tube and the moment the star appears in the first tube let a loud knock or other signal be given, to be repeated by the observer at the second tube when he first sees the same star. a distinct period of time will elapse between the signals given. the signals will follow each other in very rapid succession, but still, the time between is sufficient to show that the same star is not visible at the same moment by two parallel lines of sight when only one yard asunder. a slight inclination of the second tube towards the first tube would be required for the star to be seen through both tubes at the same instant. let the tubes remain in their position for six months ; at the end of which time the same observation or experiment will produce the same results - - the star will be visible at the same meridian time, without the slightest alteration being required in the direction of the tubes : from which it is concluded that if the earth had moved one single yard in an orbit through space, there would at least be observed the slight inclination of the tube which the difference in position of one yard had previously required. but as no such difference in the direction of the tube is required, the conclusion is unavoidable, that in six months a given meridian upon the earth ' s surface does not move a single yard, and therefore, that the earth has not the slightest degree of orbital motion. " - samuel rowbotham, " zetetic astronomy " why can ' t i simply hover in a helicopter and wait for the earth ' s rotation to bring my destination to me? gc : because the earth doesn ' t rotate. hc : because the earth ' s atmosphere is magically velcroed to the earth and rotates along with it. if the atmosphere is magically velcroed to the earth and constantly rotates from west to east along with it, 1 ) how is it that clouds, wind and weather patterns often travel in opposing directions simultaneously? 2 ) why don ' t east to west traveling planes or projectiles encounter increased resistance? 3 ) why can i feel the slightest westward breeze but not the earth ' s supposed 1, 000 mph eastward spin? 4 ) if gravitational force is so great to pull the atmosphere together with the earth then how come little birds and bugs are able to fly? gc : all these questions are moot and irrelevant in the geocentric view. hc : all of these questions are difficult and my pseudo - scientific heliocentric answers will be implausible and like grasping at


and bugs are able to fly? gc : all these questions are moot and irrelevant in the geocentric view. hc : all of these questions are difficult and my pseudo - scientific heliocentric answers will be implausible and like grasping at straws. " if the atmosphere rushes forward from west to east continually, we are again obliged to conclude that whatever floats or is suspended in it, at any altitude, must of necessity partake of its eastward motion. a piece of cork, or any other body floating in still water, will be motionless, but let the water be put in motion, in any direction whatever, and the floating bodies will move with it, in the same direction and with the same velocity. let the experiment be tried in every possible way, and these results will invariable follow. hence if the earth ' s atmosphere is in constant motion from west to east, all the different strata which are known to exist in it, and all the various kinds of clouds and vapours which float in it must of mechanical necessity move rapidly eastwards. but what is the fact? if we fix upon any star as a standard or datum outside the visible atmosphere, we may sometimes observe a stratum of clouds going for hours together in a direction the very opposite to that in which the earth is supposed to be moving. not only may a stratum of clouds be seen moving rapidly from east to west, but at the same moment other strata may often be seen moving from north to south, and from south to north. it is a fact well known to aeronauts, that several strata of atmospheric air are often moving in as many different directions at the same time... on almost any moonlight and cloudy night, different strata may be seen not only moving in different directions but, at the same time, moving with different velocities ; some floating past the face of the moon rapidly and uniformly, and others passing gently along, sometimes becoming stationary, then starting fitfully into motion, and often standing still for minutes together. some of those who have ascended in balloons for scientific purposes have recorded that as they have rapidly passed through the atmosphere, they have gone though strata differing in temperature, in density, and in hygrometric, magnetic, electric, and other conditions. these changes have been noticed both in ascending and descending, and in going for miles together at the same altitude. " - samuel rowbotham, " zetetic astronomy " how do heliocentricist ' s account for the alla


other conditions. these changes have been noticed both in ascending and descending, and in going for miles together at the same altitude. " - samuel rowbotham, " zetetic astronomy " how do heliocentricist ' s account for the allais effect, and the results of michelson - morley, michelson - gale, airy ' s failure, sagnac and kantors experiments proving the aether and a fixed earth? gc : yeah, good question. " i don ’ t argue or enter into debates, because the issue here is exactly what you would bring to the debate, which is the wealth of erroneous information that allowed our situation to become as dire as it is in the first place. your argument would consist of phony statistics, historical fables, the newspaper ’ s latest lies, and profit - driven ' science. ' my argument is simple. discover who controls everything you ’ ve been told, only believe what you can verify for yourself through original documentation, science and logic, and then look for a political connection between the sources of all the erroneous information. find the motives behind the lies. if you did that, there would be no debate, and we would all agree on whose head should roll, as the saying goes. " - jolly roger


say it with feeling!! rationale : “ fluency means reading faster, smoother, more expressively, or more quietly with the goal of reading silently. fluent reading approaches the speed of speech. ” ( murray ) at this development stage, fluency is a major goal of the student and the teacher. this lesson is aimed to teach and emphasize one aspect of fluency : expression. reading with expression brings a story, and its characters, to life, making reading more enjoyable for everyone. the teacher will read a story, showing great expression, to model for children. materials : copy of tiki tiki tembo, various classroom library books, notebook paper, pencils 1. review with students the difference that punctuation makes make at the end of a sentence. read the following sentences twice through. the first time, pay no attention to the punctuation marks at the end of the sentence. the second time, use the correct inflection in your voice, depending on the punctuation mark at the end of the sentence. “ jimmy went running., jimmy went running?, jimmy went running!. can anyone tell me the differences in those sentences? ” hopefully children will answer that the first was a statement, the second was a question, and the third was an exclamation. 2. “ what a wonderful day we have!!! ” after you have excited the kids with that exclamation, the teacher says ‘ “ now that was loud and full of excitement wasn ’ t it? that was happy expression. when we talk or read with expression, we change the tone of our voice ( happy to sad ), the vloume of our voice ( loud to soft ), and use our faces to show the feeling of the book. different feelings have different sounds and facil looks. ” 3. “ can someone tell me why we should use expression when we read? students will offer their own explanations. “ great! we use expression to make the story more interesting and fun to read!!! ” 4. “ what would my voice sound like if i were scared? ” children raise their hands and answer, using facial expressions and vocal tones. “ what about if i were angry? would i yell or whisper? ” children will answer correctly to the question. 5. now, gather the children around your reading center and read ‘ “ tiki tiki tembo ’ ”. make sure to overexaggerate your expressions. ( vocal tone, facial expressions, and volume )


what is bankruptcy? bankruptcy in the united states seeks to benefit both debtors and creditors by seeing that debtors get relief from debts they can ' t pay, and that creditors get paid from whatever assets the debtor does not need to live going forward. bankruptcy is governed by the federal law found in title 11 of the united states code. as federal law, it supercedes any conflicting state law by reason of the supremacy clause of the constitution. with the exception of exemptions, it is the same from state to state. what types of bankruptcy are there? there are four kinds of bankruptcy proceedings. they are referred to by the chapter of the federal bankruptcy code that describes them. chapter 7 - the atom - bomb bankruptcy ( most common but not always the best ) chapter 13 - repayment plan chapter 11 - business bankruptcy or over - limits for chapter 13 ( most expensive ) - most large companies reorganize under chapter 11 chapter 12 - farmers bankruptcy is a simplified reorganization for family farmers, modeled after chapter 13, where the debtor retains his property and pays creditors out of future income. chapter 7 - the atom bomb chapter 7 is the most common form of bankruptcy. it is a liquidation proceeding in which the debtor ' s non - exempt assets, if any, are sold by the chapter 7 trustee and the proceeds distributed to creditors according to the priorities among creditors established in the code. chapter 7 is available to individuals, married couples, corporations and partnerships. individual debtors typically get a discharge within 4 - 6 months of filing the case. if there are assets which are not exempt, the trustee takes control of those assets, sells them and pays creditors as much as the proceeds permit. any wages the debtor earns after the case is begun are the debtor ' s ; the creditors have no claim on those earnings. chapter 11 - business or over - limit individual payment plan reorganization chapter 11 is a reorganization proceeding, typically for corporations or partnerships. individuals, especially those whose debts exceed the limits of chapter 13, may file chapter 11. in chapter 11, the debtor usually remains in possession of his assets and continues to operate any business, subject to the oversight of the court and the creditors committee. the debtor proposes a plan of reorganization which, upon acceptance by a majority of the creditors, is confirmed by the court and binds both the debtor and the creditors to its terms of repayment. plans can call for repayment out of future profits, sales of some or all of the assets, or a merger or recapitalization


in order to understand solving logarithmic equations, students must understand the basics of logarithms, and how to use exponentiation to access the terms inside the logarithm. some more complicated instances of solving simple logarithmic equations require knowledge of the product, quotient and power rules of logarithms in order to simplify complex terms. solving simple logarithm equations and what i mean by simple logarithm equations is basically logarithm equation that is in logarithm form. so basically you have a log, a base, your term and then an answer. so basically, 3 things, i ' ll call this a simple logarithmic equation. really all you have to do whenever you ' re solving something in this form is put into exponential form, okay? no matter what the x is we ' re going to deal with x ' s in all 3 of these spots. just put into exponential form and solve, okay? so this one the 3 is going to come up and around leaving us with x = 3 to the - 2 and this problem has now just turned into evaluating an exponent. the negative puts everything in the bottom, the 2 squares it and we end up with x = 1 over 9. so whenever we ha - any time we have an equation in logarithm form, in order to solve it put an exponential and then solve it as you would in the other exponential equations.


archean eonarticle free pass archean eon, also spelled archaean eon, the earlier of the two divisions of precambrian time ( about 4 billion to 542 million years ago ). the archean eon began about 4 billion years ago with the formation of the earth ’ s crust and extended to the start of the proterozoic eon 2. 5 billion years ago ; the latter is the second division of precambrian time. records of earth ’ s primitive atmosphere and oceans emerge in the earliest archean ( eoarchean era ), and evidence of the earliest primitive life - forms — bacteria and blue - green algae — appears in rocks about 3. 5 billion years old. archean greenstone - granite belts contain many economic mineral deposits, including gold and silver. the start of the archean eon is only defined by the isotopic age of the earliest rocks. prior to the archean eon, the earth was in the astronomical ( hadean ) stage of planetary accretion that began about 4. 6 billion years ago ; no rocks are preserved from this stage. the earliest terrestrial materials are not rocks but minerals. in western australia some sedimentary conglomerates, dated to 3. 3 billion years ago, contain relict detrital zircon grains that have isotopic ages between 4. 2 and 4. 4 billion years. these grains must have been transported by rivers from a source area, the location of which has never been found ; it was possibly destroyed by meteorite impacts — quite frequent on both the earth and the moon before 4 billion years ago. it is thought that the oxygen content in today ’ s atmosphere must have slowly accumulated through time starting with an atmosphere that was anoxic during archean times. although volcanoes exhale much water vapour ( h2o ) and carbon dioxide ( co2 ), the amount of free oxygen ( o2 ) emitted is very small. the inorganic breakdown ( photodissociation ) of volcanic - derived water vapour and carbon dioxide in the atmosphere would have produced only a small amount of free oxygen. the bulk of the free oxygen in the archean atmosphere was derived from organic photosynthesis of carbon dioxide ( co2 ) and water ( h2o ) by anaerobic cyanobacteria ( blue - green algae ), a process that releases oxygen as a by - product. these organisms were prokaryotes, a group of unicellular organisms with rudimentary internal organization


fleet management began as a static process, with transportation companies largely in the dark with regards to the exact whereabouts of their assets. these companies relied on physical inventories and the conscientiousness of operators for fleet data usually manually collected and entered into a simple application. fleet management has evolved dramatically over the years. globally, the demand for fossil fuels is beginning to outpace the world ’ s supply. the imperative to reduce fossil fuel consumption for the sake of the environment is now made more attractive to businesses given the opportunity to cut costs through the use of renewable energy resources. deploying renewable energy remains a popular topic as politicians and policymakers discuss different energy generation options. these leaders will discuss varying degrees of support for wind, solar, nuclear, natural gas, coal, and petroleum to power our homes and vehicles. as domestic carbon emissions continue to increase and cheap energy prices are memories of the past, the federal government has embarked on a plan to lead the public and private sector in reducing energy consumption and associated carbon emissions. in executive order 13514, president obama asks federal agencies to lead by example with regard to sustainability, but if that isn ’ t enough motivation for other organizations to draft a strategic sustainability plan, government leaders should do it to cut costs and do more with less. a coordinated technological architecture that combines expanded use of sensors, seamless information sharing and effective data analysis can lead to successful achievement of cost control and reduction in energy use. as we have seen in earlier posts, organizations that can successfully execute a strategy to reduce energy usage can potentially realize significant cost savings. in this entry, we will look at some different ways to pay for an energy cost savings program. a new focus on reducing our consumption of energy is vital for the national interest. while it may be considered easy to some to address “ why ” reducing energy consumption is incredibly important, concentrating on “ how ” these changes will be implemented becomes much more challenging. the 2010 ibm eco - efficiency jam highlighted the need for the entire enterprise to collaborate on the development of strategies and tactics that create operational eco - efficiencies, particularly in energy efficiency.


st. john ' s college in annapolis, maryland was chartered in 1784 upon a most liberal plan for the benefit of youth of every religious denomination. in 1937 the new program, under which the college still operates, was instituted. under it, we help our students learn to ask fundamental questions and practice thoughtfulness in public. we introduce them to the textual tradition of reason that illuminates such central features of modern life as democracy and technology, as well as to the literary and musical tradition of the west. we are committed to the use of a list of great books that is both fairly stable and under continual review. these are books agreed to be excellent, to form a coherent sequence, and to raise most cogently questions we want our students to consider. we foster literacy in three kinds of texts : verbal, mathematical, and musical. read more … we want our students to develop the intellectual virtues of courage in inquiry, caution in forming opinions, candor about their ignorance, open attentiveness to the words of their colleagues, industry in preparation, and meticulousness in verbal translations as well as in mathematical demonstrations. we give our students the experience of living in a community of learning imbued with attitudes of consideration and respect that foster moral virtues appropriate to their future lives as citizens. we think that the college has a wider mission in contributing to the invigoration of american education by giving help to other institutions that ask for it, by encouraging our students to become teachers, and by providing to a wide constituency occasions for actual learning in the spirit and through the materials of our program.


this note considers bullying, in particular cyber - bullying ( harassment of people via the net, sms or other digital media ). that harassment may have a lasting psychological impact. it is often associated with physical assaults. the note covers - - academic studies, government report and primers regarding victims, bystanders - making sense of bullying - questions about culture and bullying in police forces, the military and religious institutions - digital bullying of students and teachers - bullying in the electronic workplace law - criminal law, common law, occupational health & safety, discrimination law and other australian law regarding bullying 1 - selected australian litigation regarding school and workplace bullying 2 - further australian bullying cases 3 - recent australian cases and controversies - an indication of damages awarded in australian bullying - australian responses to bullying, including sacking - litigation and anti - bullying developments in the uk, canada, new zealand and other countries - bullying in literature - accounts by bullies and the bullied in australian bullying litigation. supplements discussion elsewhere on this site regarding security and the shape of australian law. people have been nasty to each other as long as there has been recorded history. bullying is not a new phenomenon. it is evident in accounts of schools in mediaeval europe and china, workplace initiations in renaissance florence and 1920s chicago, bastardisation in pharaonic egypt and in australia ' s royal military academy during the 1960s and 1990s, university common rooms in the 1850s and 1980s, and courts over the past two millennia. it may involve an individual or a group. it has variously been characterised as bullying, mobbing, harassment and even psychoterror. injuries can be physical and / or psychological, with those experiencing bullying on occasion being driven to a breakdown, forced out of jobs or pushed to suicide. it has been addressed through a range of law, including workplace safety, criminal, anti - discrimination, employment and common law, on occasion with substantial penalties for perpetrators and organisations that have permitted mistreatment of an individual. digital technology allows bullies new opportunities to " mess with your head ", through sms texts, instant messaging, defamatory web pages and comments in online it has been argued that digital harassment is particularly potent because - is pervasive ( an issue for what has been dubbed the " always on generation " ) and pseudonymity - or merely the relaxation of inhibitions associated with much virtual contact - allows bullies to express themselves with a vehemence that might be tempered in face to face contact in the playground, office or factory. following pages explore cyberbullying in australian schools (


the relaxation of inhibitions associated with much virtual contact - allows bullies to express themselves with a vehemence that might be tempered in face to face contact in the playground, office or factory. following pages explore cyberbullying in australian schools ( and of students or teachers outside the playground or classroom ) and workplaces. they highlight day by day responses, which for some victims have involved abandonment of communication tools such as mobile phones, and questions about legal frameworks. they also highlight selected australian litigation before considering overseas experience. there are few statutory definitions of bullying. as the following pages indicate it has often been conceptualised terms of particular outcomes ( setting fire to an apprentice for example being treated as a criminal act ) or terms of particular enactments and common law ( for example regarding stalking, discrimination, hate - speech, occupational health & safety, defamation and misuse of telecommunication networks ). in australian law is discussed here. perceptions of what is bullying and what is socially ( and legally ) acceptable ' rough play ' or institutional discipline have changed over time. the law society of nsw thus offers one definition of workplace and inappropriate workplace behaviour includes bullying, which comprises behaviour which intimidates, offends, degrades, insults or humiliates an employee possibly in front of co - workers, clients or customers and which includes physical or psychological behaviour. belsey characterised cyber - bullying as using - and communication technologies such as e - mail, cell phone and pager text messages, instant messaging, defamatory personal web sites, blogs, online games and defamatory online personal polling web sites, to support deliberate, repeated, and hostile behaviour by an individual or group, that is intended to harm others. key elements of bullying are behaviour that is unreasonable and that both - intimidates, offends or humiliates places someone ' s physical or psychological welfare at behaviour usually involves repeated and persistent action. it may be passive or active, by an individual or a group, in private or in a public space such as a meeting - room, schoolyard or online forum. it may involve threats and coercive behaviour such as seizure of the target ' s property, sarcasm or unreasonable teasing. it may involve physical isolation or ignoring the target. bullying may be direct or indirect, physical or psychological. it is shrugged off by some targets. other people experience lasting hurt. it is an area of disagreement, with some observers claiming that it is pervasive and serious, other observers warning against a contemporary moral panic or efforts to wrap children in cotton


what is dynamic combinatorial chemistry? dcc methodology utilizes cyclic structures which interchange via reversible covalent bond formation to create a dynamic library of potential receptors. when this thermodynamically controlled mixture is incubated with an analyte of interest, the library responds by shifting the equilibrium towards the receptor that best binds the analyte, i. e. the best receptor is amplified relative to the non - templated state. this is best visualized with the following simple graphic : the experiment begins with a library of “ monomers ”, each of which has two reactive groups on it ; in the example above, the reactive groups are thiols. prior to adding the analyte, the dithiols are oxidized and equilibrated to the complex mixture of disulfides ; three are shown but statistically many hundreds are possible. an analyte is then added under conditions where the library is in equilibrium, such that the library constituents can respond to the analyte by shifting towards the best host - guest pair to establish a new equilibrium. in this competitive binding situation, the best receptor is identified by determining which compound ( s ) was amplified. this differs from a traditional ( static ) combinatorial library because the method simultaneously generates the library and dynamically amplifies / identifies the winner. funding for the cdcc comes from the defense threat reduction agency basic research program administered by the army research office ( w911nf04d0004 )


has felt fear at some time in their lives, fear of certain things and people. a normal response of fear is triggered by something that other people can fully understand to be a cause of fear. if this cause is removed, then the feeling of fear disappears with it. by contrast, a phobia typically is a continuous condition with no apparent cause. people suffering from a phobia are severely limited in their daily activities. the main symptom of a phobia is a feeling of fear, but this can also be accompanied by psychosomatic symptoms such as a racing heart, trembling, restlessness, difficulties in swallowing, suffocating sensations, failures of perception and thought, urge to pass water, diarrhoea and nausea. phobics may experience veritable attacks of panic for no apparent reason. in some patients, the state of fear can become chronic. about 17 per cent of the population suffer from states of fear or anxiety. according to experts, this percentage will double in the next 25 years, owing to causes of a personal nature, but also to political, religious, social and cultural problems. become the ruler over your fear! build your own empire of fear and wipe out everything and everybody that wants to make use of your fears! you have the right and you have the power! fearpower! at june 11, 2003 02 : 01 pm


, or radioactive dust or dirt ( fallout ) from water. many of these substances can be removed by distilling water, a more complicated method of purifying water. radioactive fallout can also be minimized using a homemade filter : - punch holes in the bottom of a bucket, and cover the bottom with 1. 5 in. ( 3. 8 cm ) of gravel. cover the gravel with a towel. - place the bucket over a larger container, and pour the water into the bucket so that it filters through the towel and gravel and drains into the container below. - disinfect the water by boiling, adding chlorine bleach, or using purification tablets as described above. - replace the gravel after every 50 qt ( 47 l ) of water. | primary medical reviewer | | e. gregory thompson, md - internal medicine | | specialist medical reviewer | | christine hahn, md - epidemiology | | last revised | | april 22, 2011 | | by : | | healthwise staff | | last revised : april 22, 2011 | | medical review : | | e. gregory thompson, md - internal medicine | christine hahn, md - epidemiology © 1995 -, healthwise, incorporated. healthwise, healthwise for every health decision, and the healthwise logo are trademarks of healthwise, incorporated.


soviet war crimes gives a short overview about serious crimes committed by the red army ' s ( 1918 - 1946, later soviet army ) leadership and an unknown number of single members of the soviet armed forces from 1919 to 1990 inclusive including those in eastern europe in late 1944 and early 1945, particularly murder and rape. the red army ( russian : рабоче - крестьянская красная армия r aboche - k rest ' yanskaya k rasnaya a rmiya the red army ( russian : рабоче - крестьянская красная армия r aboche - k rest ' yanskaya k rasnaya a rmiya eastern europe is a general term that refers to the geopolitical region encompassing the easternmost part of the european continent. murder is the unlawful killing of another human person with malice aforethought, as defined in common law countries rape, also referred to as sexual assault, is an assault by a person involving sexual intercourse with or sexual penetration of another person neither by any international military jurisdiction nor the red army ’ s leadership have any of its members have ever been charged with war crimes by a court of law. war crimes are " violations of the laws or customs of war " including but not limited to " murder the ill - treatment or deportation of civilian residents of an occupied on the part of the axis powers an ethnic superiority ideology played a primary role in starting world war ii and led to immediate, constant and systematic war crimes against the soviet civilian population during the german invasion and occupation of russia ( 1941 - 45 ). the axis powers also known as the axis alliance axis nations axis countries or sometimes just the axis were those countries the racial policy of nazi germany refers to the policies and laws implemented by nazi germany, asserting the superiority of the so - called " aryan race " and world war ii, or the second world war, ( often abbreviated wwii ) was a global military conflict which involved a majority of the world ' s nations, including war crimes are " violations of the laws or customs of war " including but not limited to " murder the ill - treatment or deportation of civilian residents of an occupied an estimated 20 million civilians in the soviet union lost their lives during the war as a direct or indirect result of combat operations and a policy of systematic annihilation. the union of soviet socialist republics ( ussr was a constitutionally socialist state that existed in eurasia


##არი | iosif vissarionovich dzhugashvili ; march 5 1953 was general secretary of the communist party ukraine ( украіна ukrayina, / ukrɑˈjinɑ / is a country in eastern europe. the holodomor ( голодомор is the famine that took place in soviet ukraine during the 1932 - 1933 agricultural season collective farming is an organization of agricultural production in which the holdings of several farmers are run as a joint enterprise dekulakization ( раскулачивание was the soviet campaign of political repressions including arrests, deportations and executions following the repulse of the german attack on the soviet union and soviet troops entering germany and hungary in 1944, the number of war crimes, plunder, murder of civilians, and especially rape, reached a level of previously unknown proportions. operation barbarossa ( unternehmen barbarossa ) was the codename for nazi germany ' s invasion of the soviet union during world war ii the eastern front of world war ii ( die ostfront 1941 - 1945, der rußlandfeldzug 1941 - 1945 ( russian campaign or der ostfeldzug 1941 - 1945 ( eastern campaign germany, officially the federal republic of germany ( is a country in central europe. hungary ( magyarorszag ' ) officially in english the republic of hungary ( magyar koztarsasag, literally magyar ( hungarian republic rape, also referred to as sexual assault, is an assault by a person involving sexual intercourse with or sexual penetration of another person in soviet and present russian history books on the " great patriotic war " these war crimes are hardly mentioned. russia ( россия rossiya ) or the russian federation ( rossiyskaya federatsiya ) is a transcontinental country extending the term great patriotic war ( великая отечественная воина velikaya otechestvennaya vojna ) is used in russia and some other with rare exceptions ( notably aleksandr solzhenitsyn and lev kopelev ) this evidence was found and published by western historians after some of the soviet archives were opened to the public following the cold war. aleksandr isayevich solzhenitsyn ( александр исаевич солженицын ) (


after some of the soviet archives were opened to the public following the cold war. aleksandr isayevich solzhenitsyn ( александр исаевич солженицын ) ( december 11 1918 – august 3 2008 was a russian novelist lev zalmanovich kopelev ( also lev zinovevich kopelev ; russian : лев залманович копелев or лев зиновьевич копелев cold war is the state of conflict tension and competition that existed between the united states and the soviet union ( ussr and their respective allies from the crimes committed by the red army in occupied territories ( poland, the baltic states, romania, hungary, the czech republic and slovenia ) between 1939 and 1941 and the follow - up atrocities of 1944 – 1949 have been present in the historical consciousness of these countries since the crimes were committed. poland ( polska officially the republic of poland the baltic states ( balti riigid baltijas valstis baltijos valstybes or baltic countries are three countries in northern europe, all members of the romania ( dated : rumania, roumania hungary ( magyarorszag ' ) officially in english the republic of hungary ( magyar koztarsasag, literally magyar ( hungarian republic the czech republic ( ˈtʃɛskaː short form in cesko ˈtʃɛskɔ also called czechia, slovenia, officially the republic of slovenia ( republika slovenija ) is a country in southern central europe bordering italy to the west nevertheless, a systematic, publicly controlled discussion could begin only after the fall of the soviet union. the soviet union ' s collapse into independent nations began early in 1985. this is also true of the territories occupied by soviet forces in manchuria and the kuril islands after the soviet union breached its neutrality pact with japan in 1945. manchuria ( romanized manchu : manju,, маньчжурия mongolian : манж is a historical name given to a vast geographic region in northeast the kuril islands ( ˈkʊrɪl or / ˈkjuˈriˈl / курильские острова əstrʌˈva ru - latn ' ' kuril ' skie ostrova ' ' or kurile islands in russia the was a pact between the soviet union


to escape from the soviet nkvd, and those who failed were mostly taken into custody by the red army and afterwards deported to siberia and / or vanished in the " gulag ". siberia ( сибирь sibir ) is the name given to the vast region constituting almost all of northern asia and for the most part currently serving the gulag was the government agency that administered the penal labor camps of the soviet union. during 1939 - 1941, for example, nearly 1. 5 million inhabitants of soviet - controlled areas of former poland were deported, of whom 63. 1 % were poles or other nationalities and 7. 4 % were jews. please take note * * * * * * * * * * * * only a fraction of these deportees survived the war. according to the american professor carroll quigley, at least 100, 000 out of 320, 000 polish prisoners of war captured by the red army in 1939, were exterminated. carroll quigley ( november 9, 1910 - january 3, 1977 ) was a noted historian polymath and theorist of the evolution of civilizations deportations, executions, torture as well as numerous other crimes against the population ( murder, hostage taking, burning down of villages ) increased when the red army was forced to retreat from the advancing wehrmacht in 1941. many political prisoners arrested by the nkvd were massacred in order to prevent their falling into german hands. in the baltic states, byelorussia, the ukraine, and bessarabia, imprisoned opponents were executed by the nkvd and attached units of the red army rather than left behind. belarus ( belarusian беларусь / biełarus is a landlocked country in eastern europe, bordered by russia to the north and east ukraine ( украіна ukrayina, / ukrɑˈjinɑ / is a country in eastern europe. bessarabia ( basarabia in romanian, бесарабія in ukrainian, бессарабия in russian, бесарабия in bulgarian these actions by the soviets increased the hatred of those who had helped the soviets, or were suspected of being soviet allies, in particular the jews. please take note * * * * * * * * * * * * as another result, in these countries the einsatzgruppen could rely heavily on volunteers, willing to participate in their brutal operations, and tip - offs, especially in the baltic states.


or confinement of people commonly in large groups without trial beevor ' s claims have encountered vast criticism from historians in russia and the russian government. the russian ambassador to the uk said " it is a disgrace to have anything to do with this clear case of slander against the people who saved the world from nazism. " o. a. rzheshevsky, a professor and president of the russian association of world war ii historians, has charged that beevor is merely resurrecting the discredited and racist views of neo - nazi historians, who depicted soviet troops as subhuman " asiatic hordes ". the term neo - nazism refers to post - world war ii political movements social movements and ideologies seeking to revive nazism, other prominent historians such as richard overy have criticised russian " outrage " at the book and defended beevor. richard overy ( born 1947 is british historian who has published extensively on the history of world war ii and the third reich. overy accused the russians of refusing to acknowledge soviet war crimes, " partly this is because they felt that much of it was justified vengeance against an enemy who committed much worse, and partly it was because they were writing the victors ' history " polish sources claim that there are cases of mass rapes in polish cities taken by red army, that in krakow soviet entry brought mass rapes on polish women and girls, as well as plunder of all private property by soviet soldiers. krakow, in english also spelled krakow or cracow ( ˈkrækaʊ m - w : krak ' ou krak ' o is one of the largest and oldest cities in poland according to them, this behaviour reached such scale that even communists installed by soviets were preparing a letter of protest to joseph stalin himself, while masses in churches were held in expectation of soviet withdrawal. joseph stalin ( ნამდვილი გვარი | iosif vissarionovich dzhugashvili ; march 5 1953 was general secretary of the communist party. year 1997 ( mcmxcvii ) was a common year starting on wednesday ( link will display full 1997 gregorian calendar


autologous bone marrow stem cells for children with autism spectrum disorders the purpose of this study is to determine whether the plasticity of autologous intrathecal hematopoietic cells would improve the neurologic and the social skills of pediatric patients with autism spectrum disorders. | study design : | | allocation : non - randomized endpoint classification : safety / efficacy study intervention model : crossover assignment masking : open label primary purpose : treatment | official title : | | autologous bone marrow stem cells for children with autism spectrum disorders | - idea improvement [ time frame : 6 months ] [ designated as safety issue : yes ] improvement in idea evaluation - cars improvement [ time frame : 6 months ] [ designated as safety issue : yes ] improvement in cars evaluation | study start date : | | november 2012 | | estimated primary completion date : | | november 2013 ( final data collection date for primary outcome measure ) | experimental : experimental : patients children who will receive intrathecal autologous stem cells other : stem cells we will evaluate with idea and cars scales the control group for 6 months with the possibility to change arms after that time. other : stem cells there is accumulating evidence that shows that the administration of hematopoietic cells into the brain in the patients with spectrum autism could help in the physiopathology of the illness. it has been found that after introducing hematopoietic cells in the subarachnoid space of the spinal cord, these cells may be transported through the cerebrospinal fluid and can be delivered more efficiently to the injured area, when compared to the intravenous route. patients will be stimulated for 3 consecutive days with granulocyte colony stimulating factor ( g - csf ) and then their bone marrow will be harvested according to their weight. bone marrow will be processed in order to obtain cd34 + cells and minimize the amount of red blood cells. an inoculum of 5 to 10ml of stem cells will be infused intrathecally. patients will be evaluated with two scales " cars " and the " idea " also we will check the clinical history. on days 0, 30 and 180. | contact : laura villarreal - martinez, md | | + 52 81 83 48 61 36 ext email @ example. com | | contact : consuelo mancias - guerra, md | | + 52 81 83 48 61 36 ext firstname. lastname @ example. org | | hematology service, hospital univer


the university of colorado was selected to contribute one of 24 miniature satellites, known as cubesats, to fly as auxiliary payloads aboard rocket missions scheduled to launch in 2014, 2015 and 2016, nasa announced tuesday. cubesats, as described by nasa, belong to a class of research spacecraft called nanosatellites. they measure about 4 inches on each side, are about 1 quart in volume and can weigh less than 3 pounds. the selections announced on tuesday represent the fourth round of nasa ' s cubesat launch initiative. those selected in the this round will be eligible for flight after final negotiations and when an opportunity for flight is available. the satellites conduct science missions, educational research and technology demonstrations, and usually are the product of significant student contributions. other institutions with cubesat proposals selected by nasa in the latest round come from institutions as diverse as nasa ' s ames research center, moffett field, calif., and merritt island high school, fla. ( in partnership with california polytechnic state university ). nasa has selected 63 missions for flight in three previous rounds of the cubesat initiative, twenty - two cubesat missions are scheduled for flight this year. this is not the first time cu has been selected to participate in the cubesat missions. the colorado student space weather experiment, a collaborative effort between the engineering department and the laboratory for atmospheric and space physics aimed at studying solar flares, launched last year on an atlas v rocket along with 10 other cubesat satellites.


this tutorial, developed for high school physics students, uses multiple graphs and animations to study the relationship between the motion of an object and its graph of velocity vs. time. users explore the relationship between position and velocity, positive and negative velocities, slope and shape of graphs, and acceleration. interactive self - evaluations are included. see related materials for an accompanying lab by the same author. this item is part of the physics classroom, a comprehensive set of tutorials and multimedia resources for high school physics. editor ' s note : education research indicates that many students have difficulty differentiating velocity and acceleration, and often plot velocity graphs as the path of an object. see related materials for a free research - based diagnostic tool to probe misconceptions related to velocity. 6 - 8 : 4f / m3b. if a force acts towards a single center, the object ' s path may curve into an orbit around the center. 9 - 12 : 4f / h1. the change in motion ( direction or speed ) of an object is proportional to the applied force and inversely proportional to the mass. 9 - 12 : 4f / h8. any object maintains a constant speed and direction of motion unless an unbalanced outside force acts on it. 9. the mathematical world 9b. symbolic relationships 6 - 8 : 9b / m3. graphs can show a variety of possible relationships between two variables. as one variable increases uniformly, the other may do one of the following : increase or decrease steadily, increase or decrease faster and faster, get closer and closer to some limiting value, reach some intermediate maximum or minimum, alternately increase and decrease, increase or decrease in steps, or do something different from any of these. 9 - 12 : 9b / h4. tables, graphs, and symbols are alternative ways of representing data and relationships that can be translated from one to another. 9 - 12 : 9c / h3c. a graph represents all the values that satisfy an equation, and if two equations have to be satisfied at the same time, the values that satisfy them both will be found where the graphs intersect. common core state standards for mathematics alignments expressions and equations ( 6 - 8 ) represent and analyze quantitative relationships between dependent and independent variables. ( 6 ) 6. ee. 9 use variables to represent two quantities in a real - world problem that change in relationship to one another ; write an equation to express one quantity, thought of as the dependent variable, in terms of the other quantity, thought of


) 6. ee. 9 use variables to represent two quantities in a real - world problem that change in relationship to one another ; write an equation to express one quantity, thought of as the dependent variable, in terms of the other quantity, thought of as the independent variable. analyze the relationship between the dependent and independent variables using graphs and tables, and relate these to the equation. understand the connections between proportional relationships, lines, and linear equations. ( 8 ) 8. ee. 5 graph proportional relationships, interpreting the unit rate as the slope of the graph. compare two different proportional relationships represented in different ways. use functions to model relationships between quantities. ( 8 ) 8. f. 5 describe qualitatively the functional relationship between two quantities by analyzing a graph ( e. g., where the function is increasing or decreasing, linear or nonlinear ). sketch a graph that exhibits the qualitative features of a function that has been described verbally. high school — functions ( 9 - 12 ) interpreting functions ( 9 - 12 ) f - if. 4 for a function that models a relationship between two quantities, interpret key features of graphs and tables in terms of the quantities, and sketch graphs showing key features given a verbal description of the relationship.? linear, quadratic, and exponential models? ( 9 - 12 ) f - le. 1. b recognize situations in which one quantity changes at a constant rate per unit interval relative to another. f - le. 1. c recognize situations in which a quantity grows or decays by a constant percent rate per unit interval relative to another. f - le. 2 construct linear and exponential functions, including arithmetic and geometric sequences, given a graph, a description of a relationship, or two input - output pairs ( include reading these from a table ). common core state reading standards for literacy in science and technical subjects 6 — 12 craft and structure ( 6 - 12 ) rst. 9 - 10. 4 determine the meaning of symbols, key terms, and other domain - specific words and phrases as they are used in a specific scientific or technical context relevant to grades 9 — 10 texts and topics. range of reading and level of text complexity ( 6 - 12 ) rst. 9 - 10. 10 by the end of grade 10, read and comprehend science / technical texts in the grades 9 — 10 text complexity band independently and proficiently. this resource is part of a physics front topical unit. topic : kinematics : the physics of motion unit title : graphing a companion to the resource above


this material has 2 associated documents. select a document title to view a document ' s information. the einstein cannon model computes and displays the trajectory of cannonballs ( particles ) shot from a cannon in the vicinity of a black hole. it was created for the study of einstein ' s theory of general relativity and the schwarzschild metric. the main window displays a map of space in the vicinity of the black hole using schwarzschild coordinates and a cannon located a distance r0 from the center black hole ' s center. the position and firing angle of the cannon can be adjusted by dragging a marker and the number of cannon balls and their initial speed can be changed using input fields. the maximum speed of the cannon ball is the speed of light c = 1 in accordance with einstein ' s theory. newton suggested that a cannon ball fired from a high mountain could fall to earth, orbit the earth, or fly away depending on how it was fired. the same is true in general relativity but there are many important differences. this model demonstrates these differences. the einstein cannon model is a supplemental simulation for the article " when action is not least for orbits in general relativity " by c. g. gray and eric poisson in the american journal of physics 79 ( 1 ), 43 - 55 ( 2011 ) and has been approved by the authors and the american journal of physics ( ajp ) editor. the simulation was developed using the easy java simulations ( ejs ) modeling tool and is distributed as a ready - to - run ( compiled ) java archive. double clicking the ejs _ gr _ einsteincannon. jar file will run the program if java is installed. last modified june 12, 2013 this file has previous versions.


1. a fatal disease of cattle that affects the central nervous system. 4. the small projection of a mammary gland. 8. the act of slowing down or falling behind. 11. a drug combination found in some over - the - counter headache remedies ( aspirin and phenacetin and caffeine ). 12. goddess of the dead and queen of the underworld. 13. a hospital unit staffed and equipped to provide intensive care. 14. a police officer who investigates crimes. 15. divulge information or secrets. 16. a logarithmic unit of sound intensity equal to 10 decibels. 17. a radioactive element of the actinide series. 19. a range of mountains ( usually with jagged peaks and irregular outline ). 24. open - heart surgery in which the rib cage is opened and a section of a blood vessel is grafted from the aorta to the coronary artery to bypass the blocked section of the coronary artery and improve the blood supply to the heart. 25. a piece of furniture that provides a place to sleep. 27. resinlike substance secreted by certain lac insects. 29. a family of sino - tibetan languages spoken in southeastern asia. 31. a highly unstable radioactive element ( the heaviest of the halogen series ). 34. an official prosecutor for a judicial district. 35. a soft silvery metallic element of the alkali earth group. 36. ( greek mythology ) goddess of the earth and mother of cronus and the titans in ancient mythology. 38. the protoplasm of the germ cells that contains chromosomes and genes. 41. the blood group whose red cells carry both the a and b antigens. 42. a summary that repeats the substance of a longer discussion. 46. aircraft landing in bad weather in which the pilot is talked down by ground control using precision approach radar. 47. call upon in supplication. 49. ( irish ) mother of the tuatha de danann. 50. united states liquid unit equal to 4 quarts or 3. 785 liters. 51. a condition ( mostly in boys ) characterized by behavioral and learning disorders. 52. a strategically located monarchy on the southern and eastern coasts of the arabian peninsula. 53. a loose sleeveless outer garment made from aba cloth. 1. a chadic language spoken south of lake chad. 2. a detailed description of design criteria for a piece of work. 3. ( computer science ) a coding system that incorporates extra parity bits


sleeveless outer garment made from aba cloth. 1. a chadic language spoken south of lake chad. 2. a detailed description of design criteria for a piece of work. 3. ( computer science ) a coding system that incorporates extra parity bits in order to detect errors. 4. a bachelor ' s degree in theology. 5. the fatty flesh of eel. 6. by bad luck. 7. a sock with a separation for the big toe. 8. a small faint zodiacal constellation in the southern hemisphere. 9. sour or bitter in taste. 10. a russian prison camp for political prisoners. 18. a person forced to flee from home or country. 20. liquid containing proteins and electrolytes including the liquid in blood plasma and interstitial fluid. 21. not divisible by two. 22. english essayist ( 1775 - 1834 ). 23. a white metallic element that burns with a brilliant light. 26. ( akkadian ) god of wisdom. 28. a compartment in front of a motor vehicle where driver sits. 30. the sixth month of the civil year. 32. united states abolitionist ( 1786 - 1865 ). 33. a bantu language spoken by the chaga people in northern tanzania. 37. in bed. 38. being ten more than one hundred ninety. 39. someone who works ( or provides workers ) during a strike. 40. the arch of bone beneath the eye that forms the prominence of the cheek. 43. the capital and largest city of japan. 44. a rotating disk shaped to convert circular into linear motion. 45. ( irish ) mother of the ancient irish gods. 46. a heavy brittle diamagnetic trivalent metallic element ( resembles arsenic and antimony chemically ). 48. a ductile silvery - white ductile ferromagnetic trivalent metallic element of the rare earth group.


a laparoscopy ( lap - uh - ross - coe - pee ) is a surgical procedure in which a small instrument is inserted through an incision in the navel. this instrument, called a laparoscope ( lap - uh - roe - scope ), functions like a miniature telescope, with a light on the end, giving doctors an internal view of the abdominal cavity. sometimes, the abdomen is inflated with carbon dioxide gas, so internal organs can be re - positioned as needed. a laparoscopy may be done to investigate a problem like pelvic pain, or infertility when a tubal blockage is suspected. it ' s also used to remove an ectopic embryo, which is one that ' s developed in a fallopian tube by mistake, instead of in the uterus. one of the most common uses of laparoscopy is in tubal sterilization procedures. here, both the laparoscope and the laser or other cutting instrument are passed through the navel, thus eliminating any abdominal scar. examination of the liver, gallbladder, and appendix may also be done by laparoscopy. regardless of its purpose, the operation is typically done under general anesthesia, on an outpatient basis. to find out more about laparoscopy, speak with a physician.


previous dailytech stories have detailed recent cooling experienced by the planet, and highlighted some of the scientists currently predicting extended global cooling. even the un ipcc has stated that world temperatures may continue to decline, if only briefly. now, an expert in geophysics at the national autonomous university of mexico has added his voice to the fray. victor manuel velasco herrera, a researcher at unam ' s institute of geophysics, has predicted an imminent period of cooling intense enough to be called a small ice age. speaking to a crowd at a conference at the center for applied sciences and technological development, herrera says the sun can both cool and warm the planet. variations in solar activity, he says, are causing changes in the earth ' s climate. " so that in two years or so, there will be a small ice age that lasts from 60 to 80 years ", he said. " the most immediate result will be drought. " herrera says satellite temperature data indicates this cooling may have already begun. recent increases in glacier mass in the andes, patagonia, and canada were given as further evidence of an upcoming cold spell. herrera also described the predictions of the intergovernmental panel on climate change ( ipcc ) as " erroneous ". according to herrera, their forecasts “ are incorrect because are only based on mathematical models which do not include [ factors such as ] solar activity ". herrera pointed to the so - called " little ice age " which peaked in the 17th century, as a previous cooling event caused by solar fluctuations. herrera made his remarks at unam, located in mexico city, is the oldest university on the north american continent.


new solar cell gives its " 110 percent " in efficiency december 20, 2011 6 : 23 pm comment ( s ) - last by like tebow, these new solar cells are giving their " 110 percent " week in and week out. gains to quantum efficiency could yield around a 35 percent gain in conversion efficiency, the key metric using quantum dots - - tiny nanometer scale semiconductor crystals - - researchers at the u. s. national renewable energy laboratory have cracked an important physical barrier and achieved levels of performance long considered impossible for a solar cell. i. giving its 110 percent the special design used by the team utilized quantum dot nanocrystals in the 1 - 20 nm range. the nanocrystals were composed of lead selenide treated with ethanedithol and hydrazine. the photon - harvesting quantum dot - populated plane was sandwiched between a nanostructured zinc oxide layer and a thin gold electrode. a top layer was formed using a transparent conductor. the overall design is in line with the " thin - film " methodology, which is currently rising in commercial production. thin film cells tend to rely on scarce ( i. e. expensive on a per mass basis ) resources, such as rare earth metals. however, they use so little of them - - given the low mass of the thin film - - that they are not significantly more expensive than existing polycrystalline silicon cells. generally, the only major extra cost to thin film is the initial cost of shifting the production technology. the new nrel cell shatters the quantum efficiencies of previous designs, posting a peak external quantum efficiency of 114 ± 1 % and a peak internal quantum efficiency of 130 %. in order to understand these numbers and how any power efficiency device can be more than " 100 percent " efficient, you must understand the meaning of quantum efficiency ( qe ), which is overall quite different, but related to conversion efficiency ( which will be over 100 percent - - or even to 100 percent - - in traditional physics ). the new cell is a thin film design. [ image source : nrel ] quantum efficiency is a measure of how many electrons come out of a cell for every photon that goes into the cell. traditional silicon solar cells can achieve near 100 percent quantum efficiency at around 600 nm, but drop to around 80 percent on either end of the 500 - 1000 nm range ( visible light is 380 to 740 nm ). what this means is that the perfect " color " of light for silicon cells is orangish, while purple light can


but drop to around 80 percent on either end of the 500 - 1000 nm range ( visible light is 380 to 740 nm ). what this means is that the perfect " color " of light for silicon cells is orangish, while purple light can have a less than 45 percent conversion rate. as white light ( sunlight ) is a mixture of different wavelengths, the lower quantum efficiency of certain parts of the spectrum leads to lower average quantum efficiency. external efficiency directly uses the number of input photons and the number of output electrons from a device. internal efficiency, by contrast, uses theory to adjust these numbers to account for losses due to reflection and absorption. we took the liberty of borrowing ( fair use clause title 17 > chapter 1 > § 107 ) the charts for their 0. 72 ev bandgap cell ( their best - performing design ) and comparing it to a traditional pc silicon cell, adding a helpful reference that shows what evs roughly correspond to in the visible light range : comparing the external quantum efficiencies of the new nrel design ( top ) and the ps silicon design ( bottom ) over the visible light range ( middle bar ), we see that the new cell is slightly less efficient in capturing red - end light, but is much more efficient in capturing blue - end light. ( the black line in bottom graph and the blue line in the top right graph are the internal qes. ) overall this could grant up to a 35 percent efficiency gain versus today ' s standard ps silicon cells, according to the paper ' s authors. ii. you " cannot change the laws of physics " - - so pick a better law! the better blue - range performance comes thanks to multiple exciton generation ( meg ), a unique quantum effect, which like other oddball quantum effects, occurs at an extremely small scale. in an meg scenario, a single photon hits an atom, but rather than simply knocking off one electron via the formation of an " exciton " ( an electron / hole pair ), it puts multiple electrons into the flow. meg - - multiple exciton generation - - bends the traditional laws of physics. [ image source : los alamos science & tech mag. / u. s. department of energy ' s nnsa ] the exact quantum mechanics of this phenomena are being debated by physics. currently the three leading hypotheses are : - - the high energy exciton ( " x " ) becomes a " multi " - x, decaying through a dense range of multi - x


of this phenomena are being debated by physics. currently the three leading hypotheses are : - - the high energy exciton ( " x " ) becomes a " multi " - x, decaying through a dense range of multi - x states. - - a mixed " virtual " state consisting of multi - x and x ( think superposition ) is triggered by photon energetic absorption. - - photon absorption creates standard x, but in the special material x waffles back and forth, switching identity from x to multi - x and back, slowly dropping in energy, in the process. without meg, no solar cell can have more than a 100 percent internal or external qe. hence no traditional solar cell has had greater than a 100 percent qe, even at its optimal part of the spectrum ( e. g. orange light for silicon cells ). this means that the overall efficiency ( ce ) of a traditional cell - - even if perfectly optimized - - would not exceed 32 percent. cumulatively this 100 / 32 ( qe / ce ) limit is named the shockley - queisser limit after its discoverers ( s - q limit, for short ). as scotty would say " you cannot change the laws of physics. " but sometimes you have your cake and eat it to, if only you find the right quirk in complex and poorly understood physics of our universe. that ' s fundamentally what has been done here. meg was first theorized by nrel researcher arthur j. nozik, ph. d back in 2001, and was later confirmed to work in quantum dots, thanks to their special scale. this method is also known as " hot carrier generation ". using this quantum effect, later proved in the laboratory, the s - q performance barrier could be shattered. a useful property of quantum dots, is that their size determines their band gap, and hence the efficiency. thus building the " perfect " meg cell is simply a matter of picking the right size dots. as the bandgap tends to decrease as the quantum dot size and efficiency increase, the trick is to pick a quantum dot that is as big as possible, without losing the quantum effects. quantum dots don ' t just look pretty, they have some handy physics quirks too! [ image source : elec - intro ] quantum dots also generate electron / hole pairs easier, with room temperature being enough excite ( generate electricity ) in some quantum dot materials. the most recent paper was [ abstract ] in the peer - reviewed journal


[ image source : elec - intro ] quantum dots also generate electron / hole pairs easier, with room temperature being enough excite ( generate electricity ) in some quantum dot materials. the most recent paper was [ abstract ] in the peer - reviewed journal, with matthew c. beard taking the distinction of senior author and octavi e. semonin the distinction of being first author. professor novik was listed second to last, after four additional nrel colleagues. iii. third generation solar cells - - finally a solar tech. worth investing in " first " and " second " generation solar cells use various bulk semiconductors such as silicon, cadmium telluride, or copper indium gallium ( di ) selenide, which are then mixed with third, fourth, and fifth column ( in the periodic table ) elements to improve performance. ideally quantum dot cells could be combined with these traditional thin - film semiconductor cell designs, or applied using a mixture of nanocrystalline quantum dots optimized for different wavelengths. either methodology could yield an optimized " third " generation ( aka. next generation ) design. such a cell would enjoy the best of both worlds - - silicon cells ' excellent red range performance, along with quantum dots excellent performance on the higher end ( blue ) of the visible light spectrum. one approach to make a third generation ultra - efficient cell is to use a mixture of wavelength optimized quantum dots. [ image source : los alamos science & tech mag. / u. s. department of energy ' s nnsa ] while quantum dots are generally thought to be amenable to thin film cell " roll - to - roll " printing processes, the precise methods to do this on a mass production scale still have to be ironed out. furthermore, the quantum dot cells measured in this study exhibited a pretty low 4. 5 percent efficiency. while that sounds quite bad, it ’ s largely a result of the lower amount of quantum dots used in the absorbing layer. if quantum dot deposition techniques can be refined, the aforementioned " third " generation mixed cell could be finally realized. if somebody is going to do that, it will probably be professor nozik ' s team at the nrel. after all, they ' re who first discovered how to play the grand meg prank on the laws of physics in the first place. with these third generation solar cells, the technology may finally have the legs under it to compete with cheaper power generation methods ( e. g. carbon - based fuels and nuclear energy


play the grand meg prank on the laws of physics in the first place. with these third generation solar cells, the technology may finally have the legs under it to compete with cheaper power generation methods ( e. g. carbon - based fuels and nuclear energy ). that ' s not only good news for mankind ' s terrestrial future ; it ' s good news for future interstellar travellers, who will likely rely heavily on a mixture of solar and nuclear ( fusion ) energy this article is over a month old, voting and posting comments is disabled re : the break through needed 12 / 20 / 2011 10 : 17 : 47 pm you can also allow more water to flow through hydro dams at night and when overcast, the point is not to be dependent on one source. re : the break through needed 12 / 21 / 2011 4 : 13 : 34 am exactly. there is too much negativity towards solar. of course it won ' t work if this is our sole method of power generation but it definitely has its place. " well, there may be a reason why they call them ' mac ' trucks! windows machines will not be trucks. " - - microsoft ceo steve ballmer scientists cook up artificial leaf, quantum dots for solar cells march 29, 2011, 8 : 32 am " snowflake " plasma containment field could hold key to fusion ' s future november 8, 2010, 1 : 30 pm ucsd scientists create direct electron to photon circuitry june 23, 2008, 2 : 24 pm nasa introduces asteroid grand challenge to protect earth june 18, 2013, 8 : 48 pm nsa leaker may be killed in drone strike says ron paul june 17, 2013, 11 : 18 am airbus a350 xwb " msn1 " has successful first flight june 17, 2013, 11 : 02 am study : gamers have better visual, decision - making skills than non - gamers june 12, 2013, 11 : 26 am airbus a350 xwb to take first flight friday, looks to challenge boeing dreamliner june 11, 2013, 8 : 20 pm berkeley lab tests artificial photosynthesis with new microfluidic test - bed june 11, 2013, 11 : 41 am most popular articles source : don ' t worry, nsa spies on " 99 percent " of americans ' locations, call records june 14, 2013, 3 : 57 pm xbox chief : if you can ' t get online, don ' t buy an xbox one june 12, 2013, 9 : 57 am gigahertz wars 2. 0?


defining a wireless solution, page 2 5. 1 wireless building blocks before jumping into the mechanics of solution development, it is worth reviewing the basic building blocks that compose a complete wireless solution. while wireless solutions vary widely in characteristics, they all draw items from four categories of architectural components : client devices, wireless applications, information infrastructure, and wireless networks. these components are shown in figure 5. 2. client devices are the most visible component of a wireless solution. they are the physical platform for wireless applications and provide services such as voice communications, data capture and display, information processing, and location detection. these devices may be carried by users, mounted within shipping containers, or installed inside a car. client devices include smart phones, pagers, pdas, e - mail appliances, and special - purpose units for scanning, bar coding, and credit card reading. the components of a complete wireless solution wireless applications supply the business functionality behind the wireless solution. they can cover any need from personal productivity to safety and asset monitoring. depending on the functionality required, these applications may be " off - the - shelf " packages, custom developed, or " re - purposed " from existing web applications. the information infrastructure is the repository of knowledge incorporated within the wireless solution. although these data components are invisible to most users, access to information is the " raison d ' etre " for most wireless solutions. this information may be environmental data captured on an oil rig for display at a monitoring station or it may be an amalgam of customer information drawn from a variety of corporate information systems and databases. the information infrastructure consists of the back - end applications, databases, voice systems, e - mail systems, middleware, and other components needed to support the information requirements of the chosen wireless application. wireless networks serve as the conduit, or transport mechanism, between devices or between devices and traditional wired networks ( corporate networks, the internet, etc. ). these networks vary widely in cost, coverage, and transmission rates ; they include options such as infrared, bluetooth, wlan, digital cellular, and satellite. together, these four components constitute the wireless solution ' s architecture. in the simplest case, this architecture consists of a single device type, using a single application and connected to a single network. however, many business solutions will be more complex, supporting multiple client devices, offering a variety of applications, and stitching together multiple networks to gain the desired level of coverage. the solution ' s implementation and support infrastructure provides the processes, tools, and resources used


many business solutions will be more complex, supporting multiple client devices, offering a variety of applications, and stitching together multiple networks to gain the desired level of coverage. the solution ' s implementation and support infrastructure provides the processes, tools, and resources used to create, operate, and support the wireless solution. this infrastructure ensures that users are trained, data is backed up, secured and synchronized, system and application software is kept up - to - date, devices remain functional, and networks operate efficiently. although not part of the wireless architecture, the quality of this infrastructure is crucial for the success of the overall solution. as such, it merits as much consideration as the other wireless components when designing the solution. business processes form the final component of a complete wireless solution. these are the processes that inspired the solution in the first place. depending on the goals of the project, the wireless solution should enable your company to perform these processes faster, cheaper, and more efficiently than before. gaining these benefits, however, requires redesigning and implementing new versions of processes that take advantage of the wireless solution. to capture the benefits of immediate, on - site invoicing offered by the field service example in chapter 2, a company needs to change processes and job responsibilities in the customer service, field service, and billing organizations. without these changes, work orders will still be entered manually in the company ' s systems by customer service, invoices will still be produced by the billing department, and the wireless device will simply end up as a new toy in the hands of the field service worker. while they are an integral part of a successful solution, business processes are usually outside the scope of responsibility of the technical team implementing and supporting the wireless solution. implementing new business processes is its own project and requires knowledgeable resources backed by management commitment to the change.


| related fields and sub - fields | information technology ( it ) is the application of computers and telecommunications equipment to store, retrieve, transmit and manipulate data, often in the context of a business or other enterprise. the term is commonly used as a synonym for computers and computer networks, but it also encompasses other information distribution technologies such as television and telephones. several industries are associated with information technology, such as computer hardware, software, electronics, semiconductors, internet, telecom equipment, e - commerce and computer services. in a business context, the information technology association of america has defined information technology as " the study, design, development, application, implementation, support or management of computer - based information systems ". the responsibilities of those working in the field include network administration, software development and installation, and the planning and management of an organisation ' s technology life cycle, by which hardware and software is maintained, upgraded, and replaced. humans have been storing, retrieving, manipulating and communicating information since the sumerians in mesopotamia developed writing in about 3000 bc, but the term " information technology " in its modern sense first appeared in a 1958 article published in the harvard business review ; authors harold j. leavitt and thomas l. whisler commented that " the new technology does not yet have a single established name. we shall call it information technology ( it ). " based on the storage and processing technologies employed, it is possible to distinguish four distinct phases of it development : pre - mechanical ( 3000 bc – 1450 ad ), mechanical ( 1450 – 1840 ), electromechanical ( 1840 – 1940 ) and electronic ( 1940 – present ). this article focuses on the most recent period ( electronic ), which began in about 1940. history of computers devices have been used to aid computation for thousands of years, probably initially in the form of a tally stick. the antikythera mechanism, dating from about the beginning of the first century bc, is generally considered to be the earliest known mechanical analog computer ; it is also the earliest known geared mechanism. comparable geared devices did not emerge in europe until the 16th century, and it was not until 1645 that the first mechanical calculator capable of performing the four basic arithmetical operations was developed. electronic computers, using either relays or valves, began to appear in the early 1940s. the electromechanical zuse z3, completed in 1941, was the world ' s first programmable computer, and by modern standards one of the first machines that could be considered a complete computing


valves, began to appear in the early 1940s. the electromechanical zuse z3, completed in 1941, was the world ' s first programmable computer, and by modern standards one of the first machines that could be considered a complete computing machine. colossus, developed during the second world war to decrypt german messages was the first electronic digital computer. although it was programmable, it was not general - purpose, being designed to perform only a single task. it also lacked the ability to store its program in memory. instead, programming was carried out using plugs and switches to alter the internal wiring. the first recognisably modern electronic digital stored - program computer was the manchester small - scale experimental machine ( ssem ), which ran its first program on 21 june 1948. early electronic computers such as colossus made use of punched tape, a long strip of paper on which data was represented by a series of holes, a technology now obsolete. electronic data storage, which is used in modern computers, dates from the second world war, when a form of delay line memory was developed to remove the clutter from radar signals, the first practical application of which was the mercury delay line. the first random - access digital storage device was the williams tube, based on a standard cathode ray tube, but the information stored in it and delay line memory was volatile in that it had to be continuously refreshed, and thus was lost once power was removed. the earliest form of non - volatile computer storage was the magnetic drum, invented in 1932 and used in the ferranti mark 1, the world ' s first commercially available general - purpose electronic computer. most digital data today is still stored magnetically on devices such as hard disk drives, or optically on media such as cd - roms. it has been estimated that the worldwide capacity to store information on electronic devices grew from less than 3 exabytes in 1986 to 295 exabytes in 2007, doubling roughly every 3 years. database management systems emerged in the 1960s to address the problem of storing and retrieving large amounts of data accurately and quickly. one of the earliest such systems was ibm ' s information management system ( ims ), which is still widely deployed more than 40 years later. ims stores data hierarchically, but in the 1970s ted codd proposed an alternative relational storage model based on set theory and predicate logic and the familiar concepts of tables, rows and columns. the first commercially available relational database management system ( rdbms


' s general - purpose computers doubled every 18 months during the same two decades ; the global telecommunication capacity per capita doubled every 34 months ; the world ' s storage capacity per capita required roughly 40 months to double ( every 3 years ) ; and per capita broadcast information has doubled every 12. 3 years. massive amounts of data are stored worldwide every day, but unless it can be analysed and presented effectively it essentially resides in what have been called data tombs : " data archives that are seldom visited ". to address that issue, the field of data mining – " the process of discovering interesting patterns and knowledge from large amounts of data " – emerged in the late 1980s. in an academic context, the association for computing machinery defines it as " undergraduate degree programs that prepare students to meet the computer technology needs of business, government, healthcare, schools, and other kinds of organizations.... it specialists assume responsibility for selecting hardware and software products appropriate for an organization, integrating those products with organizational needs and infrastructure, and installing, customizing, and maintaining those applications for the organization ’ s computer users. " the business value of information technology lies in the automation of business processes, provision of information for decision making, connecting businesses with their customers, and the provision of productivity tools to increase efficiency. | category | | 2012 spending | | 2013 spending | | data center systems | | 141 | | 147 | - breaches of copyright by those downloading files stored without the permission of the copyright holders - employers monitoring their employees ' emails and other internet usage - unsolicited emails - hackers accessing online databases - web sites installing cookies or spyware to monitor a user ' s online activities - " format " refers to the physical characteristics of the stored data such as its encoding scheme ; " structure " describes the organisation of that data. - daintith, john, ed. ( 2009 ), " it ", a dictionary of physics, oxford university press, retrieved 1 august 2012 ( subscription required ) - " free on - line dictionary of computing ( foldoc ) ". retrieved 9 feb. 2013. - chandler, daniel ; munday, rod, " information technology ", a dictionary of media and communication ( first ed. ), oxford university press, retrieved 1 august 2012 ( subscription required ) - on the later more broad application of the term it, keary comments - " in its original application ' information technology ' was appropriate to describe the convergence of technologies with application in the broad field of data storage, retrieval, processing, and dissemination.


- on the later more broad application of the term it, keary comments - " in its original application ' information technology ' was appropriate to describe the convergence of technologies with application in the broad field of data storage, retrieval, processing, and dissemination. this useful conceptual term has since been converted to what purports to be concrete use, but without the reinforcement of definition... the term it lacks substance when applied to the name of any function, discipline, or position. " anthony ralston ( 2000 ). encyclopedia of computer science. nature pub. group. isbn 978 - 1 - 56159 - 248 - 7. retrieved 12 may 2013.. - proctor 2011, preface. - butler, jeremy g., " a history of information technology and systems ", university of arizona, retrieved 2 august 2012 - leavitt, harold j. ; whisler, thomas l. ( 1958 ), " management in the 1980s ", harvard business review 11 - schmandt - besserat, d. ( 1981 ), " decipherment of the earliest tablets ", science 211 ( 4479 ) : 283 – 285, doi : 10. 1126 / science. 211. 4479. 283, pmid 17748027 ( subscription required ) - wright 2012, p. 279 - childress 2000, p. 94 - chaudhuri 2004, p. 3 - lavington 1980 - enticknap, nicholas ( summer 1998 ), " computing ' s golden jubilee ", resurrection ( the computer conservation society ) ( 20 ), issn 0958 - 7403, retrieved 19 april 2008 - alavudeen & venkateshwaran 2010, p. 178 - lavington 1998, p. 1 - " early computers at manchester university ", resurrection ( the computer conservation society ) 1 ( 4 ), summer 1992, issn 0958 - 7403, retrieved 19 april 2008 - universitat klagenfurt ( ed. ), " magnetic drum ", virtual exhibitions in informatics, retrieved 21august 2011 - the manchester mark 1, university of manchester, retrieved 24 january 2009 - wang & taratorin 1999, pp. 4 – 5. - hilbert, martin ; lopez, priscilla, " the world ' s technological capacity to store, communicate, and compute information ", science 332 ( 6025 ) : 60 – 65, retrieved 1 august 2012 - " video animation on the world ' s technological capacity to store, communicate, and compute information from 1986 to 2010 -


capacity to store, communicate, and compute information ", science 332 ( 6025 ) : 60 – 65, retrieved 1 august 2012 - " video animation on the world ' s technological capacity to store, communicate, and compute information from 1986 to 2010 - ward & dafoulas 2006, p. 2 - olofson, carl w. ( october 2009 ), " a platform for enterprise data services ", idc, retrieved 7 august 2012 - ward & dafoulas 2006, p. 3 - pardede 2009, p. 2 - pardede 2009, p. 4 - kedar 2009, pp. 1 – 9 - van der aalst 2011, p. 2 - dyche 2000, pp. 4 – 6 - weik 2000, p. 361 - pardede 2009, p. xiii. - lewis 2003, pp. 228 – 231. - han, kamber & pei 2011, p. 5 - han, kamber & pei 2011, p. 8 - han, kamber & pei 2011, p. xxiii - the joint task force for computing curricula 2005. computing curricula 2005 : the overview report ( pdf ) - " forecast alert : it spending, worldwide, 4q12 update ", gartner, retrieved 2 january 2013 - bynum 2008, p. 9. - reynolds 2009, pp. 20 – 21. - alavudeen, a. ; venkateshwaran, n. ( 2010 ), computer integrated manufacturing, phi learning, isbn 978 - 81 - 203 - 3345 - 1 - bynum, terrell ward ( 2008 ), " norbert wiener and the rise of information ethics ", in van den hoven, jeroen ; weckert, john, information technology and moral philosophy, cambridge university press, isbn 978 - 0 - 521 - 85549 - 5 - chaudhuri, p. pal ( 2004 ), computer organization and design, phi learning, isbn 978 - 81 - 203 - 1254 - 8 - childress, david hatcher ( 2000 ), technology of the gods : the incredible sciences of the ancients, adventures unlimited press, isbn 978 - 0 - 932813 - 73 - 2 - dyche, jill ( 2000 ), turning data into information with data warehousing, addison wesley, isbn 978 - 0 - 201 - 65780 - 7 - han, jiawei ; kamber, micheline ; pei, jian ( 2011 ), data


jill ( 2000 ), turning data into information with data warehousing, addison wesley, isbn 978 - 0 - 201 - 65780 - 7 - han, jiawei ; kamber, micheline ; pei, jian ( 2011 ), data minining : concepts and techniques ( 3rd ed. ), morgan kaufman, isbn 978 - 0 - 12 - 381479 - 1 - kedar, seema ( 2009 ), database management systems, technical publications, isbn 978 - 81 - 8431 - 584 - 4 - lavington, simon ( 1980 ), early british computers, digital press, isbn 978 - 0 - 7190 - 0810 - 8 - lavington, simon ( 1998 ), a history of manchester computers ( 2 ed. ), the british computer society, isbn 978 - 1 - 902505 - 01 - 5 - lewis, bryn ( 2003 ), " extraction of xml from relational databases ", in chaudhri, akmal b. ; djeraba, chabane ; unland, rainer et al., xml - based data management and multimedia engineering – edbt 2002 workshops, springer, isbn 978 - 3540001300 - pardede, eric ( 2009 ), open and novel issues in xml database applications, information science reference, isbn 978 - 1 - 60566 - 308 - 1 - proctor, k. scott ( 2011 ), optimizing and assessing information technology : improving business project execution, john wiley & sons, isbn 978 - 1 - 118 - 10263 - 3 - reynolds, george ( 2009 ), ethics in information technology, cengage learning, isbn 978 - 0 - 538 - 74622 - 9 - van der aalst, wil m. p. ( 2011 ), process mining : discovery, conformance and enhancement of business processes, springer, isbn 978 - 3 - 642 - 19344 - 6 - wang, shan x. ; taratorin, aleksandr markovich ( 1999 ), magnetic information storage technology, academic press, isbn 978 - 0 - 12 - 734570 - 3 - ward, patricia ; dafoulas, george s. ( 2006 ), database management systems, cengage learning emea, isbn 978 - 1 - 84480 - 452 - 8 - weik, martin ( 2000 ), computer science and communications dictionary 2, springer, isbn 978 - 0 - 7923 - 8425 - 0 - wright, michael t. ( 2012 ), " the front dial of the


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) strongly. additionally, the atmosphere is opaque at most infrared wavelengths. this necessitates lengthy exposure times and greatly decreases the ability to detect faint objects. it could be compared to trying to observe the stars at noon. previous space - based satellites ( such as iras, the infrared astronomical satellite, and iso, the infrared space observatory ) were operational during the 1980s and 1990s and great advances in astronomical technology have been made since then. most of the early concepts envisioned repeated flights aboard the nasa space shuttle. this approach was developed in an era when the shuttle program was expected to support weekly flights of up to 30 days duration. a may 1983 nasa proposal described sirtf as a shuttle - attached mission, with an evolving scientific instrument payload. several flights were anticipated with a probable transition into a more extended mode of operation, possibly in association with a future space platform or space station. sirtf would be a 1 - meter class, cryogenically cooled, multi - user facility consisting of a telescope and associated focal plane instruments. it would be launched on the space shuttle and remain attached to the shuttle as a spacelab payload during astronomical observations, after which it would be returned to earth for refurbishment prior to re - flight. the first flight was expected to occur about 1990, with the succeeding flights anticipated beginning approximately one year later. however, the spacelab - 2 flight aboard sts - 51 - f showed that the shuttle environment was poorly suited to an onboard infrared telescope due to contamination from the relatively " dirty " vacuum associated with the orbiters. by september 1983 nasa was considering the " possibility of a long duration [ free - flyer ] sirtf mission ". spitzer is the only one of the great observatories not launched by the space shuttle, which had been originally intended. however after the 1986 challenger disaster, the centaur lh2 / lox upper stage, which would have been required to place it in its final orbit, was banned from shuttle use. the mission underwent a series of redesigns during the 1990s, primarily due to budget considerations. this resulted in a much smaller but still fully capable mission which could use the smaller delta ii expendable launch vehicle. one of the most important advances of this redesign was an earth - trailing orbit. cryogenic satellites that require liquid helium ( lhe, t ≈ 4 k ) temperatures in near - earth orbit are typically exposed to a large heat load from the earth, and consequently entail large usage of lhe coolant, which then tends to dominate the total payload mass and limits mission life


an infrared spectrometer with four sub - modules which operate at the wavelengths 5. 3 – 14 µm ( low resolution ), 10 – 19. 5 µm ( high resolution ), 14 – 40 µm ( low resolution ), and 19 – 37 µm ( high resolution ). each module uses a 128×128 - pixel detector — the short wavelength pair use arsenic - doped silicon blocked impurity band technology, the long wavelength pair use antimony - doped silicon blocked impurity band technology. the principal investigator is james r. houck of cornell university ; the flight hardware was built by ball aerospace. - mips ( multiband imaging photometer for spitzer ), three detector arrays in the far infrared ( 128 × 128 pixels at 24 µm, 32 × 32 pixels at 70 µm, 2 × 20 pixels at 160 µm ). the 24 µm detector is identical to one of the irs short wavelength modules. the 70 µm detector uses gallium - doped germanium technology, and the 160 µm detector also uses gallium - doped germanium, but with mechanical stress added to each pixel to lower the bandgap and extend sensitivity to this long wavelength. the principal investigator is george h. rieke of the university of arizona ; the flight hardware was built by ball aerospace. as an example of data from the different instruments, the nebula henize 206 was imaged in 2004, allowing comparison of images from each device. the first images taken by sst were designed to show off the abilities of the telescope and showed a glowing stellar nursery ; a big swirling, dusty galaxy ; a disc of planet - forming debris ; and organic material in the distant universe. since then, many monthly press releases have highlighted spitzer ' s capabilities, as the nasa and esa images do for the hubble space telescope. as one of its most noteworthy observations, in 2005, sst became the first telescope to directly capture the light from extrasolar planets, namely the " hot jupiters " hd 209458b and tres - 1. ( it did not resolve that light into actual images though. ) this was the first time extrasolar planets had actually been visually seen ; earlier observations had been indirectly made by drawing conclusions from behaviors of the stars the planets were orbiting. the telescope also discovered in april 2005 that cohen - kuhi tau / 4 had a planetary disk that was vastly younger and contained less mass than previously theorized, leading to new understandings of how planets are formed. while some time on


were orbiting. the telescope also discovered in april 2005 that cohen - kuhi tau / 4 had a planetary disk that was vastly younger and contained less mass than previously theorized, leading to new understandings of how planets are formed. while some time on the telescope is reserved for participating institutions and crucial projects, astronomers around the world also have the opportunity to submit proposals for observing time. important targets include forming stars ( young stellar objects, or ysos ), planets, and other galaxies. images are freely available for educational and journalistic purposes. in 2004, it was reported that spitzer had spotted a faintly glowing body that may be the youngest star ever seen. the telescope was trained on a core of gas and dust known as l1014 which had previously appeared completely dark to ground - based observatories and to iso ( infrared space observatory ), a predecessor to spitzer. the advanced technology of spitzer revealed a bright red hot spot in the middle of l1014. scientists from the university of texas at austin, who discovered the object, believe the hot spot to be an example of early star development, with the young star collecting gas and dust from the cloud around it. early speculation about the hot spot was that it might have been the faint light of another core that lies 10 times further from earth but along the same line of sight as l1014. follow - up observation from ground - based near - infrared observatories detected a faint fan - shaped glow in the same location as the object found by spitzer. that glow is too feeble to have come from the more distant core, leading to the conclusion that the object is located within l1014. ( young et al., 2004 ) in 2005, astronomers from the university of wisconsin at madison and whitewater determined, on the basis of 400 hours of observation on the spitzer space telescope, that the milky way galaxy has a more substantial bar structure across its core than previously recognized. also in 2005, astronomers alexander kashlinsky and john mather of nasa ' s goddard space flight center reported that one of spitzer ' s earliest images may have captured the light of the first stars in the universe. an image of a quasar in the draco constellation, intended only to help calibrate the telescope, was found to contain an infrared glow after the light of known objects was removed. kashlinsky and mather are convinced that the numerous blobs in this glow are the light of stars that formed as early as 100 million years after the


, was found to contain an infrared glow after the light of known objects was removed. kashlinsky and mather are convinced that the numerous blobs in this glow are the light of stars that formed as early as 100 million years after the big bang, red shifted by cosmic expansion. in march 2006, astronomers reported an 80 - light - year - long nebula near the center of the milky way galaxy, the double helix nebula, which is, as the name implies, twisted into a double spiral shape. this is thought to be evidence of massive magnetic fields generated by the gas disc orbiting the supermassive black hole at the galaxy ' s center, 300 light years from the nebula and 25, 000 light years from earth. this nebula was discovered by the spitzer space telescope, and published in the magazine nature on march 16, 2006. in may 2007, astronomers successfully mapped the atmospheric temperature of hd 189733 b, thus obtaining the first map of some kind of an extrasolar planet. since september 2006 the telescope participates in a series of surveys called the gould belt survey, observing the gould ' s belt region in multiple wavelengths. the first set of observations by the spitzer space telescope were completed from september 21, 2006 through september 27. resulting from these observations, the team of astronomers led by dr. robert gutermuth, of the harvard - smithsonian center for astrophysics reported the discovery of serpens south, a cluster of 50 young stars in the serpens constellation. scientists have long wondered how tiny silicate crystals, which need high temperatures to form, have found their way into frozen comets, born in the very cold environment of the solar system ' s outer edges. the crystals would have begun as non - crystallized, amorphous silicate particles, part of the mix of gas and dust from which the solar system developed. this mystery has deepened with the results of the stardust ( spacecraft ) sample return mission, which captured particles from comet wild 2. many of the stardust ( spacecraft ) particles were found to have formed at temperatures in excess of 1000 k. in may 2009, spitzer researchers from germany, hungary and the netherlands found that amorphous silicate appears to have been transformed into crystalline form by an outburst from a star. they detected the infrared signature of forsterite silicate crystals on the disk of dust and gas surrounding the star ex lupi during one of its frequent flare - ups, or outbursts, seen by spitzer in april 2008. these crystals were not present in