. its precise value is 1. 61619997x10 - 35m. it is a base unit within the planck unit system and it is calculated using the speed of light, c, planck ' s constant, h and the gravitational constant, g. specifically, it is given by the square root of ħg / c3 where ħ is the reduced planck ' s constant, or planck ' s constant divided by 2π. it is the shortest measureable length in existence. to discuss length on scale shorter than this would be meaningless because it is a physical impossibility to measure below this length. a theory that could describe physical laws at this level would be of great use in the search for a theory of everything. this is the energy that exists in a body due to its position within a system. forces act upon the body to restore it to a lower energy state or configuration, this difference in the energy states is the potential energy. when the force acts upon the body, the energy held within the body is converted into some other form of energy, this occurs because the conservation of energy law states that energy cannot be created or destroyed. an example of potential energy being converted into other energy would be in someone skydiving. the position of the person ( the body in the system ) in the system ( the earth ), i. e. being high up in the air in a plane, gives the person gravitational potential energy. once they leap from the plane, this gravitational potential is turned into kinetic energy as the person falls toward earth. once they have landed, their position, at the surface of the earth, means that they have lower amounts of gravitational potential energy, and they have been restored to a lower energy state. this is the theory that explains the strong nuclear force that is mediated by gluons between different quarks. the charge of this force is known as colour. the force, which occurs due to an exchange of these gluons, does not weaken over distance, as say gravity does, but rather remains constant, on the order of several thousand newtons. this means that at no point does any quark separate from another one, and so quarks can only be observed on a hadron level. this property is called confinement. another property within qcd is asymptotic freedom. this results in a very weak interaction between quarks and gluons during extremely high energy reactions. this is the study of cosmology at temperature regimes where all four fundamental forces were unified. this


qcd is asymptotic freedom. this results in a very weak interaction between quarks and gluons during extremely high energy reactions. this is the study of cosmology at temperature regimes where all four fundamental forces were unified. this unification, it is theorised, occurred from the big bang to some 10 - 43 seconds after the big bang. due to the temperatures involved all quantum cosmology is theoretical and highly speculative. quantum field theory is a framework that allows for the extension of quantum mechanics, which deals with individual particles, to field systems operating relativistically. quantum field theories have been used to describe how three of the four fundamental forces act, being mediated by and exchange of particles called bosons. the photon and the gluon, for example, are exchanged between electrons and quarks in the case of electromagnetism and the strong nuclear force respectively. with quantum field theory, these natural fields pervade an area of space. particles that mediate these fields, the gauge bosons associated with the field ( like the aforementioned photon with electromagnetism ), are quanta of these fields, that is, ripples in the field carrying small amounts of energy, other particles that act within the field, for example the electron within the electromagnetic field, are though of in a similar manner., albeit different ripples and excitations. these fields are of variable range. the colour field within the quantum chromodynamic field theory, for example, acts in a range between quarks within a nucleon. other fields, such as the electromagnetic field, are infinite in scope and range. the search for a theory of quantum gravity is the search for a theory that can explain the effects of the fundamental force of gravity as explained by general relativity at a quantum level, and marry these up with quantum mechanics, which is a series of models which explain the other fundamental forces ; the strong nuclear ; weak nuclear and electromagnetic forces. examples of quantum gravity include string theory, loop quantum gravity and m - theory. this phase transmission occurred approximately one millionth of a second after the big bang. this was when quark - gluon plasma underwent a phase transition, resulting in quarks forming into hadronic matter, i. e. nucleons. quintessence is a theory of dark energy, given to explain the acceleration of the universe ’ s expansion. it is a dynamic equation, resulting in an attractive or repulsive force depending on the amount of kinetic energy


e. nucleons. quintessence is a theory of dark energy, given to explain the acceleration of the universe ’ s expansion. it is a dynamic equation, resulting in an attractive or repulsive force depending on the amount of kinetic energy relative to potential energy in the universe. as a repulsive force, it overcomes gravity ’ s attraction over large scales, resulting in an accelerated expansion. quintessence is hypothesised to have become repulsive approximately 10 billion years ago. this refers to a period of time from just after big bang to approximately 300, 000 years after its beginning. during this time, the universe consisted of free moving protons, neutrons and electrons and other particles. all radiation was absorbed by these free electrons, making the universe opaque. protons and neutrons were combining to form deuterium, a heavy isotope of hydrogen, and then helium, however, the temperature of the universe was so high that these existed as free ions in the plasma that was the universe. it was only when the universe was sufficiently expanded that the electrons no longer absorbed the radiation and instead joined with the ions to form neutral atoms. this forms the beginning of the matter era, in which we still exist. recombination was a time period, approximately 300, 000 years after the big bang, when electrons and protons bound to form atoms of hydrogen. before 300, 000 years had passed, the universe was still too hot for atoms for hydrogen to form. only after the universe had expanded sufficiently did the universe cool down sufficiently, making the formation of hydrogen possible. when the source of a wave moves away from us, we observe a change of frequency of that wave. an example would be an ambulance or fire - truck - we hear a lower pitch in its siren once it has passed us by. this is the doppler effect. it is not, however, limited to sound waves, but any kind of waves, including electromagnetic. this means that as an electromagnetic wave source is moving away from us, the frequency of the wave will decrease. as frequency and wavelength are inversely related, one goes up and the other goes down, the wavelength will increase. this shifts the wavelength closer to the red end of the spectrum ( this, when talking about the visible part of the electromagnetic spectrum, of course the wavelength may not be in the visible part ). this is redshift, and it is something we detect from far away galaxies and other electromagnetic sources. this leads us to the conclusion that the universe is expanding. these


electromagnetic spectrum, of course the wavelength may not be in the visible part ). this is redshift, and it is something we detect from far away galaxies and other electromagnetic sources. this leads us to the conclusion that the universe is expanding. these associate a scalar ( either a number, or a physical quantity ) value to every point in a space within the field. examples of scalar fields include pressure distribution, temperature variation, and gravitational fields. this is a point in spacetime where the curvature of spacetime becomes infinite. it is an area of extremely high density into which matter or light is attracted. singularities can be found both at the centre of black holes and on their own. inside a singularity, the laws of physics are distorted to the point that they are no longer applicable. spacetime is the concept of space and time being part of the same continuum. we use the typical three dimensions that are everyday and commonplace - the x, y and z dimensions used in geometry - ascribing a fourth dimension of time. this allows us to map out any event that takes place in the universe by a set of coordinates ; three of space to give us the location, and one of time to give us when the event occurred. this merging of time and space is important and must be accounted for, because relativity tells us that the observed rate of time passing changes with the respect to an objects velocity relative to the observer. gravitational fields can also change the passage of time. on quantum scales, therefore, it is important to account for time within theoretical frameworks, whereas in classical physics this is unnecessary. the structure of spacetime is detailed in einstein ' s theory of special relativity. this theory lays out the structure of spacetime. it draws on the principle of relativity as laid out by galileo, which states that there is no absolute state of rest, and that all motion is relative to other motion. there are two principles that are laid out in the theory ; that the laws of physics are the same for observers whose motion is uniform relative to each other and that the speed of light in a vacuum is the same for all observers, regardless of any relative motion. this means that with different relative velocities, observers will experience different physical laws. effects of these principles can be seen in various manners. one of the most interesting is time dilation. a clock that is sitting stationary in front of you will tick faster than a clock which is moving away from you. this is has been shown to be true for astronauts, who come


in various manners. one of the most interesting is time dilation. a clock that is sitting stationary in front of you will tick faster than a clock which is moving away from you. this is has been shown to be true for astronauts, who come back from space younger than they would have been had they remained on earth. another well known consequence of the theory is the energy - mass equivalence relationship, as defined by the equation e = mc2, probably the most famous equation of all time. this states that energy and mass are interchangeable and are related by a function of the speed of light in a vacuum, c. the speed of light in a vacuum, c, is shown not to be just a speed that photons travel at, it is a key cosmological constant that is related to the nature of space and time. special relativity shows us that any object with rest mass cannot travel at the speed of light. the speed that photons, or indeed any particle with zero rest mass ( as energy and mass are equivalent as shown by the equation e = mc2, a particle that is travelling will have kinetic energy and therefore more mass than a particle at rest ), will travel at in a vacuum. its value is 299, 792, 458 metres per second ( ms - 1 ). as explained in the theory of special relativity, the speed of light is the fastest that any form of energy or information can travel in the universe. an intrinsic quantum property of particles that is defined by a spin number that can be either a whole integer ( 1, 2, 3 etc. ) or a half integer ( 1 / 2, 3 / 2, 5 / 2 etc. ), and can be positive or negative. it is a property that all particles exhibit, the sole known exception being the higgs boson, although other particles with zero spin, such as the inflaton, have been hypothesised. to an extent, it is easy to make an analogy of quantum spin with the classic rotational spin that we encounter in everyday life, for example with a spinning top. particles that are electrically charged, such as electrons or positrons, will generate a magnetic field through their spin, as movement of an electric charge will automatically generate magnetic fields. this analogy, however, only takes us so far. different spin quantum numbers can give us ideas as to the symmetry of these particles. a particle with zero spin looks exactly the same from all sides. a particle with spin will look different if rotated, but will regain its symmetry if it


us so far. different spin quantum numbers can give us ideas as to the symmetry of these particles. a particle with zero spin looks exactly the same from all sides. a particle with spin will look different if rotated, but will regain its symmetry if it is rotated a certain number of time. in this instance, an analogy of a deck of cards is useful. consider any face card, these are symmetrical every time you spin them half way around, or 180 degrees. consider now the ace of spaces. this card, if places with the point of the space facing up as you look at it, will require a full 360 degree rotation until it looks the same again. a particle with spin 1 will act like an ace of spaces, requiring a full rotation, whereas a spin 2 particle will be symmetrical through 180 degree rotations. a half spin particle will require two rotations to be symmetrical. this kind of rotational symmetry does not have an analogue in the macroscopic world. crucially, whether a particle has half or whole integer spin tells us about how it reacts. particles with half integer spin, or fermions, obey a set of statistics known as fermi - dirac statistics. particles with whole integer spin, or bosons, obey a set called bose - einstein statistics. one of the key differences between these two sets of statistics is that those particles which obey fermi - dirac statistics are subject to the pauli exclusion principle. this states that particles may not occupy the same quantum state as each other. crucially, this means that you cannot make fermions of the same quantum state occupy the same space. this is why fermions are the particles which make up the matter of the universe. they include quarks, which combine to make protons and neutrons, and leptons, a set of particles that include electrons. bosons, which do not obey fermi - dirac statistics and are consequently not subject to the pauli exclusion principle, fulfill other roles, some mediate the fundamental forces of nature, these are the gauge bosons, and the higgs boson gives rise to mass in other particles. also known as the λcdm or lambda - cdm model, this is the best and most widely used model to explain the expansion of the universe, origins of the cosmic microwave background, nucleosynthesis of light elements and the formation of galaxies and large - scale structure. this is a set of mathematical tools that allow us to study thermodynamical properties, such as work


, origins of the cosmic microwave background, nucleosynthesis of light elements and the formation of galaxies and large - scale structure. this is a set of mathematical tools that allow us to study thermodynamical properties, such as work, heat and entropy, of a large number of particles, allowing us to look at both atomic level and macroscopic level detail of the system. this allows us to explain thermodynamics in ways that apply to both classical and quantum physics, and allows us to extrapolate macroscopic predictions from microscopic properties. in the standard model of particle physics, particles are considered to be points moving through space, tracing out a line called the world line. to take into account the different interactions observed in nature, one has to provide particles with more degrees of freedom than only their position and velocity. these include mass, electric charge, colour ( which is the “ charge ” associated with the strong interaction ) and spin. this model was designed within a framework known as quantum field theory ( qft ), which allows us to build theories consistent with both quantum mechanics and the special theory of relativity. these theories describe with great success three of the four known interactions in nature : electromagnetism, the strong and weak nuclear forces. unfortunately, gravity, as described by einstein ’ s general relativity, does not fit into this scheme. string theory replaces these different particle types with a single fundamental building block : a “ string ”. these can be closed, like loops, or open, like a hair. as the string moves through time it traces out a tube or a sheet ( depending on whether it is closed or open ). this string is free to vibrate, and different vibrational modes of the string represent the different particle types, as difference modes are seen as different masses or spins. one mode of vibration, or ‘ note ’, makes the string appear as an electron, another as a photon. there is even a mode describing the graviton, the particle carrying the force of gravity. this means we can make sense of the interaction of gravitons in a way we could not in qft. it is this ability of string theory to create a valid model that includes all four fundamental interactions that has dubbed it to be a ‘ theory of everything ’. the problem is that there are five different versions of string theory. this is why we now look to m - theory, which has place for all five theories, as the greatest solution to our ‘ theory of everything ’. as a point of


’. the problem is that there are five different versions of string theory. this is why we now look to m - theory, which has place for all five theories, as the greatest solution to our ‘ theory of everything ’. as a point of note, string theory predicts that spacetime has ten dimensions. although we only have three dimensions of space and one of time, we can assume that six of these dimensions are curled up very tightly, so that we may never be aware of their existence. having these so - called compact dimensions is very beneficial, as we can suggest that the degrees of freedom, such as electric charge of an electron, can simply arise as motion in the extra compact dimensions. there are four fundamental forces in nature. they are electromagnetism, the weak nuclear force, the strong nuclear force and gravitation. the weak nuclear force is associated with radioactivity in unstable nuclei, specifically the decay of a neutron into a proton. when the temperature is hot enough, such as that of the universe shortly after the big bang, electromagnetism and the weak nuclear force will merge to form the electroweak force. the strong nuclear force binds together neutrons and protons inside nuclei. the mathematical theory describing the elementary particles in this theory, quarks and gluons, is known as quantum chromodynamics ( qcd ). theories that unify the strong nuclear force with electroweak theory are known as grand unified theories, of guts. a supercluster is a vast ( the are some of the largest structures in the universe ) grouping of smaller galaxy clusters and groups. they can span between several hundred million light years to over one billion light years. superclusters can contain galaxy bubbles, sheets, voids and filaments, which are smaller structures within the supercluster. nearly all galaxies are found within superclusters, and inbetween superclusters thee are usually large voids. our own supercluster, called the virgo supercluster, contains the local group, the virgo cluster and some 100 other galactic groups and clusters. its diameter is approximately 100 million light years. supergravity is a theory which follows on from supersymmetry. it is theorised that in the same way that photons mediate the electromagnetism, gluons the strong nuclear force and w and z bosons the weak nuclear force, so to does the as - yet undiscovered gravi


theorised that in the same way that photons mediate the electromagnetism, gluons the strong nuclear force and w and z bosons the weak nuclear force, so to does the as - yet undiscovered graviton the gravitational force. in supergravity, the graviton has a heavier superpartner whose spin differs by 1 / 2. so far, as with supersymmetry, there has been no observational evidence for supergravity. this is a very powerful stellar explosion that can quite often outshine galaxies. a star undergoes a supernova either when a very old massive star undergoes sudden gravitational collapse, releasing vast quantities of gravitational energy, or through the reignition of the nuclear fusion reaction in a degenerate star ' s ( such as a white dwarf or neutron star ) core. the explosion releases huge quantities of the star ' s matter, resulting in a supernova remnant. certain types of supernova have luminosities of known quantity, such that they can be used as ' standard candles ', which means that we can detect how far away the object is by comparing its known luminosity with our observed brightness. string theory states that all particles are representations of different vibrations on a fundamental building block ; a string. as a theory, it is able to describe the interactions of the particle that mediates gravitation : the graviton. in this way, and by being able to describe all other particles and interactions thereof, it is able to unite the four fundamental forces in nature, and is therefore a ‘ theory of everything ’. the original string theory only described particles with integer spins, called bosons. these are the particles that mediate the fundamental forces, and include the photon, electron, gluon and graviton. the other class of particle, which have half integer spin, called fermions, were not described. these are particles that constitute matter as we know it, such as quarks and electrons. by introducing supersymmetry to bosonic string theory, we obtain a new theory that describes both the forces and the matter that make up the universe. this is superstring theory. there are three different superstring theories that have no mathematical inconsistencies. in two of them, the fundamental object is a closed string, whilst in the third, the string is open. by mixing the best aspects of bosonic string theory and superstring theory, we can create two other consistent theories of strings, heterotic


of them, the fundamental object is a closed string, whilst in the third, the string is open. by mixing the best aspects of bosonic string theory and superstring theory, we can create two other consistent theories of strings, heterotic string theories supersymmetry is a theory which postulates that for every elementary particle, there is a more massive " superpartner " whose spin is different by 1 / 2. the theory comes about to solve mathematical difficulties related to quantum field theory and the reconciling of general relativity and quantum field theory. these inconsistencies arise because the higgs boson, a gauge boson whose interaction with other particles gives them mass, appears to gain large amounts of mass through interactions with itself. solving these inconsistencies would give physicists a way to marry quantum mechanics and gravity at the smallest scales. these superpartners are a possible candidate for dark matter. no superpartners have yet to be detected and no evidence exists as of yet to support supersymmetry. this is because in order to observe particles of this mass we need to use incredible amounts of energy, which so far we have been unable to generate. it is hoped that the large hadron collider at cern might detect evidence of supersymmetric particles. this is the set of points in space where decoupling occurred, approximately 380, 000 years after the big bang, at the right distance so that we are now seeing these photons reach us as part of the cosmic microwave background relic radiation. this occurs when a system in some state of symmetry moves into a different configuration, resulting in the loss of that symmetry. consider a ball on a hill. the ball is symmetrical. the hills is also symmetrical. if the ball is on top of the hill, the ball and hill in system are symmetrical. if the ball rolls down the hill, the ball and hill are individually still symmetrical, but the system of the ball and the hill is now asymmetrical. this is symmetry breaking. in a cosmological context, this happened as the universe cooled down after the big bang. as this occurred, elementary particles changed state in what is known as a phase transition. as this occurred, symmetry that previously was exhibited by these particles was broken. these symmetries are associated with different fundamental forces. this is why some particles are acted upon by these forces, and others not. these symmetries are restored at higher temperatures, however. these are a type of topological defect that


was broken. these symmetries are associated with different fundamental forces. this is why some particles are acted upon by these forces, and others not. these symmetries are restored at higher temperatures, however. these are a type of topological defect that is hypothesised to form when large symmetries are broken. they are unstable and prone to collapse. unlike certain other topological defects, such as magnetic monopoles, these are delocalized and occur over large areas. no evidence has been found of them as yet. this is a gravitational anomaly located in the centaurus supercluster. it is a localized concentration of mass of unknown origin that is equivalent to tens of thousands of galaxies. it mass is so large, that ( as the name suggests ) its gravitational attraction is altering the motion of galaxies and galaxy clusters in a region over hundreds of millions of light years across. in the aftermath of the big bang, the universe was extremely hot and extremely dense. at these energies, the laws of nature that we know were changed. the fundamental forces that we see in nature were unified - it is only as the universe expanded and cooled that gravitation, electromagnetism and the strong and weak nuclear forces all ceased to be as one. electroweak theory describes the unification of the weak nuclear force and electromagnetism. a theory of everything will marry up all the fundamental forces. the issue with this is that whilst quantum chronodynamics and the electroweak theory describe the strong and weak nuclear forces and electromagnetism on a well understood quantum basis, there is no consistent theory for describing gravity on such a basis. m - theory, and the associated string theories behind it are being explored as possible candidates. these are configurations of matter that form during matter phase transitions and symmetry breakings, such as occurred during the very early universe. they are configurations of matter in the old, symmetrical phase that remain stable in the new phase where the symmetry that was previously held is now broken. examples of these defects include monopoles, cosmic strings, domain walls and textures. within quantum field theory, particles may move from higher to lower energy states, such as occurred in the very early universe as the universe was expanding and thus cooling. these lower energy states, or vacuum states, may be different whilst possessing the same amount of energy. this means these states are degenerate. the particle, therefore, has a chance of falling into any of these degenerate vacuum states, unless there is something outside the system described here which


induced seismicity potential in energy technologies ( 2012 ) board on earth sciences and resources each report is produced by a committee of experts selected by the academy to address a particular statement of task and is subject to a rigorous, independent peer review ; while the reports represent views of the committee, they also are endorsed by the academy. learn more on our expert consensus reports. report in brief > > in the past several years, some energy technologies that inject or extract fluid from the earth, such as oil and gas development and geothermal energy development, have been found or suspected to cause seismic events, drawing heightened public attention. although only a very small fraction of injection and extraction activities among the hundreds of thousands of energy development sites in the united states have induced seismicity at levels noticeable to the public, understanding the potential for inducing felt seismic events and for limiting their occurrence and impacts is desirable for state and federal agencies, industry, and the public at large. to better understand, limit, and respond to induced seismic events, work is needed to build robust prediction models, to assess potential hazards, and to help relevant agencies coordinate to address them. - research has provided a better understanding of the factors that induce seismicity. although existing faults and fractures are generally stable, changes in subsurface pore pressure, for example due to the injection or extraction of fluid from earth ' s subsurface, may change the crustal stresses acting on a nearby fault and induce a seismic event. net fluid balance appears to have the most direct correlation to the magnitude of induced seismic events, thus, energy technology projects that maintain a balance between the amount of fluid injected and the amount withdrawn may induce fewer felt seismic events than technologies that do not maintain balance. - although the general mechanisms that create induced seismic events are well understood, scientists are currently unable to accurately predict the magnitude or occurrence of such events due to the lack of comprehensive data on the complex natural rock systems at particular energy development sites. predictions of induced seismicity at specific energy development sites will continue to rely on both theoretical modeling, and data and observations from measurements made in the field. - of all the energy - related injection and extraction activities conducted in the united states, only a very small fraction have induced seismicity at levels noticeable to the public ( that is, above magnitude 2. 0 ). different energy technologies typically use different injection rates and pressures, fluid volumes, and injection duration — factors that affect the likelihood and magnitude of an induced earthquake. - geothermal energy — the use of heat from the earth as an energy source —


0 ). different energy technologies typically use different injection rates and pressures, fluid volumes, and injection duration — factors that affect the likelihood and magnitude of an induced earthquake. - geothermal energy — the use of heat from the earth as an energy source — usually attempts to maintain a balance between fluid volumes extracted for energy production and those replaced by injection, which reduces the potential for induced seismicity. however, site - specific characteristics can make a difference. for example, the high - pressure hydraulic fracturing undertaken to produce geothermal energy from hot, dry rocks has caused seismic events that are large enough to be felt. - conventional oil and gas development extracts oil, gas, and water from pore spaces in rocks in subsurface reservoirs. incidences of felt induced seismicity from conventional oil and gas development appear to be very rare. - shale formations may contain oil, gas, and / or liquids. shales have very low permeability that prevent these fluids from easily flowing into a well bore, and so wells may be drilled horizontally and hydraulically fractured to allow hydrocarbons to flow up the well bore. hydraulic fracturing to date has been confirmed as the cause for small, felt seismic events at one location in the world. the process of hydraulic fracturing a well as presently implemented for shale gas recovery does not pose a high risk for inducing felt seismic events. - tens of thousands of waste water disposal wells have been drilled in the united states to dispose of the water generated by geothermal and oil and gas production operations, including shale gas production. water injection for disposal has been suspected or determined a likely cause for induced seismicity at approximately 8 sites in the past several decades. however, the long - term effects of increasing the number of waste water disposal wells on the potential for induced seismicity are unknown, and wells used only for waste water disposal usually do not undergo detailed geologic review prior to injection, in contrast to wells for enhanced oil recovery and secondary recovery. - capturing carbon dioxide and developing means to store it underground could, if technically successful and economical, help reduce carbon dioxide emissions to the atmosphere. however, carbon capture and storage differs from other energy technologies because it involves the continuous injection of very large volumes of carbon dioxide under high pressure, and is intended for long term storage with no fluid withdrawal. the large net volumes of carbon dioxide that would help reduce global carbon dioxide emissions to the atmosphere may have potential for inducing larger felt seismic events due to increases in pore pressure over time ; potential effects of large - scale carbon capture storage projects require further research


2d games using silverlight - collision detection implementation this article shows how to implement collision detection in a microsoft silverlight game application. this is the second article in a series which will show how to create a complete working game ( a clone of the classic arkanoid game ). the first article in this series 2d games using silverlight - implementing the game loop introduced the possibility of writing 2d games using silverlight, an approach that has benefits when targeting all of the platforms : windows phone 7, windows phone 8 and windows 8 and internet browsers. the original article covered the creation of the game skeleton for a simple arkanoid clone called jailbreaker, and included the games loop and the game controllable loop. this article extends the game skeleton by adding collision detection. collision detection implementation strategy there are numerous strategies and algorithms for collision detection : broad detection phase, narrow detection phase, how to use dot production to estimate distance, etc. however it does not make sense to re - invent the wheel : for more complicated games there are open source physics engines, and for simple games like this there are often platform apis that can be used to help with collision detection. for this example we use the collision detection functionality built into the platform, along with a good understanding of the simple collision detection required for this game. considering the game environment : - there are few components with complex non - predictable movement - essentially just the club and ball. all other elements either stand still or fall in predictable manner - they do not collide. as a result we only need to consider a single object, the ball, for determining whether a collision has occurred. - we only need to consider collisions in three directions along the active object movement : forward, forward diagonal up, forward diagonal down. this limitation allows us to minimize number of tests required collision detection in the platform : - there is a helper class visualtreehelper in the platform that allows hit test on the component tree ( all visible components in silverlight application form a component tree hierarchy ) - there is a support for object animation based on storyboard that is suitable for steady moving objects - the game movement is based on screen refresh rate, which is not constant across devices. to make object speed the same on different devices / conditions we need to measure the refresh rate before calculation the object next position - during object movement, the object perception will be conducted on the next the object position because we are going to make the calculations in a hook to the screen refresh loop. new module in the project physicalbody the


rate before calculation the object next position - during object movement, the object perception will be conducted on the next the object position because we are going to make the calculations in a hook to the screen refresh loop. new module in the project physicalbody the new class physicalbody is attached to a ui element statically created in xaml. it handles the element : - position update - object collision assessment - checking the class container extends to keep the element position inside the container also it accepts gameover and hitscores ( ) method delegates from the class container the position update is a simple increment of the current position based on the current body speed. note that the body speed defines the body direction according to the coordinate system : positive value is from left to right by x axis, and from top to bottom in y axis and negative value is in the opposite direction. object collision assessment this is the crucial part of the article. the collision detection is implemented in one function and follows the strategy we have declared above in the preceding sections. let us examine the code : private void assesscollision ( ) / / get bounding box and offset the box in movement direction on one step canvas canvas = ( canvas ) body. parent ; / / ( 1 ) for converting screen - to - control coordinates var transform = canvas. transformtovisual ( application. current. rootvisual ) ; / / for converting screen - to - control coordinates var origin = transform. transform ( new point ( canvas. getleft ( body ) + velocityx, canvas. gettop ( body ) + velocityy ) ) ; var boundingbox = new rect ( origin, new size ( body. actualwidth, body. actualheight ) ) ; / / ( 2 ) check whether there are element exist on the body ' s way / / in three directions : forward, forward - diagonal - up and forward - diagonal - down / / ( 3 ) use visualtreehelper helper class to walk through elements hierarchy tree / / ( 4 ) filter out all objects except shapes if ( iscollided ( visualtreehelper. findelementsinhostcoordinates ( new point ( boundingbox. right, boundingbox. bottom ), ( canvas ) body. parent ) ) | | iscollided ( visualtreehelper. findelementsinhostcoordinates ( new point ( boundingbox. right, boundingbox. y ), ( canvas ) body. parent ) ) | | iscollided (


. - nipah virus. virus was discovered in 1999 ; causes disease in swine and in humans through contact with infectious animals ; mode of transmission between animals and from animals to humans is uncertain ( appears to require close contact with infected tissues or body fluids ) ; caused respiratory disease and encephalitis in people in malaysia and singapore ; no drug therapies have yet been proven to be effective in treating nipah infection ; no countermeasures exist. - hendra virus. formerly called equine morbillivirus ; first isolated in 1994 ; the natural reservoir for hendra virus is still under investigation ; human beings and equines seem to be predominately affected ; caused respiratory and neurological disease in horses and humans in australia. the nbaf research mission will be based on current pathogen and disease risk assessments, subject to change as threats and risk assessments change. the nbaf research mission will be based on current pathogen and disease risk assessments, subject to modification as threats and risk assessments change. researchers would focus on developing tests to detect the diseases and countermeasures to prevent the disease. in some cases, we would be studying the disease itself to determine : - what mechanism it uses to enter the animal, - what type of cell the disease affects, - what effects the disease causes on the cells, - how to develop countermeasures to help the animal develop protection against the disease, and - how quickly the animal can become protected from the disease. by knowing what type of cell the disease affects we are able to develop a test to more accurately and quickly determine if the animal is suffering from that specific disease. nbaf is owned by the department of homeland security with the department of agriculture ' s agriculture research service ( usda - ars ) and animal plant health inspection service, veterinary services ( usda - aphis - vs ) as our primary partners. these same agencies are currently working in the plum island facility. the department of health and human services and other agencies may also have space in the facility, in case of some event where the researchers would wish for a particular agency ’ s assistance or an event dictates a particular agency needs additional assistance. the departments of homeland security and agriculture work cooperatively to set priorities regarding diseases to be researched. they use a variety of risk assessments, gap analysis and intelligence gathering in order to establish the priorities. ars functions to perform the early research and transition prospective candidates for countermeasure development to homeland security. the department of homeland security further develops these candidates and transitions


evolution and the nature of science institutes : lesson plans from cutting edge this website provides access to lesson plans published by the evolution and the nature of science institutes ( ensi ). based on 32 key ideas of scientific thought, the ensi program emphasizes the importance of teaching the nature of modern science before introducing the elements of evolution as an example of modern scientific thinking. this website features lessons in three categories - the nature of science, the origins of life, and evolution. lesson plans are organized into eight sections including an overview of concepts and objectives, logistics such as time, materials, and teaching preparations, and ready - to - use handouts and worksheets for students. these lessons are intended for use in any high school biology course, and may also be used in middle school and / or lower division university courses depending on slight modifications and the experience and level of students. intended for grade levels : type of resource : adobe acrobat reader cost / copyright : copyright 1999 by the evolution & the nature of science institutes. this material may be copied only for noncommercial classroom teaching purposes, and only if this source is clearly cited. dlese catalog id : serc - nagt - 000 - 000 - 000 - 391 this resource is part of ' creating effective web - based learning resources in the geosciences ' resource contact / creator / publisher : contact : dr jean beard evolution & the nature of science institutes


you are here : applications and projects earth observation center applications and projects projects : civil security - environment projects : land surface applications and projects : atmosphere according to the current plans of space agencies and satellite operators, in the course of the next two decades over 100 satellite - based instruments will be providing a wealth of data about the earth ’ s atmosphere from ground level up to the border to outer space. the spectrum extends from detecting trace gases and aerosols to clouds, precipitation and radiation to global measurement of temperature and wind. in parallel, powerful data communication and analysis systems will be established in order to make these data available in a standardized format and ready to use worldwide in near - real - time. anwendungen und projekte : atmosphare endorse is involved in the user - driven creation of so - called ‘ downstream services ’ for the renewable energies sector of the european union ’ s global monitoring for environment and security ( gmes ) programme. based on the gmes services for land, atmosphere and security, specific applications will be developed together with users from the fields of solar energy, wind energy, distributed power networks, bioenergy and daylighting for buildings. the goal of the esa project aerosol _ cci, a climate change initiative, is to design consistent prototype algorithms for the production of long - term aerosol data sets from several european earth observation sensors. the project starts with an in depth analysis and comparison of the retrieval results for several existing algorithms. based on this analysis, elements of community algorithms and harmonized retrieval are then developed. topics of investigation are the different assumptions and approaches for modeling optical aerosol properties, how to deal with surface reflectance and its anisotropy, cloud masking, and the use of auxiliary data sets. within europe ’ s family of gmes ( global monitoring for environment and security ) projects, macc - ii ( monitoring atmospheric composition and climate, phase 2 ) deals with the atmosphere. dlr is in charge of the macc solar radiation service and the interface to macc - ii users. furthermore, dlr contributes satellite - based information on stratospheric ozone chemistry, tropospheric trace gases and aerosols. the sahara is a huge reservoir for the introduction of dust into the atmosphere, which can be carried as far as the americas in air currents. in the samum ( saharan mineral dust experiment ) project, the optical effects of mineral dust will be investigated in detail. a team of eight national institutes will take in - situ aerial as well


can be carried as far as the americas in air currents. in the samum ( saharan mineral dust experiment ) project, the optical effects of mineral dust will be investigated in detail. a team of eight national institutes will take in - situ aerial as well as remote sensing measurements and combine them with models to derive information on the spatial distribution and transport of these dust layers as well as their physical and chemical composition. - volcano monitoring ( promote and exupery ) volcanic eruptions not only endanger the local population, they can also have a negative effect on air traffic. because the eruption clouds of volcanoes threaten the functioning of airplane engines, operators of aircraft needs to be promptly informed about volcanic eruptions so that flight paths can be modified accordingly. virtual institute " environmental research station schneefernerhaus " ( ufs ) the environmental research station schneefernerhaus ( 2650 a. s. l. ) on the mountain zugspitze is an internationally linked center of competence for high altitude, climate and environmental research with focus on development, demonstration and operation of innovative technologies in the context of atmospheric and climate research, satellite validation, model verification, quality assurance for value added products ( e. g. in the framework of gmes ), analyses for the understanding of climate system processes, environmental and high altitude medicine, early detection of natural hazards, cosmic radiation and radioactivity. the ufs has the status of a global station within the global atmosphere watch programme ( gaw ) of the world meteorological organization ( wmo ). it is in addition part of the ndacc program and linked with the icsu / wmo world data center for remote sensing of the atmosphere ( wdc - rsat ), which is hosted by dfd. as part of the eu seventh framework program, the energeo project was established to devise a strategy for estimating the influence of the exploitation and use of energy resources on the environment and various ecosystems. this assessment will be based on models and remote sensing data. the strategy is to be demonstrated making use of pilot projects involving a variety of energy sources, including fossil fuels, biomass, solar energy and wind power. helmholtz alliance planetary evolution and life the helmholtz alliance is using an interdisciplinary approach to investigate the relationships between the formation of planets and the evolution of life. entire planets are included in the study, from their outer envelopes of magnetosphere and atmosphere to their core. beginning with earth, other planetary bodies in our solar system will also be studied, such as the earthlike


children ’ s play and early number knowledge recent research at u. c. berkeley ’ s institute of human development ( ihd ) suggests that children ’ s early number knowledge comes about because as children play with objects, they spontaneously set up correspondences between sets and they track what happens as set sizes change. they seem to understand correspondence and simple arithmetic quite well when they actually play with objects. however, they find it quite difficult to look at object sets and try to judge whether sets are of the same size or not. when children solved number problems in the active method, they succeeded up to three times more frequently than they did when they solved the same problems in the passive method. in the active method tasks, their responses to the correspondence problems were nearly perfect, whereas in the passive method correspondences the children responded correctly only about half of the time. when children solved addition and subtraction problems, they were similarly more successful in the active method than in the passive method. one explanation for these differences is that the active method more closely mimics the sort of “ number play ” that young children do when they sort objects, when they set up tea parties, when they arrange for each of their friends to have a toy, and so on. these are examples of naturally occurring correspondences. and importantly, these all involve the children ’ s actions upon the objects. it is also interesting to note that these early number abilities do not associate directly with children ’ s ability to count sets of objects. the children in these studies were younger than three years. they sometimes knew some number words, and perhaps could recite the counting sequence up to five or so, but they were not particularly good at saying how many objects were in front of them. and yet they could solve problems that look remarkably like object based arithmetic when they could act upon the set materials. add your own comment today on education. com workbooksmay workbooks are here! we ' ve got a great round - up of activities perfect for long weekends, staycations, vacations... or just some good old - fashioned fun! get outside! 10 playful activities - kindergarten sight words list - the five warning signs of asperger ' s syndrome - what makes a school effective? - child development theories - why is play important? social and emotional development, physical development, creative development - 10 fun activities for children with autism - test problems : seven reasons why standardized tests are not working - bullying in schools - a teacher ' s guide to differentiating instruction - first grade sight words list


research project search engineering students win with online game may 17, 2008 - a team of ohio university engineering and technology students won an honorable mention from the environmental protection agency for their online environmental game designed to improve public awareness of chemical exposure, the university announced. the russ college of engineering and technology students competed in the 4th annual national sustainable design expo from april 20 - 22 at the national mall in washington, d. c. nearly 60 teams represented colleges and universities across america. the chemical exposure awareness game, funded by a $ 10, 000 epa grant, is played in the online virtual world second life. modeled on monopoly, the game exposes players to various daily chemicals to teach positive and negative effects. players also are encouraged to strive for more sustainable lifestyles. the expo was the second phase of the epa ' s people, prosperity and the planet, p3, competition. the first phase, for which the team won the grant, asked teams to demonstrate how they planned to research and develop innovative designs to address challenges to sustainability. associate professor of computer science chang liu and professor of civil engineering tiao chang led students ying zhong, yanhui fang, en ye and jourdan siemer in developing the game. " our team was the only computer game to compete in the expo, " zhong said in an ou news release. " our game was very popular at the expo, especially with children. " " students waited in lines to play our p3 game, " liu said. " i think this was evidence that our team had made progress toward the goal of improving chemical awareness though engaging programming. "


earth from space : bloom - filled baltic this envisat image captures blue - green algae blooms filling the baltic sea, which is roughly 1600 km long, 190 km wide and has a surface area of about 377 000 sq km. ' algae bloom ' is the term used to describe the rapid multiplying of phytoplankton, microscopic marine plants that drift on or near the surface of the sea. floating freely in the water, phytoplankton are sensitive to sunlight and local environmental variations such as nutrient levels, temperature, currents and winds. the blooms seen here are due to favourable conditions – lots of sunshine, little wind and an increase of nutrients from run - off following the ice season – in the area over the past weeks. although algae blooms are a normal and essential phenomenon, they can be harmful to humans and animals when they produce toxic substances, occur too often or last too long, depleting the concentration of oxygen in the water. due to the toxicity of some phytoplankton and marine algae species, it is important to monitor blooms so that fishermen, fish farmers and public health officials know about such events as soon as possible. while individually microscopic, the chlorophyll that phytoplankton use for photosynthesis collectively tints the surrounding ocean waters, providing a means of detecting these tiny organisms from space with dedicated ' ocean colour ' sensors, like envisat ' s medium resolution imaging spectrometer ( meris ). algae blooms impact the ability of radar sensors, such as the advanced synthetic aperture radar on envisat, to detect oil spills because their presence produces a similar dampening effect on the water ’ s surface. it is important, therefore, for agencies such as the european maritime safety agency, which monitors european waters for oil spills, to know when algae blooms appear to warn satellite image analysts. visible in the image ( clockwise from bottom left ) are parts of germany, sweden, estonia ( top right ), latvia, lithuania, the russian territory of kalingrad and poland. also visible are the swedish islands of gotland and oland ( middle ) and the danish island of bornholm ( lower left ). meris acquired this image on 11 july 2010 at a resolution of 300 m.


the egg matrix creating a ubiquitous information architecture and designing across devices the egg matrix is a tool for planning content, features, and scenarios when creating an information architecture that will exist across multiple devices and touch points. where did the idea come from? in college, i had an environmental design professor who described the field as such : architecture is the profession that designs the shell or the structure of the built environment. interior design is the profession that designs the interactions and spaces inside that built environment. landscape architecture is the profession that designs the space outside this structure. environmental design encompasses all three, studying our interactions with the built environment, how we move through it, how we move around it, how we integrate with the natural environment, and so on. i always had the idea of an egg in my head, in part because he described architecture as being like a shell of sorts, and partially because we talked a lot about animal habitats and homes. environmental design is a human - centered design discipline that covers our physical surroundings. it considers the shared ecology between places and spaces, interiors and exteriors, the mechanic and the organic. many of the same principles and ideals carry over into the digital space. when the digital world spills over into the physical world when we design for digital spaces today, it ’ s no longer safe to assume that the majority of our users will access our information from a similar static setup in an office or home. digital information travels freely now between devices, locations, and online and offline habitats. in fact, it ’ s nearly impossible to know the context or situation that surrounds each of our users. it also seems likely that even before we have mastered the art of designing across desktop and mobile platforms, we will find ourselves creating spaces in cars, kiosks, mirrors, table tops, refrigerators, and many other devices. there is no set of rules that tells us how to create the right mix of content and features so that our users will have a seamless experience whenever and wherever they access our information. the egg matrix the egg matrix is my attempt to create a tool for cataloging the different forces that should be considered when determining the architecture, features, and overall design of a multi - device experience. my hope is that it is flexible enough to be applicable to topical challenges, like designing for mobile vs desktop spaces, but that it also will encompass future needs, such as television or in - car apps. the concept is simple. there is a subset of the experience ( the egg ) that you can directly control. you are responsible for


for mobile vs desktop spaces, but that it also will encompass future needs, such as television or in - car apps. the concept is simple. there is a subset of the experience ( the egg ) that you can directly control. you are responsible for the structure, the content, the messaging, and the interaction that goes into your design. there are also two equally important forces at play that contribute to the experience and overall success of what you ’ ve designed. there is the internal composition of the user ( the yolk ) and the extrinsic environment that the experience takes place in ( the nest ). you might be able to influence certain aspects of both areas, and you might be able to design around certain scenarios, but you ’ ll never be responsible for the creation of these realms. by breaking each area down into individual factors, you ’ ll be able to create a better model for your structure. i ’ ve broken each field out into the initial factors that i thought were most crucial, but there is certainly room for expansion, refinement, and feedback. start with a single node of content, and build out from there. what features are needed to interact with that content? how often is the content accessed by the user? what possible contexts might the user be in when accessing the content? what belief systems might he or she be bringing to the experience? the breakdown currently is as follows : the nest covers environment, location, context, and locomotion. the egg covers message, content, task, frequency, urgency, privacy, intimacy, tracking, and measurement. the yolk covers motivations, needs, desires, and knowledge. you may find yourself creating multiple columns for a single content node to cover the array of possible touch points or devices your users might encounter. i included a section called “ messaging. ” this may relate to a marketing campaign, a company brand message, or a common slogan. it ’ s important the spaces you design don ’ t contradict the messaging being broadcast to users. i ’ ve also included fields for noting tracking and measurements. these are for listing how you plan to measure the experience and what measurement points you ’ re going to look for. how do you know if the model is working? like any other model, it has to be put into action and tested. fortunately, this “ model ” can be tested in several ways. you can gather feed and ask questions of users. you can create a prototype to test. when you ’ re satisfied with the performance of a prototype, you


question : i ran a virus scan and my program turned up a bunch of things it labeled " third - party " cookies. what are these? answer : when you visit most websites, they place cookies on your browser. these are small bits of data that store your site settings for future visits. this is why you don ' t have to constantly log into facebook any time you browse to a new facebook page. those are first - party cookies. third - party cookies are when an advertiser or other third - party service on a site places a cookie. these can often be related to advertising tracking, so it ' s best to opt out of them in your browser. try a service like selectout. q : i bought a new computer to replace my 6 - year - old desktop. should i just throw out the old one? a : no, no and no! computers contain hazardous materials that make it dangerous to just throw them out. instead, you could try recycling it with help from a site like earth911. it will tell you where you can take it and any special considerations. of course, you could give it to a friend or family member that needs a pc, too. just remember to completely wipe your personal information.. q : i just gave my teenage daughter her first cell phone. what can i do to make sure she ' s not visiting any adult sites with it? a : if she does most of her surfing on the house ' s wi - fi, you can use opendns. it filters content at your network router so it protects her from inappropriate sites no matter what gadget she surfs on. if she starts using her gadget ' s 3g or 4g connection to circumvent those blocks, you can download a filtering browser like bsecure. on iphones, however, apple doesn ' t have an official way to change the default browser from safari. you should have a chat with your daughter and make sure she knows what sites are appropriate. q : i keep seeing online that people recommend buying solid - state hard drives instead of conventional drives. what ' s the point? a : a solid - state drive is a little brick of flash memory, like a large usb drive. ssds can make a laptop faster, lighter and more energy efficient. the catch is they can raise the price of a laptop $ 200 to $ 300 and they usually don ' t offer a lot of storage. if you want a performance boost and don ' t store too many large files on your


a ton of things posted. the next step was to take what was added to the prezi and organize it into topics such as “ nile river ” or “ pyramids ” or “ religioni. ” this forced the students to do some thinking as to which category each piece of info went into. - keep it fresh : there is a multitude of tools that can be used through your blog. create a comic on pixton to help students learn / review in a more fun way. have the students post a thought / comment on wall - wisher. have the students create an imaginary conversation between them and someone of their choice about a topic. post some online flashcards for them with flashcardmachine. hold a debate on your blog, which allows everybody to have a voice, instead of just one kid getting called on. share student work, post interesting videos. the possibilities are endless! keep in mind, you want your blog to be something that the students want to go to. so don ’ t “ over blog ” but try to keep new and useful / interesting things going. start building momentum and remind / show the students how helpful it can be. soon, the students will “ buy in ” to your blog and jump on board. and when that happens, you shall have a dynamic blog. my name is dan klumper and i live and teach in brandon, sd. i have taught 6th grade social studies for the past six years. i am originally from worthington, mn. i attended augustana college in sioux falls, sd. i have a passion for technology in education because i believe it can make a huge impact on today ’ s students. thank you. twitter : @ danklumperemail : daniel. klumper @ k12. sd. us


what is a retrofit? main entry : ret · ro · fit pronunciation : \ ’ re - tro - ’ fit, ‘ re - tro - ’ fit \ function : transitive verb 1 : to furnish ( as a computer, airplane, or building ) with new or modified parts or equipment not available or considered necessary at the time of manufacture 2 : to install ( new or modified parts or equipment ) in something previously manufactured or constructed 3 : to adapt to a new purpose or need 4 : to save a lot of money on energy costs! 5 : to update your current lighting system innovation and continuous improvement in the field of lighting have given rise to tremendous energy - saving opportunities. lighting is an area in which there is enormous energy - efficient potential, starting at the design stage by incorporating modern energy - efficient lamps and luminaries. following responsible operational practices also can significantly reduce associated energy costs. lighting is not only a very high priority when considering facility retrofitting, but also is a high - return, low - risk investment. by installing new lighting technologies such as dimmers, photo sensors, occupancy sensors, and timers, facilities can reduce the amount of electricity consumed and energy costs associated with lighting. there are several types of energy efficient lighting and affordable lighting technology : compact fluorescents lights, light - emitting diodes ( leds ), and lighting controls. below are a few examples of energy - saving opportunities with efficient lighting! • installation of energy - efficient fluorescent lamps in place of conventional fluorescent lamps for example converting to t8 or t5 lamps from t12 lamps. • installation of compact fluorescent lamps ( cfls ) in place of incandescent lamps. • installation of high pressure sodium ( hps ) lamps for applications where color rendering is not critical. metal halide lamps should also be considered when correct color is important. • installation of led exit signs to replace incandescents. • installation of high frequency ( hf ) electronic ballasts in place of conventional ballasts. • installation of occupancy sensors, an inexpensive way to ensure that unused lights do not remain on. • installation of microprocessor - based controllers. • installation of photocells, devices that automatically detect the natural light level in a room and adjust the intensity of the artificial light accordingly. • replacing incandescent wall lights and exit sign lighting with cfl or led - lit units will not only save a considerable amount of energy, it also will significantly reduce labor costs associated with changing light bulbs,


l a b s a f e t y the national association of biology teachers recognizes the importance of laboratory activities using human body samples and has developed minimum safety guidelines to minimize the risk of transmitting serious disease. ( " the use of human body fluids and tissue products in biology, " news & views, june 1996. ) these are summarized below : the mouthwash method of dna isolation does generate liquid waste ; however, the risk of spreading an infectious agent is much less likely than from natural atomizing processes, such as coughing or sneezing. several elements further minimize any risk of spreading an infectious agent that might be present in mouthwash samples : consent and confidentiality student particpation in this experiment raises real - life questions about the use of personal genetic data : there is concensus that a human dna sample should be obtained only with the willing consent of a donor, who understands the purpose for which it is being collected. thus, the experiments should be explained ahead of time and students given the option to refrain from participating. ( some teachers may wish to have parents sign a consent from, such as those filled out for a field trip. ) there is also consensus that a dna sample be used only for the express purpose for which it is collected. thus, student dna samples should be thrown away after completing the experiments in this unit. ( in fact, the cheek cell samples are not stable enough for long term storage. ) the alu pv92 insertion and mt control region polymorphisms used in these experiments were specifically selected because they are phenotypically neutral. neither locus encodes a protein, nor has any known relationship to disease states, sex determination, or any other phenotype. even though there is no chance of disclosing phenotypic information about the experimenters, all student polymorphism data stored at our allele server and sequence server sites are anonymous. online submission forms identify students only by number and have no entry fields for personal identifiers. we recommend that each student select a four - digit personal identification number ( pin ) and label their experiment with this number. under this system, there is no chance that a student can ever be linked to his / her sample in the database. alternately, students can be assigned a sequential number, with no permanent key maintained by the teacher. all polymorphisms are inherited in a mendelian fashion and can give indications about family relationships. the pv92 polymorphism has an inherently low information content – usually there are at least several parental genotypes that could account for


gnu mix development kit ( mdk ) mix is donald knuth ' s mythical computer as described in his monumental work the art of computer programming. as any of its real counterparts, the mix features registers, memory cells, an overflow toggle, comparison flags, input - output devices, and a set of binary instructions executable by its virtual cpu. you can program the mix using an assembly language called mixal, the mix assembly language. so, what ' s the use of learning mixal? the mix computer is a simplified version of real cisc computers, and its assembly language closely resembles real ones. you can learn mix / mixal as an introduction to computer architecture and assembly programming : see the mdk documentation for a tutorial on mix and mixal. mdk ( mix development kit ) offers an emulation of mix and mixal. the current version of mdk includes the following applications : - mixasm a mixal compiler, which translates your source files into binary ones, executable by the mix virtual machine. - mixvm a mix virtual machine which is able to run and debug compiled mixal programs, using a command line interface with readline ' s line editting capabilities. - gmixvm a mix virtual machine with a gtk + gui which allows you running and debugging your mixal programs through a nice graphical interface ( see screenshots ). - mixguile a guile interpreter with an embedded mix virtual machine, manipulable through a library of scheme functions. - mixal - mode. el an emacs major mode for mixal source files editing, providing syntax highlighting, documentation lookup and invocation of mixvm within emacs ( since version 22, mixal - mode is part of the standard emacs distribuition ). - mixvm. el an elisp program which allows you to run mixvm within an emacs gud window, simultaneously viewing your mixal source file in another buffer. using the mdk tools, you ' ll be able to - write, compile and execute mixal programs, - set breakpoints and run your programs step by step, - set conditional breakpoints ( register change, memory change, etc. ), - collect execution timing statistics, - trace executed instructions, - inspect and modify the mix registers, flags and memory contents at any step, - simulate mix input - output devices using the standard output and your file system. the user ' s manual


what if each new fragrance we test was actually leeching away our brain ’ s processing power? that ’ s the first thing i thought when i read an article on salon. com reporting the findings of dr. eric spangenberg, an environmental psychologist and the dean of washington state university ’ s college of business. dr. spangenberg carried out a study in a home - goods store in switzerland and two others with his undergraduates in the us to compare the effects of three olfactive environments : unscented, scented with orange, and scented with a more complex blend of orange, basil and green tea ( the two scents both tested as similarly pleasant ). it turns out the single - note scent was the only one to make a difference : in the swiss store, customers spent 20 percent more, while the undergraduates solve more computerized anagrams more quickly. no - scent and complex scent environments yielded identical results. it would make sense that a pleasant scent, if it is compatible with the environment, would drive customers to linger in a store and therefore be exposed to more temptations. it ’ s also quite possible that the smell of oranges lifts the mood of students solving anagrams, therefore enhancing their intellectual performance because they ’ re less stressed out. when i reached out to dr. spangenberg to discuss these issues, this is what he answered : “ our interpretation of fluency theory suggests that it is either, as you suggest, increased affect for the simple scent and therefore they are in a better mood, or the scent enhances cognitive capacity ( and isn ’ t too complex and therefore taking up processing capacity ). it could be some combination of both explanations which would help explain why we found no difference in response behaviors between complex and no - scent, and simple scent was better ( significantly ) that both of those conditions. ” the processing fluency theory he refers to is “ the ease with which information is processed in the human mind ” ( according to wikipedia ). it seems that “ high fluency is subjectively experienced as positive ” : in other words, we feel good when we can suss something out easily. in this theory, fluency has a bearing on what we find beautiful based on symmetry, familiarity, etc. this would explain why the orange - basil - tea, though as pleasant as the orange, doesn ’ t produce the same effect when people experience it without being aware of it. their brains are actually using up processing resources to identify the notes – a bit like a background program slowing other software down


- tea, though as pleasant as the orange, doesn ’ t produce the same effect when people experience it without being aware of it. their brains are actually using up processing resources to identify the notes – a bit like a background program slowing other software down. because the fragrance itself becomes a problem to be solved, they are less engaged by other stimuli ( buying napkins or solving anagrams ). it ’ s like a nagging, subconscious “ i ’ ve got it on the tip of my tongue ” feeling. this may be why i, for one, refrain from testing a new fragrance – or even from wearing fragrance at all – when i ’ m about to tackle a tricky intellectual task. as though i needed to shut the “ background program ”, the floating attention required to turn my impressions of a fragrance into words as i experience it over the hours. but on the other hand, floating attention – as opposed to knitted - brow, “ pick out the notes ” sessions over blotters – is usually what yields the most creative results. it ’ s when i forget the fragrance that i find the words. they pop up while i ’ m performing some mindless activity like walking or taking a shower. which is where processing fluency must kick in : i ’ ve trained the smell = > words paths in my brain, so the connection happens spontaneously when i ’ m not trying to force it. all perfume lovers are familiar with that eureka moment. this makes me wonder whether it ’ s possible that some fine fragrances, despite their complexity, achieve a harmony that makes people process them fluently without even being aware of it. not necessarily because they are simple, figurative and / or familiar, but because somehow their olfactory forms make as much sense as the smell of oranges, echoing proportions, or achieving the same relationship between their notes, as something produced by nature. perhaps that is the key to the success of some original fragrances – as opposed to copycats : people perceive these proportions subconsciously and respond to their harmony. it ' s also possible that becoming more fluent in the language of scent, dedicated perfume lovers may experience the pleasurable feelings procured by fluent processing more frequently. in that case, though testing different scents drains some of our brainpower, we ’ d be benefitting because this fluent processing would subtly enhance our mood, and maybe even our cognitive capacities. that ’ s probably not something that can be tested in labs, but it ’ s a damn sight more reassuring than to think all those vials around my computer


is a rapist? " she thought carefully, then responded by telling her that a rapist is someone who touches you where you do not want to be touched. morgan seemed satisfied with this explanation. the following morning as morgan was saying goodbye to her mother, she said " bye mommy, i hope no one rapes your eyes today. " at that point janelle realized that her explanation was not clear and had been misunderstood. over the next several months, janelle began explaining the difference between healthy and unhealthy sexual experiences. with this as a background, janelle was able to give a more clear explanation of a rapist. it is tempting to give vague explanations when we are unsure of what children know and understand. begin by asking the child what she thinks the answer is. this can help guide parents in giving a more clear explanation. have reasonable expectations children need time to process information. sometimes the questions they ask trigger a great deal of emotion and parents become eager for the child to respond in a certain way to the advice they have given. when the child feels pressure to conform, she will often respond with resistance. it is best to offer suggestions and further questions instead of giving orders. empathize with your child growing up is difficult. a child ' s perspective is often very different than a parent ' s perspective. take time to consider the child ' s point of view. think about her individual temperament, circumstances, relationships, and other factors. all of these issues affect the child ' s development. children need to feel that they are understood, even when they cannot understand themselves.


part 4 - darwinists ' methods of deception of the world - 5 10. darwinists try to use the similarities between monkeys and humans we have already mentioned that darwinism is based on a most simplistic logic and tends to account for life in a most superficial and facile way. as a result, one of darwinists ' most important propaganda tools are monkeys. due to various aspects of their anatomical characteristics, monkeys really are created to be similar to be humans. these similarities are something that deceive most darwinists, and thus lead them to mislead others. in order to be able to make use of the similarity between humans and monkeys, darwinists look at a monkey and emphasize various aspects of its behavior, such as use of tools or ability to learn. the aim is to supposedly legitimize the famous darwinist deception that humans are descended from apes and cause people to form that impression. once some people have been exposed to such conditioning, and go to the zoo or watch a documentary about monkeys, they develop a specific opinion along those lines. so influenced do they become by this darwinist deception that they are easily able to believe that a living thing they see could easily turn into human being " if it grew a bit, shaved off its fur and ate better food. " a few technical similarities laid the foundation for successful darwinist conditioning. programs about monkeys that have learned various primitive forms of behavior similar to those in human beings appear again and again on darwinist tv stations and internet sites. some viewers who see what a monkey can do when trained, and who have little knowledge of darwinism, come to possess a completely erroneous perspective because of the darwinist conditioning they are subjected to. intelligent behavior exhibited by monkeys is shown over and over again in order to strengthen the propaganda regarding these creatures being man ' s supposed earliest forebears. yet this is just another darwinist deception. it is true that monkeys do have some characteristics that resemble those in humans. but this does not alter the fact that humans and monkeys are two completely different entities. by allah ' s leave, so long as there are monkeys in this world they will never be anything other than monkeys. no matter how much they are trained they will never turn into humans with characteristics such as the ability to think, perceive, interpret, foresee, behave intelligently, make judgments, act in a planned and conscious manner or speak. no matter how much they repeat their efforts, monkeys will never be able to design airplanes, build skyscrapers, write poems or


, perceive, interpret, foresee, behave intelligently, make judgments, act in a planned and conscious manner or speak. no matter how much they repeat their efforts, monkeys will never be able to design airplanes, build skyscrapers, write poems or study human beings in the laboratory. no matter how much training they receive, they will never be able to design a project, or produce a superior civilization through reflection and planning. this is because a monkey is an entity with the anatomical features specially bestowed on it by allah, but bereft of the ability to speak and, most importantly, bereft of the human consciousness, of mind and soul. the fact it has a few abilities is definitely not proof of the claim that it is the ancestor of man. in making these claims, darwinists try to make forget the main difference between humans and monkeys. man is an entity capable of saying " i am, " who is aware of his own existence and why he is created, who is capable of reflecting on the reason for his existence and of making judgments. for that reason, man is a totally different entity to other life forms. compared with this, anatomical similarities and abilities have only a minor differential capacity. a conscious entity, aware of its own existence and capable of saying " this is me, " cannot be accounted for in any materialist terms. no materialist account can explain a supposed transition from a life form unconscious and unaware of its own existence into one with a soul and aware of its existence. darwinists can produce as much false evidence for this unscientific account as they wish ( and all the fossils so far produced have been fraud ), but they will never be able to account for the human soul and consciousness. that is what darwinists do not wish to speak of and that inflicts total despair on them as they speak of the co - called evolution of man and try to impose a whole series of false skulls as evidence for this. in addition to all this, there are other living things that display far more intelligent characteristics than monkeys, whose abilities darwinists imagine are the greatest form of evidence. crows, bees, beavers and termites sometimes behave far more intelligently than monkeys, and behave in a way that requires far more ability. for that reason, this claim based on ability and skills is totally misleading. first and foremost, darwinists need to account for what makes human beings human ; how they are affected by what they see and hear, how they think about these, use reason, possess feelings such as respect


based on ability and skills is totally misleading. first and foremost, darwinists need to account for what makes human beings human ; how they are affected by what they see and hear, how they think about these, use reason, possess feelings such as respect, love and loyalty, and possess a soul that enables them to make decisions and judgments. this mindset, that believes in the absolute existence of matter and that regards human consciousness as simply a collection of neurons, is totally speechless in the face of the existence of the soul. for a long time now, darwinists have been working on the origin of consciousness and on imaginary evolution ; or, to put it another way, they have been producing propaganda methods on the subject. but since it is impossible for them to account for matter with a concept that has no material existence, or even to produce an alternative interpretation, they make no claims on that subject at all. indeed, the origin of consciousness, the soul that makes human beings human, belongs to allah. allah has bestowed this as a blessing from himself, and in this way has made humans different to other life forms. the darwinist deception is speechless and baffled on this matter. allah reveals in the qur ' an that he creates man from his own spirit : he who has created all things in the best possible way. he commenced the creation of man from clay ; then produced his seed from an extract of base fluid ; then formed him and breathed his spirit into him and gave you hearing, sight and hearts. what little thanks you show! ( surat as - sajda, 7 - 9 ) an intelligent crow crows from the species corvus moneduloides living on new caledonia in the pacific islands are far superior to chimpanzees when it comes to making tools. researchers investigating crows in their natural habitat on the island of new caledonia in 2003 concluded that the knowledge of tools these animals employed revealed a " technological progress " handed down between generations and individuals. the final example of this miraculous behavior is the behavior of a crow called betty studied in a laboratory in oxford university. betty turned a metal rod into a tool by bending it, with no outside intervention. when her beak was unable to reach food at the bottle of a deep bowl, she found a metal rod for herself in the laboratory and bent the end, turning it into a hook. she was then easily able to extract the food. there is one very important point here that really amazed scientists ; betty was able to realize how the length and flexibility of a material she had never encountered


and bent the end, turning it into a hook. she was then easily able to extract the food. there is one very important point here that really amazed scientists ; betty was able to realize how the length and flexibility of a material she had never encountered before would be of use to her. she managed to bend that flexible material in a manner entirely appropriate to her needs. when scientists wishing to establish whether this achievement of betty ' s was the work of coincidence tested the crow, she achieved the same success 9 times out of 10. the scientists stated that despite tiny betty ' s brain she exhibited a level of intelligence far higher than that of chimpanzees. the bbc, which maintains its darwinist prejudices, commented that " betty has put our closest relatives to shame. " betty is just one of many birds capable of " intelligent " behavior. much research into this is going on is the scientific world. ( for details see, the miracle of talking birds by harun yahya ) these all reveal that evolutionist claims about chimpanzee behavior are largely for propaganda purposes. all comments based on the intelligence of chimpanzees, and claims of a family link between human beings and chimpanzees, are obviously false. 11. darwinists try to spread their visual conditioning and bewitchment you have probably seen this in all darwinist publications. for years, they attempted to portray nebraska man as the most important evidence for evolution. a familiar picture accompanies the articles written about this fictitious creature. an ape - man with a slight stoop, with his wife, habitat, the weapons he used for hunting etc. etc. so detailed is the picture that people have developed a sufficient mental image of this mythical entity. the darwinist aim has been achieved for readers with little opportunity to do their own research and with little knowledge of the subject. readers unaware of the darwinist deception have easily been convinced of the existence of an ape - man living with his family in a primitive environment. but this is not true. the fictitious entity known as nebraska man was based on a single tooth. as we have already described in detail, the tooth in question belonged to a wild pig. in other words, a conviction formed by conditioning people with visual stimuli was produced on the basis of a molar tooth belonging to a wild pig. images of the mythical family of nebraska man were then produced in some way from this pig tooth. to put it another way, enormous cheating went on, and people were blatantly lied to. this


a molar tooth belonging to a wild pig. images of the mythical family of nebraska man were then produced in some way from this pig tooth. to put it another way, enormous cheating went on, and people were blatantly lied to. this method of conditioning is still going on. pictures of fish starting to move from the sea onto dry land and whose fins are gradually turning into legs are total figments of the imagination. darwinists use the same methods in order to make people believe in such a passage, which is devoid of any evidence. placing a series of monkeys gradually becoming more and more erect and turning into humans alongside such reports in scientific journals or web sites carrying this deception makes it possible for the issue to be equated with evolution. shown this report and accompanying visual indoctrination, any reader may perceive this as part of, or even evidence for evolution. most of the time they do not even read the words in the reports, but these pictures reminiscent of evolution remain in their memories. the same people are subjected to the same conditioning from pictures of evolution placed alongside reports about cloning or the human genome project, but which actually have nothing to do with it. the impression is given that any scientific progress in the human genome project is actually scientific proof of evolution. this fraudulent visual conditioning is a typical element of darwinist propaganda. it is one of the most frequently employed psychological conditioning techniques. the fact remains, however, that elaborate reconstructions based on a fossil skull are just works of art that if nothing else, certainly reflect the imaginative powers of different artists. just as in the example of nebraska man. this had absolutely nothing to do with science. not anything to do with evolution. all that is happening is fraudulent indoctrination rather than the production of any scientific evidence. jonathan wells summarized this darwinist fraud : this remarkable set of drawings shows clearly how a single set of fossil bones can be reconstructed in a variety of ways. someone looking for an intermediate form to plug into ape - to - human sequence could pick whichever drawing seems to fit best. the reason why darwinists can perpetrate such fraud so easily is that they can take fossils of extinct life forms, shape them as they wish, and give them whatever appearance they so choose. darwinists use these reconstructions they manufacture so intensively that a book about evolution many volumes in size could be filled with these false pictures alone. indeed, these reconstructions may be the only materials in the possession of a museum of natural history. they show people these false pictures and models


manufacture so intensively that a book about evolution many volumes in size could be filled with these false pictures alone. indeed, these reconstructions may be the only materials in the possession of a museum of natural history. they show people these false pictures and models over many years and give the impressions that the subject really once existed. of course, many people who visit such museums may not admit to the possibility that everything exhibited in a museum of natural history, with official backing and supervised by professors and scientists, is actually a lie and a fraud. they may be affected in this way by what they see and form the opinion that such a mythical life form, with a tiny head, a huge jaw, a stooped gait and a body covered in hair must indeed once have existed. many people there will not know, and will never investigate, that the subjects of these false statues and pictures never lived at all, that they are completely fraudulent, that not a single fossil remain exists to corroborate them and that, on the contrary, the fossil record totally refutes them. the conditioning they are subjected to is so powerful, and the people supporting it so eminent, that even questioning its veracity may seem utterly illogical to them. but in this way, they are constantly deceived, and a mendacious environment is created. when people go to museums of natural history, they are generally shown such false models or drawings rather than the fossils themselves. darwinists cannot produce fossils, because all fossils belong to perfectly formed entities. all fossils show that life forms millions of years ago were perfectly and fully formed. moreover, fossils also show that present - day life forms were around millions of years ago, and have never changed since. this is why fossils, which should be a paleontology museums ' sole reference material, are left out of the equation. since all fossils prove the fact of creation, darwinists kept all the 300 million - plus fossils that had been found hidden away. they never put them on show or displayed them for people. darwinists also use various scientific magazines as tools for visual conditioning. since darwinist journals cannot provide any scientific evidence, they concentrate on propaganda instead. as a requirement of this propaganda, they regard it as sufficient to use striking cover designs, the colors used on the cover and inside pages, the photographs chosen and the language employed in order to send the desired message to the reader. the spell concealed under this mask ensures that the person reading the magazine will be influenced by its visual appearance and the photos within it,


the cover and inside pages, the photographs chosen and the language employed in order to send the desired message to the reader. the spell concealed under this mask ensures that the person reading the magazine will be influenced by its visual appearance and the photos within it, and hugely impressed by the strange, almost mystical latin terminology employed in it. every opportunity, from advertising to movies, from music clips to song lyrics, cartoons, books and newspaper and magazine articles are used to prevent this spell from being broken. the aim is for people to memorize certain words and cliched sentences and be familiarized with certain images. every moment of people ' s lives are filled with the fictitious transitional stages between monkeys and man, mendacious images of transitional fossils, and fraudulent reconstructions of primitive humans. there is huge concentration on this in newspapers and magazines, great or small, in the form of a single word of much more comprehension. the aim is to prevent the effect of the darwinist spell on people being broken. the language deliberately developed against creation, and what they foolishly imagine to be a mocking attitude, are also intended to complete the effect of this spell. the reason for all the jokes, articles, talk and cartoons about belief in allah ( surely allah is beyond that ) is to familiarize people with darwinist indoctrination. this unpleasant spectacle, intended to eliminate any tendency in people towards belief in allah and to lay the foundation for darwinism in their minds, is part of the dajjal ' s stratagem. but this spell has at last been broken. the supporters of the dajjal fail to understand the position in which they find themselves. there can be no question of people continuing to believe in the theory of evolution once they have been told, just one time, of all the evidence that disproves darwinism. that is why, as in all their propaganda techniques, darwinists resort to complicated verbiage, latin terminology and visual conditioning. but all it takes is to tell the true facts just one time, using a very simple form of language, to reveal the evidence that demonstrates the invalidity of darwinism. even someone who has been exposed to a lifetime of darwinist conditioning can never continue to believe in the lie that is darwinism in the face of these irrefutable facts, because he now knows the truth. all it takes is for someone in a pitch dark room to see the sun behind the drapes for just a second. no matter how dark the room he is in, it will no longer


be strong, and that behaving unjustly can benefit him, will constantly suffer the pains of these unpleasant misconceptions. the moral vice he exhibits rebounds against him. the physical and psychological damage inflicted by living in an environment where nobody loves anybody else, where nobody makes sacrifices for anyone else, where nobody protects or watches over anybody else and where there is no justice, love or compassion wears his life away. in short, the darwinist inculcation of irresponsibility is not, as some people imagine, something that makes their lives easier, but rather and on the contrary makes their lives ugly and unpleasant and inflicts material and spiritual suffering. this can be better realized when one considers the social collapse going on in many western countries. believing in darwinism may seem rather more acceptable for some people who prefer not to think about all this. because some people may have a predisposition to take things easy, imagining this will " simplify " their lives. most people see nothing wrong in thinking of themselves as irresponsible beings descended from animals. and that is what darwinism does, literally equating human beings with flies or insects. the evolutionist and paleontologist stephen jay gould summarizes this way of thinking : humans represent just one tiny, largely, fortuitous, and late - arising twig on the enormously arborescent bush of life. 179 the bus posters supported by the atheist richard dawkins in various countries are a clear and explicit instance of the ugly propaganda in question. the posters backed by dawkins indoctrinate people with atheism and thus foolishly advise people to " enjoy life free of any responsibilities. " this call may seem quite realistic to someone who does not think too deeply, and he will quickly receive the darwinist conditioning in question. everything is set out so simplistically that such a person will be unaware of the error he has fallen into and how he has been deceived. the fact is that these posters constitute a great fraud and a grave error. even if one does not believe, one still sees the proofs of allah ' s sublime existence all the time and one still lives the destiny appointed by allah, whether one wishes to or not. the proofs of faith are everywhere – for people who can truly see and think. people can only achieve happiness and enjoy what they experience through faith and love of allah. of course allah, who creates the delights of this world as a blessing, will bestow most of the