below are the first 10 and last 10 pages of uncorrected machine - read text ( when available ) of this chapter, followed by the top 30 algorithmically extracted key phrases from the chapter as a whole. intended to provide our own search engines and external engines with highly rich, chapter - representative searchable text on the opening pages of each chapter. because it is uncorrected material, please consider the following text as a useful but insufficient proxy for the authoritative book pages. do not use for reproduction, copying, pasting, or reading ; exclusively for search engines. ocr for page 467 reducing risks for mental disorders : frontiers for preventive intervention research 13 conclusions and recommendations : an agenda for the next decade when president roosevelt announced in 1937 that “ one third of our nation are ill housed, ill clad, ill nourished, ” our country was galvanized into action. yet today, when careful population studies tell us that as many as one third of american adults will suffer a diagnosable mental disorder sometime in their life and that 20 percent have a mental disorder at any given time, there is little alarm. the institute of medicine ' s committee on prevention of mental disorders believes that strong action is warranted, and with this report it calls on the nation to mount a significant program to prevent mental disorders. although research on the causes and treatment of mental disorders remains vitally important — and indeed major advances are leading to better lives for increasing numbers of people — much greater effort than ever before needs to be directed to prevention. public health experience has shown that when a critical mass of knowledge regarding a specific health problem accumulates and a core group of expert researchers have been identified, the time is ripe for launching a larger, coordinated research and training endeavor. the committee believes that such a moment has arrived for the field of mental health. opportunities now exist to effectively exploit existing knowledge to launch a promising research agenda on the prevention of mental disorders. therefore the committee strongly recommends that an enhanced research agenda to prevent mental disorders be initiated and supported across all relevant federal agencies, including, but not limited to, the departments of health and human services, education, justice, labor, defense, and ocr for page 468 reducing risks for mental disorders : frontiers for preventive intervention research housing and urban development, as well as state governments, universities, and private foundations. this agenda should facilitate development in three major areas : building the infrastructure to coordinate research and service programs and to train and support new investigators. expanding the knowledge base for preventive interventions. conducting


application of definitions has made it virtually impossible to assess the current activities and expenditures in preventive intervention research ; ( 2 ) duplication of research activities and the lack of piggybacking of smaller projects onto larger ones contribute to waste of dollars and time, and, at the same time, gaps in research go undetected ; ( 3 ) agencies conduct research or provide interventions for mental disorders ( including addictions ), educational disabilities, criminal behavior, and physical disorders as though these were separate conditions, whereas, more often than not, coexisting disorders or problems occur ; and ( 4 ) agencies have different strengths ; for example, some are better at applying rigorous research methodologies to intervention programs, whereas others are better at reaching out into communities and forging alliances. in arriving at its recommendations about coordination, the committee reviewed various alternatives. the decisions to be made include ( 1 ) how best to coordinate the various relevant activities, ( 2 ) where the coordination function should reside within the federal government, and ( 3 ) staffing and funding issues. the structure and function of the coordination mechanism are inextricably intertwined, so decisions 1 and 2 above cannot be readily separated. staff and funding should be attached to the coordination mechanism wherever it is located. four alternatives were considered regarding where the coordination function should reside. although the committee does express a preference for coordination at the highest possible level, it believes that establishing a successful coordination mechanism across federal departments is more important than the details of where it is housed. initially, the committee considered the model of putting a coordination role in one agency, such as the national institute of mental health ( nimh ) or the national institutes of health ' s ( nih ) office of disease prevention. locating the coordination role in a single agency is a natural way to keep coordination close to the science, because the personnel in nimh or the director ' s office at nih are likely to be more closely connected to the scientific network than those higher in the government. although single agencies have mediated coordination among other parts of the same department and even among branches of different executive departments in the past, the breadth and extent of the need for multiagency collaboration in this case make a single agency lead seem unrealistic. one possible exception is the centers for disease control and prevention ( cdc ), which has a public health mandate for ocr for page 470 reducing risks for mental disorders : frontiers for preventive intervention research prevention activities and considerable experience in working collaboratively with federal, state, and local agencies. coordination from


and prevention ( cdc ), which has a public health mandate for ocr for page 470 reducing risks for mental disorders : frontiers for preventive intervention research prevention activities and considerable experience in working collaboratively with federal, state, and local agencies. coordination from an office within one department that serves as an umbrella over several relevant agencies is a second alternative. the office of the assistant secretary for health within the department of health and human services ( dhhs ) already contains an office for disease prevention and health promotion. this office could be charged with forming a subcommittee or task group to focus specifically on the coordination of research aimed at preventing mental disorders and substance abuse. these preventive efforts share many features with other disorders already subject to coordination within this office, but the involvement of the criminal justice system, the educational system, child and spousal protective services, civilian and military family support services, and other nonmedical services necessarily encompasses activities in an even broader array of federal agencies. many of these services are housed in entirely separate cabinet departments. the committee thus believes that coordination at the departmental level is preferable to coordination by a single agency ( with the possible exception of cdc ), but the nature of the problem may well necessitate a higher - level coordination mechanism. as a third alternative, the committee considered models developed within congress, such as the physician payment review commission ( pprc ) and the prospective payment assessment commission ( propac ), for which appointments are made by an independent body — the office of technology assessment. the question regarding these models is how well they would work in the prevention field, where many of the activities center on coordination of ongoing programs conducted within the executive branch. as a fourth alternative, the committee considered other successful models — the ongoing white house conferences, various presidential commissions, and the office of science and technology policy ( ostp ) — within the white house. ostp was originally created by president eisenhower to focus national attention on science ; after being disbanded, it was reestablished by president ford upon the recommendation of the national academy of sciences ( 1974 ). this model has three components : ( 1 ) an office having coordinating responsibility regarding national science policy, ( 2 ) an individual who serves as the president ' s science advisor, and ( 3 ) a council with expertise in a broad range of scientific matters. the advantages of having a coordination structure under the white house are that it is at a natural level for coordinating activities of different cabinet departments and that it places a premium on interagency cooperation, which the committee believes is an essential element. o


matters. the advantages of having a coordination structure under the white house are that it is at a natural level for coordinating activities of different cabinet departments and that it places a premium on interagency cooperation, which the committee believes is an essential element. ocr for page 471 reducing risks for mental disorders : frontiers for preventive intervention research the committee thus leans toward the establishment of an overarching federal council, operated out of the white house office of science and technology policy or another coordinating office within the executive office of the president, to coordinate preventive intervention research. it recognizes that research and services related to the prevention of mental disorders have high relevance to the many other agendas and priorities of congress and the president. these include the lack of high - quality education, deteriorating cities, drug problems, the lack of housing, poverty, and the lack of universal health care. mental disorders contribute to these problems and vice versa ; therefore the ultimate solutions must be broad in scope. adequate staffing and resources are essential to successful coordination of prevention research regardless of where it is located in the federal government. moreover, the quality of leadership and extent of commitment among agencies are often far more important than the precise location of a coordination office. leadership and commitment cannot be fully controlled, no matter how careful the plans may be. the competence of the particular individuals chosen to lead the effort and the politics of the day often determine whether interagency coordination is truly successful or merely an effort that consumes staff time and wastes increasingly scarce federal dollars. despite these caveats, the committee nonetheless believes that a coordinating committee at the highest possible level with adequate staffing is necessary to weave together disparate federal activities in many different departments. the committee strongly recommends that a mechanism be created to coordinate research and services on prevention of mental disorders across the federal departments. one model for accomplishing this would be the establishment of a national scientific council on the prevention of mental disorders by congress and / or the president. such an overarching federal council could be operated out of the white house office of science and technology policy or another coordinating office within the executive office of the president. this council should formulate policies regarding preventive intervention research, evaluation of prevention services, knowledge exchange, coordination of interagency research efforts, and training. because prevention activities span different departments, the members of the council should be appointed after soliciting nominations from a wide constituency who are willing to use the definitions and rigorous methodological criteria developed in this report to foster policies that will reduce the onset of mental disorders and related


span different departments, the members of the council should be appointed after soliciting nominations from a wide constituency who are willing to use the definitions and rigorous methodological criteria developed in this report to foster policies that will reduce the onset of mental disorders and related problems. members should include — as equal partners — ex - officio high - level representatives of relevant federal agencies, including but not limited to the departments of ocr for page 472 reducing risks for mental disorders : frontiers for preventive intervention research health and human services, justice, labor, education, defense, and housing and urban development, as well as representatives from state agencies, private foundations, universities, and the public at large. a broad range of disciplines, including medicine ( pediatrics, child psychiatry, psychiatry, primary care ), psychology, nursing, social work, public health, sociology, and epidemiology, should be represented. the council should meet regularly to coordinate collaborative research across public and private agencies and should monitor the standards for rigorous methodological approaches to preventive intervention research. terms on the council for nonfederal representatives should be limited. to provide ongoing executive leadership, the chair of the council should be appointed by the president. other leadership positions could be selected from the nonfederal representatives. the council should have its own paid staff, including a coordinator with staff, who operates out of an office of prevention of mental disorders. the office should oversee and coordinate the daily operations of preventive intervention activities in all areas that are related to mental health across the federal government. the staff of the office should be responsible to the council. the council should report regularly, at least once a year, to the congress and the president. the committee also strongly recommends that congress encourage the establishment of offices for prevention of mental disorders at the state level. the current number of such offices is small even though the states have resources for prevention available to them through the state block grants. a mechanism to encourage the development of state offices would be a requirement attached to the block grants, and as health care reform is developed other possibilities may occur. the functions of these offices should be similar to those of the proposed national scientific council on the prevention of mental disorders. states that do establish such offices should, as a group, elect representatives to the national scientific council. agencies must be required to identify their funded programs for the prevention of mental disorders, separately accounting for universal, selective, and indicated preventive interventions, using the definitions developed in this report. congress should ask for separate accounting of these different kinds of preventive interventions


or psychosocial factors. nimh should support a series of prospective studies on well - defined general populations under the age of 18 to provide initial benchmark estimates of the prevalence and incidence of mental disorders and problem behaviors in this age group. these epidemiological investigations should be oriented toward diagnosis but also should record a range of symptomatology, so that future changes in the diagnostic system, or developmental changes in individuals, do not preclude understanding of the development of psychopathology throughout this age range and into adult life. these prospective studies also should be oriented toward identification of modifiable risk factors in this age group with the explicit goal of recommending modifiable targets for preventive interventions in the future. a population laboratory should be established with the capacity for conducting longitudinal studies over the entire life span in order to generate understanding as to how risk factors and developmental transitions combine to influence the development of psychopathology. the primary goal of this laboratory should be the enhancement of knowledge for prevention and the development of new knowledge for the implementation of preventive intervention trials. special attention should be paid to developmental transitions, such as childhood to adolescence, adolescence to adult - ocr for page 477 reducing risks for mental disorders : frontiers for preventive intervention research hood, entry into marriage, and loss of a spouse ; precursor signs and symptoms, prodromal periods, age periods just prior to when a specific mental disorder is most likely to occur ; and the effects of race, ethnicity, and gender. well - designed preventive intervention research trials might be conducted with these populations during the follow - up, as long as the goal of obtaining benchmark estimates of epidemiological data, especially in regard to developmental transitions, is not threatened. the population laboratory could be established as a branch in the intramural program of nimh, although there are advantages to making it a multiagency project funded through agreements among dhhs agencies such as the centers for disease control and prevention ( cdc ), substance abuse and mental health administration ( samhsa ), national institute on drug abuse ( nida ), national institute on alcohol abuse and alcoholism ( niaaa ), national institute of mental health ( nimh ), national institute of child health and human development ( nichd ), and maternal and child health bureau ( mchb ), and departments such as the departments of justice, education, and defense. it could also be established as a unit outside the federal government funded through a special mechanism. an extragovernmental advisory


and maternal and child health bureau ( mchb ), and departments such as the departments of justice, education, and defense. it could also be established as a unit outside the federal government funded through a special mechanism. an extragovernmental advisory panel, including experts in epidemiology, psychopathology, and prevention, should be formed to provide continuing scientific oversight to the population laboratory. data from investigations of the population laboratory should be made available in anonymous form in a regular and timely fashion. whenever possible, research proposals relevant to the knowledge base for preventive interventions should explicitly state this connection, such as identification of potentially modifiable risk factors and possible avenues for preventive interventions. this requirement should be applied across all federal agencies, and especially to research proposals funded from the additional support recommended by this committee. this clarification of relevance to prevention will help decrease confusion regarding definitions of prevention research and lead to findings relevant to preventive interventions. treatment intervention research conducted under rigorous methodological standards that is directly relevant to preventive intervention research should continue to be supported — but not from the prevention research budget. the criteria for “ direct relevance ” should be reviewed by prevention researchers. collaboration between treatment researchers and prevention researchers should be fostered. principles from treatment research can and should be borrowed for use in prevention. specialty areas in treatment research that are likely to yield payoffs for preventive intervention research include clinical psychopharmacology, cognitive - behavior therapy, and applied behavior analysis. ocr for page 478 reducing risks for mental disorders : frontiers for preventive intervention research research should continue to be supported to determine which risk and protective factors are similar and which ones are different for treatment and prevention of a variety of mental disorders. identifying potentially modifiable factors that are unique to first onset of a disorder increases possibilities for prevention. research should be supported to study the effects of social environments, such as families, peers, neighborhoods, and communities, on the individual and the effects of context on the onset of various mental disorders. researchers working on relevant research in the core sciences should be encouraged to participate in activities such as forums and colloquia with preventive intervention researchers. a comprehensive, descriptive inventory of the activities in which the public engages to promote psychological well - being and mental health should be developed and supported. this catalog of mental health promotion activities is expected to be substantial. preliminary efforts should also be made to craft outcome criteria for these activities that could be used in rigorous evaluations down the road. funding the committee recommends that $ 6. 5 million be


. this catalog of mental health promotion activities is expected to be substantial. preliminary efforts should also be made to craft outcome criteria for these activities that could be used in rigorous evaluations down the road. funding the committee recommends that $ 6. 5 million be budgeted each year for the next five years for risk research on the complex interaction between biological and psychosocial risk and protective factors. this would augment the research base for those mental disorders furthest along the continuum in the understanding of etiology, emphasizing the identification of malleable risk factors that would augur well for further preventive intervention research. a child epidemiological study should be budgeted at a minimum of $ 2. 5 million per year over the next five years, and a population laboratory should be budgeted at $ 5 million per year over the next five years. over a two - year period, $ 1 million should be allocated to catalog mental health promotion activities and to craft outcome criteria. conducting well - evaluated interventions the knowledge base for some mental disorders is now advanced enough that preventive intervention research programs, targeted at risk factors for these disorders, can rest on sound conceptual and empirical foundations. increased methodological rigor in all research trials, demonstration projects, and service program evaluations should be required. wherever ocr for page 479 reducing risks for mental disorders : frontiers for preventive intervention research possible, the standards developed in this report, including hypothesis - driven randomized controlled trials and assessment of multiple outcome measures over time, should be instituted. the concept of risk reduction, including the strengthening of protective factors, should be used as the best available theoretical model for guiding interventions to prevent the onset of mental disorders. other models for preventive interventions should continue to be explored ; for example, as more becomes known about the mechanisms that link the presence of causal risk factors and absence of protective factors to the initial onset of symptoms, the possibilities for intervention may be increased. universal preventive interventions should continue to be supported in the areas of prenatal care, immunization, safety standards such as the use of seat belts and helmets, and control of the availability of alcohol. these programs decrease brain injury and mental retardation, which are conditions associated with mental disorders. although the main benefit of these interventions is the prevention of physical illness or injury, they may reduce the incidence of mental disorders as well. more evaluation is needed to assess their impact on mental disorders. research on selective and indicated interventions targeting high - risk groups and individuals should be given high priority. many of the programs described


$ 20 million above the fy 1993 level of support in years one, two, and three, with an additional $ 5 million ( from $ 20 million to $ 25 million ) in year four and year five. support for new specialized prevention research centers is budgeted at $ 2 million per year in years one and two, $ 5 million in year three, and $ 8 million per year in years four and five. ( the nimh pircs receive, on average, $ 500, 000 for core support per year. ) some of this support could come from reallocation and more prudent use of federal resources that currently are available for prevention in a broad sense. for example, huge demonstration projects are rarely warranted ; scaling up from confirmatory and replication trials to large - scale field trials is a more cautious and constructive use of resources. finding out the effectiveness of programs before they are widely disseminated is likely to save money in the long term. the support that is requested in this report is not necessarily new money, but it is new for the field of preventive intervention research for mental disorders. much of the support should come from a wide array of federal agencies already supporting prevention services that currently lack rigorous evaluation. a final word there could be no wiser investment in our country than a commitment to foster the prevention of mental disorders and the promotion of mental health through rigorous research with the highest of methodological standards. such a commitment would yield the potential for healthier lives for countless individuals and the general advancement of the nation ' s well - being. even with the support of the federal government, the effort will not be easy. there will be no “ magic bullet. ” no single prevention strategy or method of changing people ' s life - style, behavior, or environment will work across the broad range of risk factors and mental disorders that will be encountered. a program designed to prevent one public health problem will not exactly fit the needs and goals of another. dedication to prevention service programs will not necessarily bring success without a corresponding commitment to rigorous evaluation to determine the effectiveness of these services. no single agency can accomplish the task outlined above. overall, the effort will require the cooperation of numerous federal, state, and local agencies, universities, foundations, researchers, and communities. ocr for page 484 reducing risks for mental disorders : frontiers for preventive intervention research hardly a family in america has been untouched by mental illness. the need for effective preventive intervention programs is clear. it is equally clear that to obtain such programs we need to


the plasma spray – physical vapor deposition ( ps - pvd ) rig at nasa ' s glenn research center uses new technology to create super thin ceramic coatings. here, bryan harder, the lead for the ps - pvd, installs a sample in the rig. image credit : nasa turbines, or rotary engines that create power, have a multitude of uses. they are used in machines that perform work on earth and are essential components of airplanes. currently, most turbines are built using metallic based components, and these metal components require cooling to avoid reaching their thermal limits. new, more efficient engine technology requires components that can survive higher temperatures and reduced cooling. silicon based ceramic components show great potential for use in advanced, higher efficiency engines, as they are capable of withstanding higher temperatures and weigh less than metal components. however, when unprotected, these silicon based ceramic components react and erode in turbine engine environments due to the presence of water vapor. new coating processing technology is being pioneered at nasa glenn ' s research center in cleveland. the technology is used to protect advanced silicon based ceramic engine components that are being developed for future engines. this coating processing technology will enable more complex and thinner coatings than are currently possible. this is important for coating turbine blades, which need to endure engine environments and stress conditions, while still remaining smooth to avoid the disruption of airflow. this coating processing technology, called plasma spray – physical vapor deposition ( ps - pvd ), has the potential to radically improve the capabilities of ceramic composite turbine components. " ps - pvd technology is really necessary for the integration of silicon - based ceramic airfoil components into turbine engines. the use of these silicon - based ceramics as engine airfoil components would increase engine operation temperature, which translates into higher efficiencies, " says bryan harder, the lead for the ps - pvd facility at glenn. plasma spray – physical vapor deposition the ps - pvd rig uses a system of vacuum pumps and a blower to remove air from the chamber, reducing the pressure to one torr ( 1 / 760th of normal atmospheric pressure ). image credit : nasa it has been known for decades that enveloping metals and other substances, such as silicon based ceramic components, with a ceramic coating can protect them. but there is new, cutting - edge technology that can create ceramic coatings in an extremely precise, uniform fashion — the coatings can be controlled to a thickness of ten microns ( a micron is one - millionth of a meter ). this technology is


new, cutting - edge technology that can create ceramic coatings in an extremely precise, uniform fashion — the coatings can be controlled to a thickness of ten microns ( a micron is one - millionth of a meter ). this technology is made possible by glenn ' s plasma spray – physical vapor deposition ( ps - pvd ) facility. the plasma spray – physical vapor deposition ( ps - pvd ) coater was completed at glenn in 2010. created in collaboration with sulzer metco, the ps - pvd rig is one of only two such facilities in the u. s. a. and one of four in the entire world. the ps - pvd rig, which is currently a research and development facility, uses a state of the art processing method of creating thin ceramic coatings. planning began for the facility in 2007, and construction began in 2008 ( previously constructed infrastructure was reused and is now the base for the new rig ). the rig is nearing completion of its capabilities testing and assessment phase. a team of five, led by bryan harder, a materials research engineer, has put the rig through its paces. the rig will soon begin supporting the supersonic project within nasa ' s aeronautics research mission directorate at glenn. eventually, the rig could be of service to many other areas and projects within glenn, other nasa centers and governmental entities, and private industry partners. " when you have something that has broad capabilities like this, it really allows us to work with a lot of different areas, which is a great thing, " says bryan harder. super thin ceramic coatings ceramic powder is pumped into the ps - pvd rig. it will be transformed inside the chamber to become a thin, precise, accurate ceramic coating. image credit : nasa the plasma spray - physical vapor deposition ( ps - pvd ) rig creates thin, extremely precise ceramic coatings. these coatings are created on metal, ceramic, or other appropriate materials. " to create these coatings, ceramic powder is injected into a very high power plasma flame under a vacuum. during operation, the plasma is approximately 7 feet long and 3 feet wide. the ceramic material is vaporized within the plasma, and condenses onto the target component, " says bryan harder. the coatings can be single or multilayer, and they protect the components from environmental and thermal impact. the extremely high heat and the vacuum within the chamber allow the ceramic coating to be precisely applied, creating durable, long - lasting, effective coatings. " if you can reduce the thickness, and


and they protect the components from environmental and thermal impact. the extremely high heat and the vacuum within the chamber allow the ceramic coating to be precisely applied, creating durable, long - lasting, effective coatings. " if you can reduce the thickness, and still provide an effective barrier layer — you can reduce the weight, you can reduce your cost. there are a lot of benefits that come from this technology, " harder says. inside the chamber within the ps - pvd, an extremely hot plasma flame is created. the plasma can reach a temperature of 10, 000 degrees celsius — ten times hotter than a candle flame. image credit : nasa located at glenn, the plasma spray – physical vapor deposition ( ps - pvd ) is installed in a dedicated room. a large, blimp - shaped chamber is made of stainless steel. the exterior metal, which is welded to a second sheet of stainless steel beneath, has cool water pumped through it to keep the chamber from getting too warm. inside the chamber is a steel arm which holds a plate made of a nickel - based superalloy. this plate holds the component that will be coated. several feet away from this plate is the torch, where the ceramic powder is injected into the plasma. once the chamber is closed, a system of vacuum pumps and a blower remove air from the chamber, reducing the pressure to one torr ( 1 / 760th of normal atmospheric pressure ). then, helium and argon gases are introduced to the torch. an arc is created between the anode and cathode inside the chamber, ionizing the gases and creating the high temperature plasma. the plasma, which can grow to seven feet in length, can be observed through one of three portals on the side of the rig. its steady, fierce, concentrated glow resembles a lightsaber from the star wars movies. once the vacuum and plasma are stable, the ceramic powder is introduced to the torch. the plasma immediately begins to change colors. depending on which ceramic powder is introduced, the plasma dramatically erupts into oranges, yellows, aquas, purples and blues. the gas stream moves at a speed of mach 2 — a rate of more than 2, 000 feet per second. as the ceramic powder and the plasma blast the arm and plate where the component being coated is attached, the plasma appears to envelop the component and splash around it. the plasma, which appeared like a lightsaber, seems to morph into the effect of the undulating stream of magic that


and plate where the component being coated is attached, the plasma appears to envelop the component and splash around it. the plasma, which appeared like a lightsaber, seems to morph into the effect of the undulating stream of magic that occurs when harry potter ' s wand meets with lord voldemort ' s wand, in the harry potter movies. inside the ps - pvd, ceramic powder is introduced into the plasma flame. the plasma vaporizes the ceramic powder, which then condenses to form the ceramic coating. image credit : nasa the entire process is over in about five minutes. the plasma is extinguished and the exhaust system clears the chamber. the pressure is returned to normal atmospheric conditions, and then the chamber can be opened. the newly - coated component glows red hot and must cool down for an hour before it can be handled. the plasma within the chamber can reach a scorching 10, 000 degrees celsius — ten times hotter than a candle flame. after the sample cools, it will be tested and evaluated to ensure the coating is an effective barrier. and then the sample — be it a small test button or an essential component of a supersonic aircraft — is ready to go. the front, sides and inside of the sample can be coated — a capability never previously available from vapor deposition techniques. " the ps - pvd allows us to do things that you can ' t do anywhere else, " harder says. this newly developed technology could have myriad applications, both within nasa and with potential industry partners. the potential applications are only beginning to be discovered — from membrane technology to fuel cells to ion conductors and beyond. the rig is a game - changing technology ; glenn is maturing and developing a technology that doesn ' t exist elsewhere, while making direct contributions to the nasa mission. " this is new ground, " bryan harder says. " this was only developed in the last couple of years … and we don ' t even know the limits of what it [ ps - pvd ] is capable of. " - tori woods, sgt inc. nasa ' s glenn research center


scientists have kept a close watch on the dazzling northern lights on earth and other planets in our solar system, but now they have the chance to explore the auroras of alien planets orbiting distant stars, a new study suggests. auroras on earth occur when charged particles from the sun are funneled to the planet ' s poles and interact with the upper atmosphere, sparking spectacular light shows. similar processes have been observed on other planets in the solar system, with jupiter ' s auroras more than 100 times brighter than those on earth, scientists said. now, scientists are finding evidence of aurora displays on exoplanets for the first time. researchers used the low - frequency array radio telescope based in the netherlands to observe radio emissions most likely caused by powerful auroras from planets outside of our solar system. " these results strongly suggest that auroras do occur on bodies outside our solar system, and the auroral radio emissions are powerful enough — 100, 000 times brighter than jupiter ' s — to be detectable across interstellar distances, " study lead author jonathan nichols of the university of leicester in england said in a statement. jupiter ' s auroras are caused by an interaction of charged particles shot from its volcanic moon, io, and the rotation of the planet itself. the gas giant turns on its axis once every 10 hours, dragging its magnetic field along for the ride, and effectively creating a whirl of electricity at each of the planet ' s poles. space news from nbcnews. com teen ' s space mission fueled by social media - buzz aldrin ' s vision for journey to mars - giant black hole may be cooking up meals - watch a ' ring of fire ' solar eclipse online - teen ' s space mission fueled by social media auroras akin to earth ' s have been spotted on saturn. but these newest findings show that auroras on exoplanets probably aren ' t formed from charged particles traveling on the solar wind. instead, the auroras on the dim, " ultracool dwarf " stars and " failed stars " known as brown dwarfs that nichols studied probably behave more like jupiter ' s northern and southern lights. by studying these radio emissions, scientists will gain more insight into the strength of a planet ' s magnetic field, how it interacts with its parent star, whether it has any moons and even the length of its day. the new research is detailed in a recent issue of the astrophysical journal. - saturn ' s aurora - the movie - aurora guide : how the northern lights work ( infographic ) -


psychology introduction 2 available in 2013 | callaghan campus | | semester 2 | previously offered in 2012, 2011, 2010, 2009, 2008, 2007, 2006, 2005, 2004 this course continues on from psyc1010 by introducing some additional key areas in psychology, including - sensation and perception, - motivation and emotion, - learning, and - memory and cognition. where psyc1010 focussed on how the world around us influences our thoughts and behaviour, psyc1020 looks at the internal mechanisms of behaviour. the course forms part of a sequence of courses that have been approved by the australian psychology accreditation council. the course cannot be counted with psyc1030. | objectives | | the course will : 1. introduce some key areas in psychology that control behaviour which include sensation and perception, motivation and emotion, learning and memory and cognition. 2. demonstrate an understanding of the relationship between the research / scientific approach and the content of the course. 3. demonstrate competence in report writing for science in psychology at an introductory level. 4. demonstrate competence skills in data collection, manipulation, graphing and reporting at an introductory level. 5. develop the ability to report and discuss psychology in a clear and concise manner and using a professional style. as a consequence of studying this course students will build their : 4. library and research skills 5. research / data collection / measurement skills 7. problem solving skills 8. critical evaluation skills | content | | psychology is the science of mind and behaviour. psyc1020 provides an introduction to some of the classic and contemporary concepts, theories, and evidence in psychology. psyc1020 is focused on the mechanisms of behaviour. psyc1020 includes the following four modules : 1. biological mechanisms of behavioural emotion 3. sensation and perception 4. memory and cognition | assumed knowledge | | psyc1010 recommended | | modes of delivery | | internal mode | | contact hours | | laboratory : for 1 hour ( s ) per week for full term lecture : for 3 hour ( s ) per week for full term | timetables | | 2013 course timetables for psyc1020 |


disabled. further, the rtos kernel must be simple, so there is a limit on the longest non preemptible code path through the kernel. • protect against priority inversions priority inversion infamously plagued the mars pathfinder project in july 1997. it is a condition where a low priority task prevents a higher priority task from completing its work. priority inheritance is a technique for preventing priority inversions by assigning the priority of a blocked higher priority task to the lower priority thread doing the blocking until the blocking task completes ( see fig 3 ). • guaranteed availability for many systems, guaranteeing resource availability is critical. for example, a heart monitor that loses connectivity may fail to trigger an alarm – with dire consequences for the patient. time partitioning addresses resource starvation by enforcing cpu budgets and preventing processes or threads from monopolising cpu cycles. two time partitioning approaches are possible : fixed and adaptive. with fixed partitioning, the system designer divides tasks into partitions, allocating a portion of cpu time to each. no task in any partition may consume more than that partition ' s percentage of cpu time. adaptive partitioning enforces resource budgets, but when cpu cycles are available, it uses a dynamic scheduling algorithm to reassign them from partitions that are not using them those which can benefit from extra processing time. • monitor, stop, and restart processes safeguards against process failures cascading through the system and self healing capabilities are crucial to a highly dependable os. devices that require availability or safety guarantees may implement hardware based high availability solutions, as well as a software watchdog. a software watchdog monitors the system and performs multistage recoveries or clean shutdowns as required. this process must be self monitoring and resilient to internal failures ; if it is stopped abnormally, it must reconstruct its own state immediately and completely by handing over to a mirror process. it ' s the os, it ' s the vendor device manufacturers can improve their products ' chances of success by paying careful attention to the os. devices that cannot be allowed to fail and reboot are best served by a microkernel rtos, as this architecture is best - suited for ensuring system dependability and can support a full range of features and capabilities. an rtos from a supplier with a track record of successful safety and security certifications can help reduce the costs associated with obtaining fda, mdd and other certifications. justin moon is product manager, medical, for qnx software systems. qnx software systems ltd this material is


the memory problems that many women experience in their 40s and 50s as they approach and go through menopause are both real and appear to be most acute during the early period of post menopause. that is the conclusion of a study which appears today in the journal menopause. " women going through menopausal transition have long complained of cognitive difficulties such as keeping track of information and struggling with mental tasks that would have otherwise been routine, " said miriam weber, ph. d. a neuropsychologist at the university of rochester medical center ( urmc ) and lead author of the study. " this study suggests that these problems not only exist but become most evident in women in the first year following their final menstrual period. " the study followed 117 women, who were grouped into categories based on criteria established in 2011 by the stages of reproductive aging workshop + 10, which consisted of an international consortium of researchers. study participants took a variety of tests assessing their cognitive skills, reported on menopause - related symptoms such as hot - flashes, sleep disturbance, depression and anxiety, and gave a sample of blood to determine current levels of estradiol ( an indicator of estrogen levels ) and follicle stimulating hormone. results were analyzed to determine if there were group differences in cognitive performance, and if these differences were due to menopausal symptoms. the study grouped participants into four stages : late reproductive, early and late menopausal transition, and early post menopause. the late reproductive period is defined as when women first begin to notice subtle changes in their menstrual periods, such as changes in flow amount or duration, but still have regular menstrual cycles. women in the transitional stage experience greater fluctuation in menstrual cycles - from a difference of 7 days or more in the early phase of transition to 60 days or longer in the later phase. hormone levels also begin to fluctuate significantly during this time. this transition period can last for several years. the researchers also evaluated women in early post menopause, defined as the first year after which a woman experienced her last menstrual period. the study participants were assessed with a comprehensive battery of tests to evaluate a variety of cognitive skills. these included tests of attention, verbal learning and memory, fine motor skills and dexterity, and " working memory " - or the ability to not only take in and store new information, but also manipulate it. these tests are similar to daily tasks such as


introduction to rocks and minerals examine the characteristics of common rocks and minerals and learn identification procedures. find out all about the physical properties of minerals including hardness, luster and color as well as the chemical compositions of important rock - forming minerals. information in the video is accurate, but narration is somewhat monotone. run time 03 : 34. dr. loopy ' s blinding you with science # 9 : rocks and minerals this is another in the blinding you with science series i produced to help elementary students learn science concepts. in this episode dr. loopy and his friends use music, comedy and parody to teach students about different types of rocks and minerals. run time 25 : 00. rocks don ' t roll : the science of rocks and minerals this is a clip from a longer video i produced in my blinding you with science series. the series is designed to help elementary students with science concepts. this is a musical parody about rocks and minerals. run time 06 : 34. differences between rocks & minerals a general difference between rocks and minerals is that minerals are chemical substances, while rocks are made from volcanoes and bodies of water. discover how granite and igneous rocks are formed with information from a science teacher in this video. vincent van gogh part 1 van gogh was born in 1853 in groot — zundert, a small village in the southern netherlands near the belgian border. the oldest son of a protestant minister, young van gogh was moody, quiet, introverted, but he grew up with a love of nature and the arts. van gogh attended school as a young boy, but at the age of sixteen he left home for the hague to work as an apprentice to an uncle, a dealer at goupil and co., an international art firm. van gogh subsequently worked for the firm in london and pa math trick for your fingers - easy multiplication a quick way for students to learn basic multiplication using their fingers. goes fast so you may need to watch it a couple of times. students will love it. learn how to count in sign language for small children i absolutely love the signing time videos made for babies and toddlers to learn sign language. my toddler learned how to sign through these videos way before he could talk which made it possible for him to communicate rather then throw tantrums. in this video you learn how to count through sign. run time 0 : 31. chanting and enchanting animals - chap. 2 / 6 ecuador as a country has among the largest diversity of frog and toad species in the world. discover through this film


vi touch and vision in this episode of the human senses, they explore the two most highly used senses, touch and vision. in this video they test the amazing things we do with our eyes, how we can instantly spot attractive people in a crowded room, and how our eyes guide us around the world with astonishing accuracy. when it comes to touch they reveal why we love the feel of some things and loath others. discover what our skin a glacier investigation from dragonfly tv. deborah and brittani live in juneau, alaska, which is home to 38 glaciers flowing from the gigantic juneau ice field. the girls love being outside, especially in the short alaskan summers, so they decided to check out a glacier up close at the mendenhall glacier visitor center. the center has cool exhibits that explain the science behind glaciers - like the fact that a glacier is a river of ice that moves because of its own weight and that the mendenhall glacier receives abo king minus is a cute video to introduce or review basic subtraction. the animations are great, and fun. any early elementary child will love this one! how to teach children to read : favorite children ' s authors learn about popular authors for children ' s books from a professional librarian, debbie noah, in this children ' s video. parents, this video is a great tool to use to help you choose great books that your children will love. how to teach children to read : favorite children ' s authors : part 2 learn about favorite authors of children ' s books from a professional librarian in this free children ' s video with expert : debbie noah. this is a great video for helping parents to choose reading material that young children will love. interview with phyllis reynolds naylor ( part 3 ) in this section phyllis reynolds naylor, winner of the aspca roger caras award, answers the question, " shiloh is included on the recommended book list for many school districts and is assigned reading for many students each year. what are your thoughts about the wide appeal of shiloh and the impact you have made with this book for countless children... and animals? " in her answer happy about the impact the books have had. she also commented that one teacher told her how children who have been abu lois ehlert interview lois ehlert ' s unique children ' s books, such as color zoo, reflect her creative and curious mind. in this exclusive video interview, lois ehlert discusses her early love for art and how she continually strives to create highly


distinct bands that ran in right angles to each other ( that is, plaid ). marbles are assumed to be children ’ s toys, and indicate that the stone building was used by young people as well as adults. a domino tile was also found. fragments of ceramic pipes were found in both rooms ; both african and european american men and women smoked pipes during this time period. a small number of coins were also uncovered. the stone building artifacts are similar to the array of objects recovered from excavations in the winter kitchen in the basement of the main house ( price and hastings 1998 ), some of which have been interpreted as representing ritualistic caches intentionally placed beneath the cellar floorboards. both yielded similar types of decorations and types of vessels, which were not restricted to serving containers but also included plates, saucers, and cups. both excavations recovered marbles, sewing pipes, buttons, and sewing thimbles ( scott 2001 : 23 ). this similarity in artifacts suggests that the stone building, for at least part of its life, was the summer kitchen for white haven. while the archeological excavations indicate that cooking and laundry - related activities were carried out in the stone building, the artifact assemblages do not specifically identify the people carrying out the activities as african americans. other archeological investigations of early 19th century kitchens have not identified any definitive archeological assemblage as having african american ethnic origins. while we know from written sources that african americans are likely to have used this kitchen, we don ’ t expect a direct correlation between artifact assemblages and cultural backgrounds. given the dates for the artifacts, and the historical information about the people living at white haven, it is reasonable to conclude that the activities in the summer kitchen were carried out by enslaved african americans. we do not know whether the enslaved african americans who worked there also lived in the stone building, but there is no evidence to suggest that they did not. there is little nineteenth century documentation about housing for the enslaved at white haven. grant ordered that a group of slave cabins “ by the barn ” be demolished after the end of the civil war. the stone building, near the main house, was left intact. certainly, the range of artifacts found suggests that, even if people did not sleep there, a wide range of personal domestic activities were carried out in the stone building, including child care, mending, and food preparation for personal consumption. investigations at the stone building on the white haven plantation have provided us with a better understanding of the organization of labor at a mid - nineteenth century plantation


june 1, 2004 the iceman cometh to u - m ann arbor, mich. — no air - conditioning, frozen or refrigerated foods, iced drinks or ice cream. that ' s just a sampling of how drastically different our lives and diets would be if there was no refrigeration. " it was not so very long ago, " said janice longone, curator of culinary history at the university of michigan ' s clements library, " that meat was preserved primarily by drying or salting, that milk could be preserved only in the form of butter and cheese, that fresh fruits and vegetables were only available seasonally in areas where they were grown. " and then came ice and icehouses followed by mechanical refrigeration. it is that history of american ingenuity that longone illustrates in the exhibition " the iceman cometh... and goeth " at the clements library june 8 through september. " throughout history, the wealthy and powerful had icehouses and ice available to them in limited quantities, " longone said. " but it took that american ingenuity to make ice available to all. the democratization of ice was largely due to a couple of 19th century yankee businessmen. " the exhibition explores the history of the american ice industry from new england pond ice harvesting to the introduction of mechanical refrigeration. it includes : — the story of the ice king, frederic tudor, and his collaborator nathaniel wyeth. — the 1803 book by thomas moore, " an essay on the most eligible construction of ice - houses. " — the tools, equipment and methods of natural ice harvesting and its distribution, including the successful arrival in 1833 of a ship carrying ice from boston to calcutta, crossing the equator twice. — the manufactured ice industry and how it revolutionized food and eating in america. — the introduction of mechanical refrigerators, with the millionth frigidaire sold by 1929 and the millionth general electric refrigerator by 1931. — icehouses, ice cards, icemen, iceboxes, tools of the trade, advertising. " the use ( or overuse ) of ice and refrigeration is one of the features of american life most commented upon by visitors to our shores, " longone said. " this exhibition makes use of the diverse resources of the clements library to explain the whys and hows of this phenomenon of our culture. " the exhibit can be viewed at the clements library mon. - fri. 1 - 4 : 30 p. m.


one of the first things every freebsd user wishes to configure on his computer is e - mail access. however, a look in the mail section of the ports collection yields an amazing 148 applications dealing with e - mail. to make matters worse, some claim to be muas, mtas, pop3 clients, or imap4 servers. these descriptions are not helpful if you are unfamiliar with these terms and just want to be able to send and receive e - mail. in this article, i ' ll give a " readers digest " version of some important e - mail concepts, with references to additional information. then i ' ll walk you through the steps of configuring your freebsd system to send and retrieve e - mail, as well as configuring pine. ever since networks were invented, people have wanted a method of sending messages to each other. this led to the development of many messaging programs, most of which were proprietary, meaning you could only send a message to someone who used the same messaging system. early messaging systems allowed you to send a message directly to another person ' s computer. however, this method doesn ' t work if the other computer is turned off or there is a problem with the physical connection between the two computers. most messaging systems prefer to have all users send their messages to a centralized server for storage ; since this server is always available, it can act like a post office. if a user has a mailbox on that server, he can periodically check his mailbox to see if he has received any messages. as the need for messaging grew, standards were developed to allow users to send messages to any user, regardless of the messaging system they used. one of these standards was x. 400 ; another was smtp, which became the standard used on the internet. two interesting points of views on these standards can be found at x. 400 - the better internet and x. 400 is dead, long live x. 400. unless you work at a company that uses an internal x. 400 messaging system, you probably use smtp to send e - mail. the e - mail addresses you are used to seeing are actually smtp addresses and look like this : firstname. lastname @ example. org you ' ll note that an smtp address looks similar to a web address, except it has a @ instead of the first period. the internet already uses dns ( the domain name system ) to locate a computer ' s ip address. when an administrator sets up a


that an smtp address looks similar to a web address, except it has a @ instead of the first period. the internet already uses dns ( the domain name system ) to locate a computer ' s ip address. when an administrator sets up a mail server, he will create an mx ( mail exchange ) record in his dns database to indicate which computer in his network is the mail server. the name to the left of the @ indicates the name of a user ' s mailbox on that mail server. when the internet messaging standard was being developed, it was decided to use the centralized server ( post office ) approach where users would check their mailboxes. the internet uses tcp / ip, so new tcp / ip protocols needed to be created. remember from last week that protocols define the rules of communication and that each tcp / ip protocol has an associated port number and at least one rfc which describes its operation. smtp ( simple mail transfer protocol ) describes the communications between mail servers. its port number is 25, and its behavior is described in rfc 821. as its name implies, smtp merely transfers mail from one server to another until it reaches the correct mail server. in order to ensure that the message makes it into the right mailbox on that server, pop3 ( post office protocol 3 ) is used. pop3 uses port number 110 and is defined by rfcs 1734, 1957, 2449, and std0053 ( standard 53 ). pop3 is also responsible for the management of the mailboxes on a mail server. pop3 will not let a user retrieve the messages in their mailbox until they have been authenticated. if you are unfamiliar with the commands used by pop3 and smtp, try the smtp with telnet tutorial. this tutorial shows how you yourself can issue smtp and pop3 commands to send and receive e - mail. these are the same commands that are usually issued by messaging systems and e - mail programs. one other term you may come across is imap4 ( internet message access protocol version 4 ). imap4 is similar to pop3, but with extra features. pop3 assumes that a user will download all of the mail in their mailbox so the copy on the mail server can be deleted ; the user will then disconnect from the mail server to read his e - mail " offline. " with imap4, a user can download just the headers of his e - mail so he can decide which messages


can be deleted ; the user will then disconnect from the mail server to read his e - mail " offline. " with imap4, a user can download just the headers of his e - mail so he can decide which messages he wants to retrieve at this time ; he can also delete messages directly at the mail server without having to download them first. messaging software is usually divided into two separate components : the mta ( message transfer agent ) and the mua ( message user agent ). the mta runs on the mail server and understands both smtp and pop3. therefore, it is able to send messages to other smtp mail servers, receive messages from other smtp mail servers, and store messages in the appropriate user mailboxes. sendmail is the most common mta in use on the internet and comes bundled and ready to go on your freebsd system. exim, postfix, and qmail are examples of other mtas that you can build using freebsd ' s ports collection. the mua is used by users to compose and read e - mail messages. some muas have a pop3 client built - in, meaning you can check for new mail using the mua ; some do not, and will only display e - mail you ' ve retrieved using a separate pop3 client. muas differ widely in their features ; which mua to use is a matter of personal preference. there are dozens of muas in the ports collection ; some of the most popular are mutt, pine, and xfmail. so, how do all these components work together when you send an e - mail message? you use your mua ( for example, pine ) to create an e - mail message ; pine will pass the message to the mta ( sendmail ), who will query dns to find the address of the smtp server hosting the mailbox of the user you are sending the message to. sendmail will then use smtp commands to transfer the message to that mail server. that mail server will use pop3 to put the message in the correct mailbox. your recipient will use pop3 commands to retrieve the message and will use their favorite mua to read the message and possibly compose a reply to it. let ' s look at the configuration of a freebsd system that will be using sendmail ( the mta ), fetchmail ( the pop3 client ), and pine ( the mua ). let ' s assume a very


the popular sense of the word. all estimates, by definition, are subject to statistical ‘ error ’ but in this context the word refers to the uncertainty inherent in any process or calculation that uses sampling, estimation or modelling. most revisions reflect either the adoption of new statistical techniques or the incorporation of new information which allows the statistical error of previous estimates to be reduced. only rarely are there avoidable ‘ errors ’ such as human or system failures and such mistakes are made quite clear when they do occur. household final consumption expenditure estimates published in consumer trends are a component of the gdp expenditure approach. however, the preliminary estimate for gdp is produced based on the gdp output approach. historic experience shows that the output approach provides the best timely approach to measuring gdp growth. gdp growth according to the expenditure and income approaches is therefore brought into line with that recorded by output. further quarterly national accounts, quarterly sector accounts and financial accounts tables are available in the united kingdom economic accounts. details of the policy governing the release of new data are available from the press office. view the latest podcasts on youtube code of practice national statistics are produced to high professional standards set out in the uk statistics authority ' s code of practice for official statistics. they undergo regular quality assurance reviews to ensure that they meet customer needs. they are produced free from any political interference. for information about the content of this publication, contact gareth clancy. tel : + 44 ( 0 ) 1633 45 5889. other customer enquiries ons customer contact centre tel : 0845 601 3034 international : + 44 ( 0 ) 845 601 3034 minicom : 01633 815044 fax : 01633 652747 post : room 1. 101, government buildings, cardiff road, newport, south wales np10 8xg. tel : 0845 604 1858 ( 8. 30am – 5. 30pm weekdays ). details of the policy governing the release of new data are available by visiting www. statisticsauthority. gov. uk / assessment / code - of - practice / index. html or from the media relations office email : email @ example. com | gareth clancy | | + 44 ( 0 ) 1633 455889 | | household expenditure, | | firstname. lastname @ example. org |


that the shoulder “ pops out and in ” frequently with activities. the wide range of problems that contribute to shoulder instability can be defined in several ways, including : in fact, the severity, direction and mechanism all influence how the shoulder should best be treated, so all of these factors must be considered. severe shoulder instability, manifested by frequent dislocations and subluxations during normal activities of daily living are less likely to resolve without surgery, but are also most difficult to treat. a subset of patients who may not improve with surgery are those who voluntarily or willfully dislocate their shoulders regularly, or those who are not willing or not able to undergo the appropriate postoperative rehabilitation. dislocations and subluxations can also occur in people without any inciting event. this is called atraumatic instability, and can be more difficult to treat. many people who suffer from atraumatic instability are usually also “ double jointed ” or “ ligamentously lax ” in other joints. because the shoulder is the joint in the human body with the largest range of motion ( i. e. it is relatively less stable anyway ), the extra laxity or give in the shoulder can predispose it to subluxation or dislocation. the most common direction for dislocation and subluxation ( instability ) to occur is to the front of the shoulder ( anterior dislocation ). anterior dislocations and subluxations are frequently associated with a disruption of the stabilizing ligaments at the front edge of the glenoid ( this ligament tear is termed a “ bankart lesion ” ), but can occur in the absence of any discrete injury as well. true posterior dislocations are rare, and are usually the result of seizures or major trauma. posterior subluxation, however, can occur after repetitive athletic trauma, particularly in weight lifters and contact athletes in sports such as hockey, lacrosse, and football. persons who have atraumatic instability due to laxity of their shoulder ligaments may sublux or dislocate their shoulder in more than one direction ; this is called “ multidirectional instability ” or “ mdi ”. multidirectional instability is usually related more to an inherent elasticity in the connective tissues around the shoulder joint, and not to a discreet injury to any particular ligaments of the shoulder capsule. physical therapy is the mainstay of treatment for mild multidirectional instability ( mdi ). more severe mdi


overview - spellread build it! software spellread for smart table software extends the proven success of the spellread program into collaborative technology with three games for the smart tablet interactive learning center. each of the games draws on content derived from spellread and presents it in an interactive, engaging format for additional practice, effective with or without the implementation of the spellread program. the games leverage spellread ' s phonics activities to help students practice building, pronouncing, and identifying words, and are easily integrated into any reading curriculum. when combined with the spellread program, spellread for smart table extends the program into a blended learning solution. the games offer additional practice with words and word parts presented in the spellread program and can supplement the learning that is already taking place in this established, proven - effective program. spellread for smart table software is also appropriate for use alongside any classroom reading curriculum or intervention program, as it reinforces phonemic awareness, phonics, word - building, pronunciation, and word identification skills. the use of the smart table encourages engaged, collaborative, small - group learning. the smart table is optimized for multitouch functionality and can interpret up to 120 distinct touches, whether from fingers, elbows, styluses, or other implements, enabling its use as assistive technology for students with physical limitations. once the software is loaded onto the smart table, the applications allow two to four students to compete or collaborate in interactive, touch - controlled games. each game includes three levels of difficulty, and features appealing visual design and movement as well as audio cues. a classroom integration guide pdf includes game play instructions, word lists, and tips for integrating the games into spellread or any reading intervention program. a progress monitoring module within the teacher area enables teachers to create student users and groups. progress monitoring data includes time which words built, pronounced, and identified were correct, and which were incorrect. teachers determine the level of difficulty yfor each session. the levels reflect the phases in spellread. level a focuses on one - syllable words, level b focuses on two - syllable ywords, and level c focuses on three - syllable words. smart table activities in spellread build it! students compose words using cards with vowel and consonant sounds or syllables. the game can be played competitively, with individual scores and stars awarded to individual players for speed, or cooperatively, with a cumulative team score and bonus points awarded when all players submit correct answers.


do you want to know more about parkinson ' s? pdf ' s materials provide information about symptoms, medications, resources & more. news in brief people who are carriers of the genetic mutation in a gene known as gba have at least five times the normal risk of developing parkinson ’ s disease ( pd ), according to a report in the october 22, 2009, issue of the new england journal of medicine. mutations in the same gene, which provides instructions for producing the enzyme glucocerebrosidase, have been shown to cause the rare disorder known as gaucher ’ s disease. clinicians had long noticed an association between gaucher ’ s disease and pd. in rare cases, people with gaucher ’ s disease developed pd - like symptoms ; more recently, scientists noted that relatives of people with gaucher ’ s disease had an increased incidence of pd. gaucher ’ s disease develops when both copies of the gba gene are mutated. normally a person has two working copies of the gene. a mutation in one copy of the gene causes no symptoms and was long thought to be harmless. these and other observed links between the diseases prompted lead investigator ellen sidransky, m. d., of the national human genome research institute to study how frequently people with pd carry the genetic mutations known to cause gaucher ’ s disease. dr. sidransky organized a consortium of 64 researchers at 16 institutions around the world, who were already analyzing the genetics of people with pd. in total, the study involved about 10, 000 people. the researchers focused on studying two common variants of the gba gene, from among the nearly 300 mutations identified by scientists ( and carried by about one in 100 americans ). in an ethnically diverse group of 5, 691 people with pd, they found that 3. 2 percent of the group had at least one of these variants, compared to 0. 6 percent in a similar group of healthy people. since mutations in the gba gene are more common among ashkenazi jews ( one in 15 people is a carrier ), researchers studied this sub - group and found the incidence of one or more of these variants was 15. 3 percent in people with pd and 3. 4 percent in healthy people. since these tests only focused on two common gba mutations, the scientists also examined the full gene in 2, 000 non - ashkenazi individuals living with parkinson ’ s. they found that nearly seven percent of people with pd had a gba gene mutation. still, this limited test missed nearly


posted by bruce kahl on december 10, 1999 in reply to : re : " push the envelope " posted by arthur smith on december 10, 1999 : : i will accept the premise that " push the envelope " : : originated with airline pilots, but i would like to : : know in exactly what context : the actual practical : : mechanics of flying as in the use of the controls : : relative to a certain aspect of aircraft performance, : : the theory of flight as in aerodynamics or the : : efficiency with which the aircraft performs relative : : to outside forces, or some other practical : : explanation? this expression comes out of the us air force test pilot program of the late 1940 ' s. the envelope refers to a plane ' s performance capabilities. the limits of the planes ability to fly at speeds and altitudes and under certain stresses define what is known as its performance envelope. it ' s an " envelope " in the sense that it contains the ranges of the plane ' s abilities. " pushing the envelope " is a good example of how jargon - - the specialized or technical vocabulary of a group or profession - - gradually enters general usage. " pushing the envelope " comes from the jargon of test pilots, and has actually been around since the end of the second world war. the " envelope " involved is a sort of visual metaphor for the technical limits of a high - performance aircraft. a graph of such an aircraft ' s performance would appear as a rising slope as the craft approaches its limits of speed and stress, then fall off rapidly ( putting it mildly ) when the plane exceeds its capacity and the pilot loses control. safety, relatively speaking, lies within these limits, or " inside the envelope. " a pilot who " pushes the envelope " and tries to exceed the known capabilities of the aircraft risks what engineers delicately term " catastrophic system failure, " otherwise known as a crash. because " pushing the envelope " had such a esoteric origin, it took a best - selling book - - tom wolfe ' s " the right stuff " in 1979 - - and later the popular movie " top gun " to introduce it to the general public. since then it has begun to crop up in increasingly non - technical contexts, to the point where it is now a currently trendy metaphor for simply " pushing it, " or testing the limits of what is permissible in a given situation.


history of mathematics from : ( michael a. stueben ) in the interest of historical accuracy let it be known fibonacci ' s daughter was not named " bunny. " michael rolle was not danish, and did not call his william horner was not called " little - jack " by his the " g " in g. peano does not stand for " grand. " rene descartes ' middle name is not " push. " isaac barrow ' s middle name is not " wheel. " there is no such place as the university of wis - cosine, and if there was, the motto of their mathematics department would not be " secant ye shall find. " although euler is pronounced oil - er, it does not follow that euclid is pronounced oi - clid. franklin d. roosevelt never said " the only thing we have to sphere is sphere itself. " fibonacci is not a shortened form of the italian name that is actually spelled : f i bb ooo nnnnn aaaaaaaa it is true that august mobius was a difficult and opinionated man. but he was not so rigid that he could only see one side to every question. it is true that johannes kepler had an uphill struggle in explaining his theory of elliptical orbits to the other astronomers of his time. and it is also true that his first attempt was a failure. but it is not true that after his lecture the first three questions he was asked were " what is elliptical? " what is an orbit? " and " what is a planet? it is true that primitive societies use only rough approximations for the known constants of mathematics. for example, the northern tribes of alaska consider the ratio of the circumference to the diameter of a circle to be 3. but it is not true that the value of 3 is called eskimo pi. incidentally, the survival of these tribes is dependent upon government assistance, which is not always forthcoming. for example, the canadian firm of tait and sons sold a stock of defective compasses to the government at half - price, and the government passed them onto the northern natives. hence the saying among these peoples : " he who has a tait ' s is lost. "


dna typing is an invaluable forensic tool for associating biological evidence with its true source. generally dna technology affords the forensic scientist the ability to effectively eliminate individuals who have been falsely associated with a biological sample and to substantially reduce the number of potential contributors to a few ( if not one ) individuals. when it was initially developed, dna typing was used predominately to compare an evidence profile directly with the profile from a reference sample ( s ). many of these one - to - one comparisons have been extremely useful in assisting to solve crimes. more than a decade ago the capability of dna typing was substantially expanded by the creation of dna databases that contain profiles from convicted felons ( and now arrestees as well ) and profiles from evidence from unsolved cases ( 1 ). the dna profiles contained within the forensic indices can be compared, and candidate matches can be investigated further. indeed, dna database searching has become another routine way to develop new and often strong investigative leads. the success stories of dna database search leads are well known for identifying suspects ( ultimately perpetrators ) and are being used increasingly in post - conviction exoneration cases. initially, database searching was applied to direct profile comparisons to generate investigative leads. however, in 2003 – 2004 the forensic science service demonstrated that the database searching capabilities could be expanded by employing indirect comparisons via an approach known as familial searching ( 3 ). this type of search led to the identification of craig harman through an association with a first - order relative ’ s dna profile housed in the united kingdom dna database. the crime involved the heart attack death of a motorist due to a brick thrown through the windshield of the victim ’ s truck from a bridge above the roadway. a direct comparison of the dna profile from the brick and profiles in the national database did not result in any candidate matches. however, 25 similar dna profiles were identified, and at the top position on the list of candidates was a relative of craig harman. harman voluntarily submitted a reference sample, and his dna profile was a direct match with that of the evidence. he subsequently pleaded guilty to manslaughter. " there is good a priori reason to believe that familial searching would have some success. according to the bureau of justice statistics correctional populations in united states, 1996 report, at least 42. 8 % of inmates had close relatives who also have been incarcerated. " anecdotally, familial searching had been carried out previously to the harman case for years in one -


parent or offspring of the true source of the evidence. use of familial searching can constitute a powerful law enforcement tool that should increase the number of suspects ( and thus perpetrators ) identified through forensic dna technology, and advocates say it already is a legitimate way to develop investigative leads ( 3 ). anecdotally, it appears that the use of familial dna searching in the uk that results in a conviction may be on a performance par with the use of codis to produce offender hits that result in conviction ( 3 ). bieber et al. ( 4 ) suggested that familial search analysis could increase the cold hit rate up to 40 %. even with its success in identifying true perpetrators via indirect associations in a dna database search, familial searching is not without its critics, who contend that familial searching simply is an invasion of privacy and merely a genetic fishing expedition by law enforcement. while those against familial searching acknowledge that convicted criminals should lose some privacy rights, they assert that relatives of convicted felons do not have an expectation of a reduced right to privacy. critics claim that these searches are even more troubling since they constitute an increased discriminatory scrutiny of the low - income and ethnic groups that are overrepresented in the database ( 6 ) the recent identification in california via familial searching of a serial killer suspect shows that this investigative tool could be beneficial to underprivileged groups ( 7 ). for more than 30 years, a serial murderer — the grim sleeper — in los angeles remained unidentified. the majority of victims were young african american females ( that clearly represented a low - income, minority population group ). yet familial searching linked franklin via his son who was entered into the california database for a felony weapons charge in recent years. to ensure that the association was a viable lead, the dna laboratory also typed the evidence and the son for y strs. barring mutation, a father passes his y str chromosome intact to his son. given the discrimination power afforded by current y str profiling kits is around 0. 999, most false indirect associations can be eliminated ( 9 ). thus, when using a y str match threshold, rarely would an investigator be incorrect in following up the lead provided by the dna association. the two y str profiles were the same, which strongly supports a paternal relationship between the source of the dna evidence and franklin ' s son. franklin ' s dna profile was a direct match to evidence


what is proper action regarding partial matches or potential associations? - if a state or jurisdiction desires to implement familial searching, what are the best practices to apply? with regard to the last question, software is needed that effectively searches databases based on the best - performing parameters. the proposed practices for identifying associations with their false - positive and false - negative rates should be understood ( 12 ). when possible, y str typing should be performed ( for male relatives ) ( 11 ) in conclusion, there is unequivocal evidence that familial searching will increase the cold hit rate and help solve more cases. most states legislatively authorized codis to be utilized for " criminal identification " purposes. the means used to achieve that purpose are seldom specifically described in the empowering statutes. california and colorado each implemented familial dna searching without legislative assistance ( 3 ). the " grim sleeper " case shows that familial dna searching can be used solely for " criminal identification " purposes ( see reference 20 for an extended discussion of this topic ( 14 ) ). the prediction is that as more successes such as the grim sleeper case are reported, more laboratories will seek to use familial searching. if familial searching is to be implemented it should be performed in a well - thought - out, robust manner. there are some models to follow, and the laboratory should work closely with its legal counterparts to develop an effective plan. editor ' s note : learn more about familial searches to solve crimes at the 21st international symposium on human identification, which is being held october 11 – 14, 2010, in san antonio, texas. a panel discussion on october 14 will explore the details of familial searching and focus on the controversy behind the policy. panelists will include bruce budowle, institute of investigative genetics ; rockne harmon, alameda county district attorney ’ s office ( retired ) ; jennifer luttman, federal bureau of investigation ; chris maguire, forensic science service ; and sonia suter, george washington law school.


for some women, genes may influence pressure to be thin genetics may make some women more vulnerable to the pressure of being thin, a study led by michigan state university researchers has found. from size - zero models to airbrushed film stars, thinness is portrayed as equaling beauty across western culture, and it ’ s an ideal often cited as a cause of eating disorder symptoms in young women. the researchers focused on the potential psychological impact of women buying into this perceived ideal of thinness, which they call thin - ideal internalization. changes in self - perception and behavior, caused by this idealization, can lead to body dissatisfaction, a preoccupation with weight and other symptoms of eating disorders. “ we ’ re all bombarded daily with messages extoling the virtues of being thin, yet intriguingly only some women develop what we term thin - ideal internalization, ” said jessica suisman, lead author on the study and a researcher in msu ’ s department of psychology. “ this suggests that genetic factors may make some women more susceptible to this pressure than others. ” to explore the role of genetic factors in whether women “ buy in ” to the pressure to be thin, the idealization of thinness was studied in sets of twins. more than 300 female twins from the msu twin registry, ages 12 - 22, took part in the study. suisman and colleagues measured how much participants wanted to look like people from movies, tv and magazines. once the levels of thin idealization were assessed, identical twins who share 100 percent of their genes were compared with fraternal twins who share 50 percent. the results show that identical twins have closer levels of thin idealization than fraternal twins, which suggests a significant role for genetics. further analysis shows that the heritability of thin idealization is 43 percent, meaning that almost half of the reason women differ in their idealization of thinness can be explained by differences in their genetic makeup. in addition to the role of genes, findings showed that influences of the environment are also important. the results showed that differences between twins ’ environments have a greater role in the development of thin ideal internalization than wider cultural attitudes, which women throughout western societies are exposed to. “ we were surprised to find that shared environmental factors, such as exposure to the same media, did not have as big an impact as expected, ” suisman said. “ instead, non - shared factors that make co - twins different from each other had the greatest impact. ” although the study did not look at


by michael mann and gavin schmidt on this site we emphasize conclusions that are supported by “ peer - reviewed ” climate research. that is, research that has been published by one or more scientists in a scholarly scientific journal after review by one or more experts in the scientists ’ same field ( ‘ peers ’ ) for accuracy and validity. what is so important about “ peer review ”? as chris mooney has lucidly put it : [ peer review ] is an undisputed cornerstone of modern science. central to the competitive clash of ideas that moves knowledge forward, peer review enjoys so much renown in the scientific community that studies lacking its imprimatur meet with automatic skepticism. academic reputations hinge on an ability to get work through peer review and into leading journals ; university presses employ peer review to decide which books they ’ re willing to publish ; and federal agencies like the national institutes of health use peer review to weigh the merits of applications for federal research grants. put simply, peer review is supposed to weed out poor science. however, it is not foolproof — a deeply flawed paper can end up being published under a number of different potential circumstances : ( i ) the work is submitted to a journal outside the relevant field ( e. g. a paper on paleoclimate submitted to a social science journal ) where the reviewers are likely to be chosen from a pool of individuals lacking the expertise to properly review the paper, ( ii ) too few or too unqualified a set of reviewers are chosen by the editor, ( iii ) the reviewers or editor ( or both ) have agendas, and overlook flaws that invalidate the paper ’ s conclusions, and ( iv ) the journal may process and publish so many papers that individual manuscripts occasionally do not get the editorial attention they deserve. thus, while un - peer - reviewed claims should not be given much credence, just because a particular paper has passed through peer review does not absolutely insure that the conclusions are correct or scientifically valid. the “ leaks ” in the system outlined above unfortunately allow some less - than - ideal work to be published in peer - reviewed journals. this should therefore be a concern when the results of any one particular study are promoted over the conclusions of a larger body of past published work ( especially if it is a new study that has not been fully absorbed or assessed by the community ). indeed, this is why scientific assessments such as the arctic climate impact assessment ( acia ), or the intergovernmental panel on climate change ( ipcc ) reports


a new study that has not been fully absorbed or assessed by the community ). indeed, this is why scientific assessments such as the arctic climate impact assessment ( acia ), or the intergovernmental panel on climate change ( ipcc ) reports, and the independent reports by the national academy of sciences, are so important in giving a balanced overview of the state of knowledge in the scientific research community. there have been several recent cases of putatively peer - reviewed studies in the scientific literature that produced unjustified or invalid conclusions. curiously, many of these publications have been accompanied by heavy publicity campaigns, often declaring that this one paper completely refutes the scientific consensus. an excellent account of some of these examples is provided here by dr. stephen schneider ( stanford university ). perhaps the most publicized recent example was the publication of a study by astronomer willie soon of the harvard university - affiliated harvard - smithsonian center for astrophysics and co - authors, claiming to demonstrate that 20th century global warmth was not unusual in comparison with conditions during medieval times. indeed, this study serves as a prime example of one of the “ myths ” that we have debunked elsewhere on this site. the study was summarily discredited in articles by teams of climate scientists ( including several of the scientists here at realclimate ), in the american geophysical union ( agu ) journal eos and in science. however, it took some time the rebuttals to work their way through the slow process of the scientific peer review. in the meantime the study was quickly seized upon by those seeking to sow doubt in the validity behind the scientific consensus concerning the evidence for human - induced climate change ( see news articles in the new york times, and wall street journal ). the publication of the study had wider reverberations throughout the academic and scientific institutions connected with it. the association of the study with the “ harvard ” name caused some notable unease among members of the harvard university community ( see here and here ) and the reputation of the journal publishing the study was seriously tarnished in the process. the editor at climate research that handled the soon et al paper, dr. chris de frietas, has a controversial record of past editorial practices ( see this ‘ sidebar ’ to an article in scientific american by science journalist david appell ). in an unprecedented ( to our knowledge ) act of protest, chief editor hans von storch and 3 additional editors subsequently resigned from climate research in response to the fundamental documented failures of the editorial process


journal geophysical research letters ( grl ) which publishes over 1500 papers per year. it can be conservatively estimated that they publish no more than 70 % of the papers received, and thus probably process over 2000 papers per year. that gives each of the typically 8 or so editors of the journal almost a paper per day to evaluate. while grl publishes many excellent papers and provides an important forum to the research community for rapid publication of important results, occasionally, poor papers slip through the net. these two papers were authored by douglass and collaborators ( douglass et al, 2004a ; 2004b ) the first with fred singer as a co - author and the second with both singer and michaels. both papers * * * argue that recent atmospheric temperatures have been cooling, rather than warming, based on the analysis of data over a selective ( 1979 - 1996 ) time interval that eliminates periods of significant warming both before and after, and using a controversial satellite - derived temperature record whose robustness has been called into question by other teams analysing the data. an excellent discussion of both papers is provided by tim lambert. another relevant grl paper was the article by legates and davis ( 1997 ) which criticized the use of “ centered correlations ” common to numerous “ detection and attribution ” studies supporting the detection of human influence on recent climate change. they argued that correlations could increase while observed and simulated global means diverge. however, as pointed out in the chapter on detection and attribution in ipcc ( 2001 ) *, centered correlations were introduced for precisely this reason : to provide an indicator that was statistically independent of global mean temperature changes. as noted by the ipcc, “ if both global mean changes and centered pattern correlations point towards the same explanation of observed temperature changes, it provides more compelling evidence than either of these indicators in isolation ”. again, a basic logical flaw in the authors ’ criticism of past work was not caught in peer review. next, we consider the paper by soon et al ( 2004 ) published in grl which criticized the way temperature data series had been smoothed in the ipcc report and elsewhere. true to form, contrarians immediately sold the results as ‘ invalidating ’ the conclusions of the ipcc, with the lead author willie soon himself writing an opinion piece to this effect. once again, a few short months later, a followup article was published by one of us ( mann, 2004 ) that invalidated the soon et al ( 2004 ) conclusions, demonstrating ( with links to supporting matlab


opinion piece to this effect. once again, a few short months later, a followup article was published by one of us ( mann, 2004 ) that invalidated the soon et al ( 2004 ) conclusions, demonstrating ( with links to supporting matlab source codes and data ) how ( a ) the authors had, in an undisclosed manner, inappropriately compared trends calculated over differing time intervals and ( b ) had not used standard, objective statistical criteria to determine how data series should be treated near the beginning and end of the data. it is unfortunate that a followup paper even had to be published, as the flaws in the original study were so severe as to have rendered the study of essentially no scientific value. there are other examples of studies that have even been published in high quality venues that were heavily publicized at the time, but in retrospect were flawed ( though not as egregiously as the examples above ). for instance, fan et al ( 1998 ), on the size of the carbon sink in the continental us, rebutted by schimel et al. ( 2000 ). or the solar - cycle length / climate correlation described by friis - christensen and lassen ( 1991 ) whose seeemingly impressive correlation for the latter half of the 20th century disappears if you don ’ t change the averaging scheme half way along ( laut, 2003 ; damon and laut, 2004 ). the current thinking of scientists on climate change is based on thousands of studies ( google scholar gives 19, 000 scientific articles for the full search phrase “ global climate change ” ). any new study will be one small grain of evidence that adds to this big pile, and it will shift the thinking of scientists slightly. science proceeds like this in a slow, incremental way. it is extremely unlikely that any new study will immediately overthrow all the past knowledge. so even if the conclusions of the shaviv and veizer ( 2003 ) study discussed earlier, for instance, had been correct, this would be one small piece of evidence pitted against hundreds of others which contradict it. scientists would find the apparent contradiction interesting and worthy of further investigation, and would devote further study to isolating the source of the contradiction. they would not suddenly throw out all previous results. yet, one often gets the impression that scientific progress consists of a series of revolutions where scientists discard all their past thinking each time a new result gets published. this is often because only a small handful of high - profile studies in a given field are known by the