 025 should be applied to that tissue or


earth observing laboratory ( eol ) field deployments eol supports the observing needs of research programs in the following categories : become a fan on watch us on follow us on - climate science - atmospheric chemistry - atmospheric physics - atmospheric dynamics earth science, or geoscience, is an all encompassing term used for the sciences that relate to the earth ' s processes ; atmospheric, geological, geophysical, glacial, and oceanic. the atmosphere is one component of many that make up earth ' s intricate system. atmospheric science is a broad discipline, within which there are several more specific areas of study ( ie - climate, ocean / air interactions, atmospheric chemistry, societal impacts ). the national center for atmospheric research ( ncar ) is charged with, among other things, providing the atmospheric science community with expertise, oversight and observing systems to carry out research projects on the field. ncar : : earth observing laboratory : : field projects field project categories : field projects are designed to develop a more complete understanding of the complex interactions between the earth ’ s atmosphere, oceans, land, ice masses, and biosphere. the impact of human activities on the earth ’ s physical, chemical, and biological processes is a major focus of our national center. the earth observing laboratory ( eol ) is tasked primarily with developing technologically advanced instrumentation and data acquisition systems, and overseeing scientific field campaigns that enable the collection of data for innovative scientific research. eol field projects contribute directly to ncar ’ s goal of improving society ' s understanding of the atmosphere and earth ' s systems, specifically by investigating atmospheric processes and examining interactions between the atmosphere and other environmental components. eol ' s field projects can be categorized into 5 areas of study : severe weather, climate processes, atmospheric chemistry, atmospheric cycles, and ocean systems. many of the projects can be included in multiple categories, due to the nature of the project. for example, the main goal of a study may be to examine severe weather, which is likely a subset of a natural atmospheric cycle or climate process, and could be exacerbated by air pollution.


front page ddblock logic & problem solving have never been such fun! active engagement is the name of the game in these 72 word - problem challenges for any computer or interactive whiteboard. students drag and drop 4 kinds of beans to solve problems visually, developing both logic and number sense. one volunteer can demonstrate on an interactive whiteboard while others follow along with manipulatives at their seats and the teacher guides the discussion. then the learning can continue at centers. as students progress through increasing levels of difficulty, the skills and the enthusiasm grow! these challenges can be used with a singapore math program or with any other math curriculum to make math come alive for students. ( 3 - 5 ) get ready to spill the beans! get ready to " spill the beans " about math with these hands - on cards. students reinforce number sense, logic, and problem - solving skills as they work with real beans from your classroom to determine the answers to the problems on the cards. the interactive cards are numbered for easy differentiation and designed to keep students at all levels engaged, challenged, and motivated. ideal for centers, too. ( 3 - 5 ) 84 cards. also available for grades 4 - 6, spill the beans challenge level click here for free stories, poems, crafts and puzzles from highlights.


cells rely on tiny molecular motors to deliver cargo, such as mrna and organelles, within the cell. the critical nature of this transport system is evidenced by the fact that disruption of motors by genetic defects leads to fatal diseases in humans. although investigators have isolated these motor to study their function in a controlled environment outside the cell, it has been difficult for researchers to follow these fascinating molecular transporters in their natural environment, the living cell. now, two articles published by cell press in biophysical journal, make use of incredibly tiny, glowing " quantum dots " to track the miniscule motions of myosin v in living cells. interestingly, both research groups independently report that myosin v molecules carry their quantum dot cargo either in a straight line or in a manner akin to a drunken walk. myosin v is a motor molecule that " walks " in a fashion similar to humans by stepping along actin filament tracks that are assembled in a dense, criss - crossing network inside the cell. a critical feature of these motors is their ability to walk long distances without falling off their tracks. however, this has never been observed within cells. through the binding of quantum dots directly to a single myosin v molecule, both investigative teams used sophisticated microscopes and sensitive cameras to witness the 72 nanometer strides ( equivalent to 1 millionth of an inch ) taken by these motors for the first time in cells. in results published in the may 20th 2009 issue of biophysical journal, dr. giovanni cappello from the institut curie in paris, france tracked the movement of single myosin v molecules with inside living hela cells. dr. cappello and colleagues reported that the myosin v can transport cargo for long distances without falling off its track at velocities higher than would be expected based on earlier studies. " our approach goes beyond conventional experiments on organelles and opens interesting perspectives for studying intracellular transport pathways and how motors behave in complex filament networks, " says dr. cappello. dr. david warshaw and colleagues from the university of vermont college of medicine used quantum dots to follow the activity of myosin v in cos - 7 cells. their findings, published in the july 22nd 2009 issue of the journal, suggested that myosin v ' s apparent drunken walk is in fact the motor taking turns at almost every intersection it encounters along the dense and randomly oriented intracellular actin highway. " cargo delivery in cells can ' t totally be a random process, therefore,


a professor with the university of houston cullen college of engineering has won a $ 2. 1 million grant to study the best ways to modify human immune cells to fight against cancer. navin varadarajan, an assistant professor of chemical and biomolecular engineering, won the grant from the national institutes of health ( nih ) and its national cancer institute to conduct this immunotherapy study. immunotherapy, one of the most promising avenues of cancer research and treatment, involves a process in which human immune cells are modified and trained to fight hard - to - treat tumors. varadarajan ' s research focuses on engineered t cells, immune cells that, among other functions, recognize and attack disease cells. one immunotherapy approach involves modifying naturally occurring t cells to fight cancer cells. known as chimeric antigen receptor t cells, or car t cells for short, these cells have proven effective in combating some cancers that are particularly difficult to treat. " in response to tumor recognition, car t cells can proliferate within the patient. unlike traditional drugs that are removed from the body, these cells can multiply. the better these car t cells proliferate and survive within the host, the better the chances of getting rid of the tumor, " said varadarajan. among the cancers that have been responsive to car t cell therapy are b - cell lymphomas such as leukemia. this therapy, in combination with other immunotherapy techniques, has achieved impressive clinical successes in fighting b - cell lymphomas that are otherwise considered untreatable outside of stem cell transplantation. researchers and clinicians, though, don ' t know exactly what properties of these car t cells are responsible for their clinical success. varadarajan will use a novel research tool of his own design to study individual car t cells. the tool, dubbed the nanowell array, is a polymer slide containing tens of thousands of individual chambers, each 125 picoliters. at this size, the chambers are the perfect size to isolate and study individual cells. in this project, varadarajan will expose car t cells used to fight these lymphomas to a nanowell array. the individual cells trapped in the array ' s chambers will then be studied to determine their individual properties relating to their ability to fight cancer, such as their ability to kill tumor cells and what molecules they produce to communicate with other immune cells. cells from the same batches will also be infused into patients


chambers will then be studied to determine their individual properties relating to their ability to fight cancer, such as their ability to kill tumor cells and what molecules they produce to communicate with other immune cells. cells from the same batches will also be infused into patients, allowing researchers to correlate car t cell properties with clinical outcomes over the course of months, effectively allowing them to identify which modified t cells are most effective at fighting cancer. the research won ' t stop with this identification, though. three to six months after infusion, varadarajan and his collaborators will take blood from their patients and isolate their car t cells. once again using the nanowell array, varadarajan will isolate and study these cells, most of which will be several generations removed from the cells the patients originally received. he will then determine how well those daughter cells maintain the properties that make them effective cancer fighters. by singling out those car t cells that are most effective and most long - lived, varadarajan said researchers should be able to design better treatment regimens. " immunotherapy is at the forefront of cancer treatment and research. in some cases it has actually resulted in complete remission, " he said. " to help the most people, though, we ' ve got to understand exactly what properties of engineered cells are most effective at fighting cancer. this research will help us quickly identify those properties so they can be included in the future rounds of research and clinical trials. " varadarajan ' s collaborators on this project include laurence cooper, a physician and researcher at the university of texas md anderson cancer center who will create the car t cells being studied ; badrinath roysam, chairman of uh ' s electrical and computer engineering department, who will use his farsight histopathology software suite to track cell movement inside the chambers of the nanowell array ; and peng qiu, an assistant professor of bioinformatics and computational biology at md anderson who will perform data analysis. varadarajan also emphasized the key role cullen college graduate students in both his and roysam ' s labs will play in this project. not only will they be involved in the research itself, it was through their efforts that the investigation earned funding in the first place, he said. " the ability of our graduate students and postdocs to work together and to address scientific and engineering challenges was essential in generating the data required to successfully apply for this grant. their efforts demonstrate the ability of uh graduate students to lead cutting - edge research projects.


nearly all cases of pediatric cardiomyopathy are nonischemic. this report deals with nonischemic pediatric cardiomyopathy. cardiomyopathy may also be termed primary or secondary. primary cardiomyopathy refers to cases where cardiomyopathy occurs by itself or for unknown reasons ( idiopathic ). secondary cardiomyopathy refers to cases where the disease occurs secondary to a known cause such as heart muscle inflammation ( myocarditis ) caused by viral or bacterial infections ; exposure to certain toxins such as heavy metals or excessive alcohol use ; or certain disorders that affect the heart and / or additional organs systems. according to the pediatric cardiomyopathy registry, approximately 79 percent of pediatric cardiomyopathy cases occur for unknown reasons ( idiopathic ). nonischemic cardiomyopathy may be further divided into four subtypes based upon the specific changes within the heart. these subtypes are : dilated, hypertrophic, restrictive and arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia. american heart association 8200 brookriver drive dallas, tx 75247 nih / national heart, lung and blood institute p. o. box 30105 bethesda, md 20892 - 0105 montgomery heart foundation for cardiomyopathy 1830 e. monument st. / suite 7300 baltimore, md 21205 chiltern court, unit 10 bucks, intl hp5 2px tel : + 44 ( 0 ) 1494 791224 fax : + 44 ( 0 ) 1494 797199 tel : 0800 018 1024 hypertrophic cardiomyopathy association 328 green pond rd p. o. box 306 hibernia, nj 07842 cardiac arrhythmias research and education foundation, inc. ( c. a. r. e ) 427 fulton street p. o. box 69 seymour, wi 54165 kids with heart ~ national association for children ' s heart disorders, inc. p. o box 12504 green bay, wi 54307 - 2504 little hearts, inc. p. o. box 171 110 court street, suite 3a cromwell, ct 06416 congenital heart information network ( c. h. i. n. ) 101 n washington ave, suite 1a margate city, nj 08402 - 1195 children ' s cardiomyopathy foundation po box 547 tenafly, nj 07670 genetic and rare diseases ( gard ) information center po


of the difference between a prince and a tyrant and of what is meant by a prince. between a tyrant and a prince there is this single or chief difference, that the latter obeys the law and rules the people by its dictates, accounting himself as but their servant. it is by virtue of the law that he makes good his claim to the foremost and chief place in the management of the affairs of the commonwealth and in the bearing of its burdens ; and his elevation over others consists in this, that whereas private men are held responsible only for their private affairs, on the prince fall the burdens of the whole community. wherefore deservedly there is conferred on him, and gathered together in his hands, the power of all his subjects, to the end that he may be sufficient unto himself in seeking and bringing about the advantage of each individually, and of all ; and to the end that the state of the human commonwealth may be ordered in the best possible manner, seeing that each and all are members one of another. wherein we indeed but follow nature, the best guide of life ; for nature has gathered together all the senses of her microcosm or little world, which is man, into the head, and has subjected all the members in obedience to it in such wise that they will all function properly so long as they follow the guidance of the head, and the head remains sane. therefore the prince stands on a pinnacle which is exalted and made splendid with all the great and high privileges which he deems necessary for himself. and rightly so, because nothing is more advantageous to the people than that the needs of the prince should be fully satisfied ; since it is impossible that his will should be found opposed to justice. therefore, according to the usual definition, the prince is the public power, and a kind of likeness on earth of the divine majesty. beyond doubt a large share of the divine power is shown to be in princes by the fact that at their nod men bow their necks and for the most part offer up their heads to the axe to be struck off, and, as by a divine impulse, the prince is feared by each of those over whom he is set as an object of fear. and this i do not think could be, except as a result of the will of god. for all power is from the lord god, and has been with him always, and is from everlasting. the power which the prince has is therefore from god, for the power of god is never lost, nor


of the will of god. for all power is from the lord god, and has been with him always, and is from everlasting. the power which the prince has is therefore from god, for the power of god is never lost, nor severed from him, but he merely exercises it through a subordinate hand, making all things teach his mercy or justice. " who, therefore, resists the ruling power, resists the ordinance of god, " [ romans 13 : 2 ] in whose hand is the authority of conferring that power, and when he so desires, of withdrawing it again, or diminishing it. for it is not the ruler ' s own act when his will is turned to cruelty against his subjects, but it is rather the dispensation of god for his good pleasure to punish or chasten them. thus during the hunnish persecution, attila, on being asked by the reverend bishop of a certain city who he was, replied, " i am attila, the scourge of god. " whereupon it is written that the bishop adored him as representing the divine majesty. " welcome, " he said, " is the minister of god, " and " blessed is he that cometh in the name of the lord, " and with sighs and groans he unfastened the barred doors of the church, and admitted the persecutor through whom he attained straightway to the palm of martyrdom. for he dared not shut out the scourge of god, knowing that his beloved son was scourged, and that the power of this scourge which had come upon himself was as nought except it came from god. if good men thus regard power as worthy of veneration even when it comes as a plague upon the elect, who should not venerate that power which is instituted by god for the punishment of evil - doers and for the reward of good men, and which is promptest in devotion and obedience to the laws? to quote the words of the emperor, " it is indeed a saying worthy of the majesty of royalty that the prince acknowledges himself bound by the laws. " [ justinian, codex i. 14. 4 ] for the authority of the prince depends upon the authority of justice and law ; and truly it is a greater thing than imperial power for the prince to place his government under the laws, so as to deem himself entitled to do nought which is at variance with the equity of justice. what the law is ; and


law ; and truly it is a greater thing than imperial power for the prince to place his government under the laws, so as to deem himself entitled to do nought which is at variance with the equity of justice. what the law is ; and that although the prince is not bound by the law, he is nevertheless the servant of the law and of equity, and bears the public person, and sheds blood blamelessly. princes should not deem that it detracts from their princely dignity to believe that the enactments of their own justice are not to be preferred to the justice of god, whose justice is an everlasting justice, and his law is equity. now equity, as the learned jurists define it, is a certain fitness of things which compares all things rationally, and seeks to apply like rules of right and wrong to like cases, being impartially disposed toward all persons, and allotting to each that which belongs to him. of this equity the interpreter is the law, to which the will and intention of equity and justice are known. therefore crisippus asserted that the power of the law extends over all things, both divine and human, and that it accordingly presides over all goods and ills, and is the ruler and guide of material things as well as of human beings. to which papinian, a man most learned in the law, and demosthenes, the great orator, seem to assent, subjecting all men to its obedience because all law is, as it were, a discovery, and a gift from god, a precept of wise men, the corrector of excesses of the will, the bond which knits together the fabric of the state, and the banisher of crime ; [ digest i. 3. 1 - 2 ] and it is therefore fitting that all men should live according to it who lead their lives in a corporate political body. all are accordingly bound by the necessity of keeping the law, unless perchance there is any who can be thought to have been given the license of wrong - doing. however, it is said that the prince is absolved from the obligations of the law ; but this is not true in the sense that it is lawful for him to do unjust acts, but only in the sense that his character should be such as to cause him to practice equity not through fear of the penalties of the law but through love of justice ; and should also be such as to cause him from the same motive to promote


acts, but only in the sense that his character should be such as to cause him to practice equity not through fear of the penalties of the law but through love of justice ; and should also be such as to cause him from the same motive to promote the advantage of the commonwealth, and in all things to prefer the good of others before his own private will. who, indeed, in respect of public matters can properly speak of the will of the prince at all, since therein he may not lawfully have any will of his own apart from that which the law or equity enjoins, or the calculation of the common interest requires? for in these matters his will is to have the force of a judgment ; and most properly that which pleases him therein has the force of law, because his decision may not be at variance with the intention of equity. " from thy countenance, " says the lord, " let my judgment go forth, let shine eyes look upon equity " ; [ psalm 17 : 2 ] for the uncorrupted judge is one whose decision, from assiduous contemplation of equity, is the very likeness thereof. the prince accordingly is the minister of the common interest and the bond - servant of equity, and he bears the public person in the sense that he punishes the wrongs and injuries of all, and all crimes, with even - handed equity. his rod and staff also, administered with wise moderation, restore irregularities and false departures to the straight path of equity, so that deservedly may the spirit congratulate the power of the prince with the words, " thy rod and thy staff, they have comforted me. " [ psalm 23 : 4 ] his shield, too, is strong, but it is a shield for the protection of the weak, and one which wards off powerfully the darts of the wicked from the innocent. those who derive the greatest advantage from his performance of the duties of his office are those who can do least for themselves, and his power is chiefly exercised against those who desire to do harm. therefore not without reason he bears a sword, wherewith he sheds blood blamelessly, without becoming thereby a man of blood, and frequently puts men to death without incurring the name or guilt of homicide. for if we believe the great augustine, david was called a man of blood not because of his wars, but because of uria. and samuel is nowhere described as a man of blood or a homicide, although he slew agag,


now " much " and " little, " if we follow the prince of the peripatetics, signify diminution or excess of the legitimate quantity of specific kinds of things. will it then be lawful to multiply dogs, or rapacious birds, or fierce beasts, or any other monsters of nature, when even the number of horses, which are a military necessity - and serve all the useful purposes of life, is thus strictly limited in advance to a lawful quantity? concerning actors and mimes, buffoons and harlots, panders and other like human monsters, which the prince ought rather to exterminate entirely than to foster, there needed no mention to be made in the law ; which indeed not only excludes all such abominations from the court of the prince, but totally banishes them from among the people of god. under the name of horses is to be understood all things needful for the use of a household, and all its necessary equipment ; of which a legitimate quantity is that which necessity or utility reasonably requires, understanding, however, that the useful is identified with the honorable, and that the refined comfort of living is limited to honorable things. for philosophers have long ago agreed that no opinion is more pernicious than the opinion of those who distinguish the useful from the honorable ; and that the truest and most useful view is that the honorable and the useful are convertible terms. [ cicero, de officiis iii. 3. 11 ] plato, as is told in the histories of the gentiles, when he saw dionisius the tyrant of sicily surrounded by his bodyguards, asked him, " what harm have you done that you should need to have so many guards? " this in no wise behooves a prince who by the faithful performance of his duties so wins for himself the affection of all that for his sake every subject will expose his own head to imminent dangers in the same manner that by the promptings of nature the members of the body are wont to expose themselves for the protection of the head. and skin for skin, and all that a man has, he will put forward for the protection of his life. the next commandment is, " he shall not lead back the people into egypt, made proud by the number of his horsemen. " truly every precaution must be taken, and great diligence used, by all who are set in high place not to corrupt their inferiors by their example, nor by their abuse of things, nor by


advanced internet searching – how to search the internet quicker and more effectively download the print version web search engines a web search engine is a web based service that searches for information on the web. it searches documents for key words and phrases that it has been asked to look for. when a person enters their query or key words the search engine searches through its index and displays all the results that may be matched with that query. for example if you were looking for information on green tree frogs you would type “ green tree frogs ” into your search engine. the search engine will then display links to all the pages with information on green tree frogs with ones most likely to match your search listed at the top. there are a number of search engines you can use such as ; multiple or meta search tools a multiple or meta search tool is a tool that searches the internet using several search engines at the same time. you use them in the same way as a search engine by typing your request into the search box. the only difference is that instead of the search engine searching its records, the meta tool uses multiple search engines and their records and displays all the results giving you a fast and comprehensive way to cast a wide internet search. examples of meta search tools include : there are also search engines that are specific to a particular field of study or work such as medical and legal search engines. conducting a search and refining your results here are some tips which will save you time and give you better results. - to conduct a search you type key words into the search box. let ’ s say you want to buy books in adelaide. - use more precise words — instead of just typing ‘ books ’, try ‘ bookshops adelaide ’. - use quotation marks to search for a specific phrase if you are looking for an exact phrase you may not get good results by typing only the phrase into your search engine. a good tool for exact phrases is quotation marks. if you want to search for an exact phrase such as pulitzer prize winner you can enclose it in quotation marks and the search engine will only bring up pages that have that exact phrase in the exact order in which you typed it. that way you will not get hundreds of listing on pulitzer prizes or the nominees, you will only get pulitzer prize winners. - don ’ t use too many words — avoid typing in full questions, as every word will be searched for. just use the key words. if you are looking for a smaller or less known item such as a small bookshop it can be helpful to weed


, or, not and near ( known as operators ) to limit, widen, or define your search. most internet search engines default to a boolean and search, but its handy for you to know how to do a basic boolean search. - boolean logic is just the term used to describe certain logical operations that are used to combine search terms in many search engine databases and directories on the net. basic boolean search operator - and using and narrows a search by combining terms ; it will retrieve documents that use both the search terms that you specify, as in this example : adelaide and south australia basic boolean search operator - or using or broadens a search to include results that contain either of the words you type in. or is a good tool to use when there are several common spellings or synonyms of a word, as in this example : computer or pc basic boolean search operator - not - using not will narrow a search by excluding certain search terms. not retrieves documents that contain one, but not the other, of the search terms you enter, as in this example : adelaide not travel. keep in mind that not all search engines and directories support boolean terms. however, most do, and you can easily find out if the one you want to use supports this technique by consulting the faq ' s ( frequently asked questions ) on a search engine or directory ' s home page. further search operators include : - near means you want all the words in that specific order or the actual phrase. - nand means a combination of not and and - nor means a combination of not and or conduct a search with domain names to refine the search : if you know the website you are looking for is specific type of website, for example a website for a government agency or a school can be identified by the last part of its web address. -. com = a commercial business -. edu = an educational institution -. gov = a governmental institution -. org = a non - profit organization -. biz = a business example : to search for a south australian government website you would type “ south australia site :. sa. gov. au ” into your search engine. you can also select to search for websites from a specific country. -. au = australia -. fr = france -. co. uk = england example : for holiday websites from australia you would type “ holidays site :. au ” into your search engine.


from population centers thus had new markets for their milk. tractors replaced horses and mules as power sources on the farm ; consequently more acreage and crops were available to be sold or to support dairy cows instead of supplying feed for horses and mules. the introduction of electricity and the milking machine allowed more cows to be milked by one person with less effort. each pail of milk was strained and placed in electrical coolers. mechanical refrigeration cooled milk more efficiently and maintained its freshness longer. all of these advances led to a rise in the number of dairy farms and dairy cows in the state of georgia as well as in the united states. at the same time, the great depression of the 1930s caused decreasing farm prices. part of farmers ' attraction to dairying during the depression was that it provided steady income over time. about 1867 to 1919 the number of dairy cows in georgia increased from about 20, 000 head to 411, 000 head, with an average price per cow of $ 16. in 1920 the average price per cow increased to $ 65. at this time dairy farmers were typically still producer - processors who owned fifteen to twenty - five cows apiece. following a decline in the dairy herd after world war i ( 1917 - 18 ) that lasted through the early years of the depression, georgia ' s dairy herd grew once again to a high of 419, 000 head in 1935, and the price per cow fluctuated until world war ii ( 1941 - 45 ), when it began to increase rapidly. in 1945 dairy cows in georgia numbered about 360, 000 head. by 1953 cows were valued at an average of $ 138 per head. pasteurization and sanitation milk production became industrialized, sanitation became a more critical issue. the french scientist louis pasteur ' s experiments in the 1860s with heating milk to destroy bacteria generated great interest in milk ' s health aspects, and studies showed that milk could be a source of such human diseases as diphtheria, typhoid fever, tuberculosis, undulant fever, and pox. nevertheless, there was much resistance to the pasteurization of milk because of its expense. in 1923 the u. s. congress passed the pasteurized milk ordinance ( pmo ), which required that all milk shipped between states be pasteurized. milk sold within a state was not covered by the pmo and was regulated by each individual state. this law ( with revisions over the years ) still governs the sale of milk in the united states. in georgia pasteurization was not


the evolutionist deceptions in the documentary the shape of life the first in the series of documentaries called the shape of life, jointly produced by the pbs and the national geographic society, was about the origin of animals ( metazoans ). the scientific deceptions contained in that documentary, which attempted to describe how the first multicellular organisms came into being, are set out below. the organization within the sponge cannot be explained by evolution at the beginning of the documentary there is an account of how one day, in some way, sponge cells living independently of one another took a decision among themselves to live together. in fact, in line with the familiar evolutionist scenario, the program even said that " somehow, cells developed a language that allowed them to work together. " yet, the fact is that this imaginary account — the product of the evolutionists ' own fantasy world — is a complete violation of the facts. the origin of the organization in living things is one of the fundamental questions for which the theory of evolution can never offer a logical explanation. there is absolutely no reason for cells that can function independently of one another to begin to act together. yet, the different cells in all multicellular organisms do work together towards a common purpose in an extremely organized manner. the sponge is one example of this flawless organization among cells. despite its very simple appearance, the sponge, an animal from the phylum porifera, actually consists of exceedingly complex cells. these cells, organized in two layers, set up a continuous flow of water inside the sponge. on the one hand, the plankton in the water are filtered and digested ; on the other, waste material is deposited into the flow and carried away. in this way, the sponge functions like a funnel in a specially established current. the cells cannot have adopted the principle of working together by themselves. that is because they come into being already in possession of the special connecting nodules that bind them together. when sponge cells approach one another, these connecting nodules grip one another and an organized, multicellular appearance emerges. in short, sponge cells were designed to work together. when they are all together, they immediately acquire a nature of their own and assume the duties regarding the particular layer they are in. with the enzymes they produce and their chemical digestion methods, sponge cells are actually very complex. sponges, which are regarded as having the simplest animal organization, are actually very complex. they attract scientists ' attention because of their unusual cellular organization ( the cells do not form tissues such as those found


is the inevitable result of the fact that this coded language employs only four letters. to put it another way, the finding of similarities in dna does not in any way show that living things had a common ancestor. this similarity is proof not of a " common ancestor, " but of " common design. " every similarity we encounter proves the common aspect of the design in living things. on the other hand, just the length of the dna in the sponge is sufficient to invalidate the evolutionists ' expectations. the dna of the sponge, put forward as the " primal animal ancestor, " consists of 1. 8 billion base pairs ( 1. 80pg. ) according to the evolutionary family tree, the dna of the tench ( species tinca tinca ) should be a great deal longer than this, whereas in fact it is only half the length of sponge dna, consisting of a mere 810 million base pairs ( 0. 81pg. ) the chicken, described as a much more advanced species than the sponge in the evolutionary family tree, also has dna that is shorter, at 1. 25 billion base pairs ( 1. 25pg. ) as we have seen, the genetic facts are at total variance with the assumptions of the theory of evolution. as the scientific findings have shown, living species did not evolve from one another, but were created separately. ( for further details regarding genetic comparisons and the theory of evolution, see http : / / harunyahya. com / en / works / 592 /. ) the flawless design in living species invalidates the idea of the evolutionary process. evolutionists are unable to account for even the emergence of a single cell by means of evolution, so it is meaningless for them to try to use evolution to explain the organization between those cells. chance and unconscious atoms cannot produce superior design. the dna in cells is a description written in the same language in all the millions of different living species. the fact that the information is written in the same language does not support the claim that these species came about by chance and evolved from one another. on the contrary, it shows that they were created according to a common design. this is a scientific expression of the fact that god created all living things.


so said the late francis crick, who along with james watson worked out the basic structure of dna in the early 1950s. his remark was quoted in a 1978 new yorker article on the history of dna ( sometimes i get a tad behind in my reading, and this article, yellowed with age, was close to, although not at the bottom of, my " to read " pile ). it ' s too bad the american diabetes association doesn ' t follow crick ' s sage advice. it ' s hampering their progress and destroying their reputation in the minds of many people with diabetes. real science operates as crick suggested. you have an idea, and you test it to see if it ' s true. if it is, you then try to refine your idea, or you let other people do that and you move on to a new idea. if the experimental results show you ' re wrong, you reject your first idea and try to come up with a better one. you don ' t hang on to some old theory, for example that the earth is flat, simply because you ' ve invested a lot in promoting that idea. if it ' s wrong, it ' s wrong. admit it and move on. in the early part of the 20th century, the standard treatment for all types of diabetes - - they didn ' t even know then that there were several different types, just " mild diabetes " ( type 2 ) and life - threatening diabetes ( type 1 ) - - was a low - carbohydrate, high - fat diet. then in the 1950s, when the results of ancel keys ' s studies appeared to show that diets with a lot of saturated fat increased risks of heart disease, the ada started promoting low - fat diets for people with diabetes, who are at very high risk of heart disease. because they also thought high - protein diets caused kidney disease, the only major nutrient left was carbohydrate, so the diets they supported were 60 % to 70 % carbohydrate. " make starch the star! " people were told by dieticians and ada publications. " the more carbohydrates you eat, the better, " the authors of a popular book on the glycemic index advised people with diabetes. of course, everyone knows it ' s carbohydrates that make blood glucose ( bg ) levels rise. but before the landmark diabetes control and complications trial results reported in 1993, doctors didn ' t even believe


sign up now and receive the hhmi bulletin by mail or e - mail. features : one foot in front of the other page 2 of 5 for devising ways to study molecular motors in detail, ronald vale, along with colleagues michael sheetz and james spudich, received the 2012 lasker basic medical research award. beyond that, some of the goods must first be packaged and then picked up by vehicles that follow an ever - changing highway to the right destination. in the past half - century, scientists have revealed how cells build these thoroughfares, and they ’ ve uncovered specialized proteins that walk along the roads ’ lengths carrying freight. but plenty of questions remain : how does the cell control the transportation? how do the walking proteins coordinate their steps to keep grounded on their tracks? how can materials hitch a ride on cellular freeways if there isn ’ t energy to spare? “ it ’ s become clear that there is an enormous platter of movements that have to be executed by the cell, ” says hhmi investigator ronald vale of the university of california, san francisco. “ chromosomes have to be separated, a cell has to pinch in two, materials made in one place have to be delivered to another place in the cell. all of those features of life are dependent on physical motion. ” “ it ’ s become clear that there is an enormous platter of movements that have to be executed by the cell. ” that physical motion is generated by three types of molecular motors that can walk down tracks inside cells : myosin, which walks on actin filaments, and two microtubule motors — kinesin, which carries cargo from the center of a cell outward, and dynein ( the largest and least understood ), which carries cargo from the periphery toward the cell ’ s center. most of the motors in the cell have “ two feet, ” which alternate steps as they move. but each protein also has distinct quirks in its movement, a unique form of regulation, and a different role in keeping cells alive. research by hhmi investigators and others has revealed that when any of the molecular motors fails, it causes not only traffic jams and lost messages but also faulty construction and demolition of the cells ’ roads, and that can lead to disease. understanding the process better, scientists think, can help them learn how to rev up the engines of the motors, keep their steps on track, and rebuild the transport systems that are needed to keep a cell alive. the right motor for the job since the dawn of microscopy


better, scientists think, can help them learn how to rev up the engines of the motors, keep their steps on track, and rebuild the transport systems that are needed to keep a cell alive. the right motor for the job since the dawn of microscopy, scientists peering into the innards of cells have seen many moving parts. the earliest experiments on mobile proteins studied muscle cells, an obvious place to look for molecular movement. more than 50 years ago, scientists isolated two proteins — myosin and actin — from muscle cells. andrew huxley and hugh huxley ( no relation ) independently proposed that actin thin filaments slide across myosin thick filaments in the presence of the cellular energy molecule atp. as this idea gained traction, it also became clear that isolated molecules of myosin could walk along actin filaments, suggesting a way that materials in the cell could be transported as well as providing a way to study myosin motors ( see sidebar, “ stepping back in time ” ). stepping back in time 2012 albert lasker basic medical research award. by the mid - 1980s, scientists at stanford university were using a microscope to watch myosin carry plastic beads along actin filaments in non - muscle cells. vale, a graduate student at stanford at the time, got caught up in the excitement of seeing cellular movement and wanted to try the same experiments on proteins from nerve cells, where materials could be seen moving through the cells ’ long axons. he expected to turn up myosin as the vehicle responsible for this transportation. instead, vale, together with mike sheetz and tom reese, isolated another molecular motor — kinesin — and they began focusing their attention on it. myosin trucks along on actin filaments, aiding in muscle contraction, vesicle transport and many other processes. within 10 years, vale and colleague robert fletterick had solved the structure of kinesin, helping to explain the molecular underpinnings of how the molecule walks along microtubules, dynamic tubes that run throughout cells. and he showed that the three - dimensional arrangement of atoms that make up kinesin was highly comparable to that found in myosin. “ by using what was known about myosin, ” says vale, “ we could bootstrap experiments and apply prior knowledge on myosin to understand the workings of kinesin, the newer kid in town. ” the microscopic motors of life ronald vale discusses efforts beginning in the early 1980s that uncovered how


radiant barriers : performance revealed in the summertime, radiant barriers give attic insulation a clear advantage in cutting the demand for cooling energy. radiant barriers — sheets of aluminum foil that are normally adhered to a fiberglass mesh or a mylar bubble wrap — obstruct the transfer of heat from the attic into the conditioned space and can cut summertime cooling loads. but exactly how well do radiant barriers work in different attics with different levels of insulation? surprisingly few field data exist to help answer this question. to sort out the situations in which radiant barriers would have the most impact, i chose to investigate how the level of attic insulation would affect the performance of radiant barriers during a hot summer. i conducted the experiment in college station, texas, where hot summers and mild winters are typical of a subtropical climate. i used two identical single - room test houses with identical insulation characteristics. one of the houses was used as a control, while the other was retrofitted with a radiant barrier. both the radiant barrier and the fiberglass insulation were new at the time of installation. over the summer, i sequentially fitted both houses with three different levels of fiberglass insulation : r - 11, r - 19, and r - 30. each level was measured for seven to ten days, with air and surface temperatures taken in the attics and living spaces. to produce reliable experimental results, it is critical to control air movement in the attic. for this reason, i chose to use forced attic ventilation instead of natural ventilation. since attic ventilation flow rates greater than 0. 25 cfm / ft2 do not affect the reduction in ceiling heat flow caused by a radiant barrier, and since higher air flow rates are more accurately measured than lower rates, i ventilated the attics at a rate of 1 cfm / ft2. finally, as the results were strongly influenced by the indoor temperature of the houses, i was careful to keep the temperature inside each house as constant as possible. the average difference in indoor temperature between the two houses never surpassed 0. 3°f. my experiments confirmed that radiant barriers cut summertime heat gain through the attic floor, when the sun is shining. the average reduction in ceiling heat flow when radiant barriers were used in combination with r - 11 insulation was 42 % ( see figure 1 ). when r - 19 was used, the average reduction was 34 %. when the insulation level was r - 30, the average reduction was approximately 25 %. this reduction in ceiling heat flow contributed to maintaining the indoor temperature at a constant value


1 ). when r - 19 was used, the average reduction was 34 %. when the insulation level was r - 30, the average reduction was approximately 25 %. this reduction in ceiling heat flow contributed to maintaining the indoor temperature at a constant value without placing much demand on the air conditioner. two notable conclusions may be drawn from these data. first, radiant barriers cut air conditioning demand. second, the less insulation there is, the larger the effect produced by the radiant barrier. in attics where insulation levels are low, and installing more insulation is difficult, radiant barriers should be used, since they clearly reduce the heat gain and increase comfort levels during the summer. ( see table 1 for cost - effectiveness of materials. ) why do radiant barriers reduce heat flow less as insulation levels increase? one possible explanation is that, as insulation level increases, so does the surface temperature of the radiant barrier ( as well as other parts of the attic ). this causes the radiation exchange to occur at higher temperatures, making the relative heat flow reduction smaller. every heat transfer process is driven by a temperature difference between the bodies ( or surfaces ) that exchange heat. therefore, if the temperature difference between the “ hot ” body and the “ cold ” body is significant, the heat transfer will be significant. on the other hand, if the temperature difference between “ hot ” and “ cold ” bodies is relatively small, the heat transfer is low. in the case of the attics with r - 30, what happens is that the top of the fiberglass ( assuming that the fiberglass is installed on the attic floor ) develops a relatively high temperature. this happens because the insulation prevents the heat from traveling to the conditioned space. so now we have a “ hot ” deck and a not - so - “ cold ” top of the fiberglass ( or top of the radiant barrier ). as a result, the temperature difference that drives the heat transfer process is small, and thus the heat transfer is lower than it is with lower levels of insulation. in retrofit applications, radiant barriers are usually installed in one of two configurations. in the horizontal radiant barrier ( hrb ) configuration, the barrier is installed horizontally over the attic frame ( see figure 2 ). in the truss radiant barrier ( trb ) configuration, the barrier is attached to the rafters that support the deck ( see figure 3 ). the hrb configuration is often not recommended for residential use because dust and other particulates accumulate on the barrier, which can reduce the barrier ’ s performance. in addition


is attached to the rafters that support the deck ( see figure 3 ). the hrb configuration is often not recommended for residential use because dust and other particulates accumulate on the barrier, which can reduce the barrier ’ s performance. in addition, this type of installation eliminates attic space that might otherwise be used for storage purposes. however, the first problem can be minimized by using a radiant barrier with low emissivity on both sides. most of the heat transfer from the bottom side of the radiant barrier to the insulation occurs via radiation. this radiation heat transfer is affected by surface emissivity. the surface emissivity of the bottom side of the radiant barrier is relatively low because this side faces down. therefore, very little or no dust and other particulates accumulate on it. in comparing the performance of the trb and hrb configurations in attics equipped with r - 19 insulation, i found that they showed similar profiles and almost identical heat flux reductions. however, the trb showed a significantly greater reduction in attic air temperature than the hrb, because of the location of the radiant barrier. in the trb configuration, the radiant barrier is above the attic space ; in the hrb, the attic space is above the radiant barrier. in the trb, there is therefore less heat transfer from the deck to the rest of the attic. this is because the hrb reflects a significant amount of the heat from the deck that arrives at the barrier, thus making the attic hotter. the temperatures of the shingles were nearly identical in both cases. the temperature probe was located where the shingles overlap, where the temperature is greatly influenced by the solar flux and convection from the shingles to the ambient air rather than by what is beneath the roof layers. i used my measurements to calibrate an attic heat flow model. the model accurately predicted the reductions in ceiling heat flows in preretrofit as well as in retrofit cases for both hrb and trb configurations. the weather data used to drive the simulations were from typical meteorological year ( tmy ) tapes for the city of austin, texas. the modeling agreed with the experimental findings that reductions in heat flow differed depending on the level of insulation ( see figures 4 and 5 ). that is, there were more relative savings in the low - insulation case than in the highinsulation case. the modeling results for yearly aggregates — excluding the swing season months of march, april, october, and november — revealed that the radiant barrier produced the greatest reduction in