often gets the impression that scientific progress consists of a series of revolutions where scientists discard all their past thinking each time a new result gets published. this is often because only a small handful of high - profile studies in a given field are known by the wider public and media, and thus unrealistic weight is attached to those studies. new results are often over - emphasised ( sometimes by the authors, sometimes by lobby groups ) to make them sound important enough to have news value. thus “ bombshells ” usually end up being duds. however, as demonstrated above, even when it initially breaks down, the process of peer - review does usually work in the end. but sometimes it can take a while. observers would thus be well advised to be extremely skeptical of any claims in the media or elsewhere of some new “ bombshell ” or “ revolution ” that has not yet been fully vetted by the scientific community. * note added 1 / 21 / 05 : it has come to our attention that legates and davis ( 1997 ) were similarly rebutted in a separate publication by wigley et al ( 2000 ). * * note added 1 / 21 / 05 : mckitrick and michaels have published an errata correcting the degrees / radians error in cr 27, 265 - 268 which now shows that latitude correlates much better with temperature trends than any economic statisitic. * * * note added 1. 25. 05 : chip knappenberger correctly points out that the the second douglass et al paper doesn ’ t actually make the claim that the atmosphere is cooling. we therefore withdraw that specific comment, but note that the comment concerning the selective use of data series and time periods stands. benestad, r. e., are temperature trends affected by economic activity? comment on mckitrick & michaels., climate research, 27, 171 - 173, 2004. damon, p. e. and p. laut, pattern of strange errors plagues solar activity and terrestrial climate data, eos, 85, p. 370. 2004 douglass, d. h., pearson, b. d., and s. f. singer, altitude dependence of atmospheric temperature trends : climate models versus observation, geophys. res. lett., 31, l13208, doi : 10. 1029 / 2004gl020103, 2004. douglass, d. h., pearson, b. d., and s. f. singer, knappenberg, p.


schmidt, j. severinghaus, a. j. weaver, and j. zachos, cosmic rays, carbon dioxide, and climate, eos, 85,, 38, 41, 2004. schimel, d., melillo, j., tian, h., mcguire, a. d., kicklighter, d., kittel, t., rosenbloom, n., running, s., thornton, p., ojima, d., parton, w., kelly, r., sykes, m., neilson, r. and rizzo, b., contribution of increasing co2 and climate to carbon storage by ecosystems in the united states, science 287 : 2004 - 2006, 2000 shaviv, n, and j. veizer, celestial driver of phanerozoic climate?, gsa today, 13,, 4 - 10, 2004. soon, w., d. r. legates, and s. l. baliunas, estimation and representation of long - term ( > 40 year ) trends of northern - hemisphere gridded surface temperature : a note of caution, geophys. res. lett., 31,, l03209, doi : 10. 1029 / 2003gl019141, 2004. soon, w., and s. baliunas, proxy climatic and environmental changes over the past 1000 years, climate research, 23, 89 - 110, 2003. soon, w., s. baliunas, c, idso, s. idso and d. r. legates, reconstructing climatic and environmental changes of the past 1000 years, energy and environment, 14, 233 - 296, 2003. wigley, t. m. l, santer, b. d and k. e. taylor, k. e., correlation approaches to detection, geophys. res. lett.,, 27, 2973 - 2976, 2000.


keba keba is japanese for gaudy tawdry and it is the title of artist takashi murakami ' s first picture book for children, with a story written by pop musician yujin kitagawa. this bright, colorful book, appropriate for readers of all ages, features both japanese and english texts and emerges at a pivotal time for america ' s scrutiny of japan ' s self - expression. murakami is both an artist and an intellectual ; he has written on and created works employing the concept he calls " superflat, " which is to say, " completely westernized. " murakami has speculated that " the world of the future might be like japan is today - - super flat. " murakami ' s art is inspired both by animation and children ' s culture. but while he has created stuffed animals and monstrously sized inflatable characters, keba keba is his first work intended for children. as the book begins, we meet keba keba - - a round, colorful, exeedingly generous, though friendless creature. keba keba gives his yellow to a baby chicken who has been bullied, his favorite color red to the sad sun, his blue to the crying sky, and the rest of his colors to some frail, unhappy flowers. while keba keba is giving his colors away to the colorless strangers, he becomes thinner and more faint - - but at the same time incredibly happy. in fact, kitagawa ' s story continuously emphasizes keba keba ' s wonderful feelings. yet murakami uses a climactic, wordless illustration encompassing two full pages to show keba keba in shades of grey. his eyes are closed, he is thin, exhausted - - super - flat. fashion designer marc jacobs, whose comments are featured on keba keba ' s book jacket, says that this story is a lesson about the need to give generously and selflessly in order to receive true joy. certainly this is one message children can absorb. but it ' s also possible to see the book as offering a more cautionary tale for contemporary youth. the story ends with a colorful world, but kebakeba is not in this world anymore. and he never does make any friends. sources : brehm, margrit. " takashi murakami : a lesson in strategy ( morphed double - loop. " the japanese experience inevitable. ed. margrit brehm. germany, hatje cantz verlag


cr - 39 is transparent in visible spectrum and is almost completely opaque in the ultraviolet range. it has high abrasion resistance, in fact the highest abrasion / scratch resistance of any uncoated optical plastic. cr - 39 is about half the weight of glass and index of refraction only slightly lower than that of crown glass, making it an advantageous material for eyeglasses and sunglasses lenses. a wide range of colors can be achieved by dyeing of the surface or the bulk of the material. cr - 39 is also resistant to most of solvents and other chemicals, to gamma radiation, to aging, and to material fatigue. it can withstand the small hot sparks from welding. it can be used continuously in temperatures up to 100 °c and up to one hour in 130 °c. in the radiation detection application, raw cr - 39 material is exposed to proton recoils caused by incident neutrons. the proton recoils cause tracks, which are enlarged by an etching process in a caustic solution of sodium hydroxide. the enlarged tracks are counted under a microscope ( commonly 200x ), and the number of tracks is proportional to the amount of incident neutron radiation. effect of alpha - particle energies on cr - 39 line - shape parameters using positron annihilation technique. ( polyally diglycol carbonate ) jul 01, 2006 ; polyally diglycol carbonate " cr - 39 " is widely used as etched track type particle detector. doppler broadening positron...


if and only if - " material equivalence " redirects here, in logic and fields that rely on it such as mathematics, is a logical connective between statements which means that the truth of either one of the statements requires the truth of the other. thus, either both statements are true, or both are false. to put it another way, the first statement will always be true when the second statement is, and will only be true under those conditions. in writing, common alternative phrases to " if and only if " include iff, q is necessary and sufficient for p, p is equivalent to q, p precisely if q, p precisely ( or exactly ) when q, p exactly in case q, and p just in case q. many authors regard " iff " as unsuitable in formal writing ; others use it freely. the statement " ( p iff q ) " is equivalent to the statement " not ( p xor q ) " or " p = = q " in computer science. in logic formulas, logical symbols are used instead of these phrases ; see the discussion of notation. the truth table of p iff q ( also written as p ↔ q ) is as follows : p ↔ q | | t | | | f | | | f | | | t | the corresponding logical symbols are " ↔ ", " " and " ≡ ", and sometimes " iff ". these are usually treated as equivalent. however, some texts of mathematical logic ( particularly those on first - order logic, rather than propositional logic ) make a distinction between these, in which the first, ↔, is used as a symbol in logic formulas, while is used in reasoning about those logic formulas ( e. g., in metalogic another term for this logical connective is exclusive nor. in most logical systems, one proves a statement of the form " p iff q " by proving " if p, then q " and " if q, then p " ( or the inverse of " if p, then q ", i. e. " if not p, then not q " ). proving this pair of statements sometimes leads to a more natural proof, since there are not obvious conditions in which one would infer a biconditional directly. an alternative is to prove the disjunction " ( p and q ) or ( not - p and not - q ) ", which itself can be inferred directly from either of its disjuncts — that is, because " if


alternative is to prove the disjunction " ( p and q ) or ( not - p and not - q ) ", which itself can be inferred directly from either of its disjuncts — that is, because " iff " is truth - functional, " p iff q " follows if p and q have both been shown true, or both false. origin of the abbreviation usage of the abbreviation " iff " first appeared in print in john l. kelley book general topology its invention is often credited to the mathematician paul halmos the difference between if, only if, and iff - madison will eat pudding if the pudding is a custard. ( equivalently : if the pudding is a custard, then madison will eat it ) - madison will eat pudding only if the pudding is a custard. ( equivalently : if madison is eating pudding, then it must be a custard ) - madison will eat pudding if and only if ( iff ) the pudding is a custard. ( equivalently : if the pudding is a custard, then madison will eat it. and if madison is eating pudding, then it must be a custard. ) sentence ( 1 ) states only that madison will eat custard pudding. it does not, however, preclude the possibility that madison might also have occasion to eat bread pudding. maybe she will, maybe she will not - the sentence does not tell us. all we know for certain is that she will eat custard pudding. sentence ( 2 ) states that the only pudding madison will eat is a custard. it does not, however, preclude the possibility that madison will refuse a custard if it is made available, in contrast with sentence ( 1 ), which requires madison to eat any available custard. sentence ( 3 ), however, makes it quite clear that madison will eat custard pudding and custard pudding only. she will eat all such puddings, and she will not eat any other type of pudding. a further difference is that " if " is used in definitions ( except in formal logic ) ; see more below. a sentence that is composed of two other sentences joined by " iff " is called a biconditional. " iff " joins two sentences to form a new sentence. it should not be confused with logical equivalence which is a description of a relation between two sentences. the biconditional " a iff the sentences a,


called a biconditional. " iff " joins two sentences to form a new sentence. it should not be confused with logical equivalence which is a description of a relation between two sentences. the biconditional " a iff the sentences a, describing a relation between the states of affairs a describe. by contrast " a is logically equivalent to b " mentions both sentences : it describes a relation between those two sentences, and not between whatever matters they describe. the distinction is a very confusing one, and has led many a philosopher astray. certainly it is the case that when a is logically equivalent to b, " a iff b " is true. but the converse does not hold. reconsidering the sentence : - madison will eat pudding if and only if it is custard. there is clearly no logical equivalence between the two halves of this particular biconditional. for more on the distinction, see w. v. quine ' s mathematical logic, section 5. one way of looking at " a if and only if b " is that it means " a if b " ( b implies a ) and " a only when b " ( not b implies not a ). " not b implies not a " means a implies b, so then we get two way implication. in philosophy and logic, " iff " is used to indicate definitions, since definitions are supposed to be universally quantified biconditionals. in mathematics and elsewhere, however, the word " if " is normally used in definitions, rather than " iff ". this is due to the observation that " if " in the english language has a definitional meaning, separate from its meaning as a propositional conjunction. this separate meaning can be explained by noting that a definition ( for instance : a group is " abelian " if it satisfies the commutative law ; or : a grape is a " raisin " if it is well dried ) is not an equivalence to be proved, but a rule for interpreting the term defined. ( some authors, nevertheless, explicitly indicate that the " if " of a definition means " iff "! ) here are some examples of true statements that use " iff " - true biconditionals ( the first is an example of a definition, so it should normally have been written with " if " ) : - a person is a bachelor iff that person is a marriageable man who has never married. - " snow is white " ( in english ) is true if


of a definition, so it should normally have been written with " if " ) : - a person is a bachelor iff that person is a marriageable man who has never married. - " snow is white " ( in english ) is true iff " schnee ist weiß " ( in german ) is true. - for any p, q, and r : ( p & q ) & r iff p & ( q & r ). ( since this is written using variables and " & ", the statement would usually be written using " ↔ ", or one of the other symbols used to write biconditionals, in place of " iff " ). - for any real numbers x and y, x = y + 1 iff y = x−1. other words are also sometimes emphasized in the same way by repeating the last letter ; for example orr for " or and only or " ( the exclusive disjunction the statement " ( a iff b ) " is equivalent to the statement " ( not a or b ) and ( not b or a ), " and is also equivalent to the statement " ( not a and not b ) or ( a and b ) ". it is also equivalent to : not [ ( a or b ) and ( not a or not b ) ], or more simply : which converts into : which were given in verbal interpretations above. more general usage is used outside the field of logic, wherever logic is applied, especially in mathematical discussions. it has the same meaning as above : it is an abbreviation for if and only if, indicating that one statement is both necessary and sufficient for the other. this is an example of mathematical jargon. ( however, as noted above, if, rather than iff, is more often used in statements of definition. ) the elements of x are all and only the elements of y is used to mean : " for any z in the domain of discourse, z is in x if and only if z is in y. "


artificial " skin " materials can sense pressure chicago ( reuters ) - new artificial " skin " fashioned out of flexible semiconductor materials can sense touch, making it possible to create robots with a grip delicate enough to hold an egg, yet strong enough to grasp the frying pan, u. s. researchers said on sunday. scientists have long struggled with a way to make robotic devices capable of adjusting the amount of force needed to hold and use different objects. the pressure - sensitive materials are designed to overcome that challenge. " humans generally know how to hold a fragile egg without breaking it, " said ali javey, an electrical engineer at the university of california berkeley, who led one of two teams reporting on artificial skin discoveries in the journal nature materials. " if we ever wanted a robot that could unload the dishes, for instance, we ' d want to make sure it doesn ' t break the wine glasses in the process. but we ' d also want the robot to be able to grip a stock pot without dropping it, " javey said in a statement. javey ' s team found a way to make ultra tiny " nanowires " from an alloy of silicon and germanium. wires of this material were formed on the outside of a cylindrical drum, which was then rolled onto a sticky film, depositing the wires in a uniform pattern. sheets of this semiconductor film were then coated with a layer of pressure - sensitive rubber. tests of the material showed it was able to detect a range of force, from typing on a keyboard to holding an object. a second team led by zhenan bao, a chemical engineer at stanford university in california, used a different approach, making a material so sensitive it can detect the weight of a butterfly resting on it. bao ' s sensors were made by sandwiching a precisely molded, highly elastic rubber layer between two electrodes in a regular grid of tiny pyramids. " we molded it into some kind of microstructure to incorporate some air pockets, " bao said in a telephone interview. " if we introduce air pockets, then these rubber pieces can bounce back. " when this material is stretched, the artificial skin measures the change in electrical activity. " the change in the thickness of the material is converted into an electrical signal, " she said. eventually, the teams hope artificial skin could be used to restore the sense of touch in people with prosthetic limbs, but scientists will first need a better understanding of how to integrate the system ' s sensors with the human nervous system. javey ' s


may 19, 2008 a vaccine created by university of rochester medical center scientists prevents the development of alzheimer ' s disease - like pathology in mice without causing inflammation or significant side effects. vaccinated mice generated an immune response to the protein known as amyloid - beta peptide, which accumulates in what are called " amyloid plaques " in brains of people with alzheimer ' s. the vaccinated mice demonstrated normal learning skills and functioning memory in spite of being genetically designed to develop an aggressive form of the disease. the rochester scientists reported the findings in an article in the may issue of molecular therapy, the journal of the american society of gene therapy. " our study demonstrates that we can create a potent but safe version of a vaccine that utilizes the strategy of immune response shaping to prevent alzheimer ' s - related pathologies and memory deficits, " said william bowers, associate professor of neurology and of microbiology and immunology at the medical center and lead author of the article. " the vaccinated mice not only performed better, we found no evidence of signature amyloid plaque in their brains. " alzheimer ' s is a progressive neurodegenerative disease associated with dementia and a decline in performance of normal activities. hallmarks of the disease include the accumulation of amyloid plaques in the brains of patients and the loss of normal functioning tau, a protein that stabilizes the transport networks in neurons. abnormal tau function eventually leads to another classic hallmark of alzheimer ' s, neurofibrillary tangle in nerve cells. after several decades of exposure to these insults, neurons ultimately succumb and die, leading to progressively damaged learning and memory centers in the brain. the mice that received the vaccines were genetically engineered to express large amounts of amyloid beta protein. they also harbored a mutation that causes the tau - related tangle pathology. prior to the start of the vaccine study, the mice were trained to navigate a maze using spatial clues. they were then tested periodically during the 10 - month study on the amount of time and distance traveled to an escape pod and the number of errors made along the way. " what we found exciting was that by targeting one pathology of alzheimer ' s - - amyloid beta - - we were able to also prevent the transition of tau from its normal form to a form found in the disease state, " bowers said. the goal of the vaccine is to prompt the immune system to recognize amyloid beta protein and remove it. to create the vaccine, bowers and the research group use a herpes virus that


form found in the disease state, " bowers said. the goal of the vaccine is to prompt the immune system to recognize amyloid beta protein and remove it. to create the vaccine, bowers and the research group use a herpes virus that is stripped of the viral genes that can cause disease or harm. they then load the virus container with the genetic code for amyloid beta and interleukin - 4, a protein that stimulates immune responses involving type 2 t helper cells, which are lymphocytes that play an important role in the immune system. the research group tested several versions of a vaccine. mice were given three injections of empty virus alone, a vaccine carrying only the amyloid beta genetic code, or a vaccine encoding both amyloid beta and interlueikin - 4, which was found to be the most effective. " we have learned a great deal from this ongoing project, " bowers said. " importantly, it has demonstrated the combined strengths of the gene delivery platform and the immune shaping concept for the creation of customized vaccines for alzheimer ' s disease, as well as a number of other diseases. we are currently working on strategies we believe can make the vaccine even safer. " bowers expects the vaccine eventually to be tested in people, but due to the number of studies required to satisfy regulatory requirements, it could be three or more years before human trials testing this type of alzheimer ' s vaccine occur. grants from the national institutes of health supported the study. in addition to bowers, authors of the molecular therapy article include maria e. frazer, jennifer e. hughes, michael a. mastrangelo and jennifer tibbens of the medical center and howard j. federoff of georgetown university medical center. other social bookmarking and sharing tools : note : materials may be edited for content and length. for further information, please contact the source cited above. note : if no author is given, the source is cited instead.


apr. 14, 2011 scientists at queen ’ s university belfast have pioneered a new needle - free test to take the sting out of medicine testing in premature babies. the research will not only lead to greater accuracy in prescribing, but will also significantly reduce the trauma of such tests for newborn infants and their families. in the first published research project worldwide on this new approach to testing medicines in children, the findings were announced in the us medical journal pediatrics. the study, which involves the use of blood spots obtained from a simple heel - prick, took place in the belfast hospital for sick children and the school of pharmacy at queen ’ s. the research was carried out by a team from the university ’ s school of pharmacy in partnership with the regional neonatal unit in the royal maternity hospital. it was funded by the health and social care research and development office ( hsc r & d ) and action medical research. principal investigator, queen ’ s professor of pharmacy practice james mcelnay said : “ this type of testing will obviously reduce the discomfort of medicine testing in these vulnerable patients. what is even more important, however, is that it will ensure maximum accuracy in calculating the most appropriate dose of a medicine for a sick child. “ some 80 per cent of infants in intensive care in hospitals receive medicines which have not been appropriately tested or licensed for use in such young patients, and the dosage is usually calculated based on licensed doses for adults or older children. sizable blood samples are then required to measure the concentrations of the drug in the infant ’ s bloodstream. “ our work opens up opportunities for using the same approach to study other medicines which are used in this manner in children, and we are currently studying a number of these. ” the queen ’ s study involved the antibiotic metronidazole. the research team used single drops of blood collected on blotting paper from premature infants who were receiving the medicine as part of their routine care. the ‘ spots ’ were dried, analysed in the university ’ s school of pharmacy, and the results used to develop dosage guidance for doctors. other social bookmarking and sharing tools : note : materials may be edited for content and length. for further information, please contact the source cited above. - m. suyagh, p. s. collier, j. s. millership, g. iheagwaram, m. millar, h. l. halliday, j. c. mcelnay. metronidazole population ph


aug. 9, 2012 the sought - after equanimity of " living in the moment " may be impossible, according to neuroscientists who ' ve pinpointed a brain area responsible for using past decisions and outcomes to guide future behavior. the study, based on research conducted at the university of pittsburgh and published august 9 in the professional journal neuron, is the first of its kind to analyze signals associated with metacognition - - a person ' s ability to monitor and control cognition ( a term cleverly described by researchers as " thinking about thinking. " ) " the brain has to keep track of decisions and the outcomes they produce, " said marc sommer, who did his research for the study as a university of pittsburgh neuroscience faculty member and is now on the faculty at duke university. " you need that continuity of thought, " sommer continued. " we are constantly keeping decisions in mind as we move through life, thinking about other things. we guessed it was analogous to working memory, which would point toward the prefrontal cortex. " sommer predicted that neuronal correlates of metacognition resided in the same brain areas responsible for cognition, including the frontal cortex - - a part of the brain linked with personality expression, decision making, and social behavior. sommer worked with paul g. middlebrooks, who did his research for the study at pitt before he received his pitt phd in neuroscience in 2011 ; middlebrooks is now a postdoctoral fellow at vanderbilt university. the research team studied single neurons in vivo in three frontal cortical regions of the brain : the frontal eye field ( associated with visual attention and eye movements ), the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex ( responsible for motor planning, organization, and regulation ), and the supplementary eye field ( sef ) involved in the planning and control of saccadic eye movements, which are the extremely fast movements of the eye that allow it to continually refocus on an object. to learn where metacognition occurs in the brain, subjects performed a visual decision - making task that involved random flashing lights and a dominant light on a cardboard square. participants were asked to remember and pinpoint where the dominant light appeared, guessing whether they were correct. the researchers found that while neural activity correlated with decisions and guesses in all three brain areas, the putative metacognitive activity that linked decisions to bets resided exclusively in the sef. " the sef is a complex area [ of the brain ] linked with motivation


neural activity correlated with decisions and guesses in all three brain areas, the putative metacognitive activity that linked decisions to bets resided exclusively in the sef. " the sef is a complex area [ of the brain ] linked with motivational aspects of behavior, " said sommer. " if we think we ' re going to receive something good, neuronal activity tends to be high in sef. people want good things in life, and to keep getting those good things, they have to compare what ' s going on now versus the decisions made in the past. " sommer noted that defining such concepts related to metacognition, like consciousness, has been difficult for decades. he sees his research and future work related to studying metacognition as one step in a systematic process of working toward a better understanding of consciousness. by studying metacognition, he says, he reduces the big problem of studying a " train of thought " into a simpler component : examining how one cognitive process influences another. " why aren ' t our thoughts independent of each other? why don ' t we just live in the moment? for a healthy person, it ' s impossible to live in the moment. it ' s a nice thing to say in terms of seizing the day and enjoying life, but our inner lives and experiences are much richer than that. " so far, patients with mental disorders have not been tested on these tasks, but sommer is interested to see how sef and other brain areas might be disrupted in these disorders. " with schizophrenia and alzheimer ' s disease, there is a fracturing of the thought process. it is constantly disrupted, and despite trying to keep a thought going, one is distracted very easily, " sommers said. " patients with these disorders have trouble sustaining a memory of past decisions to guide later behavior, suggesting a problem with metacognition. " funding for this research was provided by the university of pittsburgh, the joint university of pittsburgh - carnegie mellon university center for the neural basis of cognition, the national institute of mental health, and the alfred p. sloan foundation. other social bookmarking and sharing tools : note : materials may be edited for content and length. for further information, please contact the source cited above. - paul g. middlebrooks, marc a. sommer. neuronal correlates of metacognition in primate frontal cortex. neuron, 2012 ; 75 ( 3 ) : 517 doi : 10. 1016 / j. neuron


things. emotional response, and trauma, must be seen in relative not absolute terms. themodel helps remind us that the other person ' s perspective is different to our own, whether weare the one in shock, or the one helping another to deal with their upset. the study of death and dying is actually known as thanatology ( from the greek word ' thanatos ' meaning death ). elisabeth kubler - ross is accordingly sometimes referred to as athanatologist, and she is considered to have contributed significantly to the creation of thegenre of thanatology itself. elisabeth kubler - ross ' s seminal book was on death & dying, published in 1969, in whichshe explained her now classically regarded ' five stages of grief '. the book and its ideas werequite revolutionary at the time, reflecting kubler - ross ' s outspoken and bold approach, whichis paradoxical given the sensitivity and compassion of her concepts. was a catalyst. she opened up and challenged previously conservative ( sweep itunder the carpet, don ' t discuss it, etc ) theories and practices relating to death and bereavement, and received an enormously favourable response among carers, the dying andthe bereaved, which perhaps indicates the level of denial and suppression that had earlier characterised conventional views about the subject - particularly in the western world, wheredeath is more of a taboo than in certain other cultures. as stated, and important to emphasise, kubler - ross ' s five stages of grief model wasdeveloped initially as a model for helping dying patients to cope with death and bereavement, however the concept also provides insight and guidance for coming to terms with personaltrauma and change, and for helping others with emotional adjustment and coping, whatever the cause. this has probably helped her ideas to spread and to enter ' mainstream ' thinking. and her ideas have now become synonymous with emotionalresponse to trauma, and to grief support and counselling, much likemaslowis fundamentallyassociated with motivational theory ; kolb with learning styles, and gardner with multiple intelligence. as with much other brilliant pioneering work, the kubler - ross model is elegantly simple. thefive stages of grief modelis summarised and interpreted below. this kubler - ross five stages and terminology are featured here with permission from theelisabeth kubler ross foundation, which is gratefully acknowledged. please look at the twowebsiteswww. ekrfoundation. org,


tetrahexyldecyl ascorbate is a form of vitamin c that ’ s been modified to be more lipid soluble. this modification allows it to better penetrate the skin. the problem with most topical forms of vitamin c is they ’ re water soluble and can ’ t make it through the lipid - rich skin barrier to reach the dermis of skin where they could have maximal benefits. tetrahexyldecyl ascorbate is able to successfully penetrate the epidermis and move to the layer underneath called the dermis. it ’ s in the dermis that collagen, a protein that gives skin its youthful firmness and ability to resist wrinkles, is made. vitamin c has a variety of benefits for health and for maintaining healthy, youthful skin. it functions as an antioxidant, helping to offset oxidative damage that degrades collagen and leads to wrinkles and saggy skin. when skin is exposed to ultraviolet light from the sun, a sequence of events occurs that leads to free radical production. these free radicals damage skin cell membranes and activate enzymes that break down collagen and elastin, two most important proteins that keep skin firm and youthful. vitamin c has the ability to donate electrons to free radicals so they aren ’ t as damaging to cellular structures. vitamin c isn ’ t a substitute for sunscreen, but it does provide extra protection against oxidative damage that can lead to premature aging and skin cancer. another benefit of vitamin c is it stimulates collagen production. since collagen provides skin with the support it needs to stay firm and youthful, this helps to reduce wrinkles and skin sagging. a study published in the archives of otolaryngology and head and neck surgery found that participants who used topical vitamin c for three months experienced a decrease in fine lines and wrinkles and an improvement in skin texture. this was confirmed by a similar study published in the journal dermatologic surgery. topical vitamin c also appears to be effective for lightening excessive skin pigmentation and improving the appearance of stretch marks. it also reduces redness and inflammation after laser surgery. despite the benefits of vitamin c, it has drawbacks. some forms can ’ t penetrate the epidermis and reach the dermis where it can stimulate collagen production. plus, vitamin c is unstable and loses its effectiveness quickly, especially if exposed to air or light. tetrahexyldecyl ascorbate is more stable than other vitamin c preparations


the dermis where it can stimulate collagen production. plus, vitamin c is unstable and loses its effectiveness quickly, especially if exposed to air or light. tetrahexyldecyl ascorbate is more stable than other vitamin c preparations, and is lipid - soluble, which allows it to reach the dermis of the skin where it can stimulate collagen production. most vitamin c preparations remain on the surface of the skin where they guard against oxidative damage but have little effect on collagen production. tetrahexyldecyl ascorbate is able to move into the dermis where it can offer additional anti - aging benefits by stimulating collagen production. it also stimulates the production of glycosaminoglycans, compounds present naturally in skin that bind and hold on to water. levels of glycosaminoglycans decline with age and may account for some of the skin changes that occur as skin matures. is tetrahexydecyl sulfate safe? like most forms of vitamin c, tetrahexyldecyl sulfate is safe. the environmental working group classifies it as a low hazard cosmetic ingredient. most forms of topical vitamin c cause skin irritation and redness, but tetrahexyldecyl sulfate is less irritating than other forms, although people with sensitive skin may experience mild burning and irritation. some manufacturers of cosmetic and skin care products add tetrahexyldecyl sulfate to their products due to its antioxidant and anti - aging benefits. some types of products that contain this ingredient include facial moisturizers, eye creams, sunscreens, lip gloss, foundation and anti - aging products of all types. it ’ s often combined with other antioxidants like vitamin e, retinols or peptides for additional anti - aging benefits. all in all, tetrahexyldecyl sulfate is a form of vitamin c that ’ s more stable and better able to penetrate skin to reach the dermis. by reaching the dermis, it can stimulate collagen production to help give skin greater firmness and resiliency. in addition, it helps to protect against damage due to sun exposure, lighten pigmented areas, treat stretch marks and improve skin texture. it does this safely and with minimal skin irritation. cosmetic ’ s cop. “ tetrahexyldecyl ascorbate ” environmental working group. “ tetrahexyldecyl ascorbate ” arch. otolar


the voyager 1 has found its way into the far reaches of space, specifically to the edge beyond which scientists believe lies interstellar space. this area is within our solar bubble, and is referred to as a “ magnetic highway for charged particles. ” the findings were detailed earlier today at the american geophysical union, which took place in san francisco. the magnetic highway detailed in the announcement is explained thusly : the connection betwixt the sun ’ s magnetic field lines and interstellar magnetic field lines lets high energy particles from beyond our heliopsphere “ zoom in, ” while letting low - energy particles “ zoom out. ” when voyager goes beyond these fields into interstellar space, it is believed the occasion will be marked by a change in the direction of the lines. one of the project ’ s scientist edward stone offered this statement. “ although voyager 1 still is inside the sun ’ s environment, we now can taste what it ’ s like on the outside because the particles are zipping in and out on this magnetic highway. we believe this is the last leg of our journey to interstellar space. our best guess is it ’ s likely just a few months to a couple years away. the new region isn ’ t what we expected, but we ’ ve come to expect the unexpected from voyager. ” voyager has been traipsing around the outer layer of the heliosphere for years, 5. 5 of which were spent with stable solar wind. over time – and rather suddenly – the solar wind decreased, eventually to zero. says scientists, if one were to look at the charged particle ( solar wind ) information, it would seem that the voyager is already beyond the heliosphere. other data doesn ’ t indicate this, however, and so for the time being, it ’ s still a matter of patience.


related topics : opengl transformation updates : the mathml version is available here. a computer monitor is a 2d surface. a 3d scene rendered by opengl must be projected onto the computer screen as a 2d image. gl _ projection matrix is used for this projection transformation. first, it transforms all vertex data from the eye coordinates to the clip coordinates. then, these clip coordinates are also transformed to the normalized device coordinates ( ndc ) by dividing with w component of the clip coordinates. therefore, we have to keep in mind that both clipping ( frustum culling ) and ndc transformations are integrated into gl _ projection matrix. the following sections describe how to build the projection matrix from 6 parameters ; left, right, bottom, top, near and far boundary values. note that the frustum culling ( clipping ) is performed in the clip coordinates, just before dividing by wc. the clip coordinates, xc, yc and zc are tested by comparing with wc. if each clip coordinate is less than - wc, or greater than wc, then the vertex will be discarded. then, opengl will reconstruct the edges of the polygon where clipping occurs. in perspective projection, a 3d point in a truncated pyramid frustum ( eye coordinates ) is mapped to a cube ( ndc ) ; the range of x - coordinate from [ l, r ] to [ - 1, 1 ], the y - coordinate from [ b, t ] to [ - 1, 1 ] and the z - coordinate from [ n, f ] to [ - 1, 1 ]. note that the eye coordinates are defined in the right - handed coordinate system, but ndc uses the left - handed coordinate system. that is, the camera at the origin is looking along - z axis in eye space, but it is looking along + z axis in ndc. since glfrustum ( ) accepts only positive values of near and far distances, we need to negate them during the construction of gl _ projection matrix. in opengl, a 3d point in eye space is projected onto the near plane ( projection plane ). the following diagrams show how a point ( xe, ye, ze ) in eye space is projected to ( xp, yp, zp ) on the near plane. from the top view of the frustum, the x - coordinate of eye space, xe is mapped to xp, which is calculated by using the ratio of similar triangles ; from the side


yp, zp ) on the near plane. from the top view of the frustum, the x - coordinate of eye space, xe is mapped to xp, which is calculated by using the ratio of similar triangles ; from the side view of the frustum, yp is also calculated in a similar way ; note that both xp and yp depend on ze ; they are inversely propotional to - ze. in other words, they are both divided by - ze. it is a very first clue to construct gl _ projection matrix. after the eye coordinates are transformed by multiplying gl _ projection matrix, the clip coordinates are still a homogeneous coordinates. it finally becomes the normalized device coordinates ( ndc ) by divided by the w - component of the clip coordinates. ( see more details on opengl transformation. ) therefore, we can set the w - component of the clip coordinates as - ze. and, the 4th of gl _ projection matrix becomes ( 0, 0, - 1, 0 ). next, we map xp and yp to xn and yn of ndc with linear relationship ; [ l, r ] ⇒ [ - 1, 1 ] and [ b, t ] ⇒ [ - 1, 1 ]. then, we substitute xp and yp into the above equations. note that we make both terms of each equation divisible by - ze for perspective division ( xc / wc, yc / wc ). and we set wc to - ze earlier, and the terms inside parentheses become xc and yc of the clip coordiantes. from these equations, we can find the 1st and 2nd rows of gl _ projection matrix. now, we only have the 3rd row of gl _ projection matrix to solve. finding zn is a little different from others because ze in eye space is always projected to - n on the near plane. but we need unique z value for the clipping and depth test. plus, we should be able to unproject ( inverse transform ) it. since we know z does not depend on x or y value, we borrow w - component to find the relationship between zn and ze. therefore, we can specify the 3rd row of gl _ projection matrix like this. in eye space, we equals to 1. therefore, the equation becomes ; to find the coefficients, a and b, we use the ( ze, zn ) relation ; ( - n, - 1 ) and ( -


projection matrix like this. in eye space, we equals to 1. therefore, the equation becomes ; to find the coefficients, a and b, we use the ( ze, zn ) relation ; ( - n, - 1 ) and ( - f, 1 ), and put them into the above equation. to solve the equations for a and b, rewrite eq. ( 1 ) for b ; substitute eq. ( 1 ' ) to b in eq. ( 2 ), then solve for a ; put a into eq. ( 1 ) to find b ; we found a and b. therefore, the relation between ze and zn becomes ; finally, we found all entries of gl _ projection matrix. the complete projection matrix is ; this projection matrix is for a general frustum. if the viewing volume is symmetric, which is and, then it can be simplified as ; before we move on, please take a look at the relation between ze and zn, eq. ( 3 ) once again. you notice it is a rational function and is non - linear relationship between ze and zn. it means there is very high precision at the near plane, but very little precision at the far plane. if the range [ - n, - f ] is getting larger, it causes a depth precision problem ( z - fighting ) ; a small change of ze around the far plane does not affect on zn value. the distance between n and f should be short as possible to minimize the depth buffer precision problem. constructing gl _ projection matrix for orthographic projection is much simpler than perspective mode. all xe, ye and ze components in eye space are linearly mapped to ndc. we just need to scale a rectangular volume to a cube, then move it to the origin. let ' s find out the elements of gl _ projection using linear relationship. since w - component is not necessary for orthographic projection, the 4th row of gl _ projection matrix remains as ( 0, 0, 0, 1 ). therefore, the complete gl _ projection matrix for orthographic projection is ; it can be further simplified if the viewing volume is symmetrical, and.


try to determine if they repeated the first mistake or contained a new one. answer choice ( b ) has a problem similar to that of the original sentence. it says, the reason being, which is a wordy phrase. ( c ) contains a new problem : the word participating is a gerund, but should be a noun. ( d ) repeats the original mistake, repeating the phrase but for her being ; it also introduces a new problem by using the strange phrase participation - willing. only ( e ) neither repeats the original problem nor contains a new one. step # 5 covers cheap tricks that can help you eliminate answers when all else fails. since we aren ’ t stumped on this question, we ’ ll skip the cheap tricks for now, and discuss them at the end of the chapter. 6. plug your answer back into the sentence to make sure it works. sounds good. this step shouldn ’ t normally cause you to reevaluate your work ; it ’ s just a quick check to make sure the answer choice actually sounds okay in the context of the sentence. sat ii is a registered trademark of the college entrance examination board which was not involved in the production of, and does not endorse, this product. ©2006 sparknotes llc, all rights reserved.


cognitive learning i : understanding effective thinking this chapter will help you answer the following questions about your learners : • how can i teach my learners to become good thinkers? • what cognitive learning strategies can help my learners remember what i teach? • what cognitive learning strategies can help my learners improve their comprehension of what they read? • which is more important to how much my learners are able to learn : prior knowledge or intelligence? • how can i use the information processing model of thinking to better understand how learning occurs? • what are some ways of getting and holding my learners ’ attention? • what teaching strategies can i use to enhance my learners ’ reception, availability, and activation of the information i present? • do my learners have to learn in orderly, sequential ways or can they use different sources of information simultaneously to construct their own meanings? boricp05. doc - 2 • is my learners ’ intelligence fixed, or is it made up of many specific abilities that i can improve through instruction? in this chapter you will also learn the meanings of these terms : automaticity cognitive strategies comprehension monitoring decay theory declarative knowledge displacement theory domain - specific knowledge dual - coding theory elaboration general knowledge immediate memory information processing model interference theory keyword method long - term memory metacognition organization parallel distributed processing model procedural knowledge propositional networks rehearsal schema theory working memory boricp05. doc - 3 many years ago in the village of gidole in southern ethiopia, there lived an old man and his three sons. the old man knew that he had only a few more years to live and he wanted to make sure that his property and possessions were left in good hands. he decided that he would leave all his worldly goods to the most intelligent of his three sons. the problem... [ continues ] cite this essay ( 2010, 10 ). learning. studymode. com. retrieved 10, 2010, from http : / / www. studymode. com / essays / learning - 457243. html " learning " studymode. com. 10 2010. 10 2010 < http : / / www. studymode. com / essays / learning - 457243. html >. " learning. " studymode. com. 10, 2010. accessed 10, 2010. http : / / www. studymode. com / essays / learning - 457243. html.


gone are the days when fred haise, of the apollo 13 crew, could remark on how his urine looked as if a golden string of glittering stars as they passed out of the evacuation chamber of the space capsule in which he ’ d just relieved himself. or at least gone are the days when bill paxton in the character of haise could say something like that in a movie and be accurate. these days our astronauts drink the water recycled from their pee — and find clever new uses for their poop too. on the international space station, they use an automated system to remove extract water from waste for use once more. on the private mars shot that will launch in 2018, inspiration mars, they will use a simpler, but perhaps more elegant, method : a technique called forward osmosis. water likes to move to diffuse concentrations whenever possible from high to low, in an effort to even things out. so when it ’ s confronted with a solution that contains a solution with a high concentration of salt, which has a high osmotic potential, this ticks water off and it will move toward that higher concentration to balance things out. so when urine, which contains lots of water, of course, is put into in a chamber it will pass through the membrane, leaving behind all of the other stuff that makes up urine, leaving the water purified and the salty solution diluted and ready to, yick, drink. i ’ m sure that any remnant salty taste from the diluted solution will provide the astronauts plenty of reminder of where their water came from ( their pee ). the forward osmosis method was tested on the last space shuttle flight, atlantis in 2011. the problem is, the results showed that in microgravity osmosis worked at only about half the efficiency it does here on earth, something the mission ’ s engineers will have to work out. the inspiration mars people recently announced that these bags of water and waste will be used in an entirely novel way, to line the space capsule to protect it from cosmic rays. a quote from a mission member in a new scientist article on the subject points out that nuclei block cosmic radiation and that water has about three times the amount of nuclei that are found in metals. and since the nuclei block rather than absorb radiated particles, the water won ’ t become irradiated, keeping it safe to drink. so lining the capsule with bags of water that the crew can also drink should be an efficient and elegant solution to both staving off cosmic radiation and dehydration among the


one of our most valuable resources is the water beneath our feet. - something you canit see and may not even know is there! ground water is the part of precipitation that seeps down through the soil until it reaches rock material that is saturated with water. ground water slowly moves underground, generally at a downward angle ( because of gravity ), and may eventually seep into streams, lakes, and oceans. most of the void spaces in the rocks below the water table are filled with water. but rocks have different porosity and permeability characteristics, which means that water does not move around the same way in all rocks. when water - bearing rocks readily transmit water to wells and springs, they are called aquifers. wells can be drilled into the aquifers and water can be pumped out. precipitation eventually adds water ( recharge ) into the porous rock of the aquifer. the rate of recharge is not the same for all aquifers, though, and that must be considered when pumping water from a well. pumping too much water too fast draws down the water in the aquifer and eventually causes a well to yield less and less water and even run dry. ground water is an important natural resource, especially in those parts of the country that donit have ample surface - water sources, such as the arid west. it provides about 38 percent of the water delivered by water departments for use in our homes, businesses, and industries and provides drinking water for the 99 percent of the rural population who supply their own water from their own wells.


to control and eliminate the world ’ s nuclear arsenals. to preserve its nuclear deterrent, china, like russia, could build up its nuclear forces or adopt a launch - on - warning posture. china could also decide to keep open the option of building up by refusing constraints on fissile material production. the united states is seeking an international treaty prohibiting further production of fissile material for nuclear weapons, partly as a way to place some controls on the nuclear - weapon programs of the undeclared nuclear states - india, israel, and pakistan. china ’ s agreement to this treaty is essential, both because of its own nuclear arsenal and because its participation will be needed to gain that of india and, in turn, pakistan. if and when the united states and russia continue to cut their deployed nuclear weapons to roughly the numbers held by the smaller nuclear powers - china, britain, and france - it will become necessary to include these countries in negotiating deeper cuts. but in response to u. s. defenses, china could hamstring this process by refusing to accept limits on its deployed arsenal. finally, because both russia and china are potential suppliers of nuclear and missile technologies to other countries, their participation in international nonproliferation efforts is crucial. but the ill will that missile defense deployments could cause may make both russia and china less willing to cooperate with the west on restricting transfers of sensitive technology to other countries, or to participate in other nonproliferation initiatives. thus the overall result of u. s. deployment of national missile defenses and high - altitude theater defenses could well be that nuclear reductions and other irreversibility measures grind to a halt and that the united states and russia become locked in at high levels of deployed weapons, while retaining their ability to rapidly build more. the other nuclear weapon states would then refuse to become involved in nuclear arms reductions. creating such barriers to deep nuclear reductions and disarmament, which the nuclear weapon states are obligated to pursue under the nuclear non - proliferation treaty ( npt ), would become increasingly unacceptable to the 180 non - nuclear - weapon state members of the npt. over time, this discontent could weaken the international nonproliferation regime. these potential costs to u. s. security might be worth risking if the missile threat were greater and defenses were a more effective means of countering this threat. but this is not the case. there is no missile threat from developing countries that justifies national missile defenses, and there may never be. there are more effective means of addressing


exploring the field of cancer genomics can give a researcher without a sturdy footing in bioinformatics a bad case of information overload. but the potential payoff is high. cancer researchers have been amassing data on small mutations, copy number variations, epigenetic changes, expression level differences, and clinical features for a number of cancer types since long before the first whole cancer genome sequence ( of an acute myeloid leukemia ) was completed in 2008. that means researchers diving into the fray today will have more — and higher quality — information at their fingertips than ever before. yet navigating it won ’ t be easy, says william hahn, an associate professor of medicine who studies a number of cancers at the dana - farber cancer institute in boston. “ it ’ s a huge challenge to know what ’ s out there and how to use it. ” much of the available genomic data comes from a handful of large international collaborations. the cancer genome atlas ( tcga ), a project of the national cancer institute and the national human genome research institute, oversees the generation of genomic data from quality - controlled samples, most of which have been analyzed using multiple platforms. the uk cancer genome project houses a data collection called cosmic, the single most comprehensive catalog of somatic mutations in the world. casting an even wider net, the international cancer genome consortium ( icgc ) is a one - stop - shopping portal through which you can access data from its 12 member countries, as well as from the tcga and cosmic databases. once you ’ ve got the data, the trick is to know what they can and cannot tell you, says hahn. but whatever type of data you search for, he cautions, your in silico analyses should be considered hypothesis - generating. at the end of the day, you have to go back to the lab or into the clinic to validate them. the scientist surveyed freely available data, visualization, and analysis portals for cancer genome information to bring you a start - up guide for integrating the approach into your work. is my favorite gene mutated in cancer? a good starting point is to check for known mutations and other aberrations in your gene of interest. the icgc data portal offers several search routes. enter a gene name, ncbi accession number, or ensembl gene id in the gene search field, click through to the gene report, and under mutation summary you ’ ll find the mutations and copy number changes detected and their frequency in the tumors analyzed to date. the cosmic


acid. alternatively, because mutationasssessor is also a stand - alone tool, you can enter your mutation of interest in the text box on its site to obtain a similar output table. what are the genes and pathways that are associated with a tumor type? many cancer researchers are looking beyond individual genes to map gene networks. one way to do this is with regulome explorer, a set of tools developed by the institute for systems biology in seattle, washington, and md anderson cancer center at the university of texas in houston that provides a wide - ranging view of connections between mutations, expression level changes, and clinical outcomes. the tool is currently loaded with three tcga data sets, with plans to add more in the next 6 months. to explore networks in which a gene might be involved, select the first tool on the portal page, all pairs significance tests, which looks for pairwise associations. the new window that opens shows a graphical representation of a breast cancer data set, but you can load one of the others by going to the data menu and clicking select. in the dialog box on the right, enter your gene of interest in the label field under feature 1. under feature 2, choose the type of genomic change and the gene for which you want to find associations, then click filter. or, you can leave both boxes in feature 2blank, and view all the genomic associations ; mousing over a line tells you the change associated with your gene of interest. you can do the same analysis of data with a different list of cancer types in mskcc ’ s cbio portal. just enter your gene — say, trim2 — in the gray field, as before, and click submit. after you select the tumor type and click view cancer study details, you can review the network of known gene interactions and pathways involving the gene under the network tab. you can mouse over a gene, represented as a node, to see a color - coded wheel summarizing its mutation, expression, and copy number status. ( the color for each alteration is under the legend tab. ) of course, many gene networks are unknown. a tool called dendrix predicts whether genes share a pathway by using an algorithm that searches for genes mutated in a mutually exclusive pattern. to run dendrix, upload two text files to a server at ccmbweb. ccv. brown. edu / dendrix — one listing all the genes mutated in samples of a particular tumor type ( for example, a


run dendrix, upload two text files to a server at ccmbweb. ccv. brown. edu / dendrix — one listing all the genes mutated in samples of a particular tumor type ( for example, a tcga data set ), and the other listing just the genes you want to analyze. leave out genes mutated at very high frequency, which skew the results, says fabio vandin, a bioinformatician who developed dendrix with colleagues at brown university. the completed analysis will be e - mailed to you, usually within a day, as a text file readable via a platform called cytoscape. what are the clinical associations with genomic changes? “ when you submit to journals these days, there ’ s quite a good chance the referees will say, ‘ what does this gene mutation do in the clinic to patients? ’ ” says markus bredel of the university of alabama at birmingham, who studies gene mutations that correlate with short survival times for patients with glioblastoma. several university - operated visualization tools can address this question. oncoprints at mskcc cbio portal show survival curves associated with genomic alterations in the survival tab. alternatively, the university of california santa cruz cancer genomics browser lets you probe associations between an array of clinical parameters and genomic data for many data sets. click on cancer genomics browser at the top of the menu on the left to be directed to the list of data sets. after choosing a data set, click on the heatmap box in the tab that appears on the right to view genomic and clinical heat maps. you can explore associations between a clinical feature and genomic changes by clicking the features button above the clinical heat map. this opens a window in which you can create two patient groups based on various differences, say, in age at diagnosis. select student ’ s t - test from the statistic drop - down menu and hit generate statistics to view all the statistically significant genomic differences between the groups : red bars and green bars indicate that genomic variation is more likely in group 1 or group 2, respectively. you can zoom in to get genomic data from individual samples, which are arranged vertically above the corresponding chromosomal position, says jing zhu, who manages the ucsc cancer genomics browser. she encourages researchers who want more information about these clinical parameters to contact her team at firstname. lastname @ example. org.


hydroinformatics is the rapidly developing field in which information technology is applied to address water - related issues such as flood estimation and rainfall - runoff modeling. this book is a thorough overview of all the latest developments in this increasingly vital discipline. hydroinformatics is an emerging subject that is expected to gather speed, momentum and critical mass throughout the forthcoming decades of the 21st century. this book provides a broad account of numerous advances in that field - a rapidly developing discipline covering the application of information and communication technologies, modelling and computational intelligence in aquatic environments. a systematic survey, classified according to the methods used ( neural networks, fuzzy logic and evolutionary optimization, in particular ) is offered, together with illustrated practical applications for solving various water - related issues. these include, but are not limited to, flood estimation, rainfall - runoff modelling, rehabilitation of urban water networks, estimation of ocean temperature profiles, etc. particular attention is also given to certain aspects of the most recent technological progress in hydroinformatics including the development of protocols for model integration and of computer architectures for modern modelling systems. invited contributions were obtained from leading international experts - including academics, hydrological practitioners and industrial professionals - such that this edited volume constitutes an authoritative source of reference material and is essential reading for active workers in this field.


patanjali, author of the yoga sutra, presented in the second chapter of his book five ethical precepts called yamas. the yamas were designed as a basic guideline for living a life of personal fulfillment that also benefits society. the consequence of not following these teachings, according to patanjali, is our continued suffering. the first yama is known as ahimsa, which is typically translated as “ nonviolence ” or the avoidance of violence. ahimsa refers to physical violence as well as the violence of thoughts and words. in this way, it is believed that our negative thoughts about ourselves and others can be as powerful and damaging as physical attempts to harm. ahimsa, in its entirety, refers to the total rejection of inflicting pain or harm – whether it be by thought, word or deed – to any and all living creatures. the practice of ahimsa includes constant vigilance and observation of ourselves when interacting with others, taking note of our thoughts and our intentions. ahimsa prohibits the killing or injuring of living beings as it is believed that violence brings about negative karma. to practice non - injury, one must be harmless in mind, mouth and hand ; one must replace hatred with love and cultivate forgiveness. ahimsa is sacrifice but it is also power and strength. himsa is translated as violence or injury. there are many forms of himsa including contempt toward others, prejudice, unreasonable dislike, hatred, abuse, harsh or rude speech, discourtesy, and lies. these must all be discarded in order to practice ahimsa. one must not wound others or their feelings, whether it be by action, words or even the tone of voice. all forms of harshness should be avoided. in fact, even the approval of another ’ s harsh actions and the failure to relieve another ’ s pain or to help another in distress is seen as himsa. to practice ahimsa, you must accept the insults and criticisms, rebukes and assaults of others without acting in retaliation or causing offense. even under the greatest of provocation, you still must refrain from thinking evil thoughts, harboring anger and even cursing. practicing ahimsa requires bravery and fearlessness. it is not for the weak. ahimsa is the perfection of forgiveness. understandably, beginning in the practice of ahimsa is not easy. start by controlling the physical body first. when faced with your own thoughts of hatred or revenge, do not act on them. when faced with


effective therapy involves more than mere talk and venting. true healing is achieved by finding the roots of our deep - seated ailments. in psychotherapy counseling, the therapist guides their client towards uninhibited emotional disclosure. numerous studies have shown that emotional disclosure strengthens the immune system by increasing the levels of cd4 cells and natural killer cells and improves the health of individuals afflicted with rheumatoid arthritis, asthma and other conditions. in psychotherapy, also referred to as counseling, psychosocial therapy, therapy or talk therapy, a mental health professional assists a client with personal growth, behavioral issues, or mental health problems. therapy involves treatment of emotional and mental disorders by talking about issues in an individual ' s life with a psychologist, psychiatrist or other trained professional. psychotherapists perform a holistic analysis of their clients ' situation and implement coping strategies. the psychotherapist observes a client ' s behavior, emotions and thoughts until a pattern is identified. upon recognition of their typical or repetitive behavioral responses, clients are then able to implement changes. psychotherapy treatment may help patients with a number of issues. common issues include : psychotherapy enables patients to : - relationship issues - addiction and noxious habits - emotional problems - sexual problems - substance abuse - family conflicts - uncover the reasons for their condition so that they can better address it - identify and modify thoughts or behaviors that negatively impact their life - sharpen communication skills - learn more effective coping and problem - resolution skills - practice setting reasonable goals - explore experiences and relationships - increase their self - love and love for others - improve their self - confidence and self - esteem - heal old wounds - remove psychological blocks psychotherapy may be short - term or consist of numerous sessions over the course of several years. prospective clients may choose between individual, group, couples or family sessions. research has shown that psychotherapy coupled with medication provides greater benefit to patients than medication alone. benefits of psychotherapy include : - a novel perspective on a complex problem - effectiveness in depression relapse prevention - greater affordability than anti - depressant medication in the short run - efficacy in treating mood disorders that is comparable to anti - depressant drug treatment - outperformance of mood stabilizers in the treatment of bipolar depression - longer - lasting results than medication - maintenance of a high level of psychosocial functioning - reduction of mental health symptoms, such as anger, depression, and desperation - long - range benefits for post - traumatic stress syndrome following trauma - alleviation of mental


- lasting results than medication - maintenance of a high level of psychosocial functioning - reduction of mental health symptoms, such as anger, depression, and desperation - long - range benefits for post - traumatic stress syndrome following trauma - alleviation of mental health symptoms - combating specific conditions such as depression - increased self - awareness and a better understanding of one ' s values and goals - honing skills for improving relationships in this intensive, long - term therapy, counselors help clients examine feelings, events, and memories from the past in order to shed light on present behaviors and emotions. patients usually attend several weekly psychoanalytical sessions for extended periods of time. in this form of treatment, the psychotherapist helps clients become cognizant of any unconscious influence that past experiences may have on their present lives by way of thoughts, emotions or behaviors. some techniques employed in this typically brief treatment include analyzing actions and thoughts, confronting behavior and beliefs, resolving conflicts, and re - visiting the past. clients are asked to put the new skills to work between sessions or make entries in a diary and are assigned homework exercises. cognitive behavioral therapy ( cbt ) the emphasis cbt is on the modification of negative, unhealthy thought patterns and behaviors that affect physical and emotional well - being. this is often achieved through desensitization, also known as exposure therapy. desensitization is a process in which clients confront the situations that trigger traumatic reactions, discomfort, fear or anxiety and learn to overcome their responses. in cognitive therapy, patients are taught to identify and modify cognitive distortions. cognitive distortions are considered habitual, faulty thinking patterns which give rise to behaviors and emotions that are unhelpful, unrealistic, self - destructive or self - defeating. to reduce the likelihood that symptoms will resurface, patients practice the skills learned in their everyday lives. this type of psychoanalytical treatment tends to focus more on the present and future than on past conflicts or issues. cbt has proven a successful treatment of several mental health issues including : - post - traumatic stress disorder - obsessive - compulsive disorder - panic attacks - suicidal behavior - anger management - stress management marital and family therapy marital psychotherapists assist couples in resolving their difficulties jointly. in family therapy, the objective is family functioning, and the sessions are attended by more than one family member at the same time. family therapy is useful in several situations including : - problems with siblings or relatives - children acting out - parenting difficulties -


one of the big questions — and there are many — that occupy killam scholar and kinesiology researcher walter herzog is why a muscle generates more force after it is stretched than a muscle that has not changed length. at the heart of this question is the understanding of how our muscles work. if herzog and his lab are correct, a new model may be needed. researcher tim leonard is looking for answers. he ’ s been part of herzog ’ s lab for most of his adult life. he started his undergraduate degree at the university of calgary when he was 17. since then, he ’ s enjoyed a successful, productive and well - decorated academic career. leonard is the only individual to win the canadian society of biomechanics award for his master ’ s degree and for his phd. he also won the western area association of grad studies award ( an association of american and canadian universities from the prairies ) and the university of calgary ’ s j. b. hyne research innovation award. these awards recognize innovative research as well as the innovative use of technology. to study the question of stretched muscle force, leonard had to devise a way to measure the contractile force of a single myofibril, the microscopic building blocks of our muscles. but how do you grab, stretch and measure the spring of something that is only a few microns long? the challenge led leonard to upstate new york and cornell university, where he found the facilities necessary to construct his nanotechnology micro levers. “ it ’ s kind of one of these things you ’ d see in a science fiction movie, ” says leonard. “ you ' ve got people working in these super - clean rooms, dressed up in these puffy suits with slippers on their feet, and masks so they don ’ t contaminate the air with their hair or skin cells. ” leonard points out that he didn ’ t invent the process he used to create his silicon - nitride cantilevers. the real genius was adapting the existing technology to fit his needs. “ i really just said, ‘ these should be what i need them to be ’ and for me it was really just a stepping stone to get to the actual science and so maybe that ’ s what the awards were for. ” the cantilevers are incredibly tiny and need to be stored and carried in a sealed case, since the force of wind created just by walking across the room would be enough to snap them instantly. on the microscope slide, the levers become a powerful


the cantilevers are incredibly tiny and need to be stored and carried in a sealed case, since the force of wind created just by walking across the room would be enough to snap them instantly. on the microscope slide, the levers become a powerful tool and helped to suggest that there is another actor at work in the stretched muscle contraction problem — titin, the largest known natural protein. despite its size, and the fact that we have a lot of it in our muscles, bio - mechanists aren ' t exactly sure what titin does. “ people have looked at it as a spring, or like a big slinky, that helps keep the proteins lined up, ” say leonard. “ but over the last few years there ’ s been evidence that titin is not just a passive molecular spring, but that it may actually contribute to active sources. ” leonard thinks that titin could partially contribute to the increase in force in a stretched muscle. “ if titin is actually producing a little bit of what we could call active force, that ’ s quite novel. ” “ quite novel ” is a polite way of saying that leonard ’ s award - winning research — as part of herzog ’ s team — will likely change or at least amend our understanding of how our muscles contract. “ i think we could argue that instead of muscle being a two - filament structure, that maybe there ’ s a third filament, which is titin, and that titin plays a role that ’ s not purely passive. ” understanding the role that titin plays in active force production may one day further our understanding of how diseases like cerebral palsy can be more effectively treated, or how we can more effectively train our athletes to go faster, higher and stronger.


ilo 2012 global estimate of forced labour - fact sheet jun 04 2012 download right click " save as " forced labour is the term used by the international community to denote situations in whichthe persons involved – women and men, girls and boys – are made to work against theirfree will, coerced by their recruiter or employer, for example through violence or threats ofviolence, or by more subtle means such as accumulated debt, retention of identity papersor threats of denunciation to immigration authorities. - caring for trafficked persons : guidance for health providers facilitator ’ s guide - caring for trafficked persons / cuidados para la salud y la trata de personas - iom 2011 case data on human trafficking - iom understanding and counteracting trafficking - iom the causes and consequences of evidence from the iom human trafficking database re - trafficking - iom manual human trafficking and legalization of criminal profits. russian. - iom manual on thb crimes typologies. russian. - iom moscow cis executive committee ct seminar 2010 russian - iom international conference. “ improvement of international cooperation in counteracting human trafficking ” russian - iom trafficking of men belarus and ukraine - iom ungift caring for trafficked persons - iom sactap 10 questions about human trafficking


bielefeld university is one of germany ' s strongest research universities within a focussed spectrum of transdisciplinary fields encompassing not only the humanities and social sciences but also the natural and technological sciences. one confirmation of this is given by the excellence initiative with which the german federal and state governments are promoting top - level research in germany. bielefeld university has been hosting a centre of excellence on cognitive interaction technology ( citec ) and a graduate school in history and sociology ( bghs ) since 2007. citec is receiving 6. 5 million euros a year ; bghs more than one million. following the first two phases ( 2006 and 2007 ) of this the most renowned and strongly funded research programme, these two institutions contribute to making bielefeld one of the successful universities. it ranks third place in north rhine - westphalia. citec - cognitive interaction technology technology that understands the vision guiding scientists working at citec is to build technology that understands. future machines should adapt to human beings rather than - as before - human beings having to adapt to machines. and these range from everyday tools to robots. machines have to meet the basic preconditions of interacting naturally with human beings and adapting their abilities flexibly to changing surroundings. these are the basic principles, and pioneering research on cognitive interaction technology is the necessary way to achieve this. one aspect is the search for the fundamental architectural principles of cognitive interaction between human beings and machines. this challenge can only by met through interdisciplinary cooperation between the greatest range of different disciplines. citec brings together scientists working in the faculties of biology, linguistics and literary studies, physics, psychology and sports science, and technology. individuality, creativity and personal initiative - at the bielefeld graduate school in history and sociology these attributes are strongly emphasized. 160 doctoral candidates of history and sociology study and research here together under one roof. they profit from the broad thematic variety bghs has to offer. the staging of media potrayals, social changes, and historical and political processes of change are some of their main research fields. however, uncommon dissertation intentions are also welcome here at bghs. for example, the relationship between the church and dancing or the functions and symbolism of tattoos. the graduate school considers itself as a researching community of doctoral candidates and professors. that is also what the bottom - up principle stands for, which emphasizes personal initiative and codetermination of the doctoral candidates. they organize workshops and conferences of their own and have an influence on the content of teaching. this is how a culture of creativity


/ / bookshop. usq. edu. au / contact / ) khalil, t 2000, management of technology : the key to competitiveness and wealth creation, mcgraw - hill, boston, ma. students must have internet access. beder, s 1996, the nature of sustainable development, 2nd edn, scribe publications, newham, victoria. beder, s 1998, the new engineer, macmillan education, australia. dorf, rc 2001, technology, humans and society : towards a sustainable world, academic press, san diego. johnston, s, gostelow, p & jones, e 1999, engineering and society : an australian perspective, 2nd edn, harper educational, pymble. various web sites will be cited in the more dynamic components of this course. student workload requirements | description | | marks out of | | wtg ( % ) | | due date | | notes | | assignment 1 | | 500 | | 50 | | 23 apr 2012 | | 2 hour closed examination | | 500 | | 50 | | end s1 | | ( see note 1 ) | - student administration will advise students of the dates of their examinations during the semester. important assessment information there are no attendance requirements for this course. however, it is the students ' responsibility to study all material provided to them or required to be accessed by them to maximise their chance of meeting the objectives of the course and to be informed of course - related activities and administration. requirements for students to complete each assessment item satisfactorily : to satisfactorily complete an assessment item a student must achieve at least 50 % of the marks or a grade of at least c -. students do not have to satisfactorily complete each assessment item to be awarded a passing grade in this course. refer to statement 4 below for the requirements to receive a passing grade in this course. penalties for late submission of required work : if students submit assignments after the due date without ( prior ) approval of the examiner then a penalty of 5 % of the total marks gained by the student for the assignment may apply for each working day late up to ten working days at which time a mark of zero may be recorded. no assignments will be accepted after model answers have been posted. requirements for student to be awarded a passing grade in the course : to be assured of receiving a passing grade in a course a student must obtain at least 50 % of the total weighted marks for the course. method used to combine assessment results to attain final


thatis what researcher mary pat moyer, phd, professor of surgery, envisions based on her studies of neural and other stem cells with colleagues at the university of texas medical branch at galveston and the university of texas at austin. cellular spare parts may lead to help for spinal cord injury, brain damage stem cells are the immature, or precursor, form of cells that will go on to differentiate into brain cells, nervous system cells, liver, bone marrow and other types of cells. " stem cells are fascinating, " dr. moyer said. " if you put them into one kind of cellular dsoili they grow into one kind of cell, and if you put them into another soil, they grow into another kind. they can be bred for specific purposes. " dr. moyer and colleagues hope their studies of the cells will one day enable surgeons to " fill in the neural blanks, " for example, of patients who have suffered spinal cord injury or brain damage, or who live with parkinsonis disease or a host of other diseases and disorders. " we want to categorize bunches of cells, test them for safety and preserve them, " dr. moyer said. " it is a similar concept to blood banking. when a certain type of cell is needed, it will be available for use. " current work on the project is funded by incell corp. of san antonio and the center for human cell biotechnology at the health science center. return to index


approval and legitimacy to the commercialisation of nature. “ we are awaiting the redd national strategy and outcomes of rio + 20 in order to broaden implementation of the redd + programme in other locations ”, aristides muhate of envirotrade confirmed when interviewed by us at one of the company ’ s camps on may 23rd, 2012. in fact, envirotrade has a further two projects in addition to the nhambita one, which operate with the same objective of selling carbon : one in the zambezi delta region and one in the maconia district of the quirimbas archipelago in cabo delgado province in northern mozambique. envirotrade is actively developing plans for a further two large - scale redd + projects. the nhambita redd + project might be copied in other areas of mozambique. members of the mozambican government as well as international representatives, including zambian ex - president kenneth kaunda, have visited the project, which could also serve as a model to be copied outside mozambique in other african countries. what is redd... the idea behind reducing emissions from deforestation and forest degradation is that developed countries wishing to reduce their emissions should receive financial compensation for doing so. thanks to photosynthesis, trees absorb carbon dioxide and release oxygen, which means they serve as a sort of “ sponge ” absorbing pollution. the redd concept is marketed as a way of preserving forests, stopping climate change, protecting biodiversity, eradicating poverty and financing communities. however, according to the united nations, redd could lead to “ locking up forests ”, “ loss of land ”, “ conflict over resources ”, “ the concentration of power in the hands of elites ”, “ new risks for the poor ” and could “ marginalise the landless ”. ( 8 ) many sectors in civil society warn of the risk that redd projects could result in massive takeovers of land and constitute a way of colonising forests. the redd + legal framework in mozambique work on developing the redd national strategy started in 2009. with the technical support of the amazonas sustainable foundation and indufor ( brazil ), the ministry for coordination of environmental action ( micoa ) and the ministry for agriculture ( minag ) held provincial meetings in maputo to present the redd + programme. however, during these meetings the information given basically centred on the benefits and opportunities for mozambique in implementing redd +, thus creating expectations concerning income among participants. the negative aspects of redd +


this summer at our annual biome camp for elementary students, i had a chance to get back into the classroom for a couple of weeks. i chose to focus on what happens when land and water meet. our studies culminated with the island in a kiddie pool above. but first... i wanted each child to experience subtracting the piece of clay from the middle of the land and placing it on a blank dish to make their own lake and island when they added the water. potter ' s clay was inexpensive and easy to manipulate. however, the clay dried and shrunk on the paper plates we put it on. i am sure that even the most nostalgic parent tossed the product that came home. next time, i will use ceramic plates and let the children wash them as part of the process. it is all about the experience not the product. then, we took it to a more abstract representation by drawing our land and waterforms on watercolor paper and painting the water with blue watercolor. the land was made by painting with watered down glue and sprinkling sand on it. the result was lovely and worthy of a frame. we repeated the two steps with the gulf / peninsula, cape / bay, and isthum / strait. as a final event, we created the island above. i did it with a small group of seven students. it would be difficult with a larger group unless you had a bigger pool and more clay. the first task was to flatten the big block of clay i put in the center. as i turned around looking for the right tool for the job, the children solved our problem with their feet. it was quite effective. then, we molded it and created the land and water forms we had learned about. i love it when the nomenclature is used in context of a project. " i ' ll make a peninsula over here. " they wanted a volcano since we had read about how volcanoes can create islands in the ocean. we sprinkled sand on the beach and brought in moss for the vegetation. the final step was to add blue food coloring to the water and stand back to admire it! we followed up the lessons with the landform mat and the imaginary island puzzle from mandala. we also collaborated to make a big island with brown paper on a large blue sheet of paper. it became 3d with paper boats, bridges and docks.


picture of red tide taken from the noaa research vessel ron brown click on image for full size courtesy of noaa robots watch out for poisonous plankton! news story originally written on january 30, 2003 tiny plankton that live in the sea may look harmless but certain types are able to kill fish, poison seafood and even choke swimmers. now robots have been developed to search the seas for the dangerous plankton! plankton spend most of their life floating in ocean water. they cannot swim like fish, but instead float wherever the currents take them. the harmful types of plankton are single - celled, microscopic creatures called algae that photosynthesize like plants. most types of algae are very important for life in the sea because they are food for animals like clams, fish and whales. however, a few types of algae have poisons within them that are harmful to other creatures. when the dangerous types of algae grow so fast that they darken the ocean water with a reddish cloud called a red tide, they are dangerous to animals that eat them. when people eat seafood that ate the poisonous algae, they get sick too. special underwater robots have been released into the gulf of mexico to look for dangerous algae. the robots are called autonomous underwater vehicles, or auvs. they look like small airplanes that glide underwater. they carry sensors to detect algae and record salinity and temperature of the water so that scientists can study when the red tides form. researchers hope that with the information from their robots and satellite images, they will be able to warn people living near the coast if a giant cloud of algae is in the ocean near them. shop windows to the universe science store! our online store on science education, classroom activities in the earth scientist specimens, and educational games you might also be interested in : about 70 % of the earth is covered with water. over 97 % of that water is found in the oceans. everyone who has taken in a mouthful of ocean water while swimming knows that the ocean is really salty! dissolved... more it was another exciting and frustrating year for the space science program. it seemed that every step forward led to one backwards. either way, nasa led the way to a great century of discovery. unfortunately,... more the space shuttle discovery lifted off from kennedy space center on october 29th at 2 : 19 p. m. est. the weather was great as discovery took 8 1 / 2 minutes to reach orbit. this was the united states ' 123rd... more a moon was discovered orbiting the asteroid


the basic forces in nature contemporary physics education project the interactions in the universe are governed by four forces ( strong, weak, electromagnetic and gravitational ). physicists are trying to find one theory that would describe all the forces in nature as a single law. so far they have succeeded in producing a single theory that describes the weak and electromagnetic forces ( called electroweak force ). the strong and gravitational forces are not yet described by this theory. table courtesy of university of guelph, guelph, ontario ( cananda ) shop windows to the universe science store! cool it! is the new card game from the union of concerned scientists that teaches kids about the choices we have when it comes to climate change — and how policy and technology decisions made today will matter. cool it! is available in our online store you might also be interested in : the neutrino is an extremely light particle. it has no electric charge. the neutrino interacts through the weak force. for this reason and because it is electrically neutral, neutrino interactions with... more some ideas are used throughout the sciences. they are " tools " that can help us solve puzzles in different fields of science. these " tools " include units of measurement, mathematical formulas, and graphs.... more mechanics is the term used to refer to one of the main branches of the science of physics. mechanics deals with the motion of and the forces that act upon physical objects. we need precise terminology... more the interactions in the universe are governed by four forces ( strong, weak, electromagnetic and gravitational ). physicists are trying to find one theory that would describe all the forces in nature as... more when the temperature in the core of a star reaches 100 million degrees kelvin fusion of helium into carbon occurs. oxygen is also formed from fusion of carbon and helium together when the temperature is... more a plot of the binding energy per nucleon vs. atomic mass shows a peak atomic number 56 ( iron ). elements with atomic mass less then 56 release energy if formed as a result of a fusion reaction. above this... more there are several experiments where nuclear fusion reactions have been achieved in a controlled manner ( that means no bombs are involved!! ). the two main approaches that are being explored are magnetic... more


learn something new every day more info... by email during the early part of the 20th century, instrument makers created the electric double bass, a stringed instrument that has a built - in sound amplifier with electronic controls. musicians also call this instrument the electric upright bass to avoid confusing it with the bass guitar. double bass is the musical octave played by this instrument, which is one octave below the cello, or single bass. resembling a giant violin, the original double bass is an acoustic stringed instrument. as early as the 1950s, different designs for the electric double bass appeared on the market. two main styles have survived in to the 21st century. one design is a smaller version of the classic acoustic double bass. it keeps the basic shape of the original acoustic double bass, but it usually is no larger than 75 percent of the normal size of the acoustic instrument. the second design, known as a stick bass, retains only the post that hold the instrument ’ s strings and electronics. in addition to the increased sound volume the amplifier provides, both of these designs offer musicians advantages over the traditional instrument. the electric versions have less weight and bulk, making them easier to transport. they also give musicians the option of positioning the instrument on a stand during practice and performances, which can reduce the physical stress experienced by bass players, who normally keep the instrument upright by leaning their bodies forward. an electric double bass has four or five strings. they commonly are made of lightweight steel. before play, each of these strings must be tightened properly using screws at the top of the handle to reduce any slack that would distort the instrument ’ s sound. one plays this instrument with a bow or a pick. the tonal range, or voice, for the double bass and the electric double bass is the lowest of all stringed instruments. musicians who play the electric double bass find all of their music on the bass clef of a music score. the actual notes bassists play are one octave below the lowest note on the bass clef. in classical compositions, the musical part for an electric double bass is similar to that of the percussion instruments, such as drums. accomplished bassists who play the amplified instrument are able to take advantage of its enhanced capabilities and contribute lower - range notes to a composition ' s harmony. in jazz performances, an electric double bass often plays solos that accentuate the composition ’ s melody.


american heritage® dictionary of the english language, fourth edition - n. the act or state of expecting ; expectation : tense with expectancy, i waited for my name to be called. - n. the state of being expected. - n. something expected. - n. an expected amount calculated on the basis of actuarial data : a life expectancy of 70 years. - n. expectation or anticipation ; the state of expecting something - n. the state of being expected - n. something expected or awaited - n. an expectation - n. something expected ( as on the basis of a norm ) “ university of michigan at ann arbor, who has studied health inequalities and reproductive patterns, points out that healthy life expectancy is short for african americans and women depend on extended family networks for support. ” “ there ' s too much of … what i call an expectancy culture of things being provided. ” “ because of that, there ' s what we call the expectancy effect. ” “ life expectancy is only longer because fewer babies die ; people who reach 65 live about the same number of years as they used to. ” “ the increase in life expectancy is very small by comparison. ” “ if he ' s extremely obese and a smoker, his life expectancy is 60, a difference of 21 years. ” “ at the extremes, the gap in life expectancy is wide : there is a nearly 18 - year difference in life expectancy between black men and asian / pacific islander women ( 69. 4 vs. 86. 9 years ). ” “ doing screening tests on patients whose life expectancy is extremely limited because of cancer is just not a cost - effective thing to do, " said dr. allen lichter, ceo of the american society of clinical oncology, who wasn ' t involved in the research. ” “ calculating life expectancy is a tough task that requires analyzing extensive information about how people died and how old they were, as well as statistical modeling to predict how long people born today will live if current trends continue. ” “ hispanics, life expectancy is nearly two years lower in puerto rico, more than two years lower in cuba, and more than four years lower in mexico, according to world health organization figures. ” these user - created lists contain the word ‘ expectancy ’. all words that could come in handy in stories. favorites from crim, civpro, and contracts - a little entertainment to make finals a little more bearable looking for twee