additional treatments or possible biopsies are needed. pdt is special because it is a targeted treatment to preferentially target more rapidly dividing cells and atypical skin growths. with regular or traditional cryosurgery ( freezing with liquid nitrogen ) or burning, only the visible pre skin cancers are treated thereby leaving ones that aren ’ t as apparent ( sub clinical or hidden ) lesions undetected. photodynamic therapy allows for field or blanket treatment of an entire area of sun damage thereby reducing the chance that undetected pre skin cancer cells will be left untreated. photodynamic therapy is usually scheduled in the doctor ’ s office because of the required photosensitizing prescription / physician applied medication and the special light activation equipments. currently pdt procedures are generally performed with the patient waiting in the office during the 30 minute to several hours incubation time before the application of the light source. what is a typical skin pdt session like? you may be given a written procedure consent form to read and sign before your first treatment. the medical staff may take some before photography prior to applying the photosensitizer medication. the treatment area is then washed off and sunscreen applied before leaving the office. instructions and an appointment for follow up may then be given on how to care for the improved skin. • how much improvement can i expect? no two individuals are the same and results may vary. as with any medical procedure, some conditions can improve dramatically in some patients and not respond in others. to achieve maximum improvement of pre - cancerous ( actinic keratosis ) sun damage, skin tone and texture, on average a series of 2 - 3 treatments 2 - 6 weeks apart may be quite effective. some patients with milder actinic keratosis are happy with one treatment. more treatments can be done at periodic intervals in the future to maintain the rejuvenated appearance of the skin. photodynamic therapy for skin therapy is usually comfortably performed in an outpatient setting like a doctor ’ s office and without any sedation or anesthesia. the skin center offers this treatment in south orange county, laguna, mission viejo, and the surrounding areas. you are generally in the medical office for several hours ( average 1 1 / 2 hours ) on the day of your photodynamic therapy. facial pdt may take 10 minutes to apply the medication, 30 - 60 minutes to allow proper skin incubation, and 15 - 20 minutes for light application. other areas may require


, hepatitis, hiv / aids, or pregnancy. what areas are treatable by photodynamic therapy? essentially any area of the body may be treated by pdt. photodynamic therapy is used primarily for the treatment of head and face pre cancers and acne. it is particularly useful for areas with a large number of pre - skin cancers in difficult areas such as the face. it is also used on hands, feet, forearms, chest, back, legs and anywhere where there are ak ’ s. however, some of those areas may not be as responsive and may require longer incubation and or light treatment times for effectiveness. what growths is pdt not good for? photodynamic therapy is not as effective for thick skin pre - cancers called hypertrophic actinic keratosis ( hak ). this may be due to the inability of the photosensitizer drug to penetrate the thick skin. these growths may need to be frozen or surgically removed or thinned using a curette prior to pdt. pdt may also not be very useful for more advanced skin cancers like morpheaform or sclerosing basal cell carcinoma, moderately to poorly differentiated squamous cell carcinomas, recurrent tumors ( tumors that were previously removed and have re - grown at the same site, or lesions in previously radiated ( x - ray or radiation treatments ) sites, and malignant melanoma. what are possible complications of photodynamic therapy? as with any surgery or procedure, photodynamic therapy is associated with some possible minor risks and complications. while it is overall a very safe and effective minor in office treatment, there are some possible uncommon complications. since an exaggerated light sensitive reaction is expected by definition of pdt, most patients understand and expect some type of a sunburn or red reaction after skin pdt. not everyone gets a sunburn reaction and in fact some patients may have no visible reaction or redness. possible risks and complications of photodynamic therapy include ( but are not limited to ) burning, skin discoloration, skin redness, broken blood vessels called telangeictasia, pain, infection, cold sore ( herpes ) activation, blisters, scabs, unsightly scar, keloid ( raised, thick scar ), cosmetic disfigurement, skin discoloration, eye injury or swelling, allergic reactions, reaction to topical anesthesia, pre - cancer or cancer recurrence, need


unsightly scar, keloid ( raised, thick scar ), cosmetic disfigurement, skin discoloration, eye injury or swelling, allergic reactions, reaction to topical anesthesia, pre - cancer or cancer recurrence, need for further treatment including biopsy, radiation or plastic surgery, and rarely death. acne may need additional treatments and may not respond at all or sustain a long lasting response to the treatment. eye injuries and prolonged sun sensitivity may be possible with inadvertent exposure to the photosensitizer drug. minor, serious, or life threatening reactions can occur with the use of anesthetics or with medications given before, after or during a procedure. overall, most patients tolerate the minor procedure very well without any complications. shared decision making is very important in your treatment and you are involved in how you prefer to treat your condition. your photodynamic therapy physician may make some recommendations on how to proceed with further treatments.. the main goal with photodynamic therapy is to reduce the number of pre - skin caners and thereby potentially decrease the chance of future skin cancers. • is there scarring from photodynamic therapy? no, pdt usually does not leave scars in typical cases. overall when you undergo pdt, there will be some type of a red skin reaction and irritation for 3 - 10 days after the treatment. some people are more sensitive to pdt and the light treatment than others. similarly, some people heal better or faster than others. some residual redness may be more noticeable depending on the location and skin type. some people may have temporary skin discoloration that may last weeks to months. patients with darker skin types may have more skin discoloration after treatment. • what are alternatives for photodynamic therapy? it is important to understand that as with any medical treatment, there are alternative treatments and options to pdt. you may want to discuss alternative treatment options with your doctor at your consultation appointment. there are many options for treatment of actinic keratosis ( ak ’ s ) including but not limited to freezing ( cryotherapy or cryosurgery ), burning, chemical peels, lasers, chemotherapy creams like fluorouracil or efudex, immune modulator creams like aldara ( imiquimod ), local radiation, plastic surgery, curettage and desiccation ( scrape and burn ), surgical removal, no treatment, and other choices depending on the skin condition.


a volcano is a hole where melted rock called magma or rock and ashes are thrown up from inside the earth. volcanoes are commonly known around the world for bringing huge destruction as they erupt. when most people think of volcanoes they think of hot boiling lava. many people do not realize that instead of only erupting lava, it also erupts ash and gas. a volcano works in the following sequence. 1. melted rock called magma rises from deep within the earth to near the 2. some of it cools and becomes solid within the crust, but some erupts on the surface as lava. 3. when two plates with ocean crust move apart magma from the mantle bubbles up to the surface to fill it. because of this factor, the atlantic ocean is widening by three - fourths of an inch per year. the pacific is widening much, much more as well. is widening by eight inches every year. there are many different types of volcanoes. some volcanoes are dormant, some are active, and some are dead or extinct. volcanoes are very different ; they are responsible for shaping many of earth ’ s islands, mountains, and plains. they have also been responsible for changing weather, burying cities, and killing people who live near by. volcanic gases are deadly poisons. for example, in august 1986, a small eruption in lake nyons cameroon, located in west africa, signaled the release of a cloud of volcanic gases. the noxious fumes killed over 1, 700 people. are born in different ways ; hotspot volcanoes, though spectacular, are rather less violent. they erupt in different ways from cone shaped volcanoes. molten lava rises to the surface from deep within the earth ’ s mantle. it then pierces the plate like a blowtorch and erupts in a lava flow though it may seem that hotspots move with the plates, they do not. the hotspots stay still but the plates keep moving. eventually chains of islands, like hawaii, form. active volcanoes in hawaii will soon become dormant as hawaii moves off the hotspot. its important to know how to stay safe before a volcanic eruption, during a volcanic eruption, and after a volcanic eruption. before the eruption : - take red cross first aid, cpr, and fire safety classes. - call a family meeting and discuss where to go, what to take, where to meet if separated, and what to do about pets. - plan escape routes - one by foot and two by car. - know where to go and what


the roots of pragmatics reach back to antiquity, especially to rhetoric as one of the three liberal arts. however, until the end of the 18th century proto - pragmatic insights tended to be consigned to the pragmatic, that is rhetoric, wastepaper basket and thus excluded from serious philosophical consideration. it can be said that pragmatics was conceived between 1780 and 1830 in britain, but also in germany and in france in post - lockian and post - kantian philosophies of language. these early ' conceptions ' of pragmatics are described in the first part of the book. the second part of the book looks at pragmatic insights made between 1830 and 1880, when they were once more relegated to the philosophical and linguistic underground. the main stage was then occupied by a fact - hunting historical comparative linguistics on the one hand and a newly spiritualised philosophy on the other. in the last part the period between 1880 and 1930 is presented, when pragmatic insights flourished and were sought after systematically. this was due in part to a new upsurge in empiricism, positivism and later behaviourism in philosophy, linguistics and psychology. between 1780 and 1930 philosophers, psychologists, sociologists and linguists came to see that language could only be studied in the context of dialogue, in the context of human life and finally as being a kind of human action itself.


language learning & technology vol. 2, no. 2, january 1999, pp. 28 - 30 review of language learning online : theory and practice in the esl and l2 computer classroom language learning online : theory and practice in the esl and l2 computer classroom janet swaffar, susan romano, philip markley, & katherine arens ( eds. ) us $ 29. 00 ( paperback ) ; us $ 9. 00 ( pdf printable, searchable ) ; free ( pdf read - only ) austin, tx, usa reviewed by jozsef horvath, janus pannonius university the communicative potential of networked language classes has recently become the focus of much scholarly attention ( e. g., see kern, 1995 ; warschauer, 1997 ). learning strategies and outcomes have been investigated and curricula developed in a number of countries in response to empirical research showing the benefits of networking ( horvath, 1994 ; ortega, 1997 ). language learning online not only presents the findings of this research, hypothesizing that networks contribute a unique element to learning and teaching, but also identifies areas of future research. the collection ( available in adobe acrobat pdf format at http : / / labyrinth. daedalus. com / llo ) includes studies conducted at the university of texas at austin where the dedicated software package daedalus integrated writing environment ( diwe ) was applied. diwe is a suite of applications developed primarily for computer - assisted classrom discussion ( cacd ) and writing. divided into four sections, the nine papers address issues arising in the spoken and written communication of esl and l2 students. after the introduction, the first chapter ( " the computer writing and research lab " by john slatin ) provides a historical account of diwe, discussing the problems of funding and the underlying principles of the use of the computer writing and research lab. - 28 - the second section presents three case studies, each investigating an aspect of writing instruction. the paper by nancy sullivan ( " developing critical reading and writing skills " ) focuses on the communicative needs and performance of african - americans, hispanics, and anglo - americans. it argues that by using the network facility to empower minority students, participants in the class were stimulated to explore topics by themselves. the second paper in the section ( " using computer - assisted class discussions " by dorothy m. chun ) reports on how interactive competence was enhanced by networking, including a typology of utterances produced via ca


were stimulated to explore topics by themselves. the second paper in the section ( " using computer - assisted class discussions " by dorothy m. chun ) reports on how interactive competence was enhanced by networking, including a typology of utterances produced via cacd over a two - semester period. the last paper in the section ( " empowering students " ) zooms in on the learner - centered nature of cacd. analyzing the volume of language output, philip markley suggests that such contexts facilitated asian students ' willingness to participate in discussions. data collected for the case studies include authentic e - mail message corpora, questionnaires, classroom observations, and student logs. as the number of students participating in the projects was limited, information on statistical significance and validity is not provided. in the third section, the papers deal specifically with the students ' evaluation of their learning. margaret healy beauvois ( " e - talk : computer - assisted classroom discussion " ) found that students appreciated the fact that they ( a ) could take time to think of what to say, ( b ) were under much less stress than in a traditional classroom, and ( c ) were involved in a process of discussion that enabled them to improve language accuracy. in the other paper in this section ( " learners ' and instructors ' attitudes " ), cristophe jaeglin compares, on the basis of interviews and an in - house questionnaire, learners ' and instructors ' attitudes to networked class discussions. he reports that even though students regarded the facility as positive, some tutors were concerned about the problems caused by the technology. the last section is devoted to classroom procedures with cacd applications. orlando r. kelm lists and describes a few e - mail applications ( " the use of electronic mail in foreign language classes " ), and concludes that further non - technocentric research should investigate the actual learning outcomes of these tasks. janet swaffar ( " assessing development in writing : a proposal for strategy coding " ) synthesizes discourse and strategy theory and provides a coding system to diagnose the content, quantity, morphosyntax, and the concepts of students ' scripts. the volume closes with swaffar ' s notes on what research areas should be explored in more detail : these include the linguistic, cultural, motivational, and cognitive features of spoken and written communication. swaffar points out the research dilemma that because networking involves variables that are hard to control, such as group dynamics, class management, and technical issues, new designs should


linguistic, cultural, motivational, and cognitive features of spoken and written communication. swaffar points out the research dilemma that because networking involves variables that are hard to control, such as group dynamics, class management, and technical issues, new designs should be sought. another call is made for longitudinal investigations. in the second section i would like to have seen more triangulation in the studies. for example, although session transcripts provide the reader with insight into how individual students performed on the tasks, more emphasis could have been given to participant observation. another shortcoming of this section is that the authors never say explicitly how the students ' contributions to sessions were procured for this volume : no acknowledgment is to be found. nevertheless, these papers will be useful for faculty and staff, especially in the u. s. where similar projects have already been developed : the themes, classroom procedures, and feedback types discussed may be trialled and adopted elsewhere. - 29 - in addition to swaffar ' s recommendations for future research, i would also be interested in learning more about the lexical and pragmatic traits of networking students ' offline and online scripts. ethnographic research design could also supplement the investigation of how networked discussion may enable esl and other l2 students to participate effectively in their respective future discourse communities. synthesizing relevant theory and identifying pedagogical implications, language learning online is a useful contribution to the field of computer - assisted language learning. it reports on the findings of current research and documents how classroom applications have informed institution - wide projects. the language of the papers is at times a little taxing, however, with all the abbreviations that have mushroomed in much of the literature. ( on page 57 alone, for example, there are seven different acronyms : ai, lan, esl, call, cmc, clp, and cacd. ) but the volume achieves its aim, identified in janet swaffar ' s introduction : to give an overview of " representative work on networking classes " ( p. 14 ), and thus generate future research. horvath, j. ( 1994 ). electronic penpal projects : a tesl - l experience. in j. kohn & d. wolff ( eds. ), new methodologies in foreign language learning and teaching ( pp. 182 - 185 ). szombathely, hungary : berzsenyi daniel tanarkepzo foiskola. kern, r. g. ( 1995


. ), new methodologies in foreign language learning and teaching ( pp. 182 - 185 ). szombathely, hungary : berzsenyi daniel tanarkepzo foiskola. kern, r. g. ( 1995 ). restructuring classroom interaction with network computers : effects on quantity and characteristics of language production. modern language journal, 79, 457 - 476. ortega, l. ( 1997 ). processes and outcomes in networked classroom interaction : defining the research agenda for l2 computer - assisted classroom discussion. language learning & technology, 1 ( 1 ) 82 - 93. retrieved november 22, 1998 from the world wide web : http : / / polyglot. cal. msu. edu / llt / vol1num1 / ortega / default. html. warschauer, m. ( 1997 ). computer - mediated collaborative learning : theory and practice. modern language journal, 81, 470 - 481. about the reviewer jozsef horvath teaches undergraduate and graduate writing courses at janus pannonius university in pecs, hungary. he has experience in using groupware applications, such as groupsystem, in hungarian university language education. he has served as co - editor of novelty, an english language teaching and cultural studies journal in hungary. - 30 - home | about llt | subscribe | information for contributors | masthead | archives


the concept of evil in principle, the concept of evil and its close relationship to suffering would not present a problem were there no concept of the good. the philosophical problem of evil has been addressed throughout the ages in both philosophy and religion ' s most fundamental writings. hinduism, for example, treats all reality monastically. evil only appears evil, yet it participates in the good of cosmic reality of the divine. evil is necessarily a relative term, its meaning becomes dependent on the kind of good which it negates or excludes. the problem which arises is the presence of contradictions on experience. the terms good and evil seem to be contradictory. the hypothesis resulting : how can we sense reality in such a way as to account for its seemingly contradictory manifestations of good and evil? if one looks at evil as an incomplete good, we begin to have a basis for philosophic inquiry. one aspect or group of aspects may be offensive ( evil ) whereas the whole is good. the problem that results is that from incompleteness alone, the goodness of the complete cannot be inferred ; some implied goods are in turn parts of an evil whole. this demonstrates that the proposed view can be granted only partial validity. evil, if seen as a necessary segment needed to serve an unknown good is conceivable but how can we know that the unknown is good? if in fact we have this unknown, does this unknown good make the known evil less evil for man? " the difficulty of accepting evil as a necessary ingredient of reality leads directly to concepts of malevolent supernatural forces. if evil need not be and should not be, if things have somehow gone wrong and evil has intruded into a world which could have been free from it, who could have been responsible " ( cavendish, 1993, p. 3ff since evil is seen as lying outside of man ' s human capabilities, its origin must he outside of the human domain. this origin therefore must reside in some supernatural manifestation, either the gods and goddesses of forgotten realms or the devils and demons of established religions. " at a deeper level, the powers of evil have not been thought out as much as recognized.... evil impulses which stir and whisper in the brain may feel alien to the person... as if they have been insinuated into his consciousness by something from outside " ( canvendish, 1993, p. 3 ). yet what if these assumptions on evil are erroneous, if in fact evil, and the sinister aspects of evil are


have been insinuated into his consciousness by something from outside " ( canvendish, 1993, p. 3 ). yet what if these assumptions on evil are erroneous, if in fact evil, and the sinister aspects of evil are just an illusion? the reality of evil may in essence be the product of the inner workings of the mind, projected into conscious reality. the collective unconscious of jung, although a psychological type, contains a definite psychological nature with a language. images, symbols and fantasies are the vocabulary of the language of the collective unconscious. the collective unconscious manifests in culture as a universal motif with our degree of attraction. in describing the collective unconscious, jung stated that it consisted of mythological motifs or primordial images which he referred to as archetypes. archetypes are not a priori ideas, but " typical forms of behavior which, once they become conscious, naturally present themselves as ideas and images, like everything else that becomes a content of consciousness " ( jung, 1969a, par. 435 ). the archetype ' s presence is felt as numinous that have a profound spiritual attribute. this mythological manifestation in turn must be given some meaning by the individual. " but, the discovery of meaning is at the same time an experience attended by numinosity and accompanied by a sense of the awesome, the mysterious and the terrifying which always connected to an experience of the divine, in whatever lowly, unacceptable, obscure or despised form it may appear " ( samuels, et al. 1987, p. 92 ). jung described numinosum as " a dynamic agency or effort not caused by an arbitrary act of will. on contrary, it seizes and controls the human subjects, who is always rather its victim than its creator. the numinosum what ever its causes may be is an experience of the subject independent of his will.... the numinosum is either a quality belonging to a visible object or the influence of an invisible presence that causes a peculiar alteration of consciousness " ( jung, 1969b, par. 6 ). the fact remains that evil has presented the twentieth century with the same questions that have perplexed humanity form the beginning of time : ' from whence did it originate? ' in man ' s attempt to progress, he has ignored the basic aspects of his humanity. good and evil have become just another by - product of our technological society, an illness that ' s roots are no longer important. society has projected all its negative side effects


' s attempt to progress, he has ignored the basic aspects of his humanity. good and evil have become just another by - product of our technological society, an illness that ' s roots are no longer important. society has projected all its negative side effects as the cost one must pay for advancement. material success is justified at the expense of ethics and morality. yet the question stills remains if evil is caused from within or by some supernatural force. if in fact it is mankind that has perpetuated the evils of the world, then to heal humanity one must first heal man. evil defined over time throughout the centuries, the enigma of evil has occupied the main stage in the human experience. evil knows no boundaries of time and space. " there has probably never lived a human being who did not at some time in his life wonder why the world, for all its beauty and wonder, should also be so replete with grief, sorrow, conflict and with madness " ( anders, 1994,. p. 2 ). in mans search to find the answers for these human frailties the concept of evil evolved. " for thousands of years, in other words, man has attempted to solve the mystery of evil by means of myth, legend, and philosophical speculation, leaving his progeny with little more than a legacy of lies and empty conjecture " ( anders, 1994 p. 2 ). dr paul carus states that there are no religions in the world where pain, misery or destruction are not represented by some demon or monster the shadow of darkness or evil ( 1996 ). in egyptian literature we find seth, bess and others that represent the dark powers. in buddhism mara the tempter is the personification of evil. the chaldeans see chaos ( tiamat ) as an evil monster. the tension between the existence of evil and the concept of good has plagued philosophers and theologians through out time. in their attempt to define evil they developed three types of evilness in the universe. first, there is natural evil, the natural world and its fallen state. second, there is moral evil. this type of evil is the result of the will of moral being. finally, according to peterson, there is metaphysical evil, consisting of the devil and demons ( 1986 ). every great writer of literary fiction has his or her own definition of evil and how he or she alone decides it will be presented to the reader. the evil represented in a novel may be as flagrant as murder or rape as in dostoevsky ' s the brothers karamazov


his or her own definition of evil and how he or she alone decides it will be presented to the reader. the evil represented in a novel may be as flagrant as murder or rape as in dostoevsky ' s the brothers karamazov or as the psychological manipulation of another character as in hardy ' s tess of the d ' urbervilles. " thomas hardy ' s tess of the d ' urbervilles is a novel in which his protagonist and other characters are confronted by an almost endless array of emotional and moral choices that the reader must ultimately define as good or evil " ( northrup, 1977, p. 225 ). to create the fingering, ever ominous theme of moral and psychological dilemma cast upon his characters, thomas hardy introduces the human attributes of greed, lust, pride, philosophical ideas and religion. he uses themes that require the reader to take a critical look at the character ' s situation, the character ' s thought process and its impact of the character ' s decision making. in order to better understand the concept of moral and physical evil, it must first be defined and separated from natural evil. natural evil refers to events linked to natural disasters such as floods and earthquakes. moral and psychological evil refers to the " evil things that people do to each other and themselves " ( alloway, 1974, p. 214 ). natural evil can be easily explained away by relying on religion or natural forces of the universe. moral and psychological evil are not that easy to rationalize. human beings make choices that affect every person around them. as hardy has so aptly pointed out in tess of the d ' urbervilles these are moral and psychological choices which can lead to not only physical, but psychological destruction as well. as lyall watson explains in his novel dark nature, " my intuition is that ' evil ', for all its dark and threatening aspects, is inevitable a sort of black hole in nature " ( 1995, p. 24 ). as rousseau puts it : " god makes all things good ; man meddles with them and they become evil.... [ a ] ll wickedness comes from weakness. the child is only naughty because he is weak ; make him strong and he will be good ; if we could do anything we should never do wrong " ( rousseau, 1986, p. 5 p. 33 ). that the failure is internal is expressed in plato, aristotle, the stoics, many [ but not all ] christians, and spinoza in modem terms it is expressed


wrong " ( rousseau, 1986, p. 5 p. 33 ). that the failure is internal is expressed in plato, aristotle, the stoics, many [ but not all ] christians, and spinoza in modem terms it is expressed by norton and midgley ( kekes, 1990 ). " as rousseau says, our weakness is the cause of the evil we do " ( kekes, 1990, p. 125 ). kant refers to the predisposition of human nature, which he divides into three forms. according to kant, the first is the predisposition for one to satisfy his basic physical and psychological. the second is the rational evaluation of one ' s satisfaction of the basic and culturally conditioned needs in relation to one ' s happiness. kant ' s third predisposition is to submit his will to the moral law. " all of these predispositions are not only good in negative fashion ( in that they do not contradict the moral law ) ; they are also predispositions toward good ( they enjoy the observance of the law ). they are original, for they are bound up with the possibility of human nature. man can indeed use the first two contrary to their ends, but he can extirpate none of them " ( kant, 1960, p. 23 ). although kant indicates that the individual ' s natural inclination is for good, he also makes it clear that there is also "... the propensity to evil in human nature... " ( kant, 1960. p. 23 ). the good according to kant is acquired whereas the evil is brought upon ourselves. " evil is possible only as a determination of free will, and since the will can be appraised as good or evil by means of its maxims, this propensity to evil must consist in the subjective ground of the possibility of the deviation of the maxims from moral law " ( kant, 1960, p. 24 ). therefore, individuals have a propensity to good, but through the exercise of free will one chooses between good and evil. " kant believes that human nature is basically good evil arises because we choose to subordinate our moral predisposition to that of self love " ( kekes, 1990, p. 131 ). in kant ' s synthesis, then man is not corrupt. he is "... still capable of improvement. for man, therefore who despite a corrupt heart yet possess a good will, there remains hope of a return to the good


131 ). in kant ' s synthesis, then man is not corrupt. he is "... still capable of improvement. for man, therefore who despite a corrupt heart yet possess a good will, there remains hope of a return to the good from which he strayed " ( kant, 1960, p. 39 ). evil then becomes a condition of the soul, which is in part a result of its unbalanced and incomplete quality. the incompleteness is a result of mans inability to keep the ego in balance with his true inner self. the extension of the ego is seen as the individual is being immersed in self love. this self love is in reality a state of emptiness in degree, an emptiness in inner being, a shadow ( self love ) and no reality of the soul itself this evil state then is a state which is negative, relative and transitory. it implies the absence of completeness, which is acquired during the souls evolutionary process, the knowing self. the metaphysical concept of evil concerns the contradiction between the religious assumptions in the good and omnipotence of god or supreme essences, and the reality of evil experienced in the world. the classification of the religions of the world addressed this problem with three possible solutions. the first is seen in the teachings of hinduism, where a monistic approach is offered according to which the phenomenal world is but an illusion or maya. it is in maya that evil exists an evil which is only illusionary. in the western world we see a mirror image of this concept in the teachings of christian science. " evil is but an illusion, and it has no real basis. evil is a false belief ' ( eddy, 1934, p. 480 : 23, 24 ). this may address the problem of evil, but makes no attempt to solve it. it leaves its consequences as unexplained. the second explanation is seen in persian zoroastrianism, where we find a dualistic approach to good and evil centered in two deities ahura mazdah and angra mainyu. zoroastrianism expresses this concept in its most extreme form as cosmic struggle between these deities. this approach to the concept of good and evil is not unique. plato ' s timaeus use this dualistic approach as does j. s. mill in ' attributes ', three essays in religion ( 1874 ) and edgar brightman in his a philosophy of religion ( 1940, chap. 8 - 10 ) the third explanation is found within christianity. " in the first centuries of christianity


s. mill in ' attributes ', three essays in religion ( 1874 ) and edgar brightman in his a philosophy of religion ( 1940, chap. 8 - 10 ) the third explanation is found within christianity. " in the first centuries of christianity there raged a battle over the integration of evil into the image of god " ( ribi, 1989, p. 26 ). for an answer to this anomaly christianity developed a distinctive combination of monism and dualism, a dualism which is posed as ethical within the framework of metaphysical monism. " beneath the surface of monotheism lies a concealed dualism of good and evil, and beneath that, even a polydemonism " ( ribi, 1989, p. 26 ). in this attempt, the early christian writers hoped to answer the main objection created by the introduction of evil in the world. " to many, the most powerful positive objection to belief in god is the fact of evil " ( hick, 1982, p. 330 ). the problem of evil creates a theoretical problem. " if god is perfectly loving, he must wish to abolish evil ; and if he is all powerful, he must be able to abolish evil. but evil exists ; therefore god cannot be both omnipotent and perfectly loving " ( hick, 1982, p. 330 ). in answer to this problem, one can accept that god is not powerful enough to create a world that does not contain evil, or he may state that god created only good so that evil must have been generated by some other power. he may still find this inadequate and may state that god is all powerful but morally imperfect and made a decision to create an imperfect universe. most christians would find this solution objectionable in the fact that it ignores the basis of religious belief " thus the problem of evil is both real and acute. there is a clear prima facie case that evil and god are incompatible both cannot exist " ( mcclosky, 1982, p. 315 ). in christianity, the goodness and the greatness of god and the reality of evil are affirmed, but the origin of evil is still a mystery. " whatever is relegated to the unconscious, whatever is without some kind of representation in consciousness, threatens to become a demon " ( ribi, 1989, p. 3 0 ). one affirmation is through theodicies. a theodicy is a rational attempt by theists to exonerate god as the source of evil. basically, these attempts try to modify


ribi, 1989, p. 3 0 ). one affirmation is through theodicies. a theodicy is a rational attempt by theists to exonerate god as the source of evil. basically, these attempts try to modify one or more of the problems of evil. there are two different foci that could be viewed in this situation. the first one is those who modify the nature of god. they believe that god is limited, and evil is a reality. this view is known as process theology and is found in liberal protestantism and liberal judaism. this view sees god as finite and in the process of struggling with evil. the other view is from those who re - define the nature of evil. these people see evil as being good. evil and suffering bring out the good in people ; therefore, evil is good. they also believe that evil comes from satan. this results in dualism, which teaches that good and evil are equal. these are two different views, but both are considered a solution in the problem with evil ( silvester, 1981 ). christians give many reasons why god has allowed evil, even if the reasons are a mystery of their own. " every communication with the divine and every religious feeling comes to consciousness only via the psyche. the psyche is thus the bearer of the imago dei ( image of god ), although we are not in a position to affirm scientifically what causes this image " ( ribi, 1989, p. 20 ). christianity and other religions usually have five basic answers to the question concerning evil. the first one is that there is not a god at all. this a common answer, but not a ' christian ' answer. the next answer is that evil is not actual. in other words, everything evil that has been done has brought some good somewhere and somehow. the next solution is that evil is just one big mystery. these are the people that feel that evil should not be questioned. then there is the solution that god is not in fact all powerful. god has many enormous powers, but there are powers that roam the earth that god has no control over. the last solution is that god is not always entirely good, god, eke humans can also have a negative side ( silvester, 1981 ). " theodicy, as many modem christian thinkers see it, is a modest enterprise, negative rather than positive in its conclusions. it does not claim to explain, nor to explain away, every instance of evil in human experience, but


). " theodicy, as many modem christian thinkers see it, is a modest enterprise, negative rather than positive in its conclusions. it does not claim to explain, nor to explain away, every instance of evil in human experience, but only to point to certain considerations which prevent the fact of evil ( largely incomprehensible though it remains ) from constituting a final and insuperable bar to rational beliefs in god " ( hick, 1982, p. 3 31 ). christian rationale has always considered evil in its relations to human freedom and responsibility. since man is a finite center, he possesses relative freedom, which in turn makes him / her a self - directing agent responsible for his / her decisions. " free will is not a constant or a priori quantity ; rather it is that libido charge that is at the free disposal of consciousness " ( jung, 1969a, p. 201 - 204 ). evil a theoretical foundation at this point it becomes necessary to lay a foundation for the discussion of evil in purely theoretical terms. if one begins with the pythagorean y which signified choice ( free - will ), it becomes evident how the concept of good and evil takes on meaning. the central stem concept of good and evil takes on meaning. the central stem separates into two parts : one section flowing to the right and the other section flowing to the left. the right branch signifies divine wisdom and the other symbolizes earthly wisdom. man ( being ) in his growth ( becoming ) symbolizes the central stem of y. it is at the junction of the branches, where man must choose or not choose his path. the left - hand path follows the dictates of mans lower nature ( earthly plane ) which leads to stagnation or remaining at the same level of development. the right - hand path, signifying divine wisdom, leads to the ultimate regaining of unity with the superior sphere or totality. given that individuals are governed by the law of free will, in that every person has absolute freedom of choice and that decisions on those choices make an individual responsible for the results, then individuals, if they were not meant to make mistakes, would not subscribe to the free will system. it is the existence of free will which helps one to grow. " free will is mankind ' s main tool in each incarnation for learning lessons for evolvement " ( bletzer, 1986, p. 844 ). the solution to the inquiry of good and evil then lies in the understanding


one to grow. " free will is mankind ' s main tool in each incarnation for learning lessons for evolvement " ( bletzer, 1986, p. 844 ). the solution to the inquiry of good and evil then lies in the understanding about the truth in human nature. according to robert ellwood in theosophy " human nature has a destiny that is only tangential to external nature, though at present painfully intertwined with it " ( ellwood, 1986, p. 151 ). the stoic chrysippus maintained that good and evil being contrary, both are necessary since each sustains the other. the idea is not that good and evil were created in some past time in static form, but that their growth is a continuous process, a continuous process and evolution from imperfection to perfection, from worst to best. therefore, one cannot say that beings are essentially evil, they are merely less perfect or evolved. we now begin to see the gradient of imperfection. if one is on a certain level, then everything below that level must be imperfect, less desirable. to lower ' standards or submit to desires is then a loss of perfection and therefore becomes a state of evil. the state of evil therefore becomes a state of imperfection in growth. " imperfect beings living in an imperfect state because of their imperfect evolutionary unfolding, or their imperfect development while this is so ; giving constant hope to imperfect beings to grow better, nevertheless hearken : this does not mean that imperfect things or beings are essentially good " ( purucker, 1973, p. 154 ). in reality, one can rationalize on a conscious level ' " evil ' thoughts, actions, or lack of actions, yet karmic law requires justification. karma adjusts each effect to its cause. it gives back to each individual the actual consequences of his own actions. we become responsible for these actions, and karma impartially returns their results to us. whenever imperfection imbalance is produced in the self, there is no quantitative duration for this experience ; each is dependent upon the individual. therefore, " evil abstractly consists of transitory states or conditions however long they may last in which monads pass during certain phases of their endless peregrinations upwards and outwards " ( purucker, 1973, p. 155 ). within this context, karma is seen as the law of readjustment which even works to restore equilibrium in the physical and harmony in the moral world. karma is then the limitation set for individuals at their present


no function. man would no longer need opposing principles and each contrasting principle would not need to contain the potential of the opposing principle. since all would be ruled by a universal force of determinism, no one could be other than what he is. therefore, individuals would be justified in their actions, decisions, and fife cycles resulting from the premise that for them there could be no other. in maintaining this structure, one ' s actions could not be compared to another because such a comparison would be non - existent. as a result of determinism, the being ( man ) would have a structure, a blur print, if you like, to follow. since this structure would be the only existence, therefore an opposition of polarity could not exist since non - being cannot create being. " what is permanent must remain forever the same. it is what it is, and to become something other than this would involve the contradiction that it became what it is not " ( popkin and stroll, 1956, p. 71 ). the changing world, therefore, must become that which the permanent world is not. the only aspect of the universe, if determined, is that it exists. in reality then, the changing aspect ( polarity ) cannot be part of existence since it does not belong to the real unchanging aspect ( determined ) and must, therefore, be non - existence. as william james insisted in his essay on " the dilemma of determination, " there are striking features of our moral experience which can be known only if we assume that men are free agents ( free will ). the attribution of responsibility for our actions makes no sense if we are governed under the law of determinism. if one is predetermined to act in a given manner then responsibility for that action is not his, and the action can therefore not be judged on any standards available. the individual therefore would be incapable of manifestation, for as long as there is manifestation, there is imperfection. " to illustrate : take any one of us, a human being, we are beings in manifestation, therefore we are imperfect, and throughout beginningless and endless time we shall in various hierarchies and in different degrees of imperfection, on lower or on higher planes, be running the external cyclical round of developing and unfolding ever more and more " ( purucker, 1973, p. 157 ). polarity therefore becomes imperative for if imperfection is a given, so then must its counter part, perfection, be a given. free will


of developing and unfolding ever more and more " ( purucker, 1973, p. 157 ). polarity therefore becomes imperative for if imperfection is a given, so then must its counter part, perfection, be a given. free will and the concept of evil take on a new meaning. although free will always allows the individual the opportunity to change their future course, this does not mean acting contrary to the future because that is an impossibility. free will allows one to modify their own conduct in regards to that future which is the unity with totality. growth then is seen as the manifestation of the interplay between the polar opposites good and evil. " if a complete human being is a feeling being, then evil must be allowed to exist for this feeling nature of ours to live and grow " ( stanford, 1981, p. 10 ). since man ( being ) is in a constant state of flux ( becoming ), due to the nature of the human being species seed then all events become manifestations of a basic oneness. this does not imply that all things are equal. opposites are abstract concepts belonging to the realm of thought and as stated earlier concerning good and evil relative. when one becomes aware of good, he must out of necessity also be aware of evil. the ancient chinese philosopher chu hsi believed, " good and evil have no existence in themselves, but are terms applied to things according to their advantage or injury to oneself or to mankind " ( standford, 1981, p. 7 ). one who wishes to grow may be placed in a situation of pain and suffering, which to some may seem evil. however for that individuals growth it is a necessary good. one must be aware of the relativity and polarity of all o pposites. these experiences of good and evil, pleasure and pain, are not experiences belonging to different categories. they are only two sides of the same reality, oppositions of the phenomenon, manifestation of the interplay of the two. it becomes necessary therefore to see polarity as the weights placed upon the dynamic balance of karma. for true growth is not to strive for good, for good ' s sake, or to eliminate evil ; it is rather following the path of balance. one must strive to maintain the balance between opposites. they are never static but a dynamic interplay between two extremes. nietzsche stated that the individual could not become conscious of the beautiful and the good without also having a conscious development of ugly and evil. in reality therefore, " evil is purposeful


libido charge that is at the free disposal of consciousness " ( jung, 1969a, p. 201 - 204 ). kant and others in their philosophical inquiries of evil have just touched the edge of the concept of evil and man ' s relation to it. in the study of kabbalah literature, a break - through to this relationship was slowly accomplished. it is the being - man, the inner self which is in a constant state of becoming ( growth ), self - induced and independent of creation. the essence of man is contained in man. the potential for free will has given man ( being ) a path or options of paths and being must choose individually. upon this choice the basis of man ' s growth or regression is dependent. the growth or stagnation is self fulfilled by the individual. the spirit of creation doesn ' t interfere, but allows one to make the decision on his own. if the individual makes a decision not in accordance with the perfection of creation the individual must re - learn or relieve this incident. it is through this process that the individual is made whole again in accordance with the perfection of creation. this is the process of becoming. man is the inner universe, the essence of being ( creation ), becoming and unfolding to unite with the whole in an unending process till perfection and union are achieved. in a discussion of the relative position of good and evil in man ' s unfoldment, the first consideration to be made is the absolute value of each. since good is not and cannot be an absolute value in creation due to the consideration of free will, an alternative must exist which becomes known or identified as evil. the converse is that absolute evil cannot exist, for then there would be no concept of good. based on this fact, a neutral ground must exist, a ground of balance and harmony. this neutral ground must, by the knowledge of free will, contain the potential for both good, which yields growth ( becoming ), and evil, which is stagnation or non - becoming. man, having the capacity of choice, becomes responsible for his decisions. in so much as we are given a process of free, will we also as a result of that free will become responsible for the direction we take in its application. since the essence of man is the human species seed, and its intention as potential is becoming, it must in reality move or evolve to a higher state. man cannot be less than that from which he began. " there is no single substance in the world whether it be that


is the human species seed, and its intention as potential is becoming, it must in reality move or evolve to a higher state. man cannot be less than that from which he began. " there is no single substance in the world whether it be that which we experience through the senses or that which we perceive through the mind, that is not comprised or contained in the creator or origin. which is to say, in the ' seed ' " ( berg, 1983, p. 25 ). just as a child grows and learns through trial and error, the essence of man due to the possession of free will must grow through trial and error. if man was predestined, the concept of good and evil could not exist. for to have one ' s destiny totally laid out would preclude action ; therefore, we could not choose to be ' good ' or regress and choose evil. man would be polarized in a position which could not be judged due to the fact that control was not given to him. since life is not linear in nature, going from one point to another, with no deviations ( pre - destined ), man alone becomes the creator of his own destiny. because of man ' s limited nature, his rational mind, he cannot see the full pattern of unfoldment but only his relative position in time. the mind, working in a logical / rational fashion, must have neat little compartments of classification. therefore what is judged by the individual becomes the definition of good and evil. as a result of this, an understanding of man ' s position in relation to his fellow man ( society ) must be established. to accomplish this, one must devise standards and norms by which the world becomes more understandable. since man ( being ) is in a constant state of flux ( becoming ), due to the nature of the human species seed, this becoming cannot exist in a state of evil. rather it resides in a state of change, moving from one level to another. evil then can only be seen as a blockage to becoming or as a barrier to the growth potential. " according to zohar, evil can never be part of this universe, this world view of evil would then imply that the creator of the light and vessel must, of necessity, be inclusive of this characteristic called evil " ( berg, 1983, p. 98 ). it is then man who must decide his future. if man has free will then he chooses his own fulfilment or denies himself the same. in this framework,


of this characteristic called evil " ( berg, 1983, p. 98 ). it is then man who must decide his future. if man has free will then he chooses his own fulfilment or denies himself the same. in this framework, does man thus create being and non - being within the same thought? if man has one, man must either acknowledge or deny the other. being is the unfoldment of the human species potential, which is oneness with the whole. this reality to be that which we were, which is true essence, the good that is all potential and reality. non being then becomes the negation of one ' s potential, a movement away from the good or a movement to evil. if man is the creator of his own reality through choice, then all that is created must be accepted. in denial, one would in fact deny existence. to deny self is to deny existence. therefore, to choose, one must have existence and that existence must be reality, even if it exists only in the moment of thought. man must accept the reality which he creates, and to deny that reality or the outcome of that reality fife loses all meaning. what results then is man ' s categories of good and evil based upon the premise that it is one ' s choice that creates the existence of this polarity. human evolvement requires the maximization of good and the minimization of evil. " the enlightenment is correct in its view that we can depend only on ourselves, and christianity is correct in its view that we are weak vessels " ( kekes, 1990, p. 236 ). there is a reaction to all positive and negative thoughts and deeds. " all acts of evil stem from the root of unfulfillment " ( berg, 1981, p. 80 ). good begets good ; evil begets evil ( law of attraction ). this concept becomes clear when one looks at the symbolism interwoven in the story of adam ' s fall. the tree of life in kabbalistic literature is seen as a spiritual ladder. the tree of the knowledge of good and evil is considered the middle pillar of the ten sefiroth. this spiritual ladder is made up of the ten sefiroth which are in essence a ladder for spiritual growth ( becoming ) it was from the tree of knowledge that adam was instructed ' do not eat or you shaft surely die ' ( genesis ). the problem in grasping a true understanding of this event results in the translation of the word knowledge. in hebrew the


( becoming ) it was from the tree of knowledge that adam was instructed ' do not eat or you shaft surely die ' ( genesis ). the problem in grasping a true understanding of this event results in the translation of the word knowledge. in hebrew the word translated is death, a literal translation of the word meaning ' to join. ' from this translation, we now understand that this middle pillar was a tree of ' joining ' which has far reaching implications. to the kabbalist, adam knew the difference between good and evil, but with the eating of the fruit he became joined to good and evil. until this act, evil or its concept was outside or apart from mans nature. once joined, it became a part of man ' s nature. the self of adam became attached to the physical world. " god is all powerful and beyond our understanding of good and evil " ( sheinkin, 1986, p. 130 ). it is through our individual free will that man, from his divine essence, became joined to the base matter of the world. in that choice, man opened the door of his being to good and evil. it is a loss of god on the rational level a feeling of isolation that must be negated. the inner being of man, the soul so to speak, is separated from man the rational being. man must remove these false walls of separation and again commune with his higher inner mind or cosmic consciousness. man must move from the lower base consciousness of his earthly attachments to a higher level of consciousness the god head. it is the high level of consciousness where a universal oneness will take place and the illusion of evil will fade. evil then becomes man ' s baseness, his denial of his higher self. it is man ' s inability to comprehend that god is within, not an abstract concept locked outside the realms of reality. through inner development of the cosmic consciousness, man and god are one and evil loses its power. " epicureans, skeptics and stoics therefore reject the idea of cosmic good and evil in form of strictly human responsibilities, explaining evil either as an illusory, a mere human construct, or the futile endeavor to thwart the will of the one " ( russel, 1988, p. 158 ). but if " goodness involves the presence of due perfections, which actually exist within whatever is perfected ; but presence and actual existence are co - terminous with being and reality ; therefore, the former is simultaneously also an increase in the latter " ( sweeney,


goodness involves the presence of due perfections, which actually exist within whatever is perfected ; but presence and actual existence are co - terminous with being and reality ; therefore, the former is simultaneously also an increase in the latter " ( sweeney, 1965, p. 167 ). given the concept of evil, which has been previously stated as an absence of good, this would mean that there is a loss of perfection. " but absence and nonexistence are co - terminous with non - being and unreality ; therefore, evil is also co - terminous with non - being or unreality. accordingly, to become more evil is simultaneously a decrease in being and reality, as well as in perfection " ( sweeney, 1965. p. 167 ). given this definition, then evil becomes equivalent to imperfection in perfection. with christian science, evil is a nothing, an absence. yet even being nothing it affects its subject. " metaphysics teaches us that in god the distinction between essence and existence is a distinction rationis, a purely ideal distinction, but that in all created objects there is a real distinction between them " ( jacques, 1948, p. 65 ). plotinus outlined the results of joining good and evil in his explanation of descending into matter and becoming an individual man. " because something else other than the all [ - - the sum total of true reality ] added itself to you, you became less by the addition, for the addition did not come from real being [ you can not add anything to that ], but from that which is not, you have become a particular person by the addition of non - being " ( armstrong, 1953, p. 160 ). the road back to oneness, to becoming truly real, occurs only when man totally identifies with the one, the one whom he was separated from when adam joined with the concept of good and evil. this can only be accomplished by the development of the higher self. evil then becomes not an aspect of sin, but a separation, a disunion from the one. evil the final analysis " if there is one human experience ruled by myth it is certainly that of evil. one can understand why : the two major forms of experience moral evil and physical evil both contain an enigmatic element in whose shadow the difference between them tends to vanish " eliade, 1987, p. 199 ). moral evil can be seen as the by - product of man ' s actions, his self love. to overcome this, man has to look within


in whose shadow the difference between them tends to vanish " eliade, 1987, p. 199 ). moral evil can be seen as the by - product of man ' s actions, his self love. to overcome this, man has to look within. man has lost touch with the inner self, the divine essence which is god, which can only be united with oneness by the act of becoming evil then becomes a personal responsibility that an individual must overcome from within. the existence of evil is in a sense a blockage of ones true being. this blockage will not allow the individual conscious mind to realize the higher self or cosmic conscious ( god - mind ). negativity brings only negativity, a stagnation of the growth process. " as christ stated, ' know the truth and the truth shall set you free, ' he was referring to the realization of oneness with the creator through which the negativity vanishes. at the same time, one ' s conscious mind is able to receive the kingdom of heaven within, or in other words, experience the conscious reality of your spiritual self " ( masters, vol. 1 1989, p. 2 - 3 ). one cannot doubt the psychological fear of terror or the unknown. society has substituted what man creates within himself for an unknown evil that exists externally. although no man feels that he initiates evil, he feels that he inherited the legacy of an ancient evil handed down from one generation to another. until man realizes that evil is created from within the confine of the collective unconsciousness, he will never be free. only through the development of the inner self, man ' s cosmic consciousness, can the shadows of darkness and evil be brought to light. in that moment of realization, man will begin his unfoldment to his higher self. when the mind or consciousness of the individual relinquishes its hold on the physical world and becomes one with the cosmic consciousness, harmony and balance result. alloway, l. ( ed. ). ( 1974 ). the choice between good vs. evil new haven : yale. anders, t. ( 1994 ). the evolution of evil illinois : open court. armstrong, a. h. ( ed. ). ( 1953 ). plotinus london : george allen and unwin ltd. berg, p. ( 1991 ). kabalah for laymen old city jerusalem, israel : press of research center of kabbalah. berg, p. ( 1983 ). kaballah connection old city jerusalem,


and unwin ltd. berg, p. ( 1991 ). kabalah for laymen old city jerusalem, israel : press of research center of kabbalah. berg, p. ( 1983 ). kaballah connection old city jerusalem, israel : press of research center of kabbalah. bletzer, j. g. ( 1986 ). encyclopedic psychic dictionary virgina : donning. carus, p. ( 1996 ). the history of the devil and the idea of evil new york : random house. cavendish, r. ( 1975 ). the power of evil new york : dorset. eddy, m. b. ( 1934 ). science and health ( auth. ed. ). boston. eliade, m. ( ed. ). ( 1987 ). the encyclopedia of religion ( vol. 5 ). new york : macmillan. ellwood, r. ( 1986 ). theosophy illinois : theosophical. hicks, j. ( 1982 ). " the problem of evil ". in e. d. klemke, a. d. kline, and r. hollinger ( eds. ), philosophy the basic issues new york. jacques, m. ( 1948 ). preface to metaphysics new york jung, c. g. ( 1969a ). the collective works ( vol. 8 ). new jersey : princeton university press. jung, c. g. ( 1969b ). the collective works ( vol. 11 ). new jersey : princeton university press. kant, 1. ( 1960 ). religion within he limits of reason theodore m green, t. m. and hudson, h. h. ( trans. ). new york : harper row. kekes, j. ( 1990 ). facing evil. new jersey : princeton university press. masters, p. l. ( 1989 ). ministers course study lesson ( vol. 1 ). california : university of metaphysics press. mcclosky, h. j. ( 1982 ). " good and evil " in e. d. klemke, a. d. kline and r. hollinger ( eds. ), philosophy the basic issues new york. northrup, g. l. ( 1977 ). a critical look at moral and psychological evil new york : collier. peterson, m. ( 1986 ). evil and the christian god new york : research publishing. popkin, r., and stroll, a. ( 1956 ).


provided by : freebsd - manpages _ 6. 2 - 1 _ all chooseproc, procrunnable, remrunqueue, setrunqueue - manage the queue of extern struct rq itqueues ; extern struct rq rtqueues ; extern struct rq queues ; extern struct rq idqueues ; struct thread * remrunqueue ( struct thread * td ) ; setrunqueue ( struct thread * td ) ; the run queue consists of four priority queues : itqueues for interrupt threads, rtqueues for realtime priority processes, queues for time sharing processes, and idqueues for idle priority processes. each priority queue consists of an array of nqs queue header structures. each queue header identifies a list of runnable processes of equal priority. each queue also has a single word that contains a bit mask identifying non - empty queues to assist in selecting a process quickly. these are named itqueuebits, rtqueuebits, queuebits, and idqueuebits. the run queues are protected by the sched _ lock mutex. procrunnable ( ) returns zero if there are no runnable processes other than the idle process. if there is at least one runnable process other than the idle process, it will return a non - zero value. note that the sched _ lock mutex does not need to be held when this function is called. there is a small race window where one cpu may place a process on the run queue when there are currently no other runnable processes while another cpu is calling this function. in that case the second cpu will simply travel through the idle loop one additional time before noticing that there is a runnable process. this works because idle cpus are not halted in smp systems. if idle cpus are halted in smp systems, then this race condition might have more serious repercussions in the losing case, and procrunnable ( ) may have to require that the sched _ lock mutex be acquired. choosethread ( ) returns the highest priority runnable thread. if there are no runnable threads, then the idle thread is returned. this function is called by cpu _ switch ( ) and cpu _ throw ( ) to determine which thread to switch to. choosethread ( ) must be called with the sched _ lock mutex held


since you are having this confusion, i think it helps to consider the concepts of zero, infinity and " undefined ". in the most basic sense, division is the opposite of multiplication. thus, the fact that 2 x 3 = 6 implies that 6 / 3 = 2. 1 x 0 = 0. applying the above logic, 0 / 0 = 1. however, 2 x 0 = 0, so 0 / 0 must also be 2. in fact, it looks as though 0 / 0 could be any number! this obviously makes no sense - we say that 0 / 0 is " undefined " because there isn ' t really an answer. likewise, 1 / 0 is not really infinity. infinity isn ' t actually a number, it ' s more of a concept. if you think about how division is often described in schools, say, number of sweets shared between number of people, you see the confusion. if i go around some people giving them 0 sweets each, how many people do i need to go around until i have given away my 1 sweet? an infinite number? kind of, because i can keep going around infinitely. however, i never actually give away that sweet. this is why people say that 1 / 0 " tends to " infinity - we can ' t really use infinity as a number, we can only imagine what we are getting closer to as we move in the direction of infinity. however, in this case, the number of sweets i have is never changing, so i ' m not really getting closer to anywhere. even this logic doesn ' t really work. the long and short of it is that 1 / 0 doesn ' t really make sense as a calculation. when we do use the notion of infinity we tend to use positive infinity where it doesn ' t matter purely by convention. however, if you think about it too hard you start to get into philosophy and stuff, like " what actually is infinity? " and " wait, what is a number "? the things people are talking about where it does are different ways of using numbers so they don ' t really count. for example, in the trivial ring, there is only one number, which works like a 0 ( add it to anything and you get that thing ) and a 1 ( multiply it by anything and you get the same thing again ) and makes sense because you can only add it to or multiply it by itself to get itself. it ' s pretty boring actually, but in that case this one number - let ' s call it


##amine in the 1930s through the rise of prozac in the 1990s. case studies of antipsychotics, antidepressants, mood stabilizers, and stimulants within the broader social, psychiatric, cultural, and pharmaceutical landscape. hist 233 01 ( 21251 ) / hshm201 the cultures of western medicine : a historical introduction a survey of medical thought, practice, institutions, and practitioners from classical antiquity to the present. changing concepts of health and disease in europe and america explored in their social, cultural, economic, scientific, technological, and ethical contexts. hist 901 01 ( 11048 ) / hshm708 the body in science and art the course explores the history of the representations of the human body in science and art. it discusses recent literature on the role of the body in experimental practices. hist 933 01 ( 21112 ) / hshm640 molecules, life, and disease in the twentieth century the course explores the transformation of the life sciences in the twentieth century. it focuses on the rise of molecular biology and its understanding of life and disease. it shows how and why the molecular vision on life has achieved such a high level of scientific authority and social legitimacy. it emphasizes the relationship of this transformation to broader intellectual, social, cultural, and political change. hist 006 01 ( 12796 ) / hshm005 medicine and society in american history disease and healing in american history from colonial times to the present. the changing role of the physician, alternative healers and therapies, and the social impact of epidemics from smallpox to aids.


post contents list - 1 causes of hemoglobinopathies blood - 2 hemoglobinopathies - 4 classification of hemoglobmopathies – - 5 i. structural hemoglobinopathies – - 6 ii. thalassemia - - 7 iii. thalassemic variants - - 8 iv. hpfh - - 9 v. acquired hemoglobinopathies - 10 diagnosis of hemoglobmopathies – - 11 the sickle cell syndromes – - 13 sickle cell - 15 clinicalbiochemical analysis of dosha dhatu mala in ayurveda. read more... » manifestations of hemoglobmopathies – - 16 thalassemia syndromes – - 17 thalassemia - 20 clinical manifestations of thalssemia syndromes – - 21 clinical manifestations of thalssemia - 23 treatment of hemoglobmopathies – causes of hemoglobinopathies blood - disorders syndromes diagnosisbiochemical analysis of dosha dhatu mala in ayurveda. read more... » treatmentbiochemical analysis of dosha dhatu mala in ayurveda. read more... » – - oxygen is delivered to tissues by hemoglobin. hemoglobin is present in erythrocytes in high concentration and is responsible for the shape of the cell, viscosity of blood and cell deformability. - hemoglobinopathies are disorders of structure, function or production of hemoglobin. - different hemoglobins are produced during embryonic, fetal and adult life. - the major adult hemoglobin hba has the structure a2b2 - minor adult hemoglobin is hba2, a2d2 - hbf or fetal hemoglobin is – a2g2 - hbf predominates during gestation. - during post natal life, only small amounts of hbf is present. - at about 6 wks of gestation, the hb is mainly embryonic hb. - at 10 – 11 weeks, hbf becomes predominant. at 38 wks most of the hb is hba. - during stress, as in hemolytic anaemias, bone marrow transplant, chemotherapy, hbf increases. - hydroxyurea also increases hbf. classification of hemoglobmopathies – i. structural hemoglobinopathies – - 1. sick


renal concepts in critical care nursebob © 02 / 06 / 01 i. diffusion - movement of particles from greater to lesser concentration. ii. osmosis - movement of water across a semipermeable membrane. a. uses principles of diffusion. b. remove electrolytes and excess water. c. remove blood across a semipermeable membrane. d. vascular access may be temporary or perminate. 1. a / v fistula. a. connect vein and artery together. b. takes up to 2 months to mature. * c. determine patiency. * 1 ) should hear bruit. * 2 ) should feel thrill. e. dialysis takes 2 - 3 hours and must be done 2 - 3 times per week. 1. check vital signs, weight. 2. check a / v fistula. 3. check laboratory work. * 4. watch for hypotension. * 5. check for bleeding. 6. infection - risk for hiv, hepatitis, cytomeglia virus. * 7. weigh after dialysis. iv. peritoneal dialysis. a. peritoneum is a semipermeable membrane. b. fluid is instilled into the abdominal cavity. c. waste travels across the peritoneum. d. two types. 1. capd - continuos ambulatory peritoneal dialysis. 2. ccd - continuos cyclic dialysis ( done at night. ) e. risk for peritonitis. 1. cloudy foul smelling peritoneal fluid. 3. abdominal pain. 1. check weight. 2. check laboratory values. 3. warm fluid. * 4. dwell time - how long fluid remains in abdomen. all comments and questions about content at this site should be sent to nurse bob there have been visitors to this page. return to nurse bob ' s® page


dog or cat have diabetes and is it treatable? animal : breed : size : gender : status : zip / postal : the animal shelters news enter your e - mail adress to receive our monthly newsletter on pet care. animal... hypoglycemia ( insulin shock ) shock ( shok ) 1. a sudden disturbance of mental equilibrium. 2. a profound hemodynamic and metabolic disturbance due to failure of the circulatory system to maintain adequate perfusion of vital organs. what is insulin shock?. insulin shock is considered a very severe medical condition that requires prompt medical attention. this is a life - threatening situation in which someone ' s blood sugar levels drop to dangerously low levels - - - resulting in unconsciousness and shock. insulin shock... insulin shock results from blood glucose levels that are too low and but a diabetic coma can also result from blood glucose levels becoming too high. see our sections on diabetic ketoacidosis, hypoglycemia, and hyperglycemia for more detailed information. diabetes in dogs and cats ( 5 ) diabetes in pregnancy ( 3 ) diabetes medication ( 55 ) diabetes monitoring and supplies ( 12 ) diabetes prevention ( 8 )... the originator of insulin shock therapy, also known as insulin coma therapy, was dr. manfred sakel. dogs with diabetes aren ' t able to make enough insulin, a hormone that allows the body to store energy from food and move glucose into cells. because this condition has serious and potentially fatal consequences, diabetic dogs are typically treated with insulin injections one or two times each day virtually all dogs have " insulin dependent diabetes " and must be treated with insulin. most cats have " non - insulin dependent diabetes. "... insulin shock. if your pet appears wobbly or drunken, his / her blood sugar level may have dropped too low. diabetic sufferers play a constant balancing act with blood glucose levels. if levels are allowed to become too low, hypoglycemia occurs. left untreated, hypoglycemia caused by too much insulin, will evolve into diabetic shock, also called insulin shock. diabetics test blood glucose... there are several forms of insulin available and your veterinarian will make the best selection for your dog. most dogs require insulin injections twice daily ( 12 hours apart and after meals ) for best control of their diabetes symptoms. in the dog, beef containing insulin products are more likely to


authentication provider. the party responsible for validating a user ' s credentials and issuing a token that can be used to access other sites. this is the web site you visit to do the actual authentication. content injection. in a web application that accepts data input from users, content injection refers to the act of an attacker attempting to insert html or client script content that will be processed by a client browser, or sql commands that the server may process. if successful, content injection of html or client scripts will cause the website to behave undesirably for any user that views the injected content because it ' s being processed by their browser as legitimate html or client script. content injection can result in many undesirable effects, such as causing parts of a web page to disappear, diverting user requests to a malicious location, or allowing an attacker to eavesdrop. sql injection does not affect the client browser, but if a web application accepts user input and uses it to dynamically create a sql query without verifying the content, an attacker can inject syntax into the sql query to manipulate the database and even the database server if it ' s not locked down properly. this type of attack can lead to deleted data, dropped databases, or even allow operating system commands to run as if you were typing them at the command line. cross - site scripting ( xss ). an attack whereby scripts from a malicious source are executed on a client browser as part of a trusted web page. websites that build pages with data elements originating from other sources, such as user input or shared databases, are vulnerable to xss attacks. cross - site request forgery ( csrf ). an attack in which a client browser is manipulated into performing malicious actions on a server with which the client has some form of trusted relationship through authentication, https, or ip filtering. an attacker embeds a link or a script in a piece of untrusted content that does something on the trusted site to which the user is currently authenticated. a simple example is an image element embedded in an html email that includes a url query string, which performs a malicious action. if users click the image, they unknowingly initiate the act on the site where they are authenticated. data model. an object that represents an entity built for data storage services. these are not available for use outside the boundaries of the application and are often encapsulated behind a services layer. domain model. an object that represents an entity in the problem domain, which may also be


an entity built for data storage services. these are not available for use outside the boundaries of the application and are often encapsulated behind a services layer. domain model. an object that represents an entity in the problem domain, which may also be annotated or extended to support some application features such as validation or authentication. because these models need to be shared between the server and client browser, they are sometimes contained within view models and used directly for data - binding in html forms. application models and service models are variations of domain models. eavesdropping. exploiting a web application using a network data capture utility to find and record http requests and responses between a website and a client. eavesdropping can lead to disclosure of sensitive information such as passwords, personal, or financial information, and can potentially allow the execution of spoofing, tampering and message replay attacks. flow diagram. a diagram that defines the pages in the site, actions available on those pages, and navigation between pages. this diagram reflects the user stories identified in the requirements. forms authentication. forms authentication enables user and password validation for web applications that do not require windows authentication. form model. an entity that represents all of the fields in an html form that is specific to a controller action. it contains only the data that is passed into the action. generally, this corresponds to whatever form is posting back to the server. form models ( sometimes called request models ) are a special case of view models. view models are more generic in that they may also include additional data needed to render a page. a form model might end up being a property on another view model. fragment identifier. the portion of a url identified by the hash ( # ). with regard to browser navigation, hyperlinks include them to make the hyperlink unique. when used in conjunction with the hashchange event, page content is able to change without performing a full - page reload. given - when - then template. a helpful template for defining acceptance criteria that include the context of the test ( given ), the action being tested ( when ), and the expected outcome ( then ). this template provides clear and concise documentation that can be understood by team members and can be used to generate both manual and automated test scripts. jquery selectors. a syntactical aspect of jquery that allows you to select all dom elements based on specific criteria ( tag name, id, attribute name, value, and more ). once the selection


automated test scripts. jquery selectors. a syntactical aspect of jquery that allows you to select all dom elements based on specific criteria ( tag name, id, attribute name, value, and more ). once the selection is made, jquery is used to operate on the selected elements. jump list. list of commonly used tasks and destinations, enabling easy user access to destinations by eliminating the need to launch the browser and then load the relevant content. also allows users to perform common tasks without launching the web application in advance. this is a feature of windows® internet explorer® 9. malicious input. bad data that causes your system to behave undesirably and / or corrupts data. message replay attack. an attack that alters the contents of a captured http request and re - submits it to the website. message tampering. when an attacker maliciously alters the content of request and / or response messages flowing between two parties across a network. for example, if a customer submits an order for 100 widgets to an online merchant, an attacker might alter the order request to order 10, 000 widgets instead. message tampering can be part of a message replay attack or a man - in - the - middle attack. mock. the typical strategy for isolating your component under test is to supply an alternative component or function that the component calls instead of supplying the real component. these alternative components may also be referred to as fakes, doubles, or stubs. mockup. a visual representation that shows what the site will eventually look like. mockups contain details such as typography, color, gradients, images, and transparency, but no functionality. mockups should communicate all necessary details of the ui. to do so, multiple mockups for a single page may be required to convey details of the different states of the application. mood board. a visual collage made up of images and color palettes from a variety of sources that communicate the emotional connection the application aims to have with the users. persona. a representation of a particular type of user the team can identify with. a persona is a user in context that embodies work style, role, motivation, skills, and goals. if you have a complicated or large application, some features might target multiple personas. pinned site. a feature of windows internet explorer 9 that integrates your website with the windows 7 desktop. pinned sites enable easy access to favorite websites and add shortcut functionality similar to shortcut


or large application, some features might target multiple personas. pinned site. a feature of windows internet explorer 9 that integrates your website with the windows 7 desktop. pinned sites enable easy access to favorite websites and add shortcut functionality similar to shortcuts in microsoft® windows applications. with pinned sites enabled for a website, users can pin the site to the windows 7 taskbar or add the site to the desktop or start menu. with this feature, you can add site metadata, create custom jump lists, notification icons, and thumbnail preview toolbar controls for the websites you develop. plain old clr object ( poco ). refers to a class in the microsoft. net framework that does not have any dependencies on external libraries such as the entity framework. for example, if a class inherits from a base class provided in an external library, it is not a poco. progressive enhancement. adds features to the client - side experience based on browser capabilities. publish / subscribe pattern ( pub / sub ). a messaging pattern that enables loose communication between publishers and subscribers. a pub / sub object manages communication, relieving the publishers and subscribers from having direct knowledge of one another. relying party. the party trying to validate a user based on a security token that was issued by an authentication provider. repository. a set of interfaces and implementations providing methods for data access. repository pattern. this pattern assists the data model in separating data storage concerns from the application logic. the interfaces do not expose any data storage - specific types and the implementation classes use them. you can choose how many repositories to create based on how granular you want to factor the methods and the expected data access pattern from your application. rule of thirds. this is a rule of thumb for visual composition that states that an image should be imagined as divided into nine equal parts by two equally - spaced horizontal lines and two equally - spaced vertical lines. important compositional elements should be placed along these lines or their intersections. safe list. a list that limits input by only allowing what is known to be valid. the advantage of safe lists is that anything that falls outside of the valid set of characters is not allowed. salt. a salt is a value combined with a cryptographic key to make the output of an encryption algorithm more random and less susceptible to attack. sandboxing. technique that allows components of the application to be tested before the entire application is complete. it also makes testing more robust by preventing software defects in one module from blocking or affecting the testing


encryption algorithm more random and less susceptible to attack. sandboxing. technique that allows components of the application to be tested before the entire application is complete. it also makes testing more robust by preventing software defects in one module from blocking or affecting the testing of other modules. single - page interface ( spi ) pattern. a pattern for web applications that reduces the number of full - page reloads during user navigation. when a user performs an action, such as selecting a hyperlink, which traditionally requires the site to load a new web page, the application instead modifies the current web page without reloading it. single - page interface web application. web application where the user is only required to perform a full - page load once. from that point on, all page changes and data loading is performed without a full - page reload. hotmail, office live, and twitter are examples of single - page interface web applications. sliding expiration. a pre - determined amount of time where an authenticated user can use the site. the amount of time is reset whenever the user makes a new request to the server. the advantage of using a sliding expiration is that it does not force the user to authenticate again if he or she maintains a reasonable level of activity in the application. otherwise, the user would be redirected to the authentication page after a fixed amount of time had elapsed after the initial authentication. static web application. web sites consisting of static html pages, css, and images. as each page is navigated to, the browser performs a full - page reload. structure. the html of the page as it relates to the hierarchy of elements that make up the page, rather than the visual appearance or layout of the ui. topic. the message between the publisher and subscriber in a pub / sub environment. this message, also often referred to as an event, represents the contract between the sender and receiver, and is made up of a name and an optional message body. user gestures. a specific action that a user takes in order to interact with an application. traditionally, gestures include mouse clicks and keys presses. however, many modern applications also employ interactions in which a user acts more directly on an application. for example, they may touch a screen to swipe, pinch, or pull content. viewbag. the name / value keyed collection that lets you store any loosely typed data. asp. net mvc 3 introduced the viewbag ( called viewdata in previous versions ) in


to swipe, pinch, or pull content. viewbag. the name / value keyed collection that lets you store any loosely typed data. asp. net mvc 3 introduced the viewbag ( called viewdata in previous versions ) in addition to view. model. view models. models contained within the mvc application which are built solely for a view to data - bind against. they often follow the same composition hierarchy as the views and partial views. widget method. the method that represents the primary interface for applying the widget to elements and using the widget after it ' s applied. the widget method is named after the name of the widget. wireframe. a diagram that depicts rough placement of the text, data, and basic controls of a ui. these diagrams are tools used to help organize the page ' s information. a wireframe does not show details of the page. wrapped set. a wrapped set is the result of a query that uses a jquery selector to find elements in the dom. to call a method on a wrapped set of elements, a selector is used to select elements in the dom. for example, to add the listing css class to all ul elements directly inside a div element, you can use $ ( ' div ul ' ). addclass ( ' listing ' ).


sensitization is the word used to describe an allergic reaction that develops after repeat exposure to an allergen. often, the first time a body is exposed to a substance it does not seem to know what to do with it and basically just observes it. however, in subsequent exposures, it apparently recognizes the substance, and if it deems the material a dangerous intruder, it mounts an attack ( immune response ) against it. occasionally, sensitization occurs after one small exposure, but more often it occurs after a single high dose or large surface area exposure, or after prolonged, repeat exposures over either small or large surface areas. this is why products such as hair dyes and relaxers recommend that you patch test a small area of skin every single time you plan to use the product. symptoms of sensitization to ingredients in hair care products can include development of a painful, pimply rash, scaly, itchy atopic dermatitis, contact dermatitis, eczema, inflammation and itchy, flaky scalp. systemic and / or anaphylactic reactions are unlikely given the typical quantity of any ingredient in a hair product and the relatively small area of exposure, but they are not entirely unheard of. this entry was posted on tuesday, december 11th, 2012 at 5 : 00 pm and is filed under home, ingredients, products and ingredients. you can follow any comments to this entry through the rss 2. 0 feed. you can skip to the end and leave a comment. pinging is currently not allowed.


multiple sclerosis ( ms ) is a life - long chronic disease of the central nervous system. it affects mainly young women ( ages 20 to 50 ) and is an unpredictable condition that can range from being relatively benign to being totally disabling. some people with ms may be mildly affected while others may lose their ability to write, speak, or walk. the problem occurs due to multiple areas of inflammation and scarring ( sclerosis ) in the central nervous system. when this happens, communication between the brain and other parts of the body is disrupted. about 250, 000 to 350, 000 people in the us have ms. although the cause of ms is not known, some of the causes of ms currently under investigation include the following : - autoimmune disorders - environmental factors - genetic factors symptoms of ms are erratic and may be mild or severe. it is common to have an attack followed by a period of recovery - this is called exacerbations and remissions. other times, symptoms are progressive and may appear in various combinations, depending on the area of the nervous system affected. initial symptoms of ms may include : - blurred or double vision - red - green color distortion - pain and loss of vision due to optic neuritis ( inflammation of the optic nerve ) - difficulty walking - paresthesia ( abnormal sensation or pain, such as numbness, prickling, or " pins and needles " ) other symptoms of multiple sclerosis may include any / all of the following ( to a varying degree ) : - muscle weakness in the extremities - difficulty with coordination ( impaired walking or standing may result ; partial or complete paralysis is possible ) - spasticity ( increased muscle tone leading to stiffness and spasms ) - loss of sensation - speech problems - hearing loss about 50 percent of all people with ms experience cognitive impairments related to their disease. the effects of these impairments may be mild or severe and may include difficulty with any of the following : - poor judgment fortunately, pregnancy does not appear to speed up the course or worsen the effects of ms. however, it is thought that women who have unrecognized ms may be more likely to begin having symptoms during pregnancy. some studies have found that ms symptoms decrease in pregnancy and increase during the postpartum ( after delivery ) period. the disabling effects of the disease may make it physically difficult for the mother to carry a pregnancy. muscle weakness and coordination problems may increase the likelihood for falls. fatigue may worsen. paralysis and wheelchair


family and consumer sciences and schools - - a perfect partnership for parent education volume 5, no. 2, summer 2000 marilou m. rochford to effectively reach parents, family and consumer sciences ( fcs ) educators must develop strong working relationships with the schools in their respective communities. forging these partnerships takes time, but the benefits produce notable results and significantly impact the lives of the parents and children in those communities. in the human development field, parent education continues to surface as one of the most important areas of concentration. family well - being, along with improved parenting, coping, and stress management skills, ranked highly as issues that clientele need for enhanced lifestyles, according to a 1991 survey by the national extension association of family and consumer sciences. to effectively reach parents, family and consumer sciences ( fcs ) educators must develop strong working relationships with the schools in their respective communities. forging these partnerships takes time, but the benefits produce notable results and significantly impact the lives of the parents and children in those communities. reaching parents through schools children experience critical stages in their development, one of which is the transition to formal schooling, commonly occurring between ages 4 and 6. at this developmental stage, both children ' s and parents ' lifestyles are changing, sometimes dramatically. the way both groups adapt to these changes influences their experiences with education for years to come. for students, building confidence at an early age predicts future educational achievement. for parents, building relationships with school personnel enriches the learning environment and creates a successful learning atmosphere ( west, et al. 2000 ). according to the national coalition for parent involvement in education, there are many studies demonstrating that family involvement encourages student achievement, positive attitudes, and other behaviors that increase school success. the importance of parent involvement is underscored by its inclusion in the national education goals, which state that schools must work to increase parental involvement ( u. s. department of education 1990 ). given these factors, fcs educators can and should create partnerships with schools to provide education and to facilitate parents ' early involvement in their children ' s education. kindergartners are special : handle with care the program, kindergartners are special : handle with care ( kas ) was designed to fill the need for the kind of parent education outlined above. the program was developed by marilou rochford, family and consumer sciences educator, with rutgers cooperative extension in new jersey. this five - session program, presented in an interactive lecture format, covers the following topics for parents of four to six -