the infrared signature of forsterite silicate crystals on the disk of dust and gas surrounding the star ex lupi during one of its frequent flare - ups, or outbursts, seen by spitzer in april 2008. these crystals were not present in spitzer ' s previous observations of the star ' s disk during one of its quiet periods. these crystals appear to have formed by radiative heating of the dust within 0. 5 au of ex lupi. in august 2009, the telescope found evidence of a high - speed collision between two burgeoning planets orbiting a young star. in october 2009, astronomers anne j. verbiscer, michael f. skrutskie, and douglas p. hamilton published findings of the " phoebe ring " of saturn, which was found with the telescope ; the ring is a huge, tenuous disc of material extending from 128 to 207 times the radius of saturn. spitzer observations, announced in may 2011, indicate that tiny forsterite crystals might be falling down like rain on to the protostar hops - 68. the discovery of the forsterite crystals in the outer collapsing cloud of the proto - star is surprising, because the crystals form at lava - like high temperatures, yet they are found in the molecular cloud where the temperatures are about minus 170 degrees celsius. this led the team of astronomers to speculate that the bipolar outflow from the young star may be transporting the forsterite crystals from near the star ' s surface to the chilly outer cloud. in january 2012, it was reported that further analysis of the spitzer observations of ex lupi can be understood if the forsterite crystalline dust was moving away from the protostar at a remarkable average speed of 38 kilometres per second. it would appear that such high speeds can only arise if the dust grains had been ejected by a bipolar outflow close to the star. such observations are consistent with an astrophysical theory, developed in the early 1990s, where it was suggested that bipolar outflows garden or transform the disks of gas and dust that surround protostars by continually ejecting reprocessed, highly heated material from the inner disk, adjacent to the protostar, to regions of the accretion disk further away from the protostar. glimpse and mipsgal surveys glimpse, the galactic legacy infrared mid - plane survey extraordinaire, is a survey spanning 300° of the inner milky way galaxy. it consists of approximately 444, 000 images taken at four separate wavelengths using the infrared array camera. mipsgal is a


galactic legacy infrared mid - plane survey extraordinaire, is a survey spanning 300° of the inner milky way galaxy. it consists of approximately 444, 000 images taken at four separate wavelengths using the infrared array camera. mipsgal is a similar survey covering 278° of the galactic disk at longer wavelengths. on june 3, 2008, scientists unveiled the largest, most detailed infra - red portrait of the milky way, created by stitching together more than 800, 000 snapshots, at the 212th meeting of the american astronomical society in st. louis, missouri. this composite survey is now viewable with the glimpse / mipsgal viewer. artificial color image of the double helix nebula, thought to be generated at the galactic center by magnetic torsion 1000 times greater than the sun ' s. a cluster of new stars forming in the serpens south cloud - spitzer space telescope ( 2008 ). " about spitzer : fast facts ". nasa / jpl. archived from the original on 2007 - 02 - 02. retrieved 2007 - 04 - 22. - spitzer space telescope. " spitzer technology : telescope ". nasa / jpl. archived from the original on 2007 - 02 - 24. retrieved 2007 - 04 - 22. - spitzer science center. " cycle - 6 warm mission ". nasa / jpl. retrieved 2009 - 09 - 16. - " who was lyman spitzer? ". nasa : for educators. california institute of technology and the jet propulsion laboratory. 11 march 2004. retrieved 6 january 2009. - " up close and personal ". physics world ( institute of physics ). 2 march 2009. retrieved 20 april 2009. - please refer to hubble space telescope. - hubble vision : further adventures with the hubble space telescope. cup archive. 1998. p. 193. isbn 0 - 521 - 59291 - 7. - zimmerman, robert ( 2008 ). the universe in a mirror : the saga of the hubble telescope and the visionaries who built it. princeton university press. p. 10. isbn 0 - 691 - 13297 - 6. - william harwood ( december 18, 2003 ). " first images from spitzer space telescope unveiled ". spaceflight now. retrieved 2008 - 08 - 23. - watanabe, susan ( 2007 - 11 - 22 ). " studying the universe in infrared ". nasa. retrieved 2007 - 12 - 08. - kwok, johnny ( fall 2006 ). " finding a way : the spit


23. - watanabe, susan ( 2007 - 11 - 22 ). " studying the universe in infrared ". nasa. retrieved 2007 - 12 - 08. - kwok, johnny ( fall 2006 ). " finding a way : the spitzer space telescope story ". academy sharing knowledge. nasa. archived from the original on 2007 - 09 - 08. retrieved 2007 - 12 - 09. - spitzer science center home page - - public information. - ssc observatory general information page, 4 oct 2009. - ssc observatory overview, 4 oct 2009. - ssc science information home page, 4 oct 2009. - spitzer observers ' manual, reference for technical instrument information, ver 8, 15 aug 2008. - ssc irac ( mid ir camera ) science users information page, 4 oct 2009. - ssc irs ( spectrometer ) science users ' information page, 4 oct 2009. - ssc mips ( long wavelength 24um, 70um, & 160um ) imaging photometer and spectrometer science users ' information page, 4 oct 2009. - press release : nasa ' s spitzer marks beginning of new age of planetary science. - infrared glow of first stars found : scientific american. - jpl news | spitzer catches star cooking up comet crystals - abraham et al. ( published online may 14, 2009 ). " episodic formation of cometary material in the outburst of a young sun - like star ". nature 459 ( 7244 ) : 224 – 226. arxiv : 0906. 3161. bibcode : 2009natur. 459.. 224a. doi : 10. 1038 / nature08004. - bbc news | science & environment | traces of planet collision found - verbiscer, anne ; michael skrutskie, douglas hamilton ( published online october 7, 2009 ). " saturn ' s largest ring ". nature 461 ( 7267 ) : 1098 – 100. bibcode : 2009natur. 461. 1098v. doi : 10. 1038 / nature08515. pmid 19812546. - nasa mission news | spitzer sees crystal rain in infant star outer clouds - poteet, c. a., et al. ( published online june, 2011 ). " a spitzer infrared spectrograph detection of crystalline silicates in a protostellar envelope ". the astrophysical journal letters 733 ( 2 ) : l32. arxiv :


et al. ( published online june, 2011 ). " a spitzer infrared spectrograph detection of crystalline silicates in a protostellar envelope ". the astrophysical journal letters 733 ( 2 ) : l32. arxiv : 1104. 4498. bibcode : 2011apj... 733l.. 32p. doi : 10. 1088 / 2041 - 8205 / 733 / 2 / l32. - juhasz, a., et al. ( published online january, 2012 ). " the 2008 outburst of ex lup — silicate crystals in motion ". the astrophysical journal 744 ( 2 ) : 118. arxiv : 1110. 3754. bibcode : 2012apj... 744.. 118j. doi : 10. 1088 / 0004 - 637x / 744 / 2 / 118. - liffman k. and brown m. ( published online october, 1995 ). " the motion and size sorting of particles ejected from a protostellar accretion disk ". icarus 116 ( 2 ) : 275 – 290. bibcode : 1995icar.. 116.. 275l. doi : 10. 1006 / icar. 1995. 1126. - galactic legacy infrared mid - plane survey extraordinaire, university of wisconsin – madison department of astronomy - press release : spitzer captures stellar coming of age in our galaxy - released images and videos of milky way mosaic - glimpse / mipsgal viewer | wikimedia commons has media related to : spitzer space telescope | - spitzer space telescope official site - spitzer space telescope profile by nasa ' s solar system exploration - spitzer images - spitzer newsroom - spitzer podcasts - spitzer video podcasts - simulation of spitzer ' s orbit - zoomable version of the glimpse / mipsgal surveys a portion of the proceeds from advertising on digplanet goes to supporting wikipedia.


manufacturer i helped raise capital for a few years ago. for confidentiality reasons, let me label it company x. the company, located near a port city in nigeria, had as primary competitors two ailing local manufacturers and low - cost exporters from south east asia. on paper, company x should have been very competitive given its seaport location, locally abundant primary raw materials, low real interest rates, and proximity to the domestic market. in reality, its products were uncompetitive with imported products. glass manufacturing requires blasting a furnace round the clock, every day of the week. shutting the furnace abruptly or too quickly could result in very expensive damage. it also requires copious amounts of water for cooling. since the public grid is epileptic, fluctuates when available and was believed destructive for sensitive equipment, company x built its own electricity generation capacity. two plants — each with 150 percent of the required capacity — ran in sequence as the primary energy source. the public grid served as back - up power for none - core equipment. the company also installed a large fuel storage tank and maintained a three - week fuel reserve as a necessary buffer against perennial fuel shortage. the story continues. company x built a borehole, water treatment, and distribution equipment for the factory. it also required certain industrial chemicals as additives in the production process. these chemicals cost roughly the same in south east asia, however, shipping costs ( in 2010 nigeria had the second - highest shipping insurance costs on earth ) and an obtuse clearing process at the port, spiked the costs. in the final analysis, company x ’ s products cost significantly more than its foreign competitors in the domestic market without an appreciable quality advantage. without tariff protection, its performance outcomes fell below projections. the energy challenge a similar narrative exists with small businesses and households. these economic units face challenges in energy supply, potable water, transportation, and — in urban areas — security. while the more affluent households have power generators, boreholes, and private security arrangements, poorer households — which happen to comprise the majority — live with dilapidated public utilities or pre - modern forms of energy supply. increasingly available mobile communications, internet access, and school enrollment, convolve to increase the need for domestic energy. today, more than one in two africans owns a cell phone ( itu data 2011 ) and the attendant energy requirement for charging handsets. in a similar vein, more than two of three children are enrolled in school and often need lighting to read at night. there


than one in two africans owns a cell phone ( itu data 2011 ) and the attendant energy requirement for charging handsets. in a similar vein, more than two of three children are enrolled in school and often need lighting to read at night. there are also a multitude of public and private projects across the region that aim to increase computer usage, ownership and internet access. increasing urbanization, high urban poverty levels, urban congestion, scarcity and cost of modern fuels have deepened the energy challenge households face for cooking. middle - income households and small businesses have either adapted through a bewildering array of sub - optimal solutions or avoided certain modern necessities entirely. energy and the environment there is a temptation to accept the notion that low environmental standards are permissible for countries at a lower stage of development. some emerging market nations — notably china — have argued for exemption from environment protection requirements applicable to oecd nations. their contention is premised on ( i ) equity and ( ii ) development necessity. the equity argument is philosophical at its core. in this paradigm, wealthy industrialized nations produced the preponderance of historic pollution, either in absolute terms or on a per capita basis. wealthier nations should therefore bear a proportional portion of emission reduction. development necessity is a more tenuous argument, given the state of technology today. it is difficult to subscribe to the nation that large - scale development is incompatible with rigorous environmental standards. i believe the following ingredients can catalyze environmentally friendly development : intelligent engineering and design ; sound public policy ; pragmatic regulatory frameworks ; and, stakeholder education. domestic energy solutions decades of planning, international conventions, and development aid have failed to resolve the energy challenge for ssa. if we borrow a leaf from the telecommunications industry, growth and access to communications occurred when the public sector relegated its role to mostly regulation and opened up the industry to private business. furthermore, technology enhanced the scalability and unit cost of mobile telephony to overcome constrains earlier faced by fixed telephony infrastructure. today, scientists have made significant advancements in affordable and clean domestic energy solutions. american researchers continue to create ingenious designs that use a diverse range of energy sources — solar, biomass, fossil fuels, chemicals, and hydro — that can provide domestic energy at affordable costs. the challenge is commercializing these ideas by providing manufacturing scale, distribution, and logistics competence. the prospective market is huge. at viridis energy, we project 180 to 300 million ssa consumers can purchase capital products that


domestic energy at affordable costs. the challenge is commercializing these ideas by providing manufacturing scale, distribution, and logistics competence. the prospective market is huge. at viridis energy, we project 180 to 300 million ssa consumers can purchase capital products that will provide domestic lighting, low electricity and cooking needs. our vision is to provide affordable, clean retail energy solutions to ssa households and small businesses. we are currently building a pipeline of partnerships with innovative individuals and institutions to provide retail energy solutions. we have commenced relationships with researchers, industrial designers and an academic institution with a view to bringing two innovative retail products to market by first quarter 2013. our criteria for product development qualification are simple : a product concept must be affordable, environmentally neutral and easy to transport. we are currently building distribution, support and marketing channels in nigeria, ghana, and kenya. we are optimistic that private sector involvement in investment, and healthy policy contestation and collaboration with governments and non - profits, would secure energy supply without worsening climate change. market - driven measures can improve lighting, access to power, clean cooking facilities and ultimately lead to a massive reduction in energy poverty. matthias chika mordi spent over two decades in the finance industry across africa where he led and co - led the turnaround of three ailing financial institutions. the most notable one is united bank for africa plc, now one of africa ’ s largest banking groups. this article was originally published in the july / august edition of the diplomatic courier.


scientists in oregon have created embryos with genes from one man and two women, using a provocative technique that could someday be used to prevent babies from inheriting certain rare incurable diseases. the researchers at oregon health & sciences university said they are not using the embryos to produce children, and it is not clear when or even if this technique will be put to use. but it has already stirred a debate over its risks and ethics in britain, where scientists did similar work a few years ago. the genes they want to replace aren ' t the kind most people think of, which are found in the nucleus of cells and influence traits such as eye color and height. rather, these genes reside outside the nucleus in energy - producing structures called mitochondria. these genes are passed along only by mothers, not fathers. about 1 in every 5, 000 children inherits a disease caused by defective mitochondrial genes. the defects can cause many rare diseases with a host of symptoms, including strokes, epilepsy, dementia, blindness, deafness, kidney failure and heart disease. the new technique, if approved someday for routine use, would allow a woman to give birth to a baby who inherits her nucleus dna but not her mitochondrial dna. here ' s how it would work : doctors would need unfertilized eggs from the patient and a healthy donor. they would remove the nucleus dna from the donor eggs and replace it with nucleus dna from the patient ' s eggs. so, they would end up with eggs that have the prospective mother ' s nucleus dna, but the donor ' s healthy mitochondrial dna. for you formed my inward parts ; you knitted me together in my mother ' s womb. i praise you, for i am fearfully and wonderfully made. wonderful are your works ; my soul knows it very well. my frame was not hidden from you, when i was being made in secret, intricately woven in the depths of the earth. your eyes saw my unformed substance ; in your book were written, every one of them, the days that were formed for me, when as yet there was none of them. ( psalm 139 : 13 - 16 ) because of the fall, some children are born with illness, just as, because of the fall, some men and women suffer illness in their later years. because of the fall, some children may even be the product of horrific circumstances, but this does not make them any less of a creation of god. this does not make them unworthy of life. earlier this week,


high blood pressure ( hypertension ) learn about simple tests that assess you risk of having a heart attack or stroke? blood pressure is the pressure of the blood against the walls of the arteries. blood pressure results from two forces. the heart creates one force as it pumps blood into the arteries and through the circulatory system. the other is the force of the arteries as they resist the blood flow. the higher, systolic number represents the pressure while the heart contracts to pump blood to the body. the lower, diastolic number represents the pressure when the heart relaxes between beats. the systolic pressure is always stated first and the diastolic pressure second. for example : 118 / 76 ( 118 over 76 ) ; systolic = 118, diastolic = 76. according to the american heart association, blood pressure below 120 over 80 mmhg ( millimeters of mercury ) is considered ideal for adults. a systolic pressure of 120 to 139 mmhg or a diastolic pressure of 80 to 89 mmhg is considered " pre – hypertension " and needs to be watched carefully. a blood pressure reading of 140 over 90 or higher is considered elevated or high. high blood pressure usually has no symptoms. in fact, many people have high blood pressure for years without knowing it. that ' s why it ' s called the " silent killer. " hypertension is the medical term for high blood pressure. it doesn ' t refer to being tense, nervous or hyperactive. you can be a calm, relaxed person and still have high blood pressure. the only way to find out if you have high blood pressure is to have your blood pressure checked. your doctor or other qualified health professional should check your blood pressure at least once every two years, or more often as necessary. a single elevated blood pressure reading doesn ' t mean you have high blood pressure, but it ' s a sign that further observation is required. how can i tell if i have high blood pressure and what is truly normal? high blood pressure or hypertension is the most common medical diagnosis in the united states with 35 million office visits occurring each year. current treatments to control our nation ’ s elevated blood pressure leave a lot to be desired. most people still have less than ideal blood pressure in spite of medication use. high blood pressure is not the consequence of aging. it is the result of the standard american diet ( sad ) utilized by most developed countries in the world today. rich in processed foods, salt and saturated fat animal products, over many


estimations of magnetic core loss are of great interest to power electronics engineers and magnetic material scientists. however, conventional measurement methods, like four - wire and calorimeters are typically not accurate at high frequency, or are too complicated and time consuming. a cpes research team has developed a series of new methods to measure high - frequency magnetic core loss that are simple, fast, accurate and adaptive for any excitation waveform and dc flux level. the new methods compare the core being tested with air core by using reactive cancellation concept, explains mingkai mu, a ph. d. student who invented these methods. “ since the air core is lossless, ” he says, “ the difference in the two cores represents the loss for the core being tested. ” the measurement accuracy of the new method is more robust with phase discrepancy, which is the major problem for high - frequency core loss measurement, he notes. the new methods are appropriate for high frequency ( 1 mhz – 100 mhz, or even higher ) measurement. “ with these new methods, core loss for different flux waveforms can be accurately measured and many magnetic phenomena and models can be verified, ” he says. the new methods can be the standard methods for high - frequency magnetic materials loss characterization, and be built as high - accuracy measurement instruments. ”


one issue addressed in my lab is : what are the key synaptic proteins that regulate activity - development of the cerebral cortex and how do they regulate synaptic development? the brain develops as a result of a complex interplay between genetic instruction ( nature ) and experience ( nurture ). our laboratory is interested in genes that allow the brain to learn and store information during development. at the heart of both childhood and adult learning and memory are the molecules that regulate the way neurons communicate, namely neurotransmitter receptors and their downstream signaling pathways. recently several forms of childhood cognitive impairment, including fragile x syndrome ( fxs ), have been shown to result from genetic alteration of genes encoding proteins that regulate glutamate receptors signaling and synaptic development. fxs is the most common form of genetically inherited cognitive impairment with a prevalence of approximately 1 : 4000 boys and 1 : 8000 girls. fxs results from genetic silencing of the fragile x mental retardation gene ( fmr1 ), which encodes the fragile x mental retardation protein ( fmrp ). fmrp is a key regulator of synaptic development and belongs to a family of “ synaptopathies ” caused by genetic disruption of genes that encode synaptic proteins that result in altered synaptic development. other synaptic proteins being examined in the laboratory whose disruption leads to cognitive impairment in humans include syngap and sap - 102. finally we are examining the role of the tuberous sclerosis genes ( tsc1 and tsc2 ) in cortical development. the research projects in my laboratory are addressing several key issues : mcmahon ac, barnett mw, o ’ leary ts, stoney pn, collins mo, papadia s, choudhary js, komiyama nh, grant sgn, hardingham ge, wyllie dja and kind pc ( 2012 ) activity - dependent alternative promoter usage and alternative splicing enable syngap isoforms to exert opposing effects on synaptic strength. nature communications. 3. martel m - a, ryan t, bell kf, fowler jh, mcmahon a, al - mubarak b, komiyama n, horsburgh k, kind pc, grant sg, wyllie dj, hardingham ge the subtype of glun2 ( 2012 ) c - terminal domain determines the response to excitotoxic insults. neuron. 74 : 543 - 556. till sm


, grant sg, wyllie dj, hardingham ge the subtype of glun2 ( 2012 ) c - terminal domain determines the response to excitotoxic insults. neuron. 74 : 543 - 556. till sm, wijetunge ls, seidel vg, harlow e, wright a, bagni c, contractor a, gillingwater th, kind pc ( 2012 ) genetic deletion of fmrp alters the trajectory of specific cellular processes during cortical development. human molecular genetics. 21 : 2143 - 2156 jaffer s, vorobyov v, kind pc, sengpiel f ( 2012 ) experience dependent regulation of functional maps in synaptic protein expression in cat visual cortex. eur. j neurosci. in press. kind pc, sengpiel f, beaver cj, kelly gm, matthews rt and mitchell de ( 2012 ) development and activity - dependent expression of aggrecan in the cat visual cortex. cerebral cortex. in press. harlow eg, till sm, russell ta, wijetunge ls, kind pc and contractor a ( 2010 ) critical period plasticity is disrupted in the barrel cortex of fmr1 knockout mice. neuron, 65, 385 - 398. thomson re, kind pc, graham na, etherson ml, kennedy j, fernandes ac, marques cs, hevner rf, iwata t. ( 2009 ) fgf receptor 3 activation promotes selective growth and expansion of occipitotemporal cortex. neural dev. 4 : 4. wijetunge l, till s, ingham c, gillingwater t and kind pc ( 2008 ) mglur5 regulates glutamate - dependent development of the mouse somatosensory cortex. j. neurosci. 28 : 13028 - 13037. watson rf, abdel - majid rm, barnett mw, willis bs, katsnelson a, gillingwater th, mcknight gs, kind pc *, and neumann pe ( 2006 ) involvement of protein kinase a in patterning of the mouse somatosensory cortex. j. neurosci. 17 : 5393 - 5361. * pc kind is communication author. mitchell de, kind pc sengpiel f, murphy k ( 2006 ) short periods of concordant binocular vision prevent the development of deprivation amblyopia. eur. j


- 5361. * pc kind is communication author. mitchell de, kind pc sengpiel f, murphy k ( 2006 ) short periods of concordant binocular vision prevent the development of deprivation amblyopia. eur. j. neurosci. 23 : 2458 - 2466. barnett mw, watson r, vitalis t, porter k, komiyama nh, stoney pn, gillingwater th, grant sgn and kind pc syngap regulates pattern formation in the trigeminal system of mice. j. neurosci. 26 : 1355 - 1365. porter k, komiyama nh, vitalis t, kind pc & grant sgn ( 2005 ) differential expression of two nmda receptor interacting proteins, psd - 95 and syngap during mouse development. eur. j. neurosci. 21 : 351 - 362. spires tl, molnar z, kind pc, cordery pm, upton al, blakemore c, hannan aj. ( 2005 ) activity - dependent regulation of synapse and dendritic spine morphology in developing barrel cortex requires phospholipase c - b1 signalling. cereb. cortex 15 : 385 - 393. mitchell de, kind pc, sengpiel f, murphy k. ( 2003 ) brief daily periods of binocular vision prevent deprivation - induced acuity loss. curr. biol. 13 : 1704 - 8. sengpiel, f and kind, pc ( 2002 ) the role of activity in the development of the visual system. curr. biol. 12 : r818 - 826. vitalis t, cases o, gillies k, hanoun n, hamon m, seif i, gaspar p, kind pc, and price dj ( 2002 ) interactions between trkb - signalling and serotonin excess in the developing murine somatosensory cortex : a role in tangential and radial organisation of thalamocortical axons. j. neurosci. 22 : 4987 - 5000. kind pc, mitchell de, ahmed b, blakemore c, bonhoeffer t and sengpiel f ( 2002 ) correlated binocular activity guides recovery from monocular deprivation. nature 416 : 430 - 433. hannan aj, blakemore c, katsnelson a, huber k, roder jk, bear m, kim d


person who censors. " verb example - - " soldiers ' letters from war zones are frequently censored to avoid passing on sensitive information. " noun example - - " the soldier would have to carefully word his letter so that it would pass the censor. " the activity or condition of censoring is called censorship, the suffix is like the - ship suffix in friendship. i recently heard one of the elected representatives speak of " censureship of the president. " there is no such word. one would think that a professional lawmaker would understand that. now if the president were sent to prison, then what he wrote might be censored by prison authorities. ( please understand, i am trying to carefully not take a stand here on the political issue : i am just using this as an example. ) the word censor has been bandied about loosely in political contexts. we sometimes read of parents of schoolchildren or patrons of libraries objecting to certain books. teachers ' unions and some activist organizations may refer to such things as " censorship " or such parents or patrons as " censors. " this is not censorship in most cases. there is usually no call to legally ban or rewrite the books in question. it is usually a call to either not have their own children read them or to remove the book from the curriculum. ( i teach ; i have experienced this ). on the other hand, the lord ' s prayer has been censored, at least in u. s. public schools, since 1963. that was an official act of the supreme court limiting this kind of speech in public schools. occasionally college incidents that may involve censorship make the news. many campuses have " underground " or " alternative " newspapers. on a few campuses, students opposed to the these papers have seized as many copies as they could before the papers could be distributed. in some cases there were hardly any copies left. such students were acting as censors, though they had no official backing. at at least three campuses in the united states, the administration supported such seizures. when it became officially sanctioned as it was in these cases, then the act became censorship. if there were any questions of censorship surrounding president clinton ' s difficulties, they had to do with the content of the special prosecutor ' s report and testimonies of some of the witnesses. some did argue that the special prosecutor ' s report should have been censored to remove some of the explicit details the way that the nixon tapes were during the water


of the special prosecutor ' s report and testimonies of some of the witnesses. some did argue that the special prosecutor ' s report should have been censored to remove some of the explicit details the way that the nixon tapes were during the watergate hearings. the famous " expletive deleted " from the transcripts of the watergate tapes is an example of censorship. to sum up, censoring is regulating or prohibiting types of speech or writing. censuring is an official rebuke of a person for some offense. this may help you as you sort through the news in the coming weeks. i do hope to continue with the idea of what a grammar checking program can and cannot do next time. our program grammar slammer deluxe includes many words like censor / censure that people often confuse. these words are ones that spell checkers and grammar checkers often overlook because both are real words in english. grammar slammer deluxe has two components - - grammar slammer ( demo available for download ) and spelling slammer ( grammar slammer demo includes sample ). this handy resource will help you overcome such confusion. go to http : / / englishplus. com / pub / grmslm20. zip for latest grammar slammer demo the weekly computer magazine infoworld has been carrying a series of articles on what it calls the " technopropisms " caused by unthinking dependence on spell and grammar checkers. grammar slammer deluxe was created to help you overcome this. some of those articles are linked below. a recent article on the seizure and destruction of campus newspapers can be found at http : / / www. usnews. com / usnews / issue / 981207 / 7john. htm. for the original work on freedom of the press and speech, see milton ' s areopagitica from 1644 at a " modernist " interpretation of areopagitica is at http : / / www. yale. edu / lawweb / lawschool / occpaper / blasi. htm we wish you the best in 1999, and may all your anguish be vanquished, your friends at english plus + any suggestions for our web site, please send them to firstname. lastname @ example. org


business across cultures : the meaning of words translate this page one of the most common sources of intercultural friction in a multinational office in indonesia is a misunderstanding between a foreign professional and an indonesian manager. often there is no fault to be found in such a circumstance. it may well be because of the way people ' s understanding of the meaning of words or concepts differs between cultures. for instance, indonesian managers often speak of the need for respect and politeness in business transactions. the meaning of those terms, “ what is respect? ”, “ what is polite? ” vary with the perceptions of the person or persons involved. what can be considered impolite in indonesian business culture may be a commonplace and accepted facet of western business culture. however, the miscommunication or misperception of meanings by a foreign co - worker is often a reason for cultural friction. one of the most frustrating conflicts in meaning for both western and indonesian managers is the question of proper feedback or of “ closing the loop ”. what may seem sufficient response and information on an on - going assignment to one party, may be considered grossly insufficient by another and this insufficiency may never be properly addressed. one of the benefits of a cross - cultural training program is having the different cultural sides of a team or office sit down together and decide on what terms and words mean exactly in the separate cultural context of their own office. it should be a basic premise of these programs that indonesians are not expected to become westerners in outlook and neither are the expatriates expected to become indonesian, but rather both have to work towards establishing a separate corporate culture one that works best to meet the bottom - line goals of their company in indonesia. “ closing the loop ” normally involves four distinct information steps. these are giving, receiving, acting, and reporting. each of these steps are important and each contain the seeds for misinterpretation. for instance, there is often a general disagreement as to the level of the reporting or “ feedback ” required in an office. the feeling of many indonesian managers is that a lesser level of feedback to superiors is considered sufficient than many expatriate managers are comfortable with. one thought on the indonesian side being that delays may not be within the manager ' s power to control. many expatriate managers disagree that such lower levels of feedback are acceptable feeling that indonesian managers should not wait until an action is completed before reporting progress on an action being important also. these are issues that need to be discussed and decided by the


. many expatriate managers disagree that such lower levels of feedback are acceptable feeling that indonesian managers should not wait until an action is completed before reporting progress on an action being important also. these are issues that need to be discussed and decided by the people who work on the team or in the office. ignoring or complaining that the other party is not giving proper feedback, or worse, that the other party is incompetent, will not improve the harmony of the office. these miscommunications can be resolved if the different cultural sides of an office take the time and effort to try to understand one another. for instance, i recently facilitated a mixed, cross - cultural program for a major multinational operating in the financial sector. the indonesian and expatriate sides in the discussion thought that they had understood what each other expected. as it turned out, there was a large gap in those expectations. after several hours of guided discussions, the following agreement on meaning was reached. “ closing the loop ” is taking responsibility that you give information clearly, that you indicate that you have received and understood the information, that you act promptly on that information, and that you report back not only when the action is complete, but when there is additional information that is of importance. “ some western managers think that these kind of mission statements ' go without saying '. that they are clearly understood by anyone working in an international business environment. i sometimes wonder how many times i have heard an expatriate participant on one of my programs exclaim, ” well, they [ indonesian managers ] must understand that! ' when it is clear that they do not. the culture that one grows up in effects the entire way that he or she perceives actions and words. these perceptions are altered through personal observation, experience, and training. however, the assumption that someone else looks at a particular situation the same way that you do is often incorrect and can lead to many cross - cultural conflicts. the way around these cultural barriers is through mutual understanding. multicultural offices and teams need to take the time and effort to set the ground rules for future cooperation. they need to determine the meaning of words and concepts so that their understanding is clear. denial, often a criticism of indonesian managers in problem resolution, is one trait that is also often found in their expatriate counterparts. this article was generously contributed by george b. whitfield, iii when he was a technical advisor with executive orientation services. copyright © 1997 - 2012, expat web site association jakarta


28th mayo 2010 masters student uses pedal power to create novel machine an innovative bicycle - powered water pump, created by a student at the university of sheffield, has proved a huge success and is now in regular production in guatemala, transforming the lives of rural residents. jon leary, 24, a meng student in the university ’ s department of mechanical engineering, took his bicycle machine design from a steel city drawing board to the heart of guatemala as part of his dissertation, which required him to ‘ make something useful out of rubbish. ’ during his four month stint in guatemala, jon spent time improving the design for his bicibomba movil – a mobile bicycle - powered water pump to be used for irrigation and general water distribution - by working with the guatemalan ngo maya pedal, who design and build a variety of weird and wonderful bicycle machines using abandoned bikes sent over from the us and canada. maya pedal ’ s aim is to produce machines which can improve the daily lives of locals, without them having to resort to expensive electrical or environmentally damaging fossil fuelled machines. their machines, which are human - powered sustainable energy sources, range from the bicilavadora ( bicycle washing machine ) to the bicimolino ( corn grinder ). jon created the machine using a normal bike, which is plugged into a frame with an old electrical pump converted to a friction drive attached to the back wheel. the back tyre of the bike makes direct contact with the former armature of the motor, which is covered with rubber from an old tyre to give better grip. the machine was tested to a range of heights and on flat ground the pump can achieve a 40 litres per minute flow rate - equal to about three normal showers. at 26 meters, a flow rate of 5 liters per minute can be achieved. the bike frame can be built quickly and easily using only basic workshop tools and materials, including a few lengths of angle iron, some flat lengths of metal, bicycle seat posts and seat tubes, and a scrapped standard electric centrifugal water pump. prior to jon ’ s design, maya pedal had already produced a popular machine capable of drawing water from up to 30m below the surface, however many farmers lived on steep inclines and wanted to distribute the water once it had been extracted from the well. as a result, unlike maya pedal ’ s other static designs, jon ’ s bike is completely mobile - when a person is done pumping, they can simply flip the frame upside down and it will sit on top of the back wheel like a pan


by the lead project published august 2012 list price : $ 24. 95, your amazon. com price : $ 13. 95 amazon. com sales rank : 1, 750 availability : usually ships in 24 hours scratch is the wildly popular educational programming language used by millions of first - time learners in classrooms, libraries, and homes worldwide. by dragging together colorful blocks of code, kids quickly learn computer programming concepts and make cool games and animations. in super scratch programming adventure!, kids learn programming fundamentals as they make their very own playable video games. they ' ll create projects inspired by classic arcade games that can be programmed ( and played! ) in an afternoon. the book ' s patient, step - by - step explanations of the code and fun programming challenges will have kids creating their own games in no time. this full - color comic book makes programming concepts like flow control, subroutines, and data types effortless to absorb. packed with ideas for games that kids will be proud to show off, super scratch programming adventure! is the perfect first step for the budding programmer. gdnet staff review : super scratch programming adventure is a departure from the typical books i review. for one, it is for kids. and it is written in the style of a comic book ( or " graphic novel " as some soon - to - be - mentioned kids corrected me ). it is a book designed to gently get kids involved in game programming using the already - gentle " scratch " programming / animating tool for kids. as for my reviewers, i knew i was so far out of the target demographic that i wouldn ' t be able to fairly review this title, so i recruited a couple of local kids to help me. my first reviewer was my ten year - old daughter, and the second was her 12 year - old male manga - obsessed friend from across the street. i figured they would give me a good idea of how this book would appeal to kids. my daughter was already a bit of a scratch - adept, having taken a one - week course in it over the summer. she was also a bit lazy in her approach, as each chapter of the book is a two - page framing story followed by several pages of " how to make a scratch program that resolves the situation in the story ". there are plenty of code listings and screenshots, but since scratch is such a colorful lego - esque environment to start with, the code listings merge in seamlessly with the comic characters. and that ' s how programmers start


the length of amyloid fibrils found in diseases such as alzheimer and parkinson appears to play a role in the degree of their toxicity, according to researchers at the university of leeds. their findings are published in the journal of biological chemistry in a paper titled “ fibril fragmentation enhances amyloid cytotoxicity. ” sheena radford, ph. d., and colleagues systematically analyzed the effects of fragmentation on three of the 30 or so proteins that form amyloid in human diseases. their results showed that in addition to the expected relationship between fragmentation and the ability to seed, the length of fibrils also correlated with their ability to disrupt membranes and reduce cell viability. this was evident even when there were no other changes in molecular architecture. co - author, eric hewitt, ph. d., says that while the findings provide scientists with unexpected new insights for the development of therapeutics against amyloid deposit - related diseases, the next stage of research will involve looking at a greater numbers of the proteins that form amyloid fibrils. “ we anticipate that when we look at amyloid fibers formed from other proteins, they may well follow the same rules. ” “ it may be that because they ’ re smaller it ’ s easier for them to infiltrate cells, ” dr. hewitt suggests. “ we ’ ve observed them killing cells, but we ’ re not sure yet exactly how they do it. nor do we know whether these short fibers form naturally when amyloid fibers assemble or whether some molecular process makes them disassemble or fragment into shorter fibers. these are our next big challenges. ”


* * * i ' ve posted a copy of this in here, but you may want to check the link at the bottom as it gives a variety of resources. * * * did you know that with one wrong mouse click you could make it possible for someone to read all your email, documents, or instant messages? that they could also view your grades, online bank accounts, or change your course schedule? that they could read or change anything on your computer? or anything accessed from it? that they could turn on your computer ' s microphone to listen in on conversations? or command your computer to attack other network users or sites? or use your computer for a computer crime for which you may be blamed? did you know a newly installed windows xp, 2000, nt, or linux computer is likely vulnerable to the same type of compromise without even a mouse click just by being attached to the network? did you know several such incidents have occurred on computers at jmu... from windows 95 and macintosh desktops to windows nt and unix servers? that they ' ve been used to attack other computers and divulge information? did you know all our computers are scanned constantly from around the world by people hoping to take advantage of them? did you know that your behavior impacts your neighbors ' security and their behavior yours? the internet, paired with today ' s software, provides us astonishing capabilities for sharing and communication. however, these same capabilities also provide access and computer power to more than 300 million people around the world... some of whom may not share our behavioral expectations. examples, such as random acts of vandalism, can be found in any local newspaper. the threats associated with online folks ' behavior are very different from similar threats in the physical world. using the same freedom and functionality we treasure, they can communicate with our computers almost instantaneously, almost anonymously, and en masse from around the world. they don ' t even need to be a computer expert. it only takes one person to write a destructive program to enable many people without technical knowledge to cause problems, just as all of us use word processors and web browsers without knowing how they work or being able to write one ourselves. while the risks associated with these threats can be decreased by limiting communications, limiting computer functionality, and increasing the complexity involved with our computing environment, they can ' t be eliminated because security is never absolute. moreover, the more we wish to maintain our current freedom in communications and computing, the more necessary it is that we individually take steps to


, and increasing the complexity involved with our computing environment, they can ' t be eliminated because security is never absolute. moreover, the more we wish to maintain our current freedom in communications and computing, the more necessary it is that we individually take steps to take care of ourselves and reduce the need for outside controls and limitations. the only person ultimately in control of a computer is the operator in front of the keyboard. that person presently has the freedom to run any software he or she wants and communicate with anyone around the world. each of us must do his or her part to help ensure the integrity of our network by operating our computers safely. our computers can do almost anything we tell them to do. unfortunately, this versatility makes them very complicated. a certain amount of awareness and skill is necessary to operate such a complicated device safely on a world wide network. the goal of the r. u. n. s. a. f. e. program is to help you attain the knowledge and skills necessary for safely operating an internet connected computer. the information and associated steps listed on this page are key components to everyone ' s online security. everyone should understand them and be able to take the actions described. r. u. n. s. a. f. e. workshops are offered once per semester that describe the incidents we ' ve seen at jmu, the threats we ' re exposed to, and that teach the defensive concepts and procedures described here. onsite workshops are also available to groups. ( contact gary flynn to schedule one ). click here to download the runsafe workshop powerpoint presentation. if you don ' t have powerpoint, you can get a free viewer from microsoft here. a sixteen minute runsafe awareness video is available. it can be downloaded here. the material is copyrighted by jim blackburn but may be used for educational purposes. the file is 161 mb in size. r. u. n. s. a. f. e. goal for all computer operators on the jmu network : * understand the material on this page. * run anti - virus software and update it weekly. preferably the campus supported norton anti - virus. * treat email attachments and other unknown programs with caution. * use the windows update site on every new installation and monthly thereafter. * choose strong passwords for your own desktop, particularly windows nt / 2000 / xp machines, and on servers which you may use and keep them confidential. * use care if you enable microsoft file sharing. * visit the hot topics! page at


. * choose strong passwords for your own desktop, particularly windows nt / 2000 / xp machines, and on servers which you may use and keep them confidential. * use care if you enable microsoft file sharing. * visit the hot topics! page at least monthly. * for all server operators ( windows 2000 / iis / unix / mac / whatever ) and all unix desktop operators : 1. set up new computers with the network cable disconnected. 2. turn off all services running on the newly installed computer. 3. connect to network and download and install patches. 4. turn on only needed services. 5. subscribe to vendor security bulletins and check the hot topics page weekly. refuse to run unknown programs our computers operate the way they do entirely because of the programs we run on them. when we run a program, we give control of our computer to the author of the program. in fact, a computer break - in is just someone running a program on our computer. a perpetrator may convince us to run their program which then takes control of our computer. or they may force our computer to run their program by using software defects or unintentional access. the program may then tell our computer to email viruses to our friends. it may tell our computer to collect and reveal our passwords. it may tell our computer to disable its anti - virus and personal firewall protection. it may tell our computer to flood a web site with traffic in an attempt to disable it. or it may tell our computer to break into someone else ' s computer to help hide the identity of the perpetrator. since programs control the computer and everything the computer does or has access to, it is very important that we not run programs written by people we don ' t know or trust. almost every other security precaution depends upon our having control of our computers. if we run unknown programs, we don ' t. a program can take many forms. it might be a windows. exe file. it might be a microsoft word macro. it might be a script. we may find programs in many places. they may be offered to us in email attachments. they may be on web sites. they may be on shared folders. as we ' ll see later, they even may be forced on us over the network if we don ' t keep our computers up to date. for now, we ' ll concentrate on the programs over which we have a choice about running. in our point and click world, knowing what to


pif ", ". shs ", ". js ", ". hta ", ". vbs ", or any ending you ' re not familiar with as you would hazardous waste material. find out what it is from the sender before opening it! - - > more information on refusing unknown programs... update our computers regularly computer programs frequently contain defects. some of these defects can allow third parties to run programs of their choice on our computers without any action on our part. this allows the third party to take control of our computers, and all the resources and data they have access to, for their own purposes. * defects in client programs like browsers, email clients, and media players may allow unwanted programs to run if we click a link to a malicious web page or receive malicious email. these types of defects can cause us to lose control of our computer simply by browsing the web or starting our email client. * defects in server programs like web or file servers, can allow someone to force unwanted programs to be run on our server. they exploit the defect by making malicious web or file requests. the exploitation might be carried out by an individual or by an automated program like a worm. running defective, vulnerable software on our networked computers is similar to leaving broken windows in our homes and offices for strangers to enter. except with the internet, people can enter these " windows " from anywhere in the world. large scale scans from around the world are often seen within days of new vulnerabilities being announced. machines with defective software or vulnerable configurations have been known to be compromised within hours of being attached to the network both here and elsewhere. most software is out - of - date and full of vulnerable defects on the installation cds and even sometimes when downloaded from vendor web sites. scanners and automated worms may find a vulnerable server almost as soon as it is connected to the network. it is necessary to check for updates as soon as new software is installed and regularly thereafter. microsoft windows systems windows desktop operators : * use the windows update service after every new installation. * re - use the windows update service once a month to keep the computer up to date. * if microsoft office is installed and you ' re not using jmu ' s novell services for software management, visit the office update site monthly. you ' ll need the original distribution media to install office patches. people using jmu ' s novell services can wait until office patches are available through the jmuapps menu or use the office update


non - microsoft software, subscribe to vendor security bulletins or check their web site regularly for updates. linux and other unix systems these systems often have server programs running after even a desktop default installation. * never bring up a server until all patches and configuration changes have been completed. unpatched servers have been found and compromised in minutes by automated worms and scripts. install the software while the machine is disconnected from the network, make sure all services started in the inetd. conf file, / etc / rc * files, or your vendor ' s equivalent have been disabled, connect to the network and download the patches, disconnect from the network, and apply patches. * subscribe to vendor security bulletins and apply patches as soon after they are available as possible. click here for a list of various vendor security sites and notification services. * review computer security hot topics page at least monthly for announcements of software defects or other issues that may affect you. server operators should check both the hot topics and serious defects pages weekly. macintosh osx is based on unix. many unix related defects also affect macintosh osx. * current security roll - up patches can be viewed and downloaded at http : / / www. info. appl... ty _ updates. html * software updates can be requested using the software update pane in system preferences. * email notification of security defects in macosx can be obtained by subscribing to the apple notification service at http : / / lists. apple. c... curity - announce * review computer security hot topics page at least monthly for announcements of software defects or other issues that may affect you. * keep anti - virus software up to date. * if available, check your vendor ' s security site monthly for critical security updates. - - > more information on updating our computers... nullify unneeded risks whether by operator mistakes, attempts at making computers easy to use, or encouraging open access, our computer ' s software sometimes grants more access to our computers than is needed. we can decrease risk by eliminating unneeded access to our computers. * microsoft windows generally installs with several open doors by default. shut these doors by following the following precautions : o assign a good password to all windows nt, 2000, and xp accounts paying particular attention to the administrator and other privileged accounts. o disable network access to the windows administrator account. o be very careful with microsoft file sharing. it is commonly misconfigured. don ' t share more


password passwords are the combination locks used to protect our computer accounts. it goes without saying that giving out our combination or leaving the lock unlatched ( i. e. walking away from a logged on computer ), compromises our security. however, technology provides ways for people to obtain our combination even if we aren ' t careless. to thwart such misuse, we must choose complex combinations. there are three elements to a complex combination : 1. it can ' t be obvious. that is, it can ' t exist in an attack dictionary. * every word in an english language dictionary can be tried in minutes. attack dictionaries also include names, common misspellings, words with numbers, and other commonly used passwords. you also don ' t want the password to have any personal significance to you... your dog ' s name for example. using a dictionary word for a password is like using a locker number for a combination. 2. it can ' t be a short * a combination lock with a two number combination wouldn ' t protect very well. anything less than an eight character password is like having a such a combination. it simply won ' t hold up for long on the network. 3. it can ' t be made up of just a few characters * a combination lock with only ten numbers on the dial isn ' t as effective as one with fifty. using just lower case letters is like limiting a combination lock to ten numbers. on systems that support them, passwords should contain at least one of each of the following characters : o uppercase letters ( a - z ) o lowercase letters ( a - z ) o numbers ( 0 - 9 ) o punctuation marks (! @ # $ % ^ & * ( ) _ + = - ) etc. different systems have different capabilities. some will not let you use all the strength features mentioned here. when you get an account or change your password on a system, you should be given instructions on any limitations. how, you may ask, am i ever going to remember such a complicated password? * pick a sentence that reminds you of the password. for example : o if my car makes it through 2 semesters, i ' ll be lucky ( imcmit2s, ibl ) o only bill gates could afford this $ 70. 00 textbook ( obgcat $ 7t ) o what time is my accounting class in showker 240? ( wtimacis2? ) * if you absolutely have to, record it in


and network access controls often cross os, web server, web development, application server, and database realms. perhaps less well known due to vendor marketing efforts and perhaps our own wishful thinking, a service needs ongoing monitoring and maintenance regardless of platform. without this care, the server may not remain in operation long, it may not preserve the confidentiality and integrity of resident data and accounts, or it may be used as a base of operations for criminal activity including attacks on other computers. * budget planning, hiring procedures, staffing levels, and job descriptions should reflect the need for developer and administrator training and ongoing monitoring and maintenance in a complex and ever changing environment. * allow time for regular maintenance * elevate security and ongoing maintenance to the same level of consideration as cost, ease of use, functionality, and performance. - - > more information on assuring system care... it is impossible to provide absolute security for our computers just as it is impossible to provide absolute security for ourselves or our possessions in the physical world. insecurity is a fact of life. there are no technical panaceas. there are 200 million people connected to the internet and we cannot control their actions. they have world - wide, almost instantaneous and anonymous access to our computers ' network ports. there are practical compromises in the design of our computers and networks that may leave them vulnerable to certain activities. accordingly, we must temper our actions with awareness and take some precautions. * regularly backup critical or hard to replace data * be careful about whom and what you trust. don ' t believe everything you see on the web or in email messages. * do not ignore warning messages. in particular, those associated with : o web browsers warning about site certificate mismatches o web browsers warning about file downloads or potential security problems o ssh clients like putty, f - secure, and securecrt warning about host key mismatches o repeated virus warnings - - > more information on facing insecurity... everybody needs to do their part your particular computer may not seem to be a desirable target of a compromise attempt but any computer is attractive as a stepping stone or attack vehicle. simple windows 95 and macintosh desktops have been involved in security incidents. even with switched networks, a compromised computer may be used to sniff network traffic from neighboring computers. thus, your security is dependant upon your neighbors ' security and their security on yours. in the days of standalone computers, reckless or unauthorized use of a computer affected just one computer. with a network


be used to sniff network traffic from neighboring computers. thus, your security is dependant upon your neighbors ' security and their security on yours. in the days of standalone computers, reckless or unauthorized use of a computer affected just one computer. with a networked computer and its access to shared network resources and common communications lines, the same actions may affect many computers, accounts, services, or people. as long as we want to continue to have relatively open computing and communications choices, and preserve our privacy, services, and data, each one of us must do his or her part to help ensure the integrity of our network. * do your part - runsafe * encourage and help your peers to do their part - runsafe - - > more information on doing our part... feel free to use or derive from r. u. n. s. a. f. e. material as long as you give credit to jmu. a note to email @ example. com describing your project would be greatly appreciated! sponsored by : sparkhost - hosting without compromises! hybrid performance web hosting spark host stream hosting hybrid irc & ircd server shell accounts no replies to this topic 0 user ( s ) are reading this topic 0 members, 0 guests, 0 anonymous users


organizations or clubs are designed for students in diverting their attention and with purpose of bringing them extra form of relaxation and interaction with other students. it may be innumerable but almost serving the same purpose, they may differ from types of it. some are into music, religion, science, major subjects or let us say law, theatre, political, sports, community service and groups that are dedicated with the all about of “ essay on speech writing and presentation. ” approval of the faculty and the dean is significant in order to make it formal and legal. these organizations are led by fellow students who they thought would best fit the position of being the president. advantages lie from joining and participating from the aforesaid. it keeps you on track, active and away from vices. school clubs also serves a training ground for selected participants and haven especially with their free time. social interaction is enhanced and which develop at its best that will be beneficial on their future. the students are draw closer despite of their differences. sharing ideas, swopping of opinions can bring them together which in the end can give them positive result in terms of personality building. today, students are always up for challenges and responsibilities, and these clubs is counted in. at times, being not able to attend the class they make these clubs as an excuse. but is taken for granted to the fullest that sometimes affect their performance in school. the policies of school organizations when not executed well will always be the reason of irresponsible students in skipping classes.


field biology laboratory the field biology laboratory is not only a space for the continuing study of the flora and fauna of north carolina, but is also a rich source of archival materials collected over many decades. the lab contains a collection of study skins and mounts of birds native to north carolina, and a collection of bird nests from the piedmont region. this laboratory houses two historical collections of bird eggs gathered in the 1800s, including the t. gilbert pearson egg collection. in addition, students have access to a herbarium of north carolina plants, and reference collections of preserved reptiles, amphibians, and mammal skulls of species native to north carolina and beyond. anatomy and physiology laboratory students investigate various aspects of human physiology using computer - based software for recording electrocardiograms, electromyograms, and electroencephalograms. advanced studies in neuroscience include the recording of individual neuronal action potentials. an associated laboratory for field studies in fisheries biology houses a complete array of equipment for the investigation of aquatic ecology, limnology, and ichthyology. microbial genetics and molecular biology facility standard and advanced equipment in the molecular biology and microbial genetics lab provide students with the tools for the study of the phylogenetic relationship between microbial organisms and the molecular analysis of signaling processes in nematodes. in their independent research projects, students utilize instrumentation for the growth of organisms under a variety of conditions, and the isolation, purification and quantification of genomic dna. students routinely utilize the techniques of pcr, pulsed - field gel electrophoresis, fluorescent microscopy, recombinant dna technologies and rnai. the department has two fully - equipped laboratories dedicated to independent, student research projects. forensic biology laboratory the forensic biology laboratory supports advanced forensics students in molecular cell biology and forensic anthropology. students pursue the identification of drugs and toxins utilizing the gas chromatograph - mass spectrograph, which provides definitive identification of these substances. the laboratory is also where students investigate a variety of topics related to cause of death, e. g., identification of diatoms related to deaths by drowning, and skeletal damage due to ballistics, cutting and blunt force trauma. the highlight of the forensic anthropology course, the investigation of clandestine graves, utilizes the equipment and archival materials of the forensic biology lab for this capstone experience in forensics. forensic chemistry laboratory students utilize research - grade microscopes for the analysis of trace forensic evidence, and explore a variety of chemical methods for developing latent fingerprints. forensic chemistry students employ the fully automated shimadzu


a period of millions of years. there is other evidence of a turbulent past ; jumbled conglomerates lie here and there. conglomerates usually gather where a vigorous, fast flowing river or stream connects with a slower moving body of water or lake. the vigorous river then dumps its detritus ( wood, gravel, rocks, etc ) into the slow body, where it might compact over years and turn into a conglomerate. the higgledy - piggledy patterns of the conglomerate rocks on this beach point to violent flooding and recession as the seas washed in and out of the ancient desert. the desert was eventually covered in ocean, marking the beginning of the lower jurassic period. the iridescent ammonites found here ( caloceras johnstoni ) are the ' zone fossils ' for the lower jurassic. a zone fossil marks definitive borders between one age and the next. when a fossil is particularly common worldwide, strata can be identified and dated by their presence. sea - shells, bone - beds and iridescent ammonites among the more famous fossils along this stretch are the bone beds. these are, as the name would suggest, beds of fossils composed of bones, mainly of fishes, but also containing scales and teeth. entire fishes have been found a little further on. there are also what appear to be miniature scallops in profusion, captured in a dark, hard rock. but the most obvious of fossils in this area have to be the aforementioned iridescent ammonites. some are over two feet across, and when wet, shine like mother of pearl. this researcher has a 12 " by 10 " slate covered edge to edge with ammonites of this nature, none larger than an inch across. people have been down to this beach with pneumatic drills and other heavy equipment to dig these prizes out of the rock. this is a huge shame, as some of the largest ammonites are otherwise too heavy to move, and would have given the casual passer - by enjoyment for years to come. is there somewhere else you could go? the short and happy answer is yes. britain is brimming with fossils, some of which are easier to find than others. the easiest of all are in gravel paths and driveways. have a good look in among the stones and, if you find one that has a patterned surface ( rather like someone has pushed a sponge into it ) you have found yourself a fossil coral. also, everyone has heard about lyme regis. again, caution is advised under the cliffs


power is actualized only where word and deed have not parted company, where words are not empty and deeds not brutal, where words are not used to veil intentions but to disclose realities, and where deeds are not used to violate and destroy but to establish relations and create new realities. - hannah arendt, the human condition arendt ’ s conception of power is one of the most subtle and elusive features of her political theory. here arendt poses the problem of power in terms of power ’ s loss, of powerlessness, which is also what she calls “ the death of political communities. ” what is powerlessness? what, exactly, is lost when power is lost? there are many ways to become powerless in the world of twenty - first century politics. in the united states we often imagine that citizens would be powerless without their constitutional rights – the vote, free speech, due process. in and around the world ’ s many war zones, the loss of military protection seems to produce a very different kind of powerlessness, one that is linked to both our physical vulnerability to violence as human beings and the persistence of violence between sovereign states ( and within them. ) there is also the powerlessness that seems to follow from the dislocations or migrations of peoples, a condition that arendt calls mass homelessness, which may come from the movement of peoples across borders or the redrawing of borders across peoples. poverty appears to be another form of powerlessness altogether, one that disrupts our capacity to appropriate nonhuman nature through labor and work and thereby sustain our lives. arendt argues that mass destitution, alongside mass homelessness, is a form of powerlessness that is peculiar to the political condition of the modern age. many other kinds of powerlessness can be added to this list. the list is disturbing not only for its variety and length, but also because the felt urgency of each danger invites us to elevate one or two above the others, so that we risk settling for powerlessness of several kinds in order to secure power in one or two “ emergency ” domains. we choose between the power of kill lists and drone strikes and the power of due process for americans accused of terrorism. we weigh our powerlessness in the face of global warming against the powerlessness caused by the great recession, where the hoped - for “ recovery ” will be defined by consumption - led “ growth, ” rendered tangible by lower gas prices and more crowded shopping malls. or, we may think that us power in the globalizing world of


by the great recession, where the hoped - for “ recovery ” will be defined by consumption - led “ growth, ” rendered tangible by lower gas prices and more crowded shopping malls. or, we may think that us power in the globalizing world of free trade and faster capital flows is dependent upon “ securing our national borders, ” achieved through the quasi - militarization of immigration enforcement. hard choices are the stuff of politics - they are supposed to be what power is all about - but the dilemmas of modern powerlessness are peculiarly wrenching in large part because they are not readily negotiable by political action, by those practices of public creativity and initiative that are uniquely capable of redefining what is possible in the common world. rather, these “ choices ” and others like them seem more like dead - ends, tired old traps that mark the growing powerlessness of politics itself. the death of the body politic, which can only occur by way of the powerlessness of politics itself, is arendt ’ s main concern in the above quote. in contrast to hobbes, rousseau, weber, and habermas, among others, arendt distinguishes power from domination, strength, rationality, propaganda, and violence. located within the open and common world of human speech and action, power reveals its ethical and political limits when it is overcome by deception, empty words, destruction, and “ brutality. ” rooted in the human conditions of natality and plurality, and constituted by the gathered actions of many in a public space of appearance, power exists only in its actualization through speech and deed. like action, power depends upon the public self - disclosure of actors in historical time. actors acting together with other actors generate power. yet because we do not know “ who ” we disclose ourselves to be in the course of collective action, or what the effects of our actions will turn out to mean in the web of human stories, power itself is always “ boundless and unpredictable, ” which in part explains its peculiar force. given its boundlessness and unpredictability, power cannot be stored up for emergencies, like weapons or food and water, nor kept in place through fixed territories, as with national sovereignty. power therefore co - exists only uneasily with machpolitik. power can overcome violence and strength through the gathered voices and acts of the many ; it can also be destroyed ( but not replaced ) through the dispersal of the many and the dissolution of the space of appearance. in - between gathering and dispersal, power


. power can overcome violence and strength through the gathered voices and acts of the many ; it can also be destroyed ( but not replaced ) through the dispersal of the many and the dissolution of the space of appearance. in - between gathering and dispersal, power is preserved through what arendt calls “ organization, ” the laws, traditions, habits, and institutions that sustain the space of appearance during those interims when actors disperse temporarily and withdraw back into the private realm, only to reappear later. for arendt, the loss of power is the loss of our capacity to act with others in a way that generates, sustains, and discloses a common world. powerlessness is marked by the receding of public spaces. this may occur, for example, through the gentle decline of a formally constituted public realm into the technocratic shadows of the social, or through the brutal sovereign repression of spontaneously emergent spaces of appearance. in both cases, our ethical and political incapacities to act together, and the philosophical inability to recognize power when we see it, are at the root of modern political powerlessness. power - seekers, on arendt ’ s view, would be well advised to cultivate a deeper political appreciation for both the immaterial force and fragility of human natality, plurality, and public space, which will be lost when power is mistaken for its rivals, like reason, strength, violence, or sovereignty. congratulations and welcome to the newest hannah arendt center fellows, wyatt mason, bill dixon, laura ephraim, and ursula ludz. wyatt mason ( senior arendt center fellow ) is a contributing editor of harper ' s magazine and a contributing writer to the new york times magazine. his writing also appears in the new york review of books and the new yorker. modern library publishes his translations of the works of arthur rimbaud, rimbaud complete and i promise to be good. a 2003 - 2004 fellow of the cullman center for scholars and writers at the new york public library, he received the 2005 nona balakian citation from the national book critics circle and a national magazine award in 2006. he teaches non - fiction in the bennington writing seminars and will be senior fellow at the hannah arendt center at bard college for 2010 - 2011. charles ( bill ) dixon ( post - doctoral fellow ) is a political theorist and a phd. candidate in political science at johns hopkins university. dixon ’ s research interests include ancient and modern theories of democracy, political judgment and action, political economy, and


depression is a mental illness characterized by feelings of profound sadness and lack of interest in enjoyable activities. it may cause a wide range of symptoms, both physical and emotional. unlike a blue mood, depression can last for weeks, months, or years, and rarely subsides without treatment. depression in college here ’ s what you need to know about how to prevent and treat depression while you or your child is in college. can folic acid help ease depression? folic acid, the b - vitamin that is famous for its role in preventing birth defects, is now under scrutiny for its effects on another devastating condition — depression. how to choose a therapist or counselor perhaps you have a chronic or difficult problem, or maybe you feel depressed or sad. before you jump into therapy, there are important issues that you need to consider. could your depression be related to your medication? after two weeks of taking accutane, an acne medication, 19 - year - old joe began experiencing fatigue, lack of motivation, sleep problems, and crying spells. he was diagnosed with depression — something his healthcare provider eventually believed was related to his use of accutane. creativity and depression : is there a link? history is filled with writers, poets, artists, musicians, composers, and other creative people who wrestled with mood disorders. but is this portrayal just a stereotype, or is there really a link between creativity and depression? depression screening advised for all adults soon your doctor may start asking more questions about your mental health. prompting these changes are innovative new recommendations from the us preventive services task force on screening for depression in adults. the role of depression in adolescent obesity about 5 % of children and adolescents in the unites states suffer from depression. could this put them at increased risk for obesity? a study from the journal explores the possible link.


international healthcare worker safety center global initiative for healthcare worker safety a forum for sharing research and best practices worldwide in the prevention of needlesticks and occupational exposures to bloodborne pathogens defining the problem... healthcare workers are a critical resource in every corner of the globe - - the infrastructure without which healthcare cannot exist. but in caring for us, they place themselves at risk daily of contracting life - threatening infections from bloodborne pathogens, including hiv, hepatitis b and hepatitis c. injuries from needles and other sharp medical devices, along with accidental exposures to blood and body fluids from splashes and sprays, are the most serious occupational hazard faced by healthcare workers. ( read more )... and the solution. who should use this site? devices with engineered sharps injury protection are highly effective in reducing the risk of needlesticks and sharps injuries. we know that a combination of safer devices, hepatitis b vaccine and basic barrier garments save lives. the challenge is to get protective devices and products into the hands of healthcare workers who need them most - - in every corner of the globe. - occupational health and infection control practitioners looking for training and educational resources in needlestick prevention and - researchers looking for the latest articles and abstracts related to occupational - hospital and healthcare administrators looking for information about epinet, a sharps injury surveillance program - epinet users worldwide who want to share ask technical questions - medical device manufacturers looking to improve their products and participate in the global strategy for healthcare worker protection we welcome your comments, questions, and suggestions for additions to this website. to submit a comment, please click here. to learn more about the center ' s global initiative for healthcare worker safety and how you can participate, click here.


unique to middle europe. likewise, equating the disintegration of the holy roman empire with the disintegration of the german state gives central european history a uniquely anarchic and " backward " character. this in turn implies that german history in particular is cursed with a lingering barbarism, preventing germans from forming a modern state. the rulers of central european states like austria, bavaria, prussia, and wurttemberg thus appear as purely destructive forces of decentralization rebelling against an imaginary german kingdom that never was. any reconsideration of the empire ' s place in european history really depends on emancipating ourselves from the nationalist presuppositions of the last two centuries and beginning with entirely new categories. but to ask whether the nation - state was the inevitable culmination of some developmental sequence is ultimately to question whether historical outcomes are always predetermined. one way to approach this question is to examine the emerging science of " chaos. " according to evolutionary paleontologist stephen jay gould, a distinction must be made between historical and experimental knowledge. while theoretical physics may attempt to deduce universal laws which can be tested in the lab, historical explanations depend on " contingent detail " that occurs only once. although " we can explain an event after it occurs, " gould argues that " contingency precludes its repetition, even from an identical starting point. " 3 astro nomer stephen dole affords an example of this contingency on a vast scale. with the aid of a computer program known as acrete, dole suggests how the present planetary system might have evolved from a primeval gas cloud. specifying the exact size and shape of the gas, dole simulated the evolution of a number of alternative solar systems out of more or less the same cloud. some of the solar systems generated featured planets even larger than jupiter, while others ended up with a number of smaller planets. in a later discussion of dole ' s work, richard isaacman and carl sagan noted that it was possible to generate very different solar systems by only slightly varying the initial conditions. 4 if isaacman and sagan are correct, the history of our solar system apparently depended on contingencies which preclude that history being repeated, even if one started with more or less the same conditions. at some point in the historical process, the chance collision of two gas molecules might have set in motion a chain of events leading to the formation of a very different solar system. moreover, even if we


one started with more or less the same conditions. at some point in the historical process, the chance collision of two gas molecules might have set in motion a chain of events leading to the formation of a very different solar system. moreover, even if we accept the inevitability of our solar system and the formation of earth as we know it, the human species ' rise to prominence was by no means guaranteed. gould thus argues that humanity ' s ascension to dominance was the result of a " curious chain of events " that " would probably never happen again. " 5 a matter of probability now, i would argue that the history of europe lends itself to a chaos approach. although authors of the major texts write as if nationalism was some ineluctable component of " modernity, " the emergence of nations such as france or germany may have actually been a mere matter of probability. if the carolinian empire had either held together or fallen apart completely, the history of the west would have been radically different. even the treaty of verdun in 843 was, according to geoffrey barraclough, " the result not of racial or provincial differences, but simply of dynastic conflicts within the royal house " in which power was up for grabs. 6 in this context, the emergence of the various states in the west appears as a fortuitous accretion of territorial units not unlike the emergence of our solar system out of some primeval gas cloud. while the cloud ( europe ) might have resolved itself into a single star ( empire ) or fragmented into billions of asteroids ( anarchy ), it ended up slowly resolving itself into a number of small planets ( nations ). that the western frankish kingdom eventually resolved itself into one state while the eastern developed into a number of states may have been the result of a series of unpredictable choices made by real individuals at crucial points in the historical process. the constant division and redivision of the carolinian realm after verdun meant that any rival king within that realm had the right to take the imperial power if he was strong enough. no supposed " national character " predisposed otto the great, rather than his royal contemporary across the rhine, to take the imperial title. not only was the imperial title not reserved for the eastern ( as opposed to the western ) franks, but otto ' s assumption of the imperial crown was a kind of accident. if otto had died or a west frankish ruler of equal ability had arisen, the latter might have taken the imperial crown, intervened in papal affairs and fragmented


, if chance events could have enormous long - run consequences, we can ask ourselves what might have happened if the emperors had been successful in creating a chinese - like europe dominated by a universal empire, or if the west frankish rather than the east frankish rulers had taken the imperial crown. clearly, a different europe with different national boundaries, or perhaps no nations at all as we understand them, might have resulted. by opening up a new appreciation of the unpredictability of the historical process, the study of the holy roman empire might well have a truly universal significance to students of history after all. lawrence birken teaches history at ball state university. his most recent book is hitler as philosophe : remnants of the enlightenment in national socialism ( new york : praeger, 1995 ). he is currently working on a new intellectual history of modern europe. 1. see john gagliardo, reich and nation : the holy roman empire as idea and reality, 17631806 ( bloomington : indiana university press, 1980 ), 3. 2. thomas greer and galvin lewis, a brief history of the western world, 6th ed. ( new york : harcourt brace jovanovich, 1992 ), 214 ; marvin perry, western civilization : a brief history, 3rd ed. ( boston : houghton mifflin, 1997 ), 260. 3. stephen jay gould, wonderful life : the burgess shale and the nature of history ( new york : w. w. norton and co., 1989 ), 278. 4. stephen dole, " computer simulation of the formation of planetary systems, " icarus 13 ( 1970 ) : 494508 ; richard isaacman and carl sagan, " computer simulation of planetary accretion dynamics : sensitivity to initial conditions, " icarus 31 ( 1977 ) : 530. 5. gould, wonderful life, 285. 6. geoffrey barraclough, factors in german history ( westport, conn. : greenwood, 1979 ), 6. 7. d. j. a. matthew, " reflections on the medieval roman empire, " history 77 ( october 1992 ), 36869, 390. 8. geoffrey barraclough, turning points in world history ( london : thames and hudson, 1977 ), 2122. 9. james a. vann, the making of a state : wurttemberg, 15931793 ( ithaca : cornell university, 1984 ), 1819, 3435. 10. mary fulbrook, a concise history of germany ( new


smte will develop, research, and evaluate an instructional model and a prototypical six - week hybrid learning experience that consists of an educational computer game with screen - based 3 - d design simulations ( three weeks ) and follow - up hands - on physical modeling activities and reflection time ( three weeks ). the game will situate the students in an inhospitable environment and invite them to undertake a quest that requires solving technological design problems to sustain themselves. the quest will contextualize grades 6 - 8 standards for technological literacy ( pi hacker was a member of the stl development team ) and apply standards - based mathematics and science. development of materials will be guided by the process described by wiggins and mctigue in understanding by design ( ubd ), and will be informed by nrc ’ s how people learn and by research on anchored instruction. the project will follow the planning process described in ubd : 1 ) identify desired results, 2 ) determine acceptable evidence, and 3 ) plan learning experiences and instruction. grant and denise wiggins will serve as project consultants to ensure congruence with the ubd model. the project will foster a thoughtful pedagogical approach to design that will serve as the core instructional strategy. the nsf - developed informed design model melds guided inquiry with open - ended design and leads students to develop conceptual understanding before they engage in design activity. consequently, students approach design from a more “ informed ” perspective. ctl co - directors burghardt and hacker will embed the informed design pedagogy into both the 3 - d simulations and the physical modeling. bloomsburg university ’ s institute for interactive technologies will provide the expertise in gaming, game development, and instructional design. bloomsburg faculty and students will build the active 3 - d worlds, design the background scenery, and develop animated human - like characters ( avatars ). knowledge and skill builder activities ( see informed design text box ), designed to teach important stem background concepts and skills, will be presented as realistic 3 - d simulations. the simulations will be driven by a knowledge - based engineering ( kbe ) framework. using kbe ( an object - oriented programming language tightly integrated with a geometric modeling tool ), developers capture knowledge about a design process, so that users, aided by 3 - d simulations, can evaluate the effect of design changes. tom robertson, president and ceo, kinetics inc., chapel hill, nc, is one of the nation ’ s foremost kbe experts. he will serve as a


the fruit of the church is holiness. it was therefore natural for the long process of the establishment of the orthodox church in america to be climaxed by witness of holiness - - the canonization of the holy elder herman of alaska. for those who participated in the ceremonies of the canonization in alaska, as well as for those who prayed to the newly glorified saint in churches throughout the united states and canada, this holiness was manifested in the depth of the holy elder ' s humility and in the strength of his faith. the act of canonization eclipsed everything else - - human plans for the future, fears, accomplishments, successes and failures. all this was illumined by new light, the light of sanctity now shining above america - - a light surpassing human reason and bringing the fullness of divine grace into the life of the church. in the course of its 175 - year existence the russian orthodox greek catholic church in america and canada went through many phases of a sociological and psychological nature. it began with the missionary efforts of the valaam monks and was at first totally involved in the christian enlightenment of the aleut natives and in the planting of christian morality and christian socio - economic foundations among them. it spread throughout the american continent and began to create new pan - orthodox units in america, continuing to be concerned about mission among the americans on the one hand, and organizing the first parishes for orthodox immigrants o all national origins on the other. when the orthodox immigrants were divided into more definite ethnic groups in which orthodoxy began to coincide with and sometimes was even replaced by ethnic aspirations, the church naturally began to expend much energy on the organization of our socio - ethnic " ghettos. " in these ghettos all that was brought from the old world was not developed but " preserved ", beginning with recipes and ending with language, culture and provincial politics. this period, which continued for a considerable time, had an undisputed significance in the process of church growth and development. thanks to this period a number of important principles in the areas of liturgical life, piety, traditions, character and order were preserved. it also created a prolonged crisis which caused members of our younger generations who were leaving their ethnic and parochial ghetto and associated it with something totally contradictory to the " american way of life " to reject not only their sociological roots but orthodoxy as well - - orthodoxy being so closely associated with sociological factors. in the last two or three decades a new current has appeared in our church life. the desire to " conserve " traditional values


of life " to reject not only their sociological roots but orthodoxy as well - - orthodoxy being so closely associated with sociological factors. in the last two or three decades a new current has appeared in our church life. the desire to " conserve " traditional values, so predominant in the sociological ghetto, began to be replaced gradually by the attempt to integrate orthodoxy into american life. these efforts were not always successful ; quite often they carried with them the danger simply of replacing what is russian, carpatho - russian, ukrainian by what is american. this, in terms of its quality, threatened to be as provincial as everything that preceded it. at the same time there was a growth of the healthy tendency to accomplish the " churching of americanism, " if one may put it that way, rather than the " americanization of orthodoxy. " there began an era of the discovery of orthodoxy in all it untarnished value of orthodoxy as a self - sufficient principle, to which all other principles must be subordinate. there began a rediscovery of the church ' s sacramental life, in which were to be found the sources of spiritual and intellectual sustenance. at first, orthodoxy was an " embarrassment " because it was a " foreign faith, " because it was something contradictory to " american culture. " later, orthodoxy became a source of " pride, " as one can be " proud " of exotic costumes, traditions and background. now, glory be to god, we have begun to live orthodoxy, that is, to understand fully that orthodoxy is not a museum, not a repository, not exoticism, but life. for many long years our ecclesiastical and social interests were concentrated almost exclusively upon ourselves, upon our own problems. even when we thought we were speaking about america our point of departure was our ethnic identity. america for us was " they " and not " we ". if, as a church, we participated in the life of the nation, this participation expressed itself first of all in the fact that we sent our children to the front, where they fought heroically for the country ' s freedom. as for the rest, our reactions always concentrated on negative things : we warned the country ( and were justified in doing so ) about political, moral and social dangers. although a portion of our participation was directed to creative ends, basically our participation was concentrated upon ourselves and the solution of our " internal problems. " we are accustomed to this approach ; it will not be easy for us to survive the crisis which has been placed before us by the


participation was directed to creative ends, basically our participation was concentrated upon ourselves and the solution of our " internal problems. " we are accustomed to this approach ; it will not be easy for us to survive the crisis which has been placed before us by the course of historical and ecclesiastical events. the resolution of this crisis is the major theme of the extremely important test to which our autocephaly has called us. it is useful to remember that in greek the world " crisis " means " judgment ". now the meaning of this word is relevant for us in the most direct way. god ' s judgment is being done to us, the judgment of history and the judgment of our conscience. in the light of this judgment we will have to justify the gift which has been handed to us by the church, the gift of maturity and independence. we wanted this and our desire has been fulfilled. looking with gratitude to all our past, to the entire and great tradition of russian and ecumenical orthodoxy which we have inherited, we should see in this a good and favorable wind and not a crutch for our support nor eyeglasses through which we can look at the reality of life. in accepting autocephaly we witnessed to our maximal loyalty to the historical road of america and canada. in accepting autocephaly our church accepted american and canadian citizenship ; the acceptance of citizenship always implies liberation from and rejection of any other historical and political loyalties. in turning from the 14th all - american sobor of the metropolia to the first council of the orthodox church in america we close the last volume of our 175 - year history and place it together with the other volumes on the shelf of experience and respect, simultaneously opening a fresh page of a new book of our ecclesiastical life. the title page of this book bears the inscription " orthodox church in america. " what will appear on the pages after the title depends on us. and so our autocephaly has placed our church face to face with america. all those things which earlier could stand between us psychologically - - " russian heritage, " our " emigre identity, " " tradition " and all similar factors - - have now disappeared. there is nothing that can shelter us from the reality before which god has placed us. to what extent does american life need us as a christian spiritual force, and to what degree do we need american reality? the second part of this question is so clear that no one is asking it : american life is our life. even those of us who have become american not by