sudden dietary changes, weaning, cold, drafts, dampness, dust, high levels of ammonia, poor ventilation in general, and the mixing of widely divergent age groups all play a role in respiratory disease in groups of animals. stress and mixing of animals from several sources should be avoided or minimized. establishing individual animal identification, making accurate clinical and postmortem diagnoses, and maintaining a record system of diagnosis and treatment are important to minimize or control outbreaks of pneumonia. transportation over long distances is another stress factor that plays a major role in the pathogenesis of respiratory infections in large animals. immunization can help control respiratory infection. however, control may be compromised by improper timing, use of ineffective or inappropriate vaccines, or overwhelmingly negative management practices. in most cases, severe insults to the natural defenses cannot be reversed later by therapeutic agents and biologicals. the mucosal surfaces of the respiratory tract contain lymphoid follicles that exchange cells with other parts of the body. however, most of the lymphocytes in the respiratory lining produce only iga, whereas the cells in the lymph nodes of the respiratory tract produce igm and igg. depending on the agent involved, various cell - and antibody - mediated immune responses occur in the respiratory tract and include opsonization, agglutination, immobilization, neutralization of toxins and viruses, blockage of adherence to cells, lysis, and chemotaxis. variation in the type of immune response occurs because of age, species, and the means to respond to specific virulence mechanisms of the pathogens involved. species vary in the type of immune response available at different sites in the respiratory tract. large antigen droplets may immunize the upper tract with iga, but small replicating particles may be necessary to immunize the lower tract. to develop adequate antibody levels to protect the lungs, repeated doses of antigen plus adjuvant, or a replicating antigen, are often necessary. these results are seldom achieved under field conditions ( eg, many field trials using respiratory vaccines in cattle have not demonstrated statistically significant efficacy ). environmental management is an essential part of therapy in allergic respiratory diseases. for example, clinical signs in horses with heaves ( recurrent airway obstruction ) or cattle with hypersensitivity pneumonitis may be effectively controlled by preventing exposure to molds present in hay. last full review / revision march 2012 by ned f. kuehn, dvm


both wearing pfds, row a boat around a 100 - yard course that has at least two turns. demonstrate forward strokes, turns to both sides, and backstrokes. - a. identify five different kinds of aircraft, in flight if possible, or from models or photos. - b. ride in a commercial airplane. - c. explain how a hot - air balloon works. - d. build and fly a model airplane. ( you may use a kit. every time you do this differently, it counts as a completed project. ) - e. sketch and label an airplane showing the direction of forces acting on it ( lift, drag, and load ). - f. make a list of some of the things a helicopter can do that other kinds of airplanes can ' t. draw or cut out a picture of a helicopter and label the parts. - g. build and display a scale model airplane. you may use a kit or build it from plans. 7. things that go - a. with an adult ' s help, make a scooter or a cubmobile. know the safety rules. - b. with an adult ' s help, make a windmill. - c. with an adult ' s help, make a waterwheel. - d. make an invention of your own design that goes. 8. cub scout band - a. make and play a homemade musical instrument - cigar - box banjo, washtub bull fiddle, a drum or rhythm set, tambourine, etc. - b. learn to play two familiar tunes on any musical instrument. - c. play in a den band using homemade or regular musical instruments. play at a pack meeting. - d. play two tunes on any recognized band or orchestra instrument. - a. do an original art project and show it at a pack meeting. every project you do counts as one requirement. here are some ideas for art projects : cub scout art belt loop # 2, or pin # 2, # 4, # 5, # 6, # 7, # 8, # 9, # 10, or # 11 - mobile or wire sculpture - acrylic painting - watercolor painting - clay sculpture - silk screen picture - b. visit an art museum or picture gallery with your den or family. cub scout art pin # 1 - c. find a favorite outdoor location and draw or paint it. cub scout art belt loop # 2 or pin # 11 cub scout art pin # 11 - a. make a simple papier - mache mask. -


bilberry fruit has been used in traditional european medicine for nearly one thousand years. due to its tannin content, it is used internally to treat acute diarrhea, particularly in children, and externally to treat mild inflammation of oral mucous membranes. bilberry is used as a component in a few astringent tea preparations. fruit preparations are used to treat microcirculatory disorders, which include varicose veins, atherosclerosis, venous insufficiency, and degenerative retinal conditions, such as macular degeneration, glaucoma, and cataracts. possible mechanisms of action for its effects on ophthalmic conditions include its ability to protect against the breakdown of rhodopsin ( retinal purple ), a light sensitive pigment located in the rods of the retina, and its ability to regenerate rhodopsin. it may also provide vasoprotection by decreasing capillary fragility and permeability. several human clinical studies have been found in the literature investigating possible new uses for bilberry, particularly visual dysfunctions, including those caused by impaired microcirculation and diabetes mellitus. bilberry fruit preparations have been investigated for their effects on vision acuity in dim light, on patients with pigmentary retinitis when taken with beta - carotene, on night vision in normal subjects, on patients with diabetic retinopathy when taken in combination with beta - carotene, on patients with significant hemeralopia ( diminished vision in bright light ), on patients with macular degeneration, diabetic retinopathy, retinal inflammation, or retinitis pigmentosa, and on patients with progressive myopia. additional studies also investigated bilberry ' s effects on the progression of cataract formation in patients. bilberry fruit extracts may offer relief for vascular disorders including capillary weakness, venous insufficiency, and hemorrhoids. it is also used as a secondary treatment for spasmodic colitis. bilberry fruit contains high concentrations of tannins, substances that act as both an anti - inflammatory and an astringent. the latter quality in particular may help wounds heal more quickly. bilberry is believed to help people with diarrhea by reducing the intestinal inflammation associated with the condition. a close relative of the cranberry, bilberry fruits contain flavonoid


what is bipolar disorder? bipolar disorder, or manic depression, is a medical illness that causes extreme shifts in mood, energy, and functioning. these changes may be subtle or dramatic and typically vary greatly over the course of a person ’ s life as well as among individuals. over 10 million people in america have bipolar disorder, and the illness affects men and women equally. bipolar disorder is a chronic and generally life - long condition with recurring episodes of mania and depression that can last from days to months that often begin in adolescence or early adulthood, and occasionally even in children. most people generally require some sort of lifelong treatment. while medication is one key element in successful treatment of bipolar disorder, psychotherapy, support, and education about the illness are also essential components of the treatment process. what are the symptoms of mania? mania is the word that describes the activated phase of bipolar disorder. the symptoms of mania may include : - either an elated, happy mood or an irritable, angry, unpleasant mood - increased physical and mental activity and energy - racing thoughts and flight of ideas - increased talking, more rapid speech than normal - ambitious, often grandiose plans - risk taking - impulsive activity such as spending sprees, sexual indiscretion, and alcohol abuse - decreased sleep without experiencing fatigue what are the symptoms of depression? depression is the other phase of bipolar disorder. the symptoms of depression may include : - loss of energy - prolonged sadness - decreased activity and energy - restlessness and irritability - inability to concentrate or make decisions - increased feelings of worry and anxiety - less interest or participation in, and less enjoyment of activities normally enjoyed - feelings of guilt and hopelessness - thoughts of suicide - change in appetite ( either eating more or eating less ) - change in sleep patterns ( either sleeping more or sleeping less ) what is a " mixed " state? a mixed state is when symptoms of mania and depression occur at the same time. during a mixed state depressed mood accompanies manic activation. what is rapid cycling? sometimes individuals may experience an increased frequency of episodes. when four or more episodes of illness occur within a 12 - month period, the individual is said to have bipolar disorder with rapid cycling. rapid cycling is more common in women. what are the causes of bipolar disorder? while the exact cause of bipolar disorder is not known, most scientists believe that bipolar disorder is likely caused by multiple factors that interact with each other to produce a chemical imbalance affecting certain parts of the brain. bipolar disorder often runs in families, and


by patrick j. kiger the creators of jousting intended it as test of martial prowess and character, but math and physics also seem to play a significant role. in 2002, erik m. berg and roger l. lampe, who at the time were undergraduate science students at worcester polytechnic institute, wrote this paper in which they mathematically modeled the collision of two jousters and analyzed how the a number of different variables — ranging from the size of the knights and the muscular strength of their grip of their saddles, to the velocity their horses achieve — influence the outcome. berg and lampe found that one critical factor is the alignment of a knight ’ s lance, and the location and angle at which it strikes the opponent ’ s shield or armor. a straight - on blow that hits an opponent in the center of the torso is likely to bend his upper body directly backward. that sort of strike could shatter a lance, if the collective mass and velocity exceed the wooden shaft ’ s tolerance for bending. in order to unhorse an opponent and win more points, however, a knight probably needs for his lance to strike at to one side and at an angle in that direction. if delivered with sufficient force, that type of impact will cause the opponent to rotate to one side as well as backward, and create a greater strain upon his grip on his saddle and horse. the ideal target for a knight, they concluded, is the upper left part of the opponent ’ s armor, just far enough away from the pivot point of the opponent ’ s spine to achieve the maximum torque, but not so far toward the edge that the lance would strike a glancing blow off the armor and not achieve a solid hit. but another key factor in determining a victor is how strongly the knight holds on to his own horse while scoring a hit with his lance. if a knight doesn ’ t have a strong enough grip on his horse, when his lance strikes the opponent, he may end up being knocked out of the saddle himself. finally, assuming that both knights have a similar grip on their horses and both score hits, the critical factor seems to be who strikes first. if the black knight ’ s lance makes contact with the gray knight first, the gray knight will be twisted and pushed back when his lance hits the black knight. that will weaken the gray knight ’ s position atop his horse, and increase the chance that he will be the one who hits the ground. cookies are very small text files that are stored on your computer when you visit some websites. the


every coin has two sides uncovering the model minority myth what group comes to mind when you read the following : top of the class, high test scores, and hard working? if you guessed asian americans, you are seeing the power of the “ model minority ” stereotype. it is true that asian americans, examined statistically as a single group, have in many ways done extraordinarily well. among the major racial and ethnic minority groups in the u. s., asian americans have the highest rate of college degree attainment, the highest number of advanced degrees, and the highest percentage of workers in high - skill occupations. because of this success, some have held asian americans out as the defining example of what it means to achieve the american dream, declaring asian americans as the “ model minority. ” yet, if we take a closer look at the numbers, they reveal a more complex side to this remarkable story. without question, the model minority myth has camouflaged the unique history and socioeconomic characteristics of widely - differing asian american and pacific islander communities. in particular, it has hidden the widespread challenges facing southeast asian and pacific islanders in the public education system. this month we explore the dropout crisis through the eyes of three sisters who attend mckinley high school in hawaii, which has the highest percentage of asian pacific islanders in the country. nea members in hawaii point to cultural and language barriers in the classroom as well as prejudice and unrealistic expectations as contributors to the academic hurdles faced by asian pacific islander students and the high school ’ s 15 percent dropout rate. the myth that all asian americans are high - achievers can be detrimental because it fails to address those students who need help, support, and focused resources to succeed. team nea, to continue to allow these challenges to go unnoticed and unaddressed would be irresponsible and perilous to a community that is seeking our help. in response, we are urging a number of initiatives to improve api achievement. they include expanding the research on apis by disaggregating the data and experiences of each ethnicity. this will lead to the creation of support services and instruction where they are most needed. nea also supports federal policies to ensure schools have more capacity to serve english - language learners and to ensure that there is more outreach to api parents, including bilingual support. providing every child, regardless of race, income or ethnicity, with a quality education is a basic right that our public schools and policymakers must deliver. to make this happen, we must provide all


gbms are the most common and most malignant of the primary cns neoplasms, representing 15 % to 20 % of these tumors. approximately half of all astrocytomas are gbms. gbm is the most common supratentorial neoplasm in adults. gbms usually occur in patients over 50 and are unusual in patients under 30. like anaplastic astrocytomas, gbms can occasionally be found at any age ; anaplastic astrocytomas and gbms are among the four most common primary brain tumors in infants and children under 2 years of age. various symptoms occur with gbm, including seizure, focal neurological deficits, and stroke like syndromes. the first symptom of a brain tumor of any type can be a headache, since these tumors act as masses within the boney skull and thus cause increased pressure in the brain. the headache associated with a brain tumor, is frequently worse in the morning and is accompanied by vomiting. other symptoms of a brain tumor can include seizures, weakness or numbness of a side or part of the body, or such subtle symptoms such as changes in mood, thinking or general state of well being. sometimes increased pressure in the brain can cause blurred, double, or lost vision. if a patient has any of the above symptoms, without any obvious explanation, further work - up is warranted. these tumors can be seen best by magnetic resonance imaging ( mri ) since the degree of detail is much greater than that provided by ct scans. as with other tumors and most particularly with any of the gliomas, once a mass is confirmed by any of the imaging techniques, the diagnosis needs to be established by a biopsy of the mass. the biopsy is usually done in conjunction with aggressive resection of the tumor. the biopsy identifies the particularities of the tumor and differentiates it from other types of masses, such as infection. along with primary cns lymphoma, gbms have the worst prognosis of all primary brain tumors. gbms disseminate early, rapidly, and widely. central nervous system spread is common, but distant metastasis is rare. in selecting the treatment of high grade malignant astrocytomas, it should be kept in mind that the following three ( 3 ) statistically independent factors affect the length of survival : 1 ) age at the time of diagnosis, 2 ) histological features ( grade of the tumor and additional characteristics such as mitotic index ), and 3 )


that the following three ( 3 ) statistically independent factors affect the length of survival : 1 ) age at the time of diagnosis, 2 ) histological features ( grade of the tumor and additional characteristics such as mitotic index ), and 3 ) performance status ( the level of the patient ' s older patients with high grade malignant brain tumors, who are in poor neurological condition at the time of surgery, do less the primary initial therapy is to gain control of the increased intracranial pressure ( icp ). often times, these patients have significant brain swelling, in addition to the presence of and as a consequence of the tumor. pre - treatment with a course of high dose intravenous steroids, may well improve the condition of the patient prior to surgery. in some cases, this may mean a strategic delay of surgical intervention for three ( 3 ) to seven ( 7 ) days. the wait can be rewarded by a far better initial outcome. aggressive surgical excision of the tumor is advocated in most patients. the goal is to reduce the maximum amount of the tumor. in some cases this may mean an extensive frontal or temporal lobectomy. when tumor is within the middle or posterior portions of the temporal lobe, the parietal or anterior or middle occipital lobe, an aggressive internal decompression of the tumor is warranted. it is imperative to understand that there are surgical limitations in the removal of these " infiltrative " tumors because they " spread " along the interconnecting fiber pathways ( tracts ) of the brain. as such, these tumors can rarely be entirely removed there are some advanced technologies that currently assist in the extent of resection. the ability of the surgeon to " visualize " tumor is somewhat limited. magnification of vision, intraoperative ultrasound imaging, intraoperative mri scanning and intraoperative fluorescence techniques ( see below ) are a few of the adjunctive technologies that may be available to assist maximum resection, while limiting the risk of injuring adjacent functioning fluorescence is one of the most advanced concepts for the surgical management of an infiltrative brain tumor and the only method that permits the neurosurgeon to visually identify the tumor that infiltrates brain tissue. this technique ( developed primarily in europe ) involves the ingestion of a medication ( 5 - aminolevulinic acid or " ala " dissolved in water ) that is taken up in certain molecules of the tumor which when subjected to a special violet - blue light beamed through the neurosur


involves the ingestion of a medication ( 5 - aminolevulinic acid or " ala " dissolved in water ) that is taken up in certain molecules of the tumor which when subjected to a special violet - blue light beamed through the neurosurgical operating microscope actually ( " lights up " ) glows. once " seen " under the neurosurgical operating microscope, the surgeon can remove the fluorescent portion by using any of several methods. the neurosurgeons of neurosurgical consultants firmly believe that aggressive resection of the tumor, is the first definitive step in the treatment of these tumors. the surgeon may choose to reserve a small part of the tumor for tissue culture in the laboratory followed by sensitivity testing against various chemotherapeutic agents. it can be helpful to know beforehand, if a certain drug has any or limited effectiveness against this particular tumor, in this particular patient. these additional technologies have helped to improve outcomes. we now routinely culture the tumor and subject it to sensitivity testing against various chemotherapy agents prior to initiating chemotherapy. radiation therapy continues to have an important place in the treatment of most of these patients and is the standard adjunct therapy against which other treatments are compared. refinements have been made that make this treatment less toxic than in previous years. for most patients, this will be the second major treatment option, in a comprehensive therapeutic program. chemotherapy is the third arm of this comprehensive effort to prolong and maintain a high quality of life. traditional management has been to use " standard " forms of chemotherapy. currently there are some unconventional chemotherapeutic alternatives that offer considerable hope for improved quality and length of survival. one of our has utilized these newer medications such as temodar ( temozolamide ), avastin ( bevacizumab, an anti - angiogenesis agent ) and cpt - 11, either alone ( or more commonly ) in combination or with other drugs, to produce encouraging results. additional information regarding these treatments is available at the in some tumor cases we choose to place a special chamber called an " ommaya reservoir " under the scalp, with an attached catheter residing in the " bed " of the tumor, after resection has been completed. this permits the neuro - oncologist to instill chemotherapeutic medications directly into the tumor bed. this is a far more effective methodology than placing " chemotherapy wafers in the tumor bed. there are several treatment concepts that have considerable interest. perhaps the most attractive is


virtopsy : the virtual autopsy multi - slice computed tomography ( msct ) and magnetic resonance imaging ( mri ), when used with 3 - d imaging technology, create vivid images of the interior of the human body. dr. richard dirnhoter and dr. michael thali and thier team of specialists at the university of bern ' s institute of forensic medicine, switzerland are using these new imaging technologies to develop " virtopsy " — a bloodless and minimally invasive " virtual autopsy " procedure to examine bodies for causes of death. virtopsy detects internal bleeding, bullet paths, and hidden fractures hard to find in a traditional autopsy. the msct and mri aid in picturing fracture patterns, bone and missile fragmentation, brain contusion, 3 - d bullet localization, gas embolism, and blood aspiration to the lung. unlike traditional autopsy, virtopsy does not destroy human tissue. it can be used when religious beliefs prohibit, or families object to, the cutting open of the body. the developers of virtopsy do not envision the procedure as a replacement for traditional autopsy but as a tool to be used in cases where dissection of the body is not feasible or where forensic evidence is particularly hard to visualize.


the nobel prize in physics 1906 joseph john thomson was born in cheetham hill, a suburb of manchester on december 18, 1856. he enrolled at owens college, manchester, in 1870, and in 1876 entered trinity college, cambridge as a minor scholar. he became a fellow of trinity college in 1880, when he was second wrangler and second smith ' s prizeman, and he remained a member of the college for the rest of his life, becoming lecturer in 1883 and master in 1918. he was cavendish professor of experimental physics at cambridge, where he succeeded lord rayleigh, from 1884 to 1918 and honorary professor of physics, cambridge and royal institution, thomson ' s early interest in atomic structure was reflected in his treatise on the motion of vortex rings which won him the adams prize in 1884. his application of dynamics to physics and chemistry appeared in 1886, and in 1892 he had his notes on recent researches in electricity and magnetism published. this latter work covered results obtained subsequent to the appearance of james clerk maxwell ' s famous " treatise " and it is often referred to as " the third volume of maxwell ". thomson co - operated with professor j. h. poynting in a four - volume textbook of physics, properties of matter and in 1895 he produced elements of the mathematical theory of electricity and magnetism, the 5th edition of which appeared in 1921. in 1896, thomson visited america to give a course of four lectures, which summarised his current researches, at princeton. these lectures were subsequently published as discharge of electricity through gases ( 1897 ). on his return from america, he achieved the most brilliant work of his life - an original study of cathode rays culminating in the discovery of the electron, which was announced during the course of his evening lecture to the royal institution on friday, april 30, 1897. his book, conduction of electricity through gases, published in 1903 was described by lord rayleigh as a review of " thomson ' s great days at the cavendish laboratory ". a later edition, written in collaboration with his son, george, appeared in two volumes ( 1928 and 1933 ). thomson returned to america in 1904 to deliver six lectures on electricity and matter at yale university. they contained some important suggestions as to the structure of the atom. he discovered a method for separating different kinds of atoms and molecules by the use of positive rays, an idea developed by aston, dempster and others towards the discovery of many isotopes. in addition to those just mentioned, he wrote the books, the structure of light (


separating different kinds of atoms and molecules by the use of positive rays, an idea developed by aston, dempster and others towards the discovery of many isotopes. in addition to those just mentioned, he wrote the books, the structure of light ( 1907 ), the corpuscular theory of matter ( 1907 ), rays of positive electricity ( 1913 ), the electron in chemistry ( 1923 ) and his autobiography, recollections and reflections ( 1936 ), among many other publications. thomson, a recipient of the order of merit, was knighted in 1908. he was elected fellow of the royal society in 1884 and was president during 1916 - 1920 ; he received the royal and hughes medals in 1894 and 1902, and the copley medal in 1914. he was awarded the hodgkins medal ( smithsonian institute, washington ) in 1902 ; the franklin medal and scott medal ( philadelphia ), 1923 ; the mascart medal ( paris ), 1927 ; the dalton medal ( manchester ), 1931 ; and the faraday medal ( institute of civil engineers ) in 1938. he was president of the british association in 1909 ( and of section a in 1896 and 1931 ) and he held honorary doctorate degrees from the universities of oxford, dublin, london, victoria, columbia, cambridge, durham, birmingham, gottingen, leeds, oslo, sorbonne, edinburgh, reading, princeton, glasgow, johns hopkins, aberdeen, athens, cracow and philadelphia. in 1890, he married rose elisabeth, daughter of sir george e. paget, k. c. b. they had one son, now sir george paget thomson, emeritus professor of physics at london university, who was awarded the nobel prize for physics in 1937, and one daughter. from nobel lectures, physics 1901 - 1921, elsevier publishing company, amsterdam, 1967 this autobiography / biography was written at the time of the award and first published in the book series les prix nobel. it was later edited and republished in nobel lectures. to cite this document, always state the source as shown above. for more updated biographical information, see : thomson, joseph john, recollections and reflections. g. bell and sons : london, 1936. j. j. thomson died on august 30, 1940. copyright © the nobel foundation 1906 mla style : " j. j. thomson - biography ". nobelprize. org. 22 may 2013 http : / / www. nobelprize. org / nobel _ prizes / physics / laureates / 1906 / thomson - bio. html


the story of " the lyingstones ” and beringer ’ s study of fossils and the famous beringer fossilhoax. how they train : luge time ' s sean gregory gets pushed down an ice track as he follows olympic hopeful erin hamlin while she trains for the games in vancouver. crohns disease module 8 : going to school learn what to do if youre not feeling well or wondering whether or not to tell classmates why you may be missing class. this module will address the following questions : how do we make a school aware of the illness? who do we work with to make an accommodation plan? dealing with controversial issues this program examines how social studies teachers in any grade level can encourage open and informed discussions with their students while dealing with controversial issues. topics range from stereotypes and gender – based discrimination to the conflict in the middle east. through clearly identifying issues, listening to multiple perspectives, and formulating personal positions, teachers can explore a variety of strategies that can be used to teach challenging issues such as these in thei learning as synaptic change this module presents researchers investigating the structural changes involved in learning. research conducted at the pasteur institute in paris shows that the learning process involves the formation of new brain connections and the elimination of others. other researchers dispel the myth of brain loss in aging, present evidence of changes at the cellular level, and revi perception : inverted vision the peculiar image inversion process that takes place in the normal visual system is examined in this module. the program traces the experiences of an art student who volunteers to wear lenses that invert her visual world, connecting the adaptation process she undergoes with how the visual system functions. graphic animations reinforce understanding of the mechanism invo waves, beaches and coasts this program shows the dynamic interaction of two geologic agents : rocky landmasses and the energy of the ocean. aspects of waves — their types, parts, movement, and impact on the shore — are illustrated. the program also covers shoreline characteristics, currents, sea barriers, tides, and how the greenhouse effect could impact sea level and coastal lands.


how to draw arms on a cartoon girl in this clip the arms are added to the character. step - by - step narration by artist danny page. english captions. ( 2 : 15 ) teaching kids about money values this how - to video gives parents ideas about how to teach kids about money values and what amount each coin and dollar represents. this is demonstrated by showing how to add the sum of the coins and dollars on a worksheet. ( 1 : 35 ) treating dyslexia. part of the series : dyslexia. treating dyslexia begins with early diagnosis and teaching at the mastery level, where a student masters a grade level of materials before pursuing the next level. ( 3 : 11 ) how to secure a wireless internet connection wireless connection should be secured so that only authorized people can access the network. find out how most wireless configuration utilties are browser - based - go to a specific web address and you will be able to access the settings. how to set up your home network the first step in setting up a home network is obtaining a router, running tests for connectivity, connecting the router to the dsl or cable modem and connecting the computer. learn about following the manufacturer ' s instructions to configure a router. computer networking tutorial - 5 - osi model data link layer this is an informative video on the data link layer of the osi model. run time 05 : 37. ten things i hate about you / taming of the shrew this is a clip from the film remake of the the shakespeare play starring heath ledger. he is serenading julia stiles ' character and can be used in a unit on persuasion or changes in plot. electrical systems current ( sv ) how does current work? find out as this teacher from dallas, texas, helps you learn. this video is in lecture format - with the teacher speaking into the camera and a dry erase board behind her. she focuses much of her time on the formulas for currents and amps. some key words include : matter, positive charge, negative charge, repel, attract, electron, coulombs, current, flow, and amp. run time 04 : 00. after oersted ' s 1820 discovery that electric currents create magnetism, it was obvious that in some way magnetism should be able to create electric currents. the discovery of electromagnetic induction, in 1831, by michael faraday and joseph henry was one of the most important of the 19th century, not only scientifically,


, it was obvious that in some way magnetism should be able to create electric currents. the discovery of electromagnetic induction, in 1831, by michael faraday and joseph henry was one of the most important of the 19th century, not only scientifically, but also technologically, because it is the means electromagnetic induction makes it easy and natural to generate alternating current. use of transformers makes it practical to distribute ac over long distances. although nikola tesla understood all this, thomas edison chose not to, and thereby hangs a tale. alternating current circuits obey a differential equation identical to the harmonic oscillator resonance equation how does a solenoid work? a solenoid works by having electricity flow through its copper wire that is provided by a power supply and a switch. learn how a solenoid becomes a magnet when electricity is supplied to it with information from a science teacher in this video. what is an electrical inverter? an electrical inverter is a device that can create an alternating current from a direct current, allowing the current to go backwards and forwards instead of in only one direction. find out how an electrical inverter works from a science teacher in this voltage and current, part 1 this video describes voltage, the potential difference or " pressure " that pushes electric charges through conductors. the kidney and nephron this is an overview of how the nephrons in the kidney filter blood and re - absorb water and other molecules. mr. khan uses computer software ( with different colors for clarification and emphasis ) to illustrate his points. sal khan is the recipient of the 2009 microsoft tech award in education. the history of roman catholicism this is a brief history of roman catholicism. it is narrated by a woman as historical pictures are flashing across the screen. drawing cartoon insects : drawing cartoon dragonflies add character to a cartoon dragonfly with a dragon - like nose. watch and learn from the artist ' s drawing. step - by - step narration by artist daniel page. english captions. ( 2 : 25 ) the pacific war - iwo jima clip ( in color ) this documentary includes rare color footage of the u. s. marines in action in the pacific during world war ii. for years the world has watched films of world war ii in black and white. now for the first time, follow alongside those who experienced the war first hand in this remarkable and moving portrait revealing never - before - seen footage shot in full color. on december 7, 1941, japan launched its attack on pearl harbor resulting in the united states being thrust


graduate student at the harvard - smithsonian center for astrophysics ( cfa ) who first spotted the hint of the planet among the data. " it is much smaller, cooler, and more earthlike than any other known exoplanet. " berta added that some of the planet ' s water should be in the form of exotic materials like ice vii ( seven ) - - a crystalline form of water that exists at pressures greater than 20, 000 times earth ' s sea - level atmosphere. astronomers found the new planet using the mearth ( pronounced " mirth " ) project - - an array of eight identical 16 - inch - diameter rc optical systems telescopes that monitor a pre - selected list of 2, 000 red dwarf stars. each telescope perches on a highly accurate software bisque paramount and funnels light to an apogee u42 charge - coupled device ( ccd ) chip, which many amateurs also use. " since we found the super - earth using a small ground - based telescope, this means that anyone else with a similar telescope and a good ccd camera can detect it too. students around the world can now study this super - earth! " said david charbonneau of cfa, lead author and head of the mearth project. mearth looks for stars that periodically decrease in brightness because planets cross in front of, or transits, their stars. during such a mini - eclipse, the planet blocks a small portion of the star ' s light, making it dimmer. using innovative data processing techniques, astronomers can tease out the telltale signal of a transiting planet and distinguish it from " false positives " such as eclipsing double stars. nasa ' s kepler mission also uses transits to look for earth - sized planets orbiting sun - like stars. however, such systems dim by only one part in ten thousand. the higher precision required to detect these transits means that such worlds can only be found from space. in contrast, a super - earth transiting a small, red dwarf star yields a more pronounced decrease in brightness that can be detected from the ground. astronomers then use instruments like the harps ( high accuracy radial velocity planet searcher ) spectrograph at the european southern observatory to measure the companion ' s mass and confirm it is a planet, as they did with this discovery. when astronomers compared the measured radius of gj1214b to theoretical models, they found that the observed radius exceeds the model ' s prediction, even assuming a pure water planet. something more than the planet ' s


##m? id = 187 research channel interview with charbonneau about his life ' s work : / news / longurl. cfm? id = 188 david charbonneau : discover magazine ' s scientist of the year : http : / / discovermagazine. com / 2007 / dec / scientist /? searchterm = charbonneau david charbonneau, nsf ' s 2009 alan t. waterman awardee release : http : / / www. nsf. gov / news / news _ summ. jsp? cntn _ id = 114304 & org = nsf & from = news nsf and nsb pay tribute to top american scientists, including brief charbonneau statement : http : / / www. nsf. gov / nsb / news / news _ summ. jsp? cntn _ id = 114819 & org = nsf the national science foundation ( nsf ) is an independent federal agency that supports fundamental research and education across all fields of science and engineering. in fiscal year ( fy ) 2012, its budget was $ 7. 0 billion. nsf funds reach all 50 states through grants to nearly 2, 000 colleges, universities and other institutions. each year, nsf receives about 50, 000 competitive requests for funding, and makes about 11, 500 new funding awards. nsf also awards about $ 593 million in professional and service contracts yearly. get news updates by email useful nsf web sites : nsf home page : http : / / www. nsf. gov nsf news : http : / / www. nsf. gov / news / for the news media : http : / / www. nsf. gov / news / newsroom. jsp science and engineering statistics : http : / / www. nsf. gov / statistics / awards searches : http : / / www. nsf. gov / awardsearch /


woah. death came to two digital music pioneers within just a couple of days of each other. max matthews, widely considered the father of computerized music, died on april 21st. two days later, the inventor of the compact disc, sony ’ s norio ohga, also passed away. in 1957, matthews, then working for bell labs, wrote a program called “ music, ” which played back synthesized sounds according to the user ’ s input. his work is the foundation upon which all subsequent computer music, including his own additional innovations, have been built. ohga, who led sony ’ s immense growth as president from 1982 through 1995, pushed for the development of the media - revolutionizing compact disc. in addition to determining the size of the disc, the classical music lover and former aspiring opera singer famously mandated the cd ’ s 75 - minute running time so that it would fit the entirety of beethoven ’ s symphony no. 9. ah, when music fans were in charge … digital music evolved greatly in the intervening years and beyond. matthews ’ initial forays inspired more the actual creation of synthesizer music, rather than the development of digital formats. it wasn ’ t until 1975 that betamax developed high - fidelity digital audio to their compact video cartridges ( ultimately falling to the competing vhs format, which quickly caught up to beta ’ s audio quality ). 1978 similarly saw an audio development married to a video format in the laserdisc, the first optical disc storage format available commercially, which offered unparalleled audio quality in terms of home video. however, due to the high cost of discs and players alike, along with its inconvenient size ( about that of a vinyl lp, but heavier ), the laserdisc never truly caught on. but both of these developments were important steps in the evolution of digital music. the laserdisc is essentially a giant cd and led directly to the game - changing success of that smaller format, first made available in 1982 by norio ogha ’ s sony. the cd itself inspired further innovations — the high definition cd and minidisc are obviously direct descendants, and digital audio tape ( dat ) owes more to the cd than the compact cassette. then around 1988, apple inc. introduced the audio interchange file format ( aiff ), a non - compressed digital file that could store pieces of audio for personal use. aiff is still widely used today by audio professionals, along with the waveform audio file format ( wav ) and digidesign ’ s sound designer ii ( sd


symptom onset most often occurs in the sixth decade of life. symptoms may include balance difficulties, sudden falls, stiffness ( rigidity ), slowness of movement ( bradykinesia ), an impaired ability to perform certain voluntary eye movements and visual disturbances. affected individuals may also develop slurred speech, swallowing difficulties, personality changes, dystonia, sudden involuntary " shock - like " muscle contractions ( myoclonus ) or other abnormalities. psp usually occurs randomly for unknown reasons ( sporadically ) ; however, there are some reports of families with multiple affected members, suggesting a possible hereditary component to the disease. this degenerative disease causes poor balance leading to frequent falls. eventually there will be problems with eye movement leaving a person unable to look down or up. the disease progresses far quicker than parkinson ’ s and there are no specific medical treatments. this degenerative brain disorder produces the symptoms of parkinsonism. with this comes early dementia, hallucinations, a low attention span and poor problem solving skills. levodopa can make the hallucinations worse. lbd is an umbrella term for two related diagnoses. lbd refers to both parkinson ’ s disease dementia and dementia with lewy bodies. the earliest symptoms of these two diseases differ, but reflect the same underlying biological changes in the brain. over time, people with both diagnoses will develop very similar cognitive, physical, sleep, and behavioral symptoms. while it may take more than a year or two for enough symptoms to develop for a doctor to diagnose lbd, it is critical to pursue a formal diagnosis. early diagnosis allows for important early treatment that may extend quality of life and independence. lbd is a multisystem disease and typically requires a comprehensive treatment approach. this approach involves a team of physicians from different specialties who collaborate to provide optimum treatment of each symptom without worsening other lbd symptoms. many people with lbd enjoy significant improvement of their symptoms with a comprehensive approach to treatment, and some can have remarkably little change from year to year. some people with lbd are extremely sensitive or may react negatively to certain medications used to treat alzheimer ’ s or parkinson ’ s in addition help is a phone call away! ( 303 ) 861 - 1810


what is multivitamin? multivitamins are a combination of many different vitamins that are normally found in foods and other natural sources. multivitamins are used to provide vitamins that are not taken in through the diet. multivitamins are also used to treat vitamin deficiencies ( lack of vitamins ) caused by illness, pregnancy, poor nutrition, digestive disorders, and many other conditions. multivitamins may also be used for other purposes not listed in this medication guide. many vitamins can cause serious or life - threatening side effects if taken in large doses. do not take more of this medication than directed on the label or prescribed by your doctor. if you have any medical conditions, ask your doctor before taking a multivitamin. if you have certain conditions, you may need a certain vitamin formulation or special tests while taking a multivitamin. do not take multivitamins without telling your doctor if you are pregnant or plan to become pregnant. some vitamins and minerals can harm an unborn baby if taken in large doses. you may need to use a prenatal vitamin specially formulated for pregnant women. multivitamins can pass into breast milk and may harm a nursing baby. do not use this medication without telling your doctor if you are breast - feeding a baby. avoid taking more than one multivitamin product at the same time unless your doctor tells you to. taking similar vitamin products together can result in a vitamin overdose or serious side effects. avoid the regular use of salt substitutes in your diet if your multivitamin contains potassium. if you are on a low - salt diet, ask your doctor before taking a vitamin or mineral supplement. do not take this medication with milk, other dairy products, calcium supplements, or antacids that contain calcium. calcium may make it harder for your body to absorb certain ingredients of the multivitamin. back to top seek emergency medical attention if you think you have used too much of this medicine. an overdose of vitamins a, d, e, or k can cause serious or life - threatening side effects. certain minerals contained in a multivitamin may also cause serious overdose symptoms if you take too much. overdose symptoms may include stomach pain, vomiting, diarrhea, constipation, loss of appetite, hair loss, peeling skin, tingly feeling in or around your mouth, changes in menstrual periods, weight loss, severe headache, muscle or joint pain, severe back pain, blood in your urine, pale skin, and easy bruising or bleeding


i stand at the edge of a dream, my breath a cloud. snow has transformed my familiar landscape and chilled my toes. this careless arm of the east verde where my grandchildren splashed away the summer has frozen over and snow has rendered abstract the shapes of rocks and junipers. water gleams in all its forms about me — still flowing in the stream, gathered in vapor on my breath, crystallized into snow on every hand, frozen into ice underfoot. i wish i knew the proper prayer — the light step of the ritual dance — the intonation of the chant – to offer at such a moment. instead, i kneel at the edge of the stream and study the ice, perhaps the most unlikely of water ’ s forms. here ’ s a nugget to suck on : chill any other liquid and the jittery molecules will slow down — bouncing about less as the temperature drops. eventually, the liquid will settle into a stable crystal lattice — which takes up less space than the liquid did. that ’ s why all other liquids most sensibly condense when they freeze. but not water, thank the lord. water ’ s made of one molecule of hydrogen linked to two molecules of oxygen. these amiable molecular companions actually share electrons to keep everyone happy. moreover, a water molecule has a slight positive electrical charge at one end and a faint negative electrical charge at the other end. this accounts for the nearly miraculous chemistry of water — on which life on the planet depends utterly. for starters, as water cools below 32 degrees f the molecules slip into a strange and counter - intuitive crystalline lattice. once they click into place, they actually take up about 9 percent more space than they did as a warm liquid. now, that didn ’ t work out so well for folks in rim country who left the water on in empty houses during the big freeze, since the expanding ice in the neglected pipes can split open even copper or steel. but water ’ s demented determination to expand when it ought to contract makes life on the planet possible. if water contracted as it froze, then sea ice would form at the surface every winter and sink to the bottom. over time, the oceans would freeze solid — and we could not be here. we could go on and on about the fortunate strangeness of water. for instance, the positive and negative ends of water molecules account for surface tension — so useful to water skiers, stone - skippers and water bugs. but it also explains what ’ s called “ capillary action, ”


okay, i ' ll chime in... the purpose of reinforcement is to increase the occurrence of a behavior. one of the main principles of any learning theory ( whether it be classical or operant conditioning ) is that they, for the most part, follow aristotle ' s laws of association, of which there are four. now, many behaviorists maintain that the laws of similarity and contrast don ' t play as major a role in conditioning as do the other two : the law of contiguity and law of frequency. law of frequency is easy to understand : the higher the frequency in which two things are linked together, the more likely they are to be strongly associated. law of contiguity predicts that things that occur close together in space and time, will be more likely to be associated. now, take these laws and apply them to learning theory. the more frequently you pair food with a behavior, the more likely the organism will be to perform the behavior. why? because the behavior has, in the past, brought about an appetitive consequence. but, you have to also take into consideration the law of contiguity. things that occur together in space and time. so, if the dog gets the treat, right after it comes to you, then you are positively reinforcing that behavior. in reality, this is how many of us teach a recall to our dogs. we call dog, dog comes to us, dog gets treat! so, why would we even say that we are " resetting " the dog by getting it to come to us, when, in reality, you ' re just teaching it to come to you. now, is there such a thing as delayed reinforcement? yes, but there is not a ton of empirical support for the idea that it is as effective. in fact, most researchers cite skinner ' s ( 1938 ) original study using immediate reinforcement and reinforcement occurring at 2, 3, and 4 second delays in their arguments against the efficacy of delayed reinforcement. in fact, skinner found that while the rats could acquire the behavior when reinforcement was delayed ( 2, 3, and 4 seconds ), it was severely retarded as compared to immediate reinforcement. now, if we look at marker training ( which is actually referred to as a conditioned reinforcer by behaviorists ), many studies have shown that the conditioned reinforcer functions in much the same was as a primary reinforcer, where a primary reinforcer is simply a reinforcer that is inherently good, and the organism does not


a conditioned reinforcer by behaviorists ), many studies have shown that the conditioned reinforcer functions in much the same was as a primary reinforcer, where a primary reinforcer is simply a reinforcer that is inherently good, and the organism does not have to " learn " it ' s value ( the most common examples of primary reinforcers are food, water, and sex ). a conditioned, or secondary, reinforcer on the other hand is one in which the " goodness " of it is learned ( for example, the clicker in clicker training ) through classical conditioning ( the pairing of a previously neutral stimulus with an unconditioned stimulus )... however, this only occurs if the proper classical conditioning trials take place for that previously neutral stimulus. as a side note, seconary reinforcers are also the primary mechanism in our economic system ( i. e., you aren ' t born knowing that money is good, but you do learn that it can be used to get you other things, which is good ) which is basically a larger scale token economy ( commonly used in mental hospitals and prisons ). therefore, to me, you don ' t need to use this " reset " with a dog if you ' re also using other consequences in your training with the right frequency and contiguity... and, no, people, i ' m not simply talking about a prong collar correction... even something as simple as turning your back - negative punishment - used in conjunction with positive reinforcement can gain the behavior you want ( i ' ve done all of axo ' s training using these two consequences, and greg has even made a comment that he ' s starting to look incredible with his behaviors, all things considered ( his age, etc ) )... see, this is what happens when you catch me while i ' m writing a lecture for learning!


journal issue : children with disabilities volume 22 number 1 spring 2012 this issue of the future of children explores childhood disability — its prevalence, nature, treatment, and consequences. with unprecedented numbers of u. s. children now being identified as having special medical and educational needs and with the nation ' s resources for addressing those needs increasingly constrained, the topic is timely. public discussion of childhood disability, by the media, parents, scholars, and advocates alike, tends to emphasize particular causes of disability, such as autism, asthma, cystic fibrosis, or attention - deficit / hyperactivity disorder ( adhd ). in this volume, however, we focus not on individual disabilities, but rather on cross - cutting themes that apply more broadly to the issue of children with disabilities. to this end, we commissioned a group of experts to review research on childhood disability, including its definition ( itself a challenge ), its prevalence and trends over time ( likewise ), and the costs it imposes both on the individual child and on the child ' s family. our contributors also consider disability within the context of the nation ' s educational, health insurance, and medical systems ; the impact of emerging technologies on the experience of disability ; and the definition of health care quality. the volume concludes with a discussion of the prevention of childhood disability.


psc provides major support for unprecedented noaa and university of oklahoma storm - forecast experiment psc improved performance of the forecast model, automated the daily runs and coordinated a dedicated high - bandwidth link. pittsburgh, may 10, 2007 — spring on the great plains brings one of nature ' s most awesome performances of fierce weather, as the may 5th weekend in kansas tragically demonstrated. many residents of greensburg, kansas credited the national weather service, which gave a half - hour advance warning, with preventing an even worse disaster. nevertheless, tornados are notoriously hard to predict, and better warnings - hours in advance, instead of minutes, with greater reliability in the prediction - could save countless lives. to that end, noaa ( the national oceanic and atmospheric administration ) this spring has mounted an unprecedented experiment in forecasting severe storms. to support it the pittsburgh supercomputing center ( psc ) has brought to bear an awesome array of technology, its cray xt3 - a lead system of the national science foundation ( nsf ) teragrid - and a dedicated high - bandwidth network link between pittsburgh and oklahoma contributed by cisco systems, inc. a major goal of the 2007 noaa hazardous weather testbed ( hwt ) spring experiment is to assess how well " ensemble " forecasting - a very computationally demanding approach - works to predict thunderstorms, including the " supercells " that spawn tornados. it is the first time ensemble forecasts, multiple runs of the same forecast model ( to measure the uncertainty inherent in weather forecasts ), are being carried out at the spatial resolution at which storms occur ( finer than operational forecasts, thereby requiring more computing ). it is also the first time ensemble forecasts are being carried out in real time in an operational forecast environment. " ensembles have been used extensively in larger - scale models, " said steven weiss, science and operations officer of the noaa storm prediction center ( spc ) in norman, oklahoma. " but they have never before been used at the scale of storms. this is unique - both in terms of the forecast methodology and the enormous amount of computing. the technological logistics to make this happen are nothing short of amazing. " collaborators in the experiment, in addition to psc and spc, are the center for analysis and prediction of storms ( caps ) at the university of oklahoma, norman ; the noaa national severe storms laboratory in norman ; lead ( linked environments for atmospheric discovery ), an nsf large information technology research grant program and teragrid science


for analysis and prediction of storms ( caps ) at the university of oklahoma, norman ; the noaa national severe storms laboratory in norman ; lead ( linked environments for atmospheric discovery ), an nsf large information technology research grant program and teragrid science gateway ; and the national center for supercomputing applications ( ncsa ) in illinois, a lead teragrid resource provider. to implement caps ' daily forecast runs on psc ' s cray xt3 using the wrf ( weather research and forecast ) model, psc provided technological and staff assistance at several levels : - psc networking staff coordinated with onenet, a regional network of the state of oklahoma, and national lambda rail ( nlr ), a network initiative of u. s. universities, and with cisco systems, who contributed use of a dedicated " lambda " ( a 10 - gigabit - per - second optical - network ) for up to a 12 - month period. - psc implemented the lambda at its end in january, using existing equipment in the pittsburgh metro and local - area network. the backbone is provided by nlr and onenet provides the link from tulsa to norman, oklahoma. - this dedicated link - from the cray xt3 to onenet in tulsa to a supercomputer at the university of oklahoma ( which ingests and post - processes the data ) - makes possible the transfer of 2. 6 terabytes of data per forecast day. - psc staff optimized the latest version of the wrf model to run on the cray xt3, gaining a threefold speedup in input / output ( i / o ) of the wrf code, substantially improving overall performance. - psc also optimized the i / o for post - processing routines used to visualize and analyze the forecast output, achieving 100 - fold speedup. - psc modified the reservation and job - processing logic of its job - scheduling software to implement auto - scheduling of wrf runs and related post - processing, 760 separate jobs each day, demonstrating the teragrid ' s ability to use the cray xt3, a very large " capability " resource, on a scheduled, real - time basis. the noaa hwt spring experiment forecasts require more than a hundred times more computing daily than the most sophisticated national weather service operational forecasts. to meet this need, psc ' s cray xt3 ( 2, 068 2. 6 ghz dual - core processors, 21 teraf


more than a hundred times more computing daily than the most sophisticated national weather service operational forecasts. to meet this need, psc ' s cray xt3 ( 2, 068 2. 6 ghz dual - core processors, 21 teraflops peak ) is the most powerful " tightly - coupled " system ( designed to optimize inter - processor communication ) available via the teragrid. each night, from april 15 until june 1, caps transmits weather data to the cray xt3, which runs a 10 - member ensemble ( 10 runs of the model ) in addition to a single higher - resolution wrf run, in time to produce a forecast for the next day by morning. the forecast domain extends from the rockies to the east coast, two - thirds of the continental united states. the ensemble runs are at four - kilometer horizontal resolution, with the single wrf forecast at two kilometers. a scientific objective is to assess the value of ensemble forecasts in relation to the higher - resolution forecast, and the xt3 and the high - bandwidth link to oklahoma make it possible to do both of these demanding runs daily under real - time constraints. along with ensemble forecasts and use of the cray xt3, the dedicated lambda is also unprecedented. " there ' s no other traffic on this lambda, " said wendy huntoon, psc director of networking. " this is probably the first time a lambda has been dedicated to a single research effort. all of us involved in this experiment are grateful to cisco. " huntoon, who is also director of operations for nlr, helped to coordinate among onenet, nlr and cisco to implement the contributed lambda. " the forecast runs at pittsburgh ship terabytes of data back to oklahoma every day, " said ming xue, director of caps. " it wouldn ' t be possible without this network connection. " " this experiment represents an enormous leap forward, " said university of oklahoma meteorologist kelvin droegemeier, who directs lead and, as former director of caps, has led several spring forecasting experiments over the past decade. " ensembles open up a new array of interpretative capabilities to forecasters analyzing how good the forecast is. with ensembles, you ' re not only forecasting the weather, you ' re forecasting the accuracy of the forecast. " other parts of the experiment use capabilities developed by lead to test " on - demand " forecasts. these forecasts, run in response to continental u. s. forecasts that


weather, you ' re forecasting the accuracy of the forecast. " other parts of the experiment use capabilities developed by lead to test " on - demand " forecasts. these forecasts, run in response to continental u. s. forecasts that predict severe storms, are at fine spacing ( two km ) over smaller domains where initial forecasts indicate high storm likelihood. they use teragrid computing resources at ncsa. since the mid - 90s, psc has collaborated with caps and noaa in spring experiments, and with steady advances in computational technology helped to achieve corresponding advances in the ability to predict storm - scale weather. in the last major experiment, during the 2005 season, using psc ' s lemieux, the first terascale system available via the teragrid, caps and noaa learned that with sufficient high - resolution it ' s possible, in some cases, to predict the details of thunderstorms 24 - hours in advance, a milestone in storm forecasting, suggesting that weather at this scale is inherently more predictable than previously thought. rolling thunder preview ( projects in scientific computing 2005 ) the pittsburgh supercomputing center is a joint effort of carnegie mellon university and the university of pittsburgh together with westinghouse electric company. established in 1986, psc is supported by several federal agencies, the commonwealth of pennsylvania and private industry, and is a partner in the national science foundation teragrid program.


understanding hyperbaric oxygen therapy hyperbaric oxygen therapy : hyperbaric oxygenation ; hyperbaric therapy ; hyperbaric medicine ; hbot ; hbo2 pronounced : hi - purr - bear - ick ox - a - jen the - ra - pee hyperbaric oxygen therapy ( hbot ) is a treatment in which a patient breaths 100 % oxygen while in a hyperbaric chamber ( pressure vessel ) at a barometric pressure greater than sea level. the dosage of oxygen is increased proportional to the increase in chamber pressure ; i. e. breathing 100 % oxygen at 3 atmospheres absolute pressure is the equivalent of getting 300 % oxygen. the air we breathe each day has 21 % oxygen. most chambers are capable of pressurizing to 1. 5 to 3 times normal atmospheric pressure. the hyperbaric physician determines what pressure the chamber needs to go to for any given treatment. see conditions we treat. there are two main types of hyperbaric chamber. monoplace : single patient, chamber pressurized with 100 % oxygen, patient directly breaths the ambient chamber oxygen. some units offer intermittent air breaks. multiplace : multiple patients, attendant ( s ) accompany patient, chamber pressurized with air, patient breaths 100 % oxygen via a breathing circuit. air breaks are done by removing patient from breathing circuit. p / sl has a multiplace chamber. reasons for hyperbaric therapy hyperbaric oxygen therapy has been used to treat many health problems, including : - an air bubble ( embolism ) which gets into the circulatory system and blocks blood flow - decompression sickness, which can occur when divers or miners come to the surface too quickly - carbon monoxide poisoning - wound healing, especially in patients with poor circulation - radiation therapy injuries following treatment for cancer - skin grafts, flaps, or burns what to expect during hyperbaric oxygen therapy prior to procedure - wear comfortable clothes. - bring a book or an activity that you can do in the chamber. - you will be asked to change into hospital provided clothing. - you will be seen by the technical, nursing and physician staff. during hyperbaric treatment depending on your medical condition you will either sit or lie down. along with the possibility of other patients in the chamber, you will always be accompanied by a hyperbaric staff person. an outside technician will gradually pressurize the chamber. you will be able to talk to the inside attendant who will instruct you to : - relax and breathe normally. - follow ear


rearing dairy replacements on the atherton tableland, queensland. i. effect of suckling system, bucket feeding and protein supplementation australian journal of experimental agriculture and animal husbandry 17 ( 84 ) 25 - 30 ninety - six calves, born between october 1973 and march 1974, were either bucket fed once daily on a commercial milk replacer, or multiple suckled at four calves cow - 1 with either free or limited access ( two calves in the morning and two in the afternoon ). bucket reared and limited access suckled calves were supplemented ad libitum with either maize or a 5 : 1 maize, bloodmeal mix. free access suckled calves received ad libitum maize or were unsupplemented. weaning was at 56 days of age. growth rates of calves from birth to eight weeks were 0. 36, 0. 44 and 0. 47 kg day - 1 for the bucket fed, free access suckled and limited access suckled calves respectively. major differences in growth rate occurred from birth to four weeks of age. growth rate of calves with free access suckling from four to eight weeks of age was increased by maize supplementation ( 0. 57 kg vs. 0. 44 kg calf - 1 day - 1 ). no response to protein supplementation was measured. incidence of scouring was higher in bucket reared calves ( p < 0. 01 ). the relevance of these results to the local dairy industry is discussed. full text doi : 10. 1071 / ea9770025 © csiro 1977


a timely manner with minimal risk of contamination. the genexpert system is the only system to combine on - board sample preparation with real - time pcr ( polymerase chain reaction ) amplification and detection functions for fully integrated and automated nucleic acid analysis. the system is designed to purify, concentrate, detect and identify targeted nucleic acid sequences thereby delivering answers directly from unprocessed samples. modular in design, the genexpert system has a variety of configurations to meet the broad range of testing demands of any clinical environment. this press release contains forward - looking statements that are not purely historical regarding cepheid ’ s or its management ’ s intentions, beliefs, expectations and strategies for the future, including those relating to product performance and future market opportunities. because such statements deal with future events, they are subject to various risks and uncertainties, and actual results could differ materially from the company ’ s current expectations. factors that could cause actual results to differ materially include risks and uncertainties such as those relating to : regulatory developments and changing therapeutic practices regarding testing levels and methods ; the failure of products to perform as expected, whether due to manufacturing errors, defects or otherwise ; the impact of competitive products and pricing ; reimbursement rates for the products ; and underlying market conditions worldwide. readers should also refer to the section entitled “ risk factors ” in cepheid ’ s annual report on form 10 - k for 2008 and in its most recent quarterly report on form 10 - q, each filed with the securities and exchange commission. all forward - looking statements and reasons why results might differ included in this release are made as of the date of this press release, based on information currently available to cepheid, and cepheid assumes no obligation to update any such forward - looking statement or reasons why results might differ. contacts : for media inquiries : for cepheid investor inquiries : - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - jared tipton jacquie ross cepheid corporate communications cepheid investor relations 408 - 400 - 8377 tel : ( 408 ) 400 8329 firstname. lastname @ example. org investor. email @ example. com


with the mechanism. but that would have drastically changed the life of my wife, whom i married later, and our children would never have been born. of course, she and i might have married other spouses, changing both their lives and our own, and each of us would have had quite different children, who would have grown up to change the lives of many others and themselves engender children. the consequences of that accident at the grade crossing are almost infinite and incalculable, for, of course, we should have to consider also the victims and the results of their death. " valla ’ s explanation did not too greatly perturb contemporary churchmen, for christian ditheism then attributed such things to its anti - god, who either had on this earth a power that his celestial antagonist could not overcome or sneaked in to promote the dirty work when god wasn ’ t looking. everyone knew, after all, that the devil was so powerful that he had been able to carry a third of the christian god up to high mountains and there try to bribe him. but with the current tendency to make christianity a monotheism, the problem has to be faced. it is probably impossible to devise for a monotheism a theodicy that will satisfy the aryan mind. at least, no one has done it yet. there is one more topic that must be considered in our hurried sketch of the evolution of religions with reference to what we suppose to be the innate mentality of our race. when we speak of any religion today, we automatically think of its priests, a specialized and professional clergy. that is not a necessary connection. go to chapter 5 back to table of contents the origins of christianity by r. p. oliver, to be published by historical review press ( 160pp £10 inc p & p ). please order now via e - mail firstname. lastname @ example. org copyright ©1999 kevin alfred strom. back to revilo p. oliver index


the brain is apparently programmed from birth to develop the ability to determine sunrise and sunset, new research on circadian rhythms at the university of chicago shows. the research sheds new light on brain plasticity and may explain some basic human behaviors, according to brian prendergast, associate professor in psychology at the university of chicago and co - author of a paper published april 27 in the journal plos one. the lead author is august kampf - lassin, an advanced graduate student at the university. " this finding may show us why infants of many species eventually learn to discriminate daytime from nighttime, " said prendergast, a researcher on biological rhythms. in a series of experiments, researchers were able to show that although the ability to see visual stimuli, such as movement, is lost when a developing eye is not exposed to light, the ability to determine light and dark cycles was not affected. the ability to make that distinction between night and day develops as an animal grows, they found. other research has found that primates as well as humans adapt naturally to a rhythm of sleeping during the night. but this research shows that the pathway in the circadian system that allows synchrony between the brain and day - night rhythms in the environment is probably an innate feature of development, he said. " for the first time, we have established that the ability to coordinate circadian rhythms with daily changes in light exposure is not subject to very much plasticity at all — that it is not influenced by changes in the amount of light the brain receives during development, " kampf - lassin said. the results of the study are reported in the article " experience - independent development of the hamster circadian visual system, " which was drawn from a series of challenging experiments with hamsters. shortly after the hamsters ' eyes opened, but before they were exposed to light, experimenters placed a contact lens that completely blocked light over one of their eyes. keeping one eye shut and one open, called monocular deprivation, is a standard method scientists use to study use - dependent plasticity of visual development. the hamsters then grew up in a light - dark cycle such that only the non - deprived eye was able to send light information into the brain. in adulthood, the lenses were removed, and the function of the hamsters ' previously deprived eye was assessed. the researchers found that the hamsters ' brains were blind to all classical visual stimuli presented to the deprived eye, such as food or moving stimuli. nevertheless, the deprived eye perfectly retained the


june 8, 1999 built in record time in just 12 months, quikscat, nasa ' s new ocean - observing satellite, will be launched on a titan ii rocket from california ' s vandenberg air force base at 7 : 15 p. m. pacific daylight time on june 18. this satellite will be nasa ' s next " el nino watcher " and will be used to better understand global weather abnormalities. the quick scatterometer, or quikscat, will provide climatologists, meteorologists and oceanographers with daily, detailed snapshots of ocean winds as they swirl above the world ' s oceans. the mission will greatly improve weather forecasting. winds play a major role in every aspect of weather on earth. they directly affect the turbulent exchanges of heat, moisture and greenhouse gases between earth ' s atmosphere and the ocean. to better understand their impact on oceans and improve weather forecasting, the satellite carries a state - of - the - art radar instrument called a scatterometer for a two - year science mission. " knowledge about which way the wind blows and how hard is it blowing may seem simple, but this kind of information is actually a critical tool in improved weather forecasting, early storm detection and identifying subtle changes in global climate, " said dr. ghassem asrar, associate administrator of nasa ' s office of earth science, washington, dc. the mission will help earth scientists determine the location, structure and strength of severe marine storms - hurricanes in the atlantic, typhoons near asia and mid - latitude cyclones worldwide - which are among the most destructive of all natural phenomena. the national oceanic and atmospheric administration ( noaa ), a chief partner in the quikscat mission, will use mission data for improved weather forecasting and storm warning, helping forecasters to more accurately determine the paths and intensities of tropical storms and hurricanes. as nasa ' s next " el nino watcher, " quikscat will be used to better understand global el nino and la nina weather abnormalities. changes in the winds over the equatorial pacific ocean are a key component of the el nino / la nina phenomenon. quikscat will be able to track changes in the trade winds along the equator. scatterometers operate by transmitting high - frequency microwave pulses to the ocean surface and measuring the " backscattered " or echoed radar pulses bounced back to the satellite. the instrument senses ripples caused by winds near the ocean ' s surface, from which scientists can compute the winds ' speed and direction. the instruments


the ocean surface and measuring the " backscattered " or echoed radar pulses bounced back to the satellite. the instrument senses ripples caused by winds near the ocean ' s surface, from which scientists can compute the winds ' speed and direction. the instruments can acquire hundreds of times more observations of surface wind velocity each day than can ships and buoys, and are the only remote - sensing systems able to provide continuous, accurate and high - resolution measurements of both wind speeds and direction regardless of weather conditions. the satellite is the first obtained under nasa ' s indefinite delivery / indefinite quantity program for rapid delivery of satellite core systems. the procurement method provides nasa with a faster, better and cheaper method for the purchase of satellite systems through a " catalog, " allowing for shorter turnaround time from mission conception to launch. total mission cost for quikscat is $ 93 million. fifteen times a day, the satellite will beam down collected science data to nasa ground stations, which will relay them to scientists and weather forecasters. seawinds will provide ocean wind coverage to an international team of climate specialists, oceanographers and meteorologists interested in discovering the secrets of climate patterns and improving the speed with which emergency preparedness agencies can respond to fast - moving weather fronts, floods, hurricanes, tsunamis and other natural disasters. by combining quikscat ' s wind data with information on ocean height from another ocean - observing satellite, the joint nasa - french topex / poseidon mission, scientists will be able to obtain a more complete, near - real - time look at wind patterns and their effects on ocean waves and currents, said dr. timothy liu, quikscat project scientist at nasa ' s jet propulsion laboratory, pasadena, ca. he added that quikscat will complement data being collected by other earth - monitoring satellites such as nasa ' s currently orbiting tropical rain measurement mission ( trmm ) and terra, which will be launched later this year. the 870 - kilogram ( 1, 910 - pound ) quikscat satellite, provided by ball aerospace & technologies corp., boulder, co, with its 200 - kilogram ( 450 - pound ) radar instrument, called seawinds, will be placed in a circular, near - polar orbit with a ground speed of 6. 6 kilometers per second ( 14, 750 miles per hour ). the satellite will circle earth every 101 minutes at an altitude of 800 kilometers ( 500 miles ). a press kit with detailed information on the quikscat launch and mission is available on the internet at http : / /


may 28, 2009 a procedure that uses heat generated by radio waves to treat barrett ' s esophagus, a condition caused by acid reflux ( severe heartburn ), can eliminate signs of the potentially cancer - causing disorder and reduce the risk that the disease will progress. findings from the first multicenter trial of the procedure, called radiofrequency ablation, could mean patients have an alternative to surgery for treating barrett ' s esophagus. the procedure uses a scope inserted through the mouth to destroy the abnormal tissue. " patients with barrett ' s esophagus can go on to develop esophageal cancer, " says steven a. edmundowicz, m. d., lead investigator at the study site at washington university school of medicine in st. louis. " cancer of the esophagus usually is deadly. less than 15 percent of patients with esophageal adenocarcinoma survive for five years, and in those with advanced barrett ' s esophagus, the risk that the condition will advance to become cancer is about 6 percent per year. " in barrett ' s esophagus, part of the lining of the esophagus is replaced with cells that resemble intestinal cells. as the condition progresses, these cells become increasingly disordered. long - standing acid reflux disease is common in those who develop barrett ' s esophagus, which affects about 1 percent of adults in the united states. a total of 127 patients at 19 sites took part in the study, which used endoscopes to diagnose the disease and then to deliver radiofrequency ablation to the abnormal lining of the esophagus. the technique heats the abnormal tissue to destroy it while leaving the deeper layers of the esophagus undamaged. all patients in the study had the disordered, cellular growth called dysplasia associated with more advanced barrett ' s esophagus. patients were classified as having either low - grade dysplasia or high - grade dysplasia. regardless of how they were classified for the study, patients received the anti - reflux medication esomeprazole ( nexium ), to keep their reflux disease in check as much as possible. led by nicholas j. shaheen, m. d., at the university of north carolina at chapel hill, the investigators at the various study sites randomly selected patients to either receive radiofrequency ablation or to


as much as possible. led by nicholas j. shaheen, m. d., at the university of north carolina at chapel hill, the investigators at the various study sites randomly selected patients to either receive radiofrequency ablation or to undergo a sham procedure in which endoscopes were inserted through the mouth and the lining of the esophagus was examined, but no radio waves were delivered. two patients received the actual treatment for every one who got a sham procedure. those who received the ablation treatment could get up to four treatments during the 12 months of the study. following the study period, those who had not received ablation therapy were given the option of getting the treatment. in the patients who had the treatment, dysplasia disappeared in just over 90 percent of patients with low - grade disease and in more than 80 percent of those with high - grade disease compared to about 23 percent of the low - grade patients and 19 percent of the high - grade patients who had sham procedures rather than the ablation therapy. in 78 percent of treated patients, not only did dysplasia disappear, but all the abnormal intestinal - type cells were eliminated as well. " during the 12 - month study period, we detected fewer cancers in the ablation group than in the control group, " says edmundowicz, a professor of medicine in the division of gastroenterology. " but because cancers occurred in a total of only five study patients, the numbers are not as powerful regarding cancer as they are regarding eradication of barrett ' s esophagus. " the risk of progressing from barrett ' s esophagus to esophageal cancer is approximately 1 percent for those with low - grade dysplasia and 6 percent for those with high - grade disease. " from these short term results, it appears we may have another useful tool in our treatment arsenal, " says edmundowicz, who is a staff physician at barnes - jewish hospital and a gastroenterologist at the siteman cancer center. " additional follow - up will be necessary to demonstrate the true effectiveness of radiofrequency ablation in preventing esophageal cancer in patients with barrett ' s esophagus. " most study subjects tolerated the treatments very well, he says. " the one side effect that most ablation patients experienced was soreness in the chest following therapy, this was easily managed with medications, and they were less sore than if they had surgery, which has been the primary treatment


131 sixth graders followed a similar procedure with the difficult anagrams and discussions with a researcher. an additional group of students took a simpler anagram test that could be solved, and this group was not told that learning is difficult. all of the students then completed a reading comprehension test. the children who were told that learning is difficult scored higher than the other groups, including the students who had just succeeded on the simple test. how students think about failure may be more important than their own success when learning challenging skills, the study noted. a third experiment with 68 sixth graders measured reading comprehension and asked questions that measured students ' feelings about their own academic competence. the group that was told that learning is difficult performed better in reading comprehension and reported fewer feelings of incompetence. the study noted that the students ' improvement on the tests most likely was temporary, but the results showed that working memory capacity may be improved simply by boosting students ' confidence and reducing their fear of failure. " our research suggests that students will benefit from education that gives them room to struggle with difficulty, " autin said. " teachers and parents should emphasize children ' s progress rather than focusing solely on grades and test scores. learning takes time and each step in the process should be rewarded, especially at early stages when students most likely will experience failure. " other social bookmarking and sharing tools : - frederique autin, jean - claude croizet. improving working memory efficiency by reframing metacognitive interpretation of task difficulty.. journal of experimental psychology : general, 2012 ; doi : 10. 1037 / a0027478 note : if no author is given, the source is cited instead.


may 4, 2012 researchers in spain have found that at least some of the individuals claiming to see the so - called aura of people actually have the neuropsychological phenomenon known as " synesthesia " ( specifically, " emotional synesthesia " ). this might be a scientific explanation of their alleged ability. in synesthetes, the brain regions responsible for the processing of each type of sensory stimuli are intensely interconnected. synesthetes can see or taste a sound, feel a taste, or associate people or letters with a particular color. the study was conducted by the university of granada department of experimental psychology oscar iborra, luis pastor and emilio gomez milan, and has been published in the journal consciousness and cognition. this is the first time that a scientific explanation has been provided for the esoteric phenomenon of the aura, a supposed energy field of luminous radiation surrounding a person as a halo, which is imperceptible to most human beings. in basic neurological terms, synesthesia is thought to be due to cross - wiring in the brain of some people ( synesthetes ) ; in other words, synesthetes present more synaptic connections than " normal " people. " these extra connections cause them to automatically establish associations between brain areas that are not normally interconnected, " professor gomez milan explains. new research suggests that many healers claiming to see the aura of people might have this condition. the case of the " santon de baza " one of the university of granada researchers remarked that " not all ' healers ' are synesthetes, but there is a higher prevalence of this phenomenon among them. the same occurs among painters and artists, for example. " to carry out this study, the researchers interviewed some synesthetes including a ' healer ' from granada, " esteban sanchez casas, " known as " el santon de baza ". many local people attribute " paranormal powers " to el santon, because of his supposed ability to see the aura of people " but, in fact, it is a clear case of synesthesia, " the researchers explained. according to the researchers, el santon has face - color synesthesia ( the brain region responsible for face recognition is associated with the color - processing region ) ; touch - mirror synesthesia ( when the synesthete observes a person who is being touched or is experiencing pain, s / he experiences the same ) ; high empathy ( the ability to feel what other person is feeling ), and schizoty


- mirror synesthesia ( when the synesthete observes a person who is being touched or is experiencing pain, s / he experiences the same ) ; high empathy ( the ability to feel what other person is feeling ), and schizotypy ( certain personality traits in healthy people involving slight paranoia and delusions ). " these capacities make synesthetes have the ability to make people feel understood, and provide them with special emotion and pain reading skills, " the researchers explain. in the light of the results obtained, the researchers remarked on the significant " placebo effect " that healers have on people, " though some healers really have the ability to see people ' s ' auras ' and feel the pain in others due to synesthesia. " some healers " have abilities and attitudes that make them believe in their ability to heal other people, but it is actually a case of self - deception, as synesthesia is not an extrasensory power, but a subjective and ' adorned ' perception of reality, " the researchers state. other social bookmarking and sharing tools : - e. g. milan, o. iborra, m. hochel, m. a. rodriguez artacho, l. c. delgado - pastor, e. salazar, a. gonzalez - hernandez. auras in mysticism and synaesthesia : a comparison. consciousness and cognition, 2012 ; 21 ( 1 ) : 258 doi : 10. 1016 / j. concog. 2011. 11. 010 note : if no author is given, the source is cited instead.


a study in the journal of cell biology shows how a transcription factor called stat3 remains in the axon of nerve cells to help prevent neurodegeneration. the findings could pave the way for future drug therapies to slow nerve damage in patients with neurodegenerative diseases. in lou gehrig ' s disease ( als ) and other neurodegenerative diseases, nerve cells usually die in stages, with axons deteriorating first and the cells themselves perishing later. axon degeneration may represent a turning point for patients, after which so much nerve damage has accumulated that treatments won ' t work. researchers have tested several proteins for their ability to save axons. one of these molecules, cntf, rescues axons in rodents and extends their lives. but it caused severe side effects in patients during clinical trials. " acting on the same pathway but farther downstream could be an ideal way to improve the situation for motor neuron disease " and possibly for other neurodegenerative diseases, says senior author michael sendtner from the university of wuerzburg in germany. a jcb study shows how the protein cntf activates the transcription factor stat3 ( green ), which lingers in the axon ( blue ) and helps stabilize microtubules by inhibiting a protein called stathmin ( magenta ). stat3 and stathmin colocalize in axonal branch points ( arrowheads ) and growth cones ( arrow ). to discover how cntf works, sendtner and his colleagues studied mice with a mutation that mimics als. the researchers found that cntf not only prevented shrinkage of the rodents ' motor neurons, it also reduced the number of swellings along the axon that are markers of degeneration. it is known that cntf indirectly turns on the transcription factor stat3, so the researchers wanted to determine if stat3 is behind cntf ' s protective powers. they tested whether cntf helps motor neurons that lack stat3 and discovered that, in the mutant mice, axons lacking stat3 were half as long as those from a control group after cntf treatment once it has been activated, stat3 typically travels to the nucleus of the neuron to switch on genes. but the researchers were surprised to find that most of the axonal stat3 did not move to the nucleus and instead had a local effect in the axon. specifically, the team found that activated stat3 inhibited stathmin, a protein that normally destabilizes microtub


( sen ) - inventive techniques using observations with some of the world ' s biggest telescopes have allowed astronomers to discover five new planets orbiting one of the closest stars to the earth. tau ceti, which lies only 12 light - years away and can easily be spotted on a clear night, is a star similar to the sun and also single. one of the new worlds around it is in its habitable zone, so named because water could exist on it in liquid form. the new planets all have sizes, or masses, between two and six times that of the earth, making the new solar system one of the least massive yet found. but that is not altogether surprising because smaller worlds are bound to be easier to detect when they are closer to us. the discoveries, which come just two months after the announcement of an earth - sized planet in the nearest star system to us, alpha centauri, were made by an international team from the uk, chile, the usa and australia. they examined the starlight from tau ceti using spectrographs on three telescopes - harps on the 3. 6m telescope at the european southern observatory in la silla, chile, ucles on the anglo - australian telescope in siding spring, australia, and hires on the 10m keck telescope on mauna kea, hawaii ( 567 data points ). after making more than 6, 000 measurements, the team using computer modelling techniques and managed to improve the sensitivity of their observations so that smaller planets than normal revealed themselves in the data. the team ' s leader, mikko tuomi from the university of hertfordshire in the uk, explained : “ we pioneered new data modelling techniques by adding artificial signals to the data and testing our recovery of the signals with a variety of different approaches. this significantly improved our noise modelling techniques and increased our ability to find low mass planets. " hugh jones, also from the university of hertfordshire, said : " we chose tau ceti for this noise modelling study because we had thought it contained no signals. and as it is so bright and similar to our sun it is an ideal benchmark system to test out our methods for the detection of small planets. " where to spot tau ceti in the night sky. credit : university of hertfordshire the new worlds add to a harvest of more than 800 exoplanets that have been discovered around other stars since 1995. most of those found have been " hot jupiters " - gas giants zipping round close to their host stars in just days. team member steve vogt


according to jerry ostriker ( plumian professor, cambridge ; professor of astrophysics, princeton ; provost, princeton ), " surveys aren ’ t just something that astronomers do, they are the only thing astronomers do. " these words are understandable, given prof. ostriker ’ s intimate association with the sloan digital sky survey that is presently transforming our view of the optical universe. the ability to systematically survey one quarter of the sky, with the dynamic range and spatial resolution to zoom in to study individual objects, is providing us with the first truly 3 - dimensional map of the nearby cosmos. the optical portion of the spectrum unveils the moderately energetic and hot components of the universe, but the physics of the cool constituents is probed at radio wavelengths. [ new paragraph ] the allen telescope array ( ata ) of 350 telescopes, each 6. 1 m in diameter, will do for the radio sky what the sloan digital sky survey has done for the optical sky. and it will do it so rapidly that it will also provide the first systematic look at the transient radio universe. the ata provides simultaneous access to any frequency between 500 mhz and 11. 2 ghz, with four separate frequency channels feeding a suite of signal processing backends that can produce wide - angle radio images of the sky in 1024 colors, and at the same time, study up to 32 point sources of interest within its large field of view. this new approach to commensally sharing the sky allows seti ( the search for extraterrestrial intelligence ) and traditional radio astronomical science to both use the telescope nearly all the time : our tools are beginning to be commensurate with the size of the vast explorations of the radio sky that we wish to undertake. [ new paragraph ] this talk will put the ata into context with the rest of the seti activities around the world and describe the initial seti observations we intend to conduct.


understand anything intelligible. but as soon as someone shows or tells you what to listen for, you can hear the message. such is the power of suggestion and the way of audio perception. hearing is a constructive process, like vision, in that bits of sensory data are " filled in " by the brain to produce a visual or auditory perception that is clear and distinct, and in accord with your expectations. consider the following from an interview with dr. irene pepperberg, morgana ' s inspiration, who has been studying alex, an african grey parrot, for many years : we were doing demos at the media lab [ at mit ] for our corporate sponsors ; we had a very small amount of time scheduled and the visitors wanted to see alex work. so we put a number of differently colored letters on the tray that we use, put the tray in front of alex, and asked, " alex, what sound is blue? " he answers, " ssss. " it was an " s ", so we say " good birdie " and he replies, " want a nut. " well, i don ' t want him sitting there using our limited amount of time to eat a nut, so i tell him to wait, and i ask, " what sound is green? " alex answers, " ssshh. " he ' s right, it ' s " sh, " and we go through the routine again : " good parrot. " " want a nut. " " alex, wait. what sound is orange? " " ch. " " good bird! " " want a nut. " we ' re going on and on and alex is clearly getting more and more frustrated. he finally gets very slitty - eyed and he looks at me and states, " want a nut. nnn, uh, tuh. " not only could you imagine him thinking, " hey, stupid, do i have to spell it for you? " but the point was that he had leaped over where we were and had begun sounding out the letters of the words for us. this was in a sense his way of saying to us, " i know where you ' re headed! let ' s get on with it, " which gave us the feeling that we were on the right track with what we were doing. * dr. pepperberg thinks the bird is responding cognitively to her questions rather than simply responding to a stimulus. she thinks the bird is getting frustrated, but she has stipulated earlier in the interview : i never claim that