estuaries form a transition zone between river environments and maritime environments and are subject to both marine influences, such as tides, waves, and the influx of saline water ; and riverine influences, such as flows of fresh water and sediment. the inflows of both sea water and fresh water provide high levels of nutrients in both the water column and sediment, making estuaries among the most productive natural habitats in the world. most existing estuaries were formed during the holocene epoch by the flooding of river - eroded or glacially scoured valleys when the sea level began to rise about 10, 000 - 12, 000 years ago. estuaries are typically classified by their geomorphological features or by water circulation patterns and can be referred to by many different names, such as bays, harbors, lagoons, inlets, or sounds, although some of these water bodies do not strictly meet the above definition of an estuary and may be fully saline. the banks of many estuaries are amongst the most heavily populated areas of the world, with about 60 % of the world ' s population living along estuaries and the coast. as a result, many estuaries are suffering degradation by many factors, including sedimentation from soil erosion from deforestation, overgrazing, and other poor farming practices ; overfishing ; drainage and filling of wetlands ; eutrophication due to excessive nutrients from sewage and animal wastes ; pollutants including heavy metals, polychlorinated biphenyls, radionuclides and hydrocarbons from sewage inputs ; and diking or damming for flood control or water diversion. the word " estuary " is derived from the latin word aestuarium meaning tidal inlet of the sea, which in itself is derived from the term aestus, meaning tide. there have been many definitions proposed to describe an estuary. the most widely accepted definition is : " a semi - enclosed coastal body of water, which has a free connection with the open sea, and within sea water is measurably diluted with freshwater derived from land drainage ". however, this definition excludes a number of coastal water bodies such as coastal lagoons and brackish seas. a more comprehensive definition of an estuary is " a semi - enclosed body of water connected to the sea as far as the tidal limit or the salt intrusion limit and receiving freshwater runoff ; however the freshwater inflow may not be perennial, the connection to the sea may be closed for part of the year and tidal influence may be negli


san andreas fault system causing the inundation of the lower reaches of the sacramento and san joaquin rivers. classification based on water circulation in this type of estuary, river output greatly exceeds marine input and tidal effects have a minor importance. fresh water floats on top of the seawater in a layer that gradually thins as it moves seaward. the denser seawater moves landward along the bottom of the estuary, forming a wedge - shaped layer that is thinner as it approaches land. as a velocity difference develops between the two layers, shear forces generate internal waves at the interface, mixing the seawater upward with the freshwater. an example of a salt wedge estuary is the mississippi river. as tidal forcing increases, river output becomes less than the marine input. here, current induced turbulence causes mixing of the whole water column such that salinity varies more longitudinally rather than vertically, leading to a moderately stratified condition. examples include the chesapeake bay and narragansett bay. tidal mixing forces exceed river output, resulting in a well mixed water column and the disappearance of the vertical salinity gradient. the freshwater - seawater boundary is eliminated due to the intense turbulent mixing and eddy effects. the lower reaches of the delaware bay and the raritan river in new jersey are examples of vertically homogenous estuaries. inverse estuaries occur in dry climates where evaporation greatly exceeds the inflow of fresh water. a salinity maximum zone is formed, and both riverine and oceanic water flow close to the surface towards this zone. this water is pushed downward and spreads along the bottom in both the seaward and landward direction. an example of an inverse estuary is spencer gulf, south australia. ( see also estuarine water circulation ) the most important variable characteristics of estuary water are the concentration of dissolved oxygen, salinity and sediment load. there is extreme spatial variability in salinity, with a range of near zero at the tidal limit of the tributary river ( s ) to 3. 4 % at the estuary mouth. at any one point the salinity will vary considerably over time and seasons, making it a harsh environment for organisms. sediment often settles in intertidal mudflats which are extremely difficult to colonize. no points of attachment exist for algae, so vegetation based habitat is not established [ clarification needed ]. sediment can also clog feeding and respiratory structures of species, and special adaptations exist within mudflat species to cope with this problem. lastly, dissolved oxygen variation can cause problems for life


iso 838, this 3 - hole system appears to have no well - established exact specification. it can only be applied to paper formats that are at least 240 mm high. another standard also occasionally used in the united states is a filebinder system. its two holes are positioned symmetrically, with the centres 70 mm ( 2 - 3 / 4 inch ) apart. in sweden, a four - hole national standard is almost exclusively used. the centres of the holes are 21mm, 70mm and 21 mm apart. the guides help keep the paper in a straight line. the official name of this four - hole system is triohalning since it was adapted to the " trio binder " which was awarded swedish patent in 1890. the binder ' s inventor andreas tengwall supposedly named it after a consortium consisting of himself and two companions, i. e., a trio. according to shaugho punchers inc., the ideal 1 hole punch places the centre of the hole punched at 1. 0 cm in from the left of a page and 4. 0 cm down from the top of a page. according to killeen co., the punched hole should between 0. 9 cm and 1. 1 cm from the left hand side of a page and between 3. 9 cm and 4. 1 cm from the top of a page. uses of hole punches single hole punches single hole punches are often used to punch tickets, which indicates its credit has been used, and to make confetti when creating scrapbooks and other paper crafts. for applications needing a variety of hole shapes, a ticket punch may be used. a single hole punch differs from a ticket punch in having a shorter reach and no choice of hole shape. in the united states, single hole punches are often used to punch holes through playing cards, rendering them " used. " this helps cut down on cheating by eliminating any cards that may have been tainted by players. paper drilling is also popular for this purpose. a related office tool is the eyelet punch. this is a single - hole punch which also presses a metal fastening loop around the hole. it is used to permanently secure a few sheets of paper together which must not be separated or modified. multiple hole punches multiple hole punches typically make between one and eight holes at one time, the placement of which matches the spacing of the rings in a binder. for example the filofax system uses six holes in two groups of three. with a few exceptions, two - hole and four - hole punches


master data management | | this article needs additional citations for verification. ( april 2012 ) | in computing, master data management ( mdm ) comprises a set of processes, governance, policies, standards and tools that consistently defines and manages the master data ( i. e. non - transactional data entities ) of an organization ( which may include reference data ). an mdm tool can be used to support master data management by removing duplicates, standardizing data ( mass maintaining ), incorporating rules to eliminate incorrect data from entering the system in order to create an authoritative source of master data. master data are the products, accounts and parties for which the business transactions are completed. the root cause problem stems from business unit and product line segmentation, in which the same customer will be serviced by different product lines, with redundant data being entered about the customer ( aka party in the role of customer ) and account in order to process the transaction. the redundancy of party and account data is compounded in the front to back office life cycle, where the authoritative single source for the party, account and product data is needed but is often once again redundantly entered or augmented. mdm has the objective of providing processes for collecting, aggregating, matching, consolidating, quality - assuring, persisting and distributing such data throughout an organization to ensure consistency and control in the ongoing maintenance and application use of this information. the term recalls the concept of a master file from an earlier computing era. at a basic level, mdm seeks to ensure that an organization does not use multiple ( potentially inconsistent ) versions of the same master data in different parts of its operations, which can occur in large organizations. a common example of poor mdm is the scenario of a bank at which a customer has taken out a mortgage and the bank begins to send mortgage solicitations to that customer, ignoring the fact that the person already has a mortgage account relationship with the bank. this happens because the customer information used by the marketing section within the bank lacks integration with the customer information used by the customer services section of the bank. thus the two groups remain unaware that an existing customer is also considered a sales lead. the process of record linkage is used to associate different records that correspond to the same entity, in this case the same person. other problems include ( for example ) issues with the quality of data, consistent classification and identification of data, and data - reconciliation issues. master data management of disparate data systems requires data transformations as the data extracted


in this case the same person. other problems include ( for example ) issues with the quality of data, consistent classification and identification of data, and data - reconciliation issues. master data management of disparate data systems requires data transformations as the data extracted from the disparate source data system is transformed and loaded into the master data management hub. to synchronize the disparate source master data, the managed master data extracted from the master data management hub is again transformed and loaded into the disparate source data system as the master data is updated. as with other extract, transform, load - based data movement, these processes are expensive and inefficient to develop and to maintain which greatly reduces the return on investment for the master data management product. one of the most common reasons some large corporations experience massive issues with mdm is growth through mergers or acquisitions. two organizations which merge will typically create an entity with duplicate master data ( since each likely had at least one master database of its own prior to the merger ). ideally, database administrators resolve this problem through deduplication of the master data as part of the merger. in practice, however, reconciling several master data systems can present difficulties because of the dependencies that existing applications have on the master databases. as a result, more often than not the two systems do not fully merge, but remain separate, with a special reconciliation process defined that ensures consistency between the data stored in the two systems. over time, however, as further mergers and acquisitions occur, the problem multiplies, more and more master databases appear, and data - reconciliation processes become extremely complex, and consequently unmanageable and unreliable. because of this trend, one can find organizations with 10, 15, or even as many as 100 separate, poorly integrated master databases, which can cause serious operational problems in the areas of customer satisfaction, operational efficiency, decision - support, and regulatory compliance. processes commonly seen in mdm solutions include source identification, data collection, data transformation, normalization, rule administration, error detection and correction, data consolidation, data storage, data distribution, data classification, taxonomy services, item master creation, schema mapping, product codification, data enrichment and data governance the tools include data networks, file systems, a data warehouse, data marts, an operational data store, data mining, data analysis, data virtualization, data federation and data visualization. one of the newest tools, virtual master data management ( also called virtual mdm ) utilizes data virtualization


data warehouse, data marts, an operational data store, data mining, data analysis, data virtualization, data federation and data visualization. one of the newest tools, virtual master data management ( also called virtual mdm ) utilizes data virtualization and a persistent metadata server to implement a multi - level automated mdm hierarchy. the selection of entities considered for mdm depends somewhat on the nature of an organization. in the common case of commercial enterprises, mdm may apply to such entities as customer ( customer data integration ), product ( product information management ), employee, and vendor. mdm processes identify the sources from which to collect descriptions of these entities. in the course of transformation and normalization, administrators adapt descriptions to conform to standard formats and data domains, making it possible to remove duplicate instances of any entity. such processes generally result in an organizational mdm repository, from which all requests for a certain entity instance produce the same description, irrespective of the originating sources and the requesting destination. criticism of mdm solutions the value and current approaches to mdm have come under criticism due to some parties claiming large costs and low return on investment from major mdm solution providers. - reference data - master data - record linkage - data steward - data visualization - customer data integration - data integration - information as a service - product information management - identity resolution - enterprise information integration - linked data - semantic web - data governance - operational data store - form, fit and function - single customer view - master data management at the open directory project - microsoft : the what, why, and how of master data management - microsoft : master data management ( mdm ) hub architecture - polarlake : reference data management ( rdm ) and governance - open methodology for master data management - semarchy : why do i need mdm? ( video ) - mdm community - mdm landscape


easier to estimate development effort. - require close customer contact throughout the project so that the most valued parts of the software get implemented. story maps a story map is the graphical, two - dimensional product backlog. at the top of the map are big user stories, which can sometimes be considered " epics ” as mike cohn describes them and other times correspond to " themes " or " activities ". these grouping units are created by orienting at the user ’ s workflow or " the order you ' d explain the behavior of the system ". vertically, below the epics, the actual story cards are allocated and ordered by priority. the first horizontal row is a " walking skeleton " and below that represents increasing sophistication. in this way it becomes possible to describe even big systems without losing the big picture. some of the limitations of user stories in agile methodologies : - they can be difficult to scale to large projects. - they are regarded as conversation starters. user stories and use cases while both user stories and use cases serve the purpose to capture specific user requirements in terms of interactions between the user and the system, there are major differences between them. | user stories | | use cases | see also - acceptance testing - extreme programming - use case - kanban board - agile software development - invest mnemonic - daniel h. steinberg and daniel w. palmer : extreme software engineering, pearson education, inc., isbn 0 - 13 - 047381 - 2 - mike cohn, " user stories applied ", 2004, addison wesley, isbn 0 - 321 - 20568 - 5 - mike cohn : agile estimating and planning, 2006, prentice hall, isbn 0 - 13 - 147941 - 5 - davies, rachel. " non - functional requirements : do user stories really help? ". retrieved 12 may 2011. - patton, jeff. " the new user story backlog is a map ". retrieved 4 march 2013. - cockburn, alistair. " walking skeleton ". retrieved 4 march 2013. - " story mapping ". agile alliance. retrieved 4 march 2013. - advantages of user stories for requirements


some time, because they were further removed from the physical problem. the poor passengers still unfortunately suffered the highest fatality rates, because the wealthy benefitted from having privileged access to the lifeboats. we see the same phenomenon on display today, on a much larger scale. having islamophobia in europe today is just as rational as having icebergophobia on board the titanic in 1912. uhrskov jensen in 2012 published another book, indvandringens pris ( " the price of immigration ” ) about how much money non - european mass immigration costs his native denmark. his conclusion is that this cost is great in terms of welfare payments and rising crime combined with declining efficiency and technological innovation. he shows through carefully researched statistics that only certain asian immigrants are able to keep up with northern europeans in the educational system. a few skilled immigrants from india or elsewhere can compete, but mainly those from east asia : japanese, koreans, chinese, and to some extent vietnamese. all other non - western immigrants show lower levels of skill and competence than europeans, many of them a lot lower. it should be mentioned here that these numbers correlate quite well with average iq, where a few other asians can compete with europeans, but primarily east asians. other ethnic groups cannot do so. although it has become taboo to say this in the modern western world, it is well - documented fact that iq correlates well with economic level, for individuals as well as for nations. the scholar charles murray has written much about this. former professor helmuth nyborg at aarhus university in denmark has conducted controversial research on the subject of the genetic inheritance of intelligence. his conclusion is that today ’ s mass immigration of non - europeans will lead to an overall marked decline in the average intelligence of the population, and by extension a significant decline in social and economic competence, scientific progress, as well as technological innovation. for decades westerners have been told that immigration from less developed third world countries is " good for the economy ” and will " pay for future pensions. ” morten uhrskov jensen proves conclusively that this claim is fundamentally wrong, not just regarding denmark or scandinavia but for other western countries, too. certain private companies may enjoy short - term benefits by having access to cheap labor and borderless export markets. socialist parties can cynically import a reliable voter base of backward peoples who overwhelmingly vote for left - wing parties so they can receive generous welfare payments from the high tax payments extracted from the majority population, essentially forcing the white natives to fund


how strong is the strong force? i bet you think you asked a simple question. the simple answer is that the strength depends on the range over which it is acting. at short distances the strong force is weak and at long distances it is strong. that is completely different from the other three forces and arises because the forces transmitters, called gluons, are massless and carry strong force charge. i hope that you are still interested in the more complicated answer given below in which i try to explain how this can be so. the strong force attraction between two protons has a complicated shape which depends on the distance between the protons. the strong force between two protons is partially offset by the repelling electromagnetic forces. the strong force binds the protons with about 25 mev of energy. the electromagnetic forces repel it with slightly less. the result is that about 1 mev of energy would be required to split the two protons apart. in the rest of this reply i discuss the fundamental forces in more detail so you can get an idea why the strong force is different from the others. the four forces of nature are the strong force, the electromagnetic force, the weak force, and the gravitational force. we study the first three ( and experience the last ) at fermilab. we are most familiar with gravity and second - most familiar with the electromagnetic force in our daily routine. so i will start by comparing the strength of them and then show how they compare to the weak and strong forces. first of all, the strength of a force depends on the distance over which it is acting. for gravity, the force exerted by one object on another drops according to the square of the distance between the two objects. the equation for the force exerted by gravity is : where g is a small constant, and m and m are the masses of the two objects. the minus sign merely indicates the force is attractive. we say the " range " of the gravitional force is " unlimited " because it is exertible over an arbitrarily large distance. it just gets smaller the further the two objects are from each other. the electromagnetic force has a similar formula. the replusive force between two electrons is : where c is a big constant, and e ( typed in once for each of the two charges ) is the charge of the electron. notice the strength of the force drops with the distance between the charges in a way identical to gravity. also, if we were talking about an electron and an anti - electron


in once for each of the two charges ) is the charge of the electron. notice the strength of the force drops with the distance between the charges in a way identical to gravity. also, if we were talking about an electron and an anti - electron ( which has the opposite charge ), then there would be a minus sign indicating the force between opposite charges is attractive. we can compare the strength of the gravitational force to the electromagnetic force on two electrons by taking the ratio between the two forces. the distance - squared cancels out and we are left with : f ( gravity ) / f ( em ) = gmm / cee. i intentionally dropped the minus sign ; i will simply remember that the gravitional force between the electrons is attractive and the electromagnetic force between the two electrons is replusive. anyway, when i plug in the values for g, m, c, and e, the ratio is 2. 4x10 ^ ( - 43 ). in words that is pronounced two - point - four times ten to the minus forty - three. that is a very small number. in other words, the gravitational force between two electrons is feeble compared to the electromagnetic force. the reason that you feel the force of gravity, even though it is so weak, is that every atom in the earth is attracting every one of your atoms and there are a lot of atoms in both you and the earth. the reason you aren ' t buffeted around by electromagnetic forces is that you have almost the same number of positive charges as negative ones, so you are ( essentially ) electrically neutral. the weak force is misnamed. it ' s thought to be just as strong as the em force but, unlike the em force, it ' s a short - ranged force. in fact, the range is only about 1 / 100 the size of an atomic nucleus. the weak force is outside the realm of our everyday experience. we study it at fermilab by using the accelerator to produce the particles which transmit the force. these are real particles called the w - boson and the z - boson. because they are very massive, we need a high - energy accelerator to produce them. the large mass of the w - boson and the z - boson is also the reason the force has a short range. incidentally, the particle which carries the em force is called the photon ( yes, light ). because photons are massless, the em force has a long range as i described above. the weak force and


the force has a short range. incidentally, the particle which carries the em force is called the photon ( yes, light ). because photons are massless, the em force has a long range as i described above. the weak force and the em force have been found to be linked at high - energy or, equivalently, short range. they both can be described by one set of equations which we call the " electro - weak " theory. this was discovered in 1967 - 1971 by steven weinberg, sheldon glashow, and abdus salam. they got the nobel prize in physics for unifying those forces. finally i am ready to talk about the strong force. this is way out of the experience we get in everyday life ( not that it doesn ' t have everyday life consequences ), so i will be a little more long - winded in describing it. remember that a proton or neutron is composed of three quarks? these quarks have strong charge and are bound together by the strong force. unlike the case of the em force, where there is one electric charge and one anti - charge ( plus and minus charges ) there are three strong force charges and three anti - charges. we call the strong force charges " red ", " blue ", and " yellow " and the anti - charges are called " anti - red " and so forth. the particles which transmit the force are called gluons. gluons are massless, like the photon. but unlike the photon, which is electrically neutral, the gluons carry strong charge and a different strong anti - charge. a gluon could be " red - anti - blue ", for example, and there are eight kinds of gluons. we call the three charges " colors " even though they have nothing to do with how we see. because the gluon is massless, at first you might think the range of the strong force is infinite, like the em force. but if you study the behavior of the strong force, you find that the three quarks in a proton or neutron behave almost as if they were bouncing around freely in a relaxed, elastic spherical container. none of the quarks can escape the container because when the quark reaches the boundary of the proton or neutron, the force begins to act and gets stronger and stronger the further away the that quark gets from the others. that is very different from the other forces which get weaker at longer distances and it occurs because the gluons


of the proton or neutron, the force begins to act and gets stronger and stronger the further away the that quark gets from the others. that is very different from the other forces which get weaker at longer distances and it occurs because the gluons have the color and anti - color charge. the strong force also acts between protons and neutrons in an atomic nucleus much in the same way that simple chemicals are held together by the electric force. a nucleus such as helium, which has two ( positively em - charged ) protons, is stable because the strong force overcomes the electromagnetic forces. the strong force binds the two protons with about 25 - 35 mev of energy. the electromagnetic forces try to push the protons apart. the net result is that approximately 1 million electron - volts of energy are needed to separate the two protons. in contrast, an electron is bound to a proton in a hydrogen atom by only a few electron - volts. by now you know enough to consider the size of the nucleus in comparison to the size of an atom to judge if this is truly a fair comparison! the strong force is, indeed, strong. we think that if we could study the electroweak and strong forces at high enough energy we would find out they were linked together somehow, like electricity and magnetism are to form em, and like em and the weak force are to form electro - weak. such a theory would be called a grand - unified theory. and we also think that it may be possibe to include gravity with the other three. such a theory would be called a super - grand - unified theory and there is a candidate for that called " superstrings ". so you asked a simple question : " how strong is the strong force? ". the answer is that it depends on the range. at short distances it is weak and at long distances it is strong. that effect is completely different from the other three forces and arises because the forces transmitters, called gluons, are massless and have strong - charge and different strong anti - charge. if you want to learn more about particle physics and the work we do at fermilab, the book " the god particle " by leon lederman and dick teresi gives a very good and readable explanation. | last modified 1 / 11 / 1999 firstname. lastname @ example. org |


you hold in your hands the definitive version of writings of halfard. it is one of the most famous books in history, and with good reason, being chronicle of a period of time in the fourth fused universe, 1419 - 1819. this was, of course, the time of puff. this version of the book holds all materials ever incorporated into it. this means it will be quite thicker than most university editions, which are non - definitive. halfard was puffs elfish secretary. he lived from about 40, 000, 000 bc to 2487 ad. it is unclear of the circumstances in which he wrote this, but it may be assumed that most of it was written off his notes, and the rest was gradually fitted in between his writing and the posthumous publication in 2493 ad. halfard was an interesting person, in that he wrote such an important book, but was barely mentioned in other writings, or even in this. we shall, sadly, know very little about him, but what we do is sufficient for now. since halfard was an elf, we do fortunately have that odd elfish style which is a sure sign of anyone ’ s origin. this is mainly how we know certain things were added after the original writing. if halfard is interesting, puff is more so. he was born in the dark depths of russia, and his family emigrated to england in the yaga - gnomic war of the 800 ’ s. st. george then promptly killed his family. this leads to an interesting thought. puff is known for being a great lover of freedom and equality of peoples. but he intensely hated knights, and, during his government, launched wars for their destruction. these contradictions are interesting, but i should not deign to address everything in the introduction. good reading. john kivvers, editor. all material in this book, except that written by myself, was originally written in a foreign language. i have attempted to translate it as literally as possible without making it unintelligible. if a line has been left in its original language, that is because it is a foreign language to the author, and intentionally written in that language. any of these will be translated in the appendix.


are developed and delivered in creative, participatory methods that are based on living projects in self - directed ways. it is believed that the students not only learn advanced knowledge in these relevant industries but that they develop actual skills sets needed to become valued employees. the students learn business world and college world “ people skills ”, project management skills, leadership, teamwork, time management and problem solving. each target student groups can be inspired accelerate their educational productivity. the “ at risk ” students find that there are reasons for learning traditional subjects in school and the advanced students are allowed to enhance their gifts and dreams. what we do funds and support would help increase capacity of our after school programs including the kahuku sustainability and film clubs and building living sustainability projects. we will continue to develop new advance curriculum and film the student projects as a “ students teaching students ” educational video series a portion of the funds would be used to hold contests around renewable energy issues that would inspire students to learn using a camera as a fun learning tool. our intended participants the goal is to bring these educational experiences to at least 100 per year in the sustainability programs and 100 students in the film - digital media programs. the students will be selected from those attending khis, while 100 more students will be offered program experiences from kahuku elementary school.. outcomes we you expect the outcomes would be measured in terms of the number of students in the programs, learning projects, and learning contests. we will continue to build a platform in kahuku that will become a major pipeline for innovative learning programs, mentors, internships, and courses in 21st century careers skills and knowledge. benefits to students will include a decrease in drop out students, improvement of grades, and more gifted students entering the competitive smart technological fields that add to the quality of life in the islands. how we will measure the expected outcomes the success of our program can be measured by the number of students taking the sustainability and renewable energy classes and the digital media courses. we will also measure the number of students that have received certifications and have participated in our learning experience projects, contests, and field trips. motivation of the students in our programs can be measured by attendance, improvement in grades, and placement in colleges. these accumulated certifications, interactions with mentors, new letters of recommendations, sustainability and digital media contests won will go far to improve the chances of students being accepted in colleges and receiving scholarships. how funds are spent the aquaponic projects will require the purchase of all materials to build the working model including pumps,


cloud computing is either a revolutionary it management tool or a nebulous puff of marketing hype, depending on whom you ask. for now, we ’ re thinking it ’ s puffery — but intriguing developments are under way. a cloudy concept rather than house your own it servers or rent the maximum processing and storage capacity you ’ ll ever need, why not pay only for what you use, when you use it? that ’ s the basic idea behind cloud computing — and it ’ s an alluring possibility for many reasons, not least the desire to contain costs and reduce energy consumption. but it turns out that much of the appeal is based on a murky understanding of the concept. according to research by gartner group vice president mark mcdonald, the percentage of cios interested in cloud computing has grown considerably, from 5 % in 2009 to 37 % earlier this year. and the bigger the company, the more likely management is to say that cloud computing is a top - five it priority. interest in cloud computing but three out of four respondents who profess interest in cloud computing report little to none in three of the key technologies it entails : server virtualization, service - oriented architecture, and software as a service. further, nearly half the respondents equate cloud computing with virtualization alone, which shows that many executives have an incomplete view of it. cloud computing has rapidly risen to what mcdonald calls “ the peak of inflated expectations. ” and where is it headed next? the “ trough of disillusionment, ” he says. that ’ s because few people can even seem to agree on what cloud computing is, never mind how on earth it should work. the national institute of standards and technology ( nist ) it laboratory ’ s definition, version 15, is more than 760 words long and includes five characteristics, three service models, four deployment models, and a disclaimer saying, in essence, that the definition will change again soon. is the cloud greener? despite all the confusion about cloud computing, the it laboratory at nist lays out some figures that make a compelling environmental case for it. according to one nist presentation, the number of servers in traditional data centers in the u. s. doubled from 2001 to 2006. power consumption per server quadrupled in the same time period, even though servers typically operate at only 15 % of capacity.


despite our best efforts to replicate hormones, slow the ageing process and map the human brain, our bodies are smarter than we ' ll likely ever understand. but not everything is so complex. when we ' re feeling tired, stressed or rundown, our bodies let us know with some very basic signals. ignore them at your peril writes rosalind scutt. in a perfect world we ' d live long, healthy lives, free from illness and disease. although developments in medical science are bringing us closer to that point, there is still much we do not understand about our own physiology how it works, and why it breaks down. while we ' re waiting for research to unlock the secrets to infinitely good health, it ' s reassuring to know that very often, before our bodies do malfunction, we ' re likely to see some obvious warning signs associated with a weakening immune system. some common physical symptoms include sweating, headaches, cold sores, thrush and other skin inflammation such as eczema, while emotional symptoms include feelings of irritability, anxiety, aggression or fatigue. these indicators should serve as a serious warning that we require additional rest and care, but many of us are inclined to take a cold and flu tablet and solider on. valiant though this may seem, a growing body of research suggests that this approach may jeopardise our health in the long term with potentially fatal consequences. earlier this year a study titled chronic stress, glucocorticoid receptor resistance, inflammation, and disease risk found that stress affects the body ' s ability to protect against illness by directly impacting the immune system. in particular, the study, which was published in the proceedings of the national academy of sciences, found that cortisol ( a hormone produced during times of stress ) temporarily suppresses the immune system and reduces the body ' s natural inflammatory response to viruses and bacteria. " the immune system ' s ability to regulate inflammation predicts who will develop a cold, but more importantly it provides an explanation of how stress can promote disease, " lead researcher, sheldon cohen, of carnegie mellon university in pittsburgh said. " when under stress, cells of the immune system are unable to respond to hormonal control, and consequently, produce levels of inflammation that promote disease. because inflammation plays a role in many diseases such as cardiovascular, asthma and autoimmune disorders, this model suggests why stress impacts them as well. " dr mark smyth of the peter maccallum cancer centre in melbourne, australia ' s only public hospital


( source : washington university school of medicine in st. louis, news release, aug. 30, 2012 ) tuesday, sept. 4 ( healthday news ) - - at least seven antibiotic - resistant genes have recently passed between soil bacteria and bacteria that cause human disease, according to a new study. further research is needed to determine how widespread this sharing is, and to what extent it could make disease - causing bacteria harder to control, said the researchers at washington university school of medicine in st. louis. " it is commonplace for antibiotics to make their way into the environment. our results suggest that this may enhance drug resistance in soil bacteria in ways that could one day be shared with bacteria that cause human disease, " first author and graduate student kevin forsberg said in a university news release. for this study, the researchers analyzed the dna of bacteria in soil samples collected at various locations in the united states. the findings were published recently in the journal science. the researchers said it ' s important to find the answers to many questions, such as : did the genes pass from soil bacteria to human pathogens or vice versa? are the genes just the tip of a vast reservoir of shared resistance? did some combination of luck and a new technique for studying genes across entire bacterial communities lead to the discovery of the shared resistance genes? while humans only mix their genes when they have children, bacteria regularly exchange genes throughout their lifecycles. that means that when a strain of bacteria develops resistance to antibiotics, it can share this ability not only with its descendants but also with other bacteria, the researchers explained. " i suspect the soil is not a teeming reservoir of resistance genes. but if factory farms or medical clinics continue to release antibiotics into the environment, it may enrich that reservoir, potentially making resistance genes more accessible to infectious bacteria, " study senior author gautam dantas, an assistant professor of pathology and immunology, said in the news release. the u. s. food and drug administration has more about antibiotic resistance. copyright © 2013 scoutnews, llc. all rights reserved. healthdaynews articles are derived from various sources and do not reflect federal policy. healthfinder. gov does not endorse opinions, products, or services that may appear in news stories. for more information on health topics in the news, visit health news on healthfinder. gov.


nothing! optional ; cards of the letters you want to practice. students are divided into teams. the target sounds are written on the blackboard as letters. the first student from each group stands up in front of the blackboard with a fan. the teacher says a word which uses a target sound, and the students have to hit the letter which makes that sound. the first student to hit the correct letter is the winner. have the students stand in lines to save time while taking turns. vowel sound variationedit this variation of the game distinguishes between different vowel sounds. instead of using letters, use picture cards to represent the particular sounds. the teacher will say a word, and the students have to hit the picture with the same vowel sound. this variation concentrates on the ' y ' sound. write the kanji for ' year ' ( 年 ( ねん - nen? ) ) and ' ear ' ( 耳 ( みみ mimi? ) ) on the blackboard. say the word ' year ' or ' ear ', and students have to hit the correct kanji. this variation concentrates on only two words. write two similar words on the blackboard, such as ' right ' and ' light ' and the students have to hit the correct word. see pronunciation problems for a comprehensive list. in a similar fashion to how karuta is played, students in a group have the cards in front of them and try to be the first to hit them. this variation enables a higher level of student involvement. this lesson plan was taken from the sixth edition of team taught pizza.


in preparation for the fifth centenary of the reformation in 2017, the vatican and the world lutheran federation are preparing a joint document on the course of events in the early sixteenth century. the humboldt university in berlin is also building up to the centenary with lectures and discussions. i was honored to take part in a disputatio with professor notger slencka, a foremost connoisseur of luther ’ s work, under the auspices of the romano guardini foundation, on may 7, 2012, in which i took the side of erasmus as we re - argued the famous discussion on free will between the humanist and the reformer. the epoch of the renaissance and the reformation sought to overcome scholastic metaphysics by a return to the sources, a purification of language, and a new encounter with the realities of human experience and biblical revelation. overcoming metaphysics in theology means protecting the biblical language and the biblical phenomena against the insidious falsification brought about by metaphysical habits of thought. the late scholasticism that both luther and erasmus resisted lives on today in the usa among analytical philosophers of religion who believe that it is the sole business of theology of puzzles over metaphysical riddles such as a the apparent incompatibility between divine simplicity and the multiplicity of divine attributes and actions, or between divine omnipotence and the existence of evil, or between divine foreknowledge and predestination and the reality of free will. these philosophers think that modern theology has lost its intellectual grip through its strategy of avoiding these hard problems. thanks to the reformation and to historical biblical scholarship, theology today is more richly based in scripture than was the case in the middle ages. before getting caught up in metaphysical conundrums, theologians test them against the biblical vision of god and the world. they discern that the god of analytical neoscholastic philosophy is very remote from the god of abraham, isaac, and jacob, the living, saving god presented in church preaching. the analytical debate about god is a factory for producing refined philosophical concepts and arguments, but its value for christian theology remains slight. in his ratio verae theologiae ( 1519 ), erasmus taught that scripture contains all christian doctrine and dogmas. he influenced his fellow humanist and luther ’ s comrade in arms, philip melanchthon, who in his loci communes ( 1521 ) sought to draw all the essential theological truths from an exegesis of the epistle to the romans. erasmus felt he stood on solid ground, then, when he challenged luther


). ‘ when i say that free will does some good, i link it with grace ; as long as it obeys grace it is happily acted on and acts ; when it resists, it merits to be deserted by grace, and when deserted it does only evil acts ’ ( aw iv, 414 - 16 ). here he presents not a neutral, independent will, which decides sovereignly by itself whether to obey grace or its own vices, addictions, obsessions, and bad habits. the unfreedom of the will lies deeper than these, in the fundamental option by which one ’ s life is directed. erasmus does not preach a will that always remains free to choose between the proud, self - centered motivation and the orientation to god ’ s will and his kingdom. he sees that the will can be freed from self - bondage only through grace, though he lacks luther ’ s concrete feeling for this tragic servitude and for how little we have the power of choice in our own hands. luther was shocked that erasmus referred to the question of the role played by free will in the process of salvation as a matter of superfluous speculation. the genre of the diatribe gave the impression that he wanted to treat the role of free will as a quaestio disputata, in which the pelagians also were given a respectful hearing. his defense of free will sounds as if it is merely a question of correct, approved opinion, rather than a matter of ultimate concern. luther found this detachment intolerable. this was not because the bible had given a clear and unambiguous answer, as luther wanted to believe, but more because augustine and the church had detected and denounced the pelagian error of giving the primary role in salvation to our free will. luther ’ s years as an augustinian monk and theologian shaped his reception of scripture. erasmus must also claim, like luther, that the bible gives a clear answer, since the holy spirit ‘ cannot fight with itself ’ ( aw iv, 156 ), and he, too, underestimates the plurality and contradictoriness of the biblical statements. luther shows that the sinner is totally enslaved, and he gives to the righteous only a freedom that comes from outside, the freedom of passive obedience, not that of creative cooperation with divine grace. a synergy between human freedom and divine grace in the event of justification is what he most vigilantly excludes, and perhaps there is no real contradiction on this particular issue between


freedom of passive obedience, not that of creative cooperation with divine grace. a synergy between human freedom and divine grace in the event of justification is what he most vigilantly excludes, and perhaps there is no real contradiction on this particular issue between him and erasmus, trent, and modern catholic theology. but that grace works in and through creative human freedom is the best insight of christian humanism, which luther, at least in de servo arbitrio, holds at a distance. it is true that the text does refer occasionally to cooperation between god and human freedom, but only in a muted and concessive way, emphasizing so massively the asymmetry between the divine and human element, that the latter scarcely attains any vivid profile. only grudgingly and in subclauses does he use expressions such as ‘ whereby the creature cooperates with god who operates ’ ( 18, 753 ), whereas it is with great rhetorical and existential force that he declares, ‘ our freedom is nothing ’ ( 18, 720 ). had luther made an effort to build on what he and erasmus had in common, the future of lutheran and ecumenical theology might have been brighter. erasmus notes luther ’ s concessions, but likewise fails to build on them, preferring to see them as contradictions : luther said first that free will had only the power to sin, then that ‘ it is nothing at all, ’ and finally, that ‘ as if reborn, free will cooperates with grace in good works and with the aid of grace can do all things ’ ( 1480 ). luther uses weak metaphysical arguments to boost his case. he asks how the will can be free if neither angels nor humans can exist for a moment by their own power ( 18, 662 ), as if it were impossible for god to create and sustain free beings. even adam and eve, made in the divine image, had no free will. the fall is not a loss of free will but a consequence of its absence. adam and eve were unhappy that god had given them no power of free decision in regard to their relationship with him. even the editors of the weimar edition note that luther ’ s claim that augustine was totally on his side ( wa 18, 640 ) comes to grief here, since augustine denies the necessity of adam ’ s sin. luther ’ s thesis of the non - existence of free will is not biblical, and needs to be shored up by metaphysical arguments, which are constructed ad hoc. erasmus saw that when luther spoke as a scholastic


question ’ ( wa 18, 616 ). he himself denies that judas suffers any necessitas coactionis, and affirms rather a necessitas immutabilitatis, a necessitas infallibilitatis ad tempus, which does not impinge on judas ’ s freedom ( 720 - 1 ). here again erasmus might have built on a rough agreement between luther and himself, but instead he rejects luther ’ s proposal as philosophically feeble ( x, 1424 ). in tit for tat style he mocks luther as a metaphysician in several places, and pounces on his inconsistencies : ‘ judas willingly betrayed the lord, luther admits, though he elsewhere teaches that the human will performs nothing either in good or evil ’ ( 1424 ). what turned judas from being a faithful apostle into a traitor? luther would answer, ‘ the divinely willed withdrawal of grace. ’ erasmus sees this as ‘ a kind of force, ’ and insists that ‘ judas could have not taken up the will to betray, or having taken it up he could have put it down again ’ ( 1425 ). this sounds self - evident, but for luther it is blasphemy, not only because it underestimates the power of sin to bind the will and the inability of the will to free itself, but because it takes the salvation or damnation of the sinner out of god ’ s hands. yet in insisting that judas is nonetheless not forced, luther implicitly refers to the same double register that he has denounced as eluding the violence of the question. when he reached for the weapons of metaphysics to defend grace from the claims of human autonomy, luther thought he could use them tactically, in the service of the biblical matter, without having to bow to the rigors of classical metaphysical logic. he often imaginatively gives scholastic terminology a surprising new concrete and biblical meaning, but at the price of much inaccuracy and ambiguity. in de servo arbitrio his high - handed way with metaphysical terms and arguments boomerangs on him, causing a distortion of his message, which takes on the monstrous appearance of a metaphysical determinism. his true aim was not to profess a metaphysical determinism but to make grace alone the cause of salvation, excluding any contribution from human agency. this sounds like a false problem, solved long ago by augustine, who saw grace as acting through the free acts whereby sinners are enabled to respond to


determinism but to make grace alone the cause of salvation, excluding any contribution from human agency. this sounds like a false problem, solved long ago by augustine, who saw grace as acting through the free acts whereby sinners are enabled to respond to it. in any case, his metaphysics led luther into a view of freedom that has little to do with sin or grace. he argues that humans are unfree, not because of sin or the sovereignty of grace, but because god ’ s infallible foreknowledge entails that all things happen of necessity. the drama of sin and grace is flattened out and becomes one instance of the deterministic character of god ’ s rule. what led luther into this unbiblical blind alley? can luther ’ s philosophical determinism be cleanly separated from his theological concern? ‘ everything we do, everything that happens, even when it seems to us to happen mutably and contingently, in reality happens necessarily and immutably, if one considers god ’ s will... to happen contingently, however, means... not that the work itself happens contingently, but rather that it happens through a contingent and mutable will, such as is not found in god ’ ( wa 18, 615 - 16 ). here luther makes the same kind of distinctions as boethius and aquinas, leaving free play to contingency and putting the necessity of the divine will in the background. this ultimate necessity does not seem to affect the foreground realities of freedom and choice at all. luther could have presented the phenomenology of the enslaved will just as effectively without drawing on it at all. a short work on free will by the humanist scholar lorenzo valla, edited in 1518, had an influence on luther ’ s deterministic thinking. valla finds the medieval harmonization of omnipotence and free will to be shallow, and quotes romans 9 : 11 - 21 to show that the contradiction between them is unsolvable for human thought. ‘ god lays no necessity on us, nor does he rob us of freedom of will, when he hardens the one and has mercy on the other, for he does this in great wisdom and holiness. the basis for it, however, he has as it were stored away and hidden in a treasure chamber. ’ this is intended as a blow against the metaphysical complacency of boethius and others who serenely harmonized omnipotence and free will. humility


, he has as it were stored away and hidden in a treasure chamber. ’ this is intended as a blow against the metaphysical complacency of boethius and others who serenely harmonized omnipotence and free will. humility before the unsearchable divine mystery and trust in christ is the path that opens up when our thinking is thus left in the lurch by philosophy. yet valla ’ s own account of the abysses of predestination is more a metaphysical construction than a datum of biblical revelation. luther praised valla ’ s ‘ steadfastness and sincere zeal for the christian faith ’ ( wa 6, 183 ). melanchthon followed valla in his loci communes of 1521, in which he sharpened the deterministic ideas he received from luther, but in the last edition of the loci he declares that valla ’ s rejection of freedom and contingency comes from stoic philosophy and has no place in the church. melanchthon also rejects the ‘ stoic necessity ’ of the geneva theologians, which in calvin ’ s eyes meant that melanchthon had fallen away from biblical thought back into metaphysical rationalism. justification as a free act of divine mercy is an event that cannot be brought under a philosophical concept. for calvin, predestination and the eternal divine decree are the seal of the gratuity of this event, but many lutherans see theorizing about predestination as a falling back into the search for metaphysical grounds. luther himself, from 1528 on, played down the predestinarian excesses of de servo arbitrio. in a sermon of 1540 he says that to think that god does not give blessedness to everyone is despairing or godless. the believer looks to christ and find in him assurance of divine election. a preaching that undermines this confidence in a skeptical way must be problematic. karl barth ’ s judgment is telling : the thesis on the bondage of the will is not a decision for determinism : ‘ that this is not clear in luther ‘ s de servo arbitrio is the objection that one cannot fail to make to this famous text, and also to the conceptions of zwingli and calvin ’ ( kirchliche dogmatik iv / 2 : 559 ). the hidden god luther constructs, behind the phenomena of biblical revelation, a hidden story going on in the wings. he distinguishes between the god who is ‘ preached, revealed,


latter. in the name of a biblical literalism, luther overrides a basic principle of christian ontology, namely, that a good god can never create evil or be responsible for sin. luther may have felt that in doing so he was overcoming metaphysics in a liberating way, but in reality he instead becomes captive of a bad metaphysics. confusing evangelical assurance with metaphysical certitude, he accuses anyone who queries his understanding of biblical texts of being a pelagian and a doubter of divine omnipotence. any objection to the arbitrariness he ascribes to god is seen not a criticism of himself but as an offense against god or an attempt to replace the active, free, sovereign god of scripture with the cold and indifferent god of aristotle. luther sticks to his rigid metaphysics, to provoke and annoy the minds of those whose dislike of his doctrine is interpreted as a sign of rebellious resentment against god. the bible presents a god who is always working for the welfare and salvation of his creatures. luther succumbs to a bad metaphysics when he probes behind this revelation, seeking its ultimate ground in the hidden depths of the divinity, which may even contradict the revealed, gracious face of god. but when believers think of the ultimate source of revelation, they should follow the lines of the biblical word that point back to the gracious mystery of the loving father, rather than impose models of divine ineffability and incomprehensibility drawn from platonism, or worse, from ancient ideas of cruel and inevitable fate. the biblical sense of gracious divine mystery may seem vague and soft to the hard - headed philosopher, but in the case of god we are always learning the basic phenomena, and are never ready to overleap them to an ambitious speculation on the workings of the divine mind. schleiermacher ’ s location of god as the ‘ whence ’ of our existence, of whose absolute goodness it would be senseless to doubt, is ultimately saner and more biblical than the image of sinners caught in the hands of an inscrutable, unpredictable, and angry deity. biblical passages such as romans 9 - 11, which nourished so much predestinarian brooding from augustine on, must be interpreted in this perspective of indubitable divine goodness. dark pages such as john 8, which suggests that some are predestined by their very nature to be children of the devil, must be put aside, as we


is something that is institutionalized. and institutions require a kind of infrastructure. you need to be able to keep records, to, you know, amass information, and then you need to be able to find it. and the fact is that in the late medieval world, these kinds of tools are finally coming into existence once again. raz : surveillance, data collecting. murphy : surveillance would be another. keeping tabs on what people are doing, keeping tabs on what people are thinking. so finally, these tools emerge. we see them around us in our own day all the time. we take them for granted. but it ' s not very often that we ask when did governments, when did other institutions begin to have these tools. and the inquisition is a good way to begin to answer that question because it relied on them, you know, essentially. raz : what ' s fascinating is that certain techniques were so proscribed during the inquisition. you talked about these inquisition manuals, and you draw comparisons between those and modern manuals for interrogation. murphy : it ' s uncanny. there ' s an inquisitor named bernard gui. he compiled an inquisition manual, you know, for use by other inquisitors, and it became the basis of many such manuals. and if you look at that and then you look at modern manuals for, for instance, police forces or the military, you begin to see that there isn ' t a trick that is used nowadays that wasn ' t in use by the inquisition, you know, the psychology of interrogation, the ruses that people would use when you ' re questioning. there ' s, you know, there ' s nothing new under the sun when it comes to interrogation. raz : my guest is cullen murphy. he has written a new book. it ' s called " god ' s jury : the inquisition and the making of the modern world. " at one point in the book you draw a comparison between guantanamo and the spanish inquisition. can you explain that? murphy : guantanamo has been a symbol worldwide of many things, but one of them is interrogation gone wrong. and to me, it illustrates something that always happens when you try to put restrictions on a kind of behavior that is inherently problematic. the inquisition tried to put restraints on torture. the problem was that in the moment when people are trying to get information, those boundaries keep being pushed. people think, you know, one more turn of the screw will get us one more little piece of information,


tried to put restraints on torture. the problem was that in the moment when people are trying to get information, those boundaries keep being pushed. people think, you know, one more turn of the screw will get us one more little piece of information, and that will justify this very messy procedure that, you know, we really wish we didn ' t have to resort to. so that happens again and again, and torture creeps and creeps and creeps. the same thing happened at guantanamo. if you look at the early history, the attempts to get information from detainees, you see the same kind of creep. so that is one thing that guantanamo illustrates where i think the parallel with the way in which the inquisition proceeded is very close. raz : towards the end of the book, you write that not only do all the ingredients for a modern day inquisition exist today but also that they are more prevalent than ever before. how so? murphy : well, this is a real worry of mine. there ' s one thing that every inquisition needs, and that is a person, people, who are possessed of an idea. they think they ' re in the right about something that they want everyone else to toe the line. and you see this in religion, you see this in totalitarian regimes, but that moral certainty isn ' t enough. you need to have something that sustains it that gives it life over time. and those things, like having a bureaucracy, having methods of surveillance, information technology, all of those things are much more advanced right now by an order of magnitude than they were centuries ago. and many of these things are, you know, more or less on cruise control. you know, we know what bureaucracies are like. they don ' t shrink. they expand. we know what surveillance is like. nowadays, it ' s done almost automatically every time you hit the keyboard on your computer or every time you walk by a camera on the street. and so my worry is what happens when you combine that idea of moral certainty with the kinds of tools that exist nowadays? you know, it does seem to me that in the wrong hands, the tools of repression are just more available and dangerous than they have been for a long time. raz : i should probably mention that you are a catholic and a practicing catholic. is that fair to say? raz : and as you point out, many accounts of the inquisition have been biased, either overly critical of the church or overly defensive. and understandably, the church


post - traumatic stress disorder ( ptsd ) is an anxiety disorder that can develop after exposure to a traumatic event or ordeal in which actual physical or emotional harm occurred or was threatened. events that can trigger ptsd include violent personal assaults, such as rape or mugging, natural or human - caused disasters, accidents, or military combat. ptsd can be extremely disabling. many people with ptsd repeatedly re - experience the ordeal in the form of flashback episodes, memories, nightmares, or frightening thoughts, especially when they are exposed to events or objects reminiscent of the trauma. anniversaries of the event can also trigger symptoms. people with ptsd also experience emotional numbness and sleep disturbances, depression, anxiety, and irritability or outbursts of anger. feelings of intense guilt are also common. most people with ptsd try to avoid any reminders or thoughts of the ordeal. ptsd is diagnosed when symptoms last more than one month. co - occurring depression, alcoholabuse, substance abuse, or another anxiety disorder is not uncommon. the likelihood of treatment success is increased when these other conditions are appropriately identified and treated as well. what are the risk factors for ptsd? what are the symptoms of ptsd? how is ptsd diagnosed? what are the treatments for ptsd? how can i reduce my risk of ptsd? what questions should i ask my doctor? what is it like to live with ptsd? where can i get more information about ptsd? - reviewer : rimas lukas, md - review date : 11 / 2012 - - update date : 11 / 26 / 2012 -


in memory of john hope franklin ( 1915 - 2009 ) and in honor of black history month, this exhibit touches on four periods crucial to understanding the history of african americans in the united states, exploring their dimensions - in a necessarily brief manner - through the words of john hope franklin and the many forms of historical documentation in the collections of the rare book, manuscript and special collections library. through these displays, we can reflect on our past and at the same time, as dr. franklin so strongly urged us, look to the present for the means to free ourselves from injustice, fear, and hatred. " the writing of history reflects the interests, predilections, and even prejudices of a given generation. this means that at the present time there is an urgent need to re - examine our past in terms of our present outlook. " ( john hope franklin, from african american biography, volume 2, 1994 ) exhibit curated by paula jeannet mangiafico and janie morris, with support from the john hope franklin research center for african and african american history and culture : http : / / library. duke. edu / specialcollections / franklin / some material on this page may be protected by copyrights not held by the duke university libraries, all other material is copyright 2009 by duke university libraries. for complete information about use and reproduction of duke materials, please read our use and reproduction policy.


although perl remains a vibrant language with a fiercely loyal following, it has undergone many changes to keep up with new technologies and applications that were not anticipated when perl was first introduced in 1987. through its community - based development model, perl has kept up with changing times and remained fresh when other languages might have stagnated. internally, however, there have remained kinks and stumbling blocks that developers have needed to sidestep, long - abandoned features that have been maintained only for backwards compatibility, misdirected phrasings that have hindered more intuitive syntax structures, and a cacophony of modules that sometimes work well together, but occasionally don ' t. perl continues to have a strong following devoted to its development, but in the meantime, a group of core perl developers have begun working on perl 6, a complete rewrite of the perl language. while perl ' s creative philosophy and common - sense syntax are sure to remain in perl 6, everything else in the language is being re - examined and recreated. perl 6 essentials provides an overview of the current state of perl 6 for those who await its release. written by members of the perl 6 core development team, the book offers an explanation of the various stages of the project, with reference material for programmers who are interested in what changes are planned or who may want to contribute to the project. the book will satisfy their curiosity and show how changes in the language will make it more powerful and easier to use. perl 6 essentials is the first book that offers a peek into the next major version of the perl language. this book is essential reading for anyone interested in the future of perl.


add to phr a home blood pressure test allows you to keep track of your blood pressure at home. blood pressure is a measure of the force of blood inside an artery. a blood pressure measurement is taken by temporarily stopping the flow of blood in an artery ( usually by inflating a cuff around the upper arm ) and then listening for the sound of the blood beginning to flow through the artery again as air is released from the cuff. as blood flows through the artery, it can be heard through a stethoscope placed on the skin over the artery. blood pressure is recorded as two measurements. these two pressures are expressed in millimeters of mercury ( mm hg ) because the original devices that measured blood pressure used a column of mercury. blood pressure measurements are recorded as systolic / diastolic ( say " systolic over diastolic " ). for example, if your systolic pressure is 120 mm hg and your diastolic pressure is 80 mm hg, your blood pressure is recorded as 120 / 80 ( say " 120 over 80 " ). the general types of blood pressure monitors commonly available are manual and automatic. manual models are similar to those that your doctor might use to take your blood pressure. called a sphygmomanometer, these devices usually include an arm cuff, a squeeze bulb to inflate the cuff, a stethoscope or microphone, and a gauge to measure the blood pressure. blood pressure is displayed on a circular dial with a needle. as the pressure in the cuff rises, the needle moves clockwise on the dial. as the cuff pressure falls, the needle moves counterclockwise. electronic battery - operated monitors use a microphone to detect blood pulsing in the artery. you do not need to listen with a stethoscope. the cuff, which is attached to your wrist or upper arm, is connected to an electronic monitor that automatically inflates and deflates the cuff when you press the start button. the type of blood pressure monitor typically found in supermarkets, pharmacies, and shopping malls is an electronic device. ambulatory blood pressure monitoring ( abpm ) is another method that may be ordered by your doctor if other methods do not give consistent results. it is often used if there is a big difference between the blood pressure readings you get at home and your readings in your doctor ' s office. an ambulatory blood pressure monitor is a small device that is worn throughout the day, usually for 24 or 48 hours. the device takes your blood


| this document is available in : english castellano chinesegb deutsch francais nederlands turkce | by georges tarbouriech about the author : georges is a long time unix user. he loves gnustep and the tools this great framework provides. gorm and projectcenter, the gnustep rad tools rad stands for rapid application development. at the end of the 80 ' s, when nextstep was released, it came with an incredible tool, called interfacebuilder. used in conjunction with another tool, named projectbuilder, it allowed to build graphical applications in a flash. gnustep offers a free version of these tools, called gorm. app and projectcenter. app. from the computers prehistory, software development has been a great challenge. computers were quite big in size despite their very little power. they were quite expensive, not really numerous and developers were unable to use them as often as they wished since they had to share them with other people. then, researchers tried to find a way to make computers execute more than one task at a time to improve efficiency. obviously, they had to design and create programming languages from scratch, taking into account the poor resources of the available machines. thus, during the 60 ' s various new programming languages appeared : lisp, fortran, basic, algol68, bcpl, etc. next came the b language derived from the above mentioned bcpl, which soon became the c language. this last changed the world of programming. the object oriented ( smalltalk, objective c, c + +, etc ) languages appeared later, with the " graphical era ". in the 80 ' s some machines were providing graphical oses ( apple macintosh, commodore amiga, atari st, etc ) and the x window system was in the works. at the same time, a company was working on a gui for ibm os2, called presentation manager. before finishing that job, this company released its " own " gui for its dos, called... windos. the first two versions were hardly usable, but... the third one started it all. the mvai ( microsoft very artificial intelligence ) was born! that is, every user became a computer scientist. since then we have seen " great " applications written using excel or word and visual basic : - ( never mind! fortunately, long before we reached the above situation, nextstep was born and with it, came interface buider. this tool allowed you


research is clear that there is an inextricable link between students ' emotional and mental health and their ability to learn. a student is not able to benefit from the educational program if the student is suicidal or if the student is preoccupied by concerns about someone who may be thinking about suicide. few events have greater impact than suicide upon students, parents, and staff. the student services and alternative programs branch staff is committed to providing technical assistance about effective youth suicide prevention, intervention, and postvention ( i. e., support and assistance for those affected by a completed suicide. ) suicide continues to be a leading cause of death in the united states and in maryland. according to the federal centers for disease control and prevention, suicide continues to be the third leading cause of death for youth in the united states and in maryland. during 2004, maryland lost 86 youth due to suicide. the results of the 2005 maryland youth risk behavior survey ( yrbs ) indicate that more than one in ten maryland high school students reported making a plan to commit suicide in the past twelve moths. the data demonstrate the importance of the statewide youth suicide prevention school program established in the annotated code of maryland § 7 - 503. the maryland program establishes a shared responsibility between educational programs at the state and local levels and community suicide prevention and crisis center agencies. the statewide program includes : - classroom instruction about warning signs of suicide and suicide prevention strategies - maryland youth crisis hotline at 1 - 800 - 422 - 0009 and local suicide and crisis hotlines - suicide intervention and postvention - data collection - teacher training


i have to determine all values of h for which a is invertible and i really don ' t know what should be my first step ( if anyone could guide me through this that would be awesome. here ' s the matrix : 1 1 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 1 2h + 1 0 1 1 h you mean then that the matrix is i see two ways to do that. one is to use the fact that a matrix is invertible if and only if its determinant is non - zero. the other is to row - reduce this to triangular form and use the fact that a matrix is invertible if and only if, reduced to triangular form, it has no zeros on its main diagonal. since a simple way of determining the determinant of a matrix is to reduce to triangular form, those are essentially the same. that will give you now you also need to note that 1 ) if you " add a multiple of one row to another " the determinant of a matrix 2 ) if you " multiply one row by a number ", the determinant of a matrix is multiplied by that number. 3 ) if you " swap two rows ", the determinant of a matrix is multiplied by - 1. since you have not " multiplied one row by a number ", the determinant of your original matrix must be the determinant of this matrix : that is,. the determinant of your original matrix is non - zero if and only if h is non - zero.


a bag contains n discs, made up of red and blue colours. two discs are removed from the bag. if the probability of selecting two discs of the same colour is 1 / 2, what can you say about the number of discs in the bag? let there be r red discs, so p ( rb ) = r / n ( nr ) / ( n1 ), similarly, p ( br ) = ( nr ) / n r / ( n1 ). therefore, p ( different ) = 2r ( nr ) / ( n ( n1 ) ) = 1 / 2. giving the quadratic, 4r2 4nr + n2 n = 0. solving, r = ( nn ) / 2. if n is an odd square, n will be odd, and similarly, when n is an even square, n will be even. hence their sum / difference will be even, and divisible by 2. in other words, n being a perfect square is both a sufficient and necessary condition for r to be integer and the probability of the discs being the same colour to be 1 / 2. prove that n ( n + 1 ) / 2 ( a triangle number ), must be square, for the probability of the discs being the same colour to be 3 / 4, and find the smallest n for which this is true. what does this tell us about n and n ( n + 1 ) / 2 both being square? can you prove this result directly?


human reproduction is a complex and remarkable process. women ’ s and men ’ s reproductive systems compliment one another, and each is essential for reproduction. there are two types of sex cells involved in human reproduction : the male ’ s sperm and the female ’ s egg. an egg that has been fertilized by a sperm cell grows and divides in a woman ’ s uterus ( womb ) throughout pregnancy until childbirth. the resulting child ’ s genetic makeup comes from the sperm and egg cells produced by the father and mother. the female reproductive system the female reproductive system includes the : - vagina — a muscular passage that connects the cervix with the external genitals - cervix — the lower part of the uterus that connects to the vagina - uterus — a hollow, muscular structure in which the fertilized egg implants and fetus grows during pregnancy - ovaries — two glands that produce eggs, as well as the female hormones estrogen and progesterone - fallopian tubes — two tubes that connect the ovaries with the uterus during a woman ’ s menstrual cycle, which usually lasts about 28 days, her body prepares for the possibility of a pregnancy. in the first half of the menstrual cycle, estrogen levels rise to thicken the lining of the uterus. at the same time, an egg begins to mature in one of the ovaries. around the midpoint of the menstrual cycle ( for example, day 14 of a 28 - day cycle ), a surge of luteinizing hormone ( lh ), which is produced by the pituitary gland in the brain, causes the mature egg to leave the ovary, a process called ovulation. in the second half of the menstrual cycle, fingerlike projections located at the opening of the fallopian tubes sweep the released egg into the tube toward the uterus. at the same time, rising levels of progesterone help prepare the lining of the uterus for pregnancy. if sperm cells are present at this time, the egg may become fertilized. if no sperm cells are present, the egg either dissolves or is absorbed into the body, no pregnancy occurs, hormone levels drop, and the thickened lining of the uterus is shed during the menstrual period. if fertilization does occur, the fertilized egg grows and divides until it becomes a blastocyst, which is a hollow ball of cells


rotary engines based on the wankel principle were developed with two fundamentally different approaches to cooling the rotor. mazda, audi, suzuki, ingersoll - rand and others used the oil - cooled rotor. it is an expensive, heavier and more complicated design, which achieved specific fuel consumption in the range of. 55 to. 6 lbs / hp hr. this is about 15 % to 20 % poorer than a typical four - stroke piston engine. the other approach taken by outboard marine corporation ( omc ), fichtel sachs and norton was to use the incoming air - fuel mixture ( “ charge ” ) to cool the rotor. this design was much lighter, less expensive and through the use of roller bearings and very low rotor cooling losses achieved a specific fuel consumption between. 45 and. 5 lb / hp hr, which was close to the 4 - stroke piston engine. historically all of the charge - cooled rotary engines that were developed used an arrangement where the fuel - air mixture passed through the rotor from one side to the other. this design cooled the rotor unevenly, which lowered engine rotor bearing life and increased friction between the rotor and the end housing. in 1985 moller international acquired the major rotary engine assets of omc. omc ’ s main product was the johnson and evinrude outboard engine and they were the world leader noted for their product ’ s reliability. omc reportedly spent over $ 200 million between 1970 and 1985 developing a number of different rotary engine models including a 530cc displacement model that went into volume production and used in a snowmobile as a test product. emissions requirements were one of the key motivators for this program. omc believed that they would not be able to meet the proposed emissions standards proposed for the late 1980 ’ s with their two - stroke engines and therefore chose to develop a lightweight low emission 4 - stroke rotary engine. fortunately for our company the proposed emission standards were not enacted as originally planned and omc stayed with their two - strokes, allowing moller international to purchase their rotary engine technology. since acquiring the omc charge - cooled rotary design, moller international has spent ~ $ 35 million on further development, testing and product integration efforts related to its rotary engine, preparing it for use in its aeronautical products as well as for use in a wide range of other suitable applications. freedom rotapower engine • high power to weight ratio - more than 2 hp per pound of installed weight in high - performance versions - compares with. 6 hp / lb. to 1 hp / lb. for 2


wide range of other suitable applications. freedom rotapower engine • high power to weight ratio - more than 2 hp per pound of installed weight in high - performance versions - compares with. 6 hp / lb. to 1 hp / lb. for 2 - strokes and. 3 hp / lb. to. 65 hp / lb. for 4 - stroke pistons. • high power to volume ratio - ( power output / volume ) > 100 hp per cubic foot of installed volume - compares with 36 hp / ft³ to 50 hp / ft³ for 2 - strokes and 10 hp / ft³ to 20 hp / ft³ for 4 - stroke piston engines. • few moving parts - moving parts - only 2 for single rotor engine. - compares to 7 parts for 2 - stroke and 25 parts for 4 - stroke piston with same nstantaneous output torque. • solid fuel economy - specific fuel consumption <. 45 lb. / hp - hr ~ ( stratified charge ). expect <. 4 lb. / hp - hr when both stratified charged and turbo - charged - compares to. 65 lb. / hp - hr for 2 - strokes and ~. 4 lb / hp - hr for the best 4 - stroke piston. • proven multi - fuel performer - demonstrated on gasoline, natural gas, alcohol and propane - spark - ignited diesel, kerosine and jet fuel • very low emissions levels - see emissions performance • enhanced energy at exhaust - exhaust temperatures > 1500 °f - acts like a naturally occuring thermal reactor - ideal for turbocharge / co - generation applications • low vibration levels - hard mounted engine can be used as part of the structure • modular design - stacking of rotors easily extends range of available power


hilbert ' s building blocks investigating space curves to construct 3 - d forms i have been interested in the area of computer generated forms, mostly from the architectural viewpoint, for a long time. most recently i have been investigating fractals as a way of generating 3 - d forms. not having a lot of luck in getting results that could suggest reasonable 3 - d forms, i moved back to some earlier work i did in 2 - d with hilbert curves, spirolaterals, space filling curves, and recursive designs. the image above on the left is the space filling curve designed by the german mathematician david hilbert. the adjacent image shows the three line segment " generator " for the hilbert curve. the generator is connected to another generator by a connecting line segment. by definition, this type of curve will always remain in a two dimensional plane. if you break the generator into forward moves and turns, and then modify the angle of the turn, the lines segments will cross each other. this crossing enables the curve to trigger a move to another " level ". this enables the determination of the curve height. variations can be developed by using a turning angle other than 90 degrees. two such variations are shown below. the second part of the this investigation is the interpretation of the curve once it is generated. each of the line segments and their vertices can be interpreted in three dimensional, architectural terms : select one the above variations to view these interpretations individually and in combination. walls, each line segment is constructed as a vertical plane floors, for each set of line segments, the minimum and maximum extends are found and constructed into a horizontal plane floor blocks, the horizontal floor plane is constructed into a volume extended walls, walls are constructed from the bottom and the top, starting at their beginning level, extending either to the bottom or top columns, volumes are constructed at the vertices of the line segments and the floor blocks beams, volumes are constructed along each line segment at the wall the more i worked with these variations and their interpretations, the more sculptural the forms became, further studies will continue in both the sculptural and architectural form possibilities. the next set of forms will use spirolaterals and more generalized recursive curves for the initial form generation. the forms currently only exist in this digital studio. my next goal is to generate stl files of the forms to send to a rapid prototyping system. another possible direction would be to rewrite the generation software in autolisp for use within autocad r13. this would also


the world ’ s largest producer of nickel and palladium, and alaska ’ s red dog mine is the world ’ s largest source of zinc. more record - beaters are set to break ground. last month, the nunavut environmental assessment agency gave the green light for the indian metals giant arcelormittal to dig an open pit iron - ore mine on 170 square kilometres of tundra at mary river on baffin bay, canada. the $ 4 billion project will be connected to a port in baffin bay by the world ’ s most northerly railway. the south - west coast, around kvanefjeld ( greenland ), probably holds the world ’ s second largest deposit of rare earth elements and huge reserves of uranium and zinc – all together valued at almost half - a - trillion dollars. last month, greenland minerals of perth, australia, announced plans to carry out a feasibility study. the project could keep miners busy for 100 years. it seems like only yesterday when we read about shortages of rare earths threatening computer development. receding sea ice is opening up the arctic to shipping. the north - east passage, linking the north atlantic to the pacific via the arctic waters north of russia, was open for five months in 2011. more than 30 ships passed through, including a 120, 000 - tonne russian gas tanker and nordic and japanese iron ore carriers taking arctic minerals to china. the shortcut to asia halves the shipping time from northern europe to china to roughly 20 days, and avoids pirate - infested shipping lanes in the indian ocean. russia expects a 40 - fold increase in shipping along the route by 2020. american analysts say it could be carrying 5 per cent of world ’ s shipping by 2050. bottom line : no one knows what the long term effects of global warming will be, and not knowing, no one can say whether on balance they will be beneficial or not. even the concept of “ on balance... beneficial ” is shaky. “ beneficial ” for whom and for what? even if we focus on “ beneficial for humans, ” are we talking about long term or short term? survival? life span? society? progress? happiness? is there something about global warming that will help humans to better health in the short term, but give us less ability to survive in the long term? will it assist tribal society at the expense of “ modern ” society? and what do we mean by “ progress ” and “ happiness ”? robert burns wrote : “... foresight may be vain


less ability to survive in the long term? will it assist tribal society at the expense of “ modern ” society? and what do we mean by “ progress ” and “ happiness ”? robert burns wrote : “... foresight may be vain : the best - laid schemes o ’ mice an ’ men, gang aft agley, ” and the longer we try to peer into the future, the more “ agley ” our best - laid schemes become. the universe and our world in it, are victims of chaos, where : “ small differences in initial conditions ( such as those due to rounding errors in numerical computation ) yield widely diverging outcomes for chaotic systems, rendering long - term prediction impossible in general. ( wikipedia ) we can ’ t predict what volcanoes will erupt, nor what wars will be fought, nor the status of the stock market, nor the next coronal mass ejection, nor the next pandemic, nor scientific progress in a thousand areas. and we can ’ t predict the effects of global warming. at best, we can try to address our immediate problems and hope our efforts will bode well for the long term. we can and should try to reduce air, water and ground pollution. we can and should try to find cures for diseases. we can and should try to prevent wars and to make cars safer to drive, and to improve the education of our children and to explore the solar system and to save our forests. but, i suspect our efforts to reduce global warming are misplaced. we simply do not know what we are doing. global warming very well could be what saves the human species. rodger malcolm mitchell nine steps to prosperity : 1. eliminate fica ( click here ) 2. medicare — parts a, b & d — for everyone 3. send every american citizen an annual check for $ 5, 000 or give every state $ 5, 000 per capita ( click here ) 4. long - term nursing care for everyone 5. free education ( including post - grad ) for everyone 6. salary for attending school ( click here ) 7. eliminate corporate taxes 8. increase the standard income tax deduction annually 9. increase federal spending on the myriad initiatives that benefit america ’ s 99 % no nation can tax itself into prosperity, nor grow without money growth. monetary sovereignty : cutting federal deficits to grow the economy is like applying leeches to cure anemia. two key equations in economics : federal deficits – net imports = net private savings gross domestic product = federal spending +


cobalamin is a family of complex molecules, consisting of a cobalt - containing tetrapyrrole ring and side nucleotide chains attached to the cobalt atom. 4 it is synthesized by anaerobic bacteria and is found in foods of animal origin ( e. g., fish, meat, dairy products, and eggs ), as well as fortified cereals. 5 – 7 the recommended daily allowance ( rda ) of vitamin b12 is 2. 4 μg per day ( mcg / day ) for persons over the age of 14 years. in the united states, the average daily adult dietary intake of vitamin b12 is about 5 mcg – 30 mcg, of which only 1 mcg – 5 mcg are effectively absorbed, given its complex absorption process. it is estimated that only 50 % of dietary vitamin b12 is absorbed by healthy adults. 7 defects at any step of the absorption process can cause cobalamin deficiencies of varying degrees ; 50 % – 90 % of cobalamin stores in the body ( 3 mg – 5 mg ) are located in the liver. these stores help delay, often for up to 5 years, the onset of clinical symptoms due to insufficient cobalamin absorption. dietary cobalamin is bound to animal proteins. in the stomach, hydrochloric acid ( hcl ) and pepsin are critical for the release of free cobalamin from the proteins. glycoproteins called r - proteins ( r ) secreted from salivary glands and parietal cells bind free cobalamin in the stomach. intrinsic factor ( if ), a weak binder of cobalamin in the presence of r, is also released by parietal cells in the stomach. in the duodenum, dietary - and bile - secreted cobalamin - r complexes are cleaved by pancreatic enzymes, and free cobalamin is then bound to if with more affinity. cobalamin – if complexes are taken up by endocytosis, by adhering to cubilin receptors located on the distal ileal mucosa. once inside the cell, cobalamin dissociates from if. free cobalamin is then bound to transporter proteins : transcobalamin ( tc ) i, ii, and iii, and transported to the liver. tc ii represents about 10 % of total transcobalamin and is the only cobalamin - transport protein that reaches target cell receptors. this biologically - active form of the vitamin


, can cause abnormal fatty - acid synthesis, affecting the neuronal membrane. 8 mma and hcy levels are elevated before any clinical manifestations of vitamin b12 deficiency and often precede low serum vitamin b12 levels. 5 neuropsychiatric symptoms usually precede hematologic signs and are often the presenting manifestation of cobalamin deficiency. 10 – 12 vitamin b12 deficiency definitions vary and usually rely on population statistics to establish normal serum - level thresholds ( normal range : 180 pg / ml – 900 pg / ml ). this can be problematic because individual metabolic requirements may vary, and active disease can be present despite a “ normal level. ” false - negative results can also be explained because vitamin b12 levels are altered by the concentration of its binding proteins, and radioimmunoassays may detect inactive forms of cobalamin that may mask tissue deficiencies of active cobalamin. studies have found that relying on the serum levels of vitamin b12 underestimated the prevalence of elevated metabolites that indicate tissue - deficiency by as much as 50 %. 13 as deficiency develops, serum values may be maintained at the expense of tissue cobalamin. thus, a serum - cobalamin value above the lower normal cutoff point does not necessarily indicate adequate cobalamin status. a deficiency spectrum ranging from subclinical metabolic abnormalities to clinical symptoms could be better delineated by measuring hcy and mma levels2, 4, 14, 15 or by measuring cobalamin bound to tc ii ( holo - transcobalamin ) levels, which represent the active form of the vitamin. 16, 17 a recent study in elderly persons ( n = 700 ) found holo - transcobalamin ( holo - tc ) to be the best predictor for determining cobalamin deficiency, when compared with other measures ( serum cobalamin, hcy, and mma ) and was recommended as the first - line measure in assessing cobalamin status, 18 but results have been inconsistent, 19 and further research is warranted. it is estimated that between 3 % and 40 % of older adults have vitamin b12 deficiencies, where lower rates are seen in the community and higher rates in institutional settings. 1, 8, 20 – 22 prevalence rates vary according to economic status, age, and dietary choices. 5, 23 in a multi - ethnic study, elderly white men had higher deficiency prevalence rates than elderly black or asian american women. 24 the elderly population is especially at risk for cobalamin deficiency,


vitamin b12 deficiency. a previous association has not been consistently documented, as some cohort studies have shown that low vitamin b12 level increases the risk for cognitive impairment or dementia, 65, 71 – 76 whereas other studies have not demonstrated an increased risk. 37, 76 – 84 the evidence is more consistent when hhcy is present, and vitamin b12 deficiency can lead to hhcy, a risk factor for cognitive impairment and dementia. 37 the reversibility of this dementia syndrome has also been questioned, given that studies reviewing large series of cases or decades of literature have yielded one and three cases of vitamin b12 reversibility, respectively. 39, 85 the evidence for response to treatment is better when pernicious anemia has been identified as the cause of vitamin b12 deficiency and it has been treated early in the course of the disease, before irreversible damage occurs. 37 we acknowledge that the severity and chronicity of symptoms, as well as comorbid conditions and adequacy of treatment, are all important factors affecting response and reversal of symptoms. current guidelines suggest assessing vitamin b12 levels in patients with cognitive impairment, or as part of a workup for dementia. we believe this remains a sound clinical judgment until newer evidence can clarify the issue, as vitamin b12 deficiency can lead to hhcy, a known risk factor for dementia. if vitamin b12 deficiency is diagnosed and treated early in the course of the disease, neuropsychiatric symptoms may be prevented or even reversed. the hallmark of delirium remains a fluctuating level of consciousness, with attention deficits. vitamin b12 deficiency has been associated with attention deficits, acute mental - status changes, and acute cognitive changes, with eeg abnormalities. 13, 86 case reports describe associations of vitamin b12 deficiency and delirium with or without other risk factors such as dementia and infection. 87, 88 in a prospective study of patients with mild - to - moderate dementia with low vitamin b12 levels that were supplemented, delirium risk was reduced significantly ; however, no long - term improvement was seen in cognition or behavioral problems. 89 screening for vitamin b12 deficiency should start by developing a clinical awareness of the population at risk. these include elderly persons, vegans, alcoholics, malnourished persons, and patients with gi pathology, neuropsychiatric symptoms, or autoimmune diseases. common suggestive laboratory findings include macrocytosis with or without anemia and hypersegmented neutrophil