margaret atwood novelist / poet the united states has promoted individualism so much that the responsibilities of giving to a community, and vice versa, have been trampled by rampant individualism. canada hasn ' t gone in that direction of extreme individualism : my mortgage ; my bank account ; no pies when i hurt my leg, and i won ' t bring pies to you. americans tried to weld some sort of fellow feeling in all of this - - to shed their ethnic roots and be part of an american identity but, paradoxically, an individual. community as once proposed meant all americans. that was the myth. all were not included in it. richard rodriguez writer / commentator america is not based on a communal notion. it ' s a low church protestant culture whose major discovery was the individual face - to - face with god. our greatest myth is about a boy who leaves home with a runaway slave, has no mother and a drunken father. we don ' t know how to share our individualistic culture. there ' s nothing more american than for me to say i ' m better off because i ' m mexican, and i want to exclaim my distinction. if mexicans, people of mixed blood, really want to be subversive, they should say " i ' m going to marry you, or your daughter. you ' ll eat my food, and we ' ll be friends. " susan faludi journalist / feminist the ideal community for americans is often an escape from political engagement. europeans are so much more engaged. community here is running away to the suburbs. the media has become our pseudocommunity. people don ' t belong, but if they ' re part of a sound bite, they feel part of a larger world. it ' s the false idea of the media as a public forum, an idea encouraged by politicians. people take their intimate stories on tv talk shows, replacing political engagement and community, which would actually bind people, with psychology and therapy. e. l. doctorow novelist communities appear temporally rather than spatially. they form as circumstances demand, and when the emergency is over people go back to their semi - estranged mood. communal expressions that really matter on a day - to - day basis are probably made by people who have no thought of community. a surgeon who only wants to make money and live well and has a lousy bedside manner still contributes. the korean grocer on the corner who works hard trying to survive may feel a foreigner, but the store is a contribution to


for community in all the wrong places. it ' s not goodwill and like - mindedness, it ' s daily experience in workplaces and neighborhoods and churches and civic groups. the sonoma county faith - based community organizing project is a prime example of concerned people coming together - - farmworkers, african - americans, whites of all classes, professionals, nuns, accountants, lawyers. they got together candidates for the school board, for example, and judged them on how well they listened to constituents ' concerns. it ' s a two - way process of public officials accepting accountability and citizens taking an active role. barbara kingsolver novelist there ' s no shame in depending on each other. there ' s heroism in ordinariness and connectedness and using relationship skills to get through difficult times, as opposed to the isolated heroism of the cowboy. look at the things in your living room or refrigerator and realize they were made by thousands of people on different continents. the lemons we buy at the grocery connect us with a food chain, with people coming up from mexico, being sprayed by pesticides. it ' s easier to see just a lemon, but only when we see the whole line can we feel connectedness and responsibility. harry edwards sociologist we need a new definition of community. we ' re a nation of nations ; we ' re not homogenous like japan. we need to look at pluralistic reality in terms of all interests, including white male, while recognizing the concerns of those in the minority opinion. it ' s good business to have everybody involved in the national life. a black community should produce students who can go to the universities equally - - without affirmative action or head start - - and it ' s in our mutual interest to see that the competence and quality are there to provide that equal opportunity. ellen goodman journalist there has always been a tension in the united states between individualism and community. the economy deals with us as individuals : you achieve success or you don ' t. we typically divided america into men as individualists and women as caretakers of the family and keepers of community - - until women had to go to work and saw themselves as individuals rather than as members. the baby boom generation broke from family ; there were so many of them it seemed like the whole country. now that they have families they have more longing for community. theodore roszak historian / author our culture builds bigger and bigger - - bigger forces, corporations, and trading alliances. the thrust toward the global in government, communications, and business goes against


overcoming perceived gis resource limitations this module ( teaching with gis ) is designed to highlight gis concepts that may be added to many geoscience topics and exercises. in particular, we focus on using gis at the level of introductory geoscience ; however, many of the exercises and concepts may be applied in upper level courses as well. we will attempt to answer the following questions : do i need to be a gis wizard to introduce gis concepts in my courses? answer : no! there are numerous web - based mapping utilities, some of which are specifically designed for geoscience applications. in addition, consumer - grade gps devices and mapping software are both cheaper and easier to learn than the professional gis / gps tools. many students new to geoscience are unfamiliar with mapping concepts that we take for granted as professional scientists. even simple geographic and cartographic concepts can help them understand more complex gis tasks at a later stage. the introduction of hands - on map creation / interpretation exercises and the associated terminology can greatly enhance the learning experience of the students. aren ' t the hardware and software requirements of gis prohibitive at the introductory level? answer : no! there are many options that may be pursued despite resource limitations or student difficulties with computer tasks. below are some ideas on what can be accomplished with different levels of resource availability or student background. keep in mind that this site is focused on how we can introduce gis within existing introductory geoscience courses : hardware - limited options — there is little or no access to computers / internet or gps receivers by students and / or instructor within the classroom. the students often have access to computers and the internet in public labs or have personal computers. faculty usually have access to the internet on their computers and may have access to some gis software. - instructor generates maps for exercises / labs utilizing online resources - utilize traditional paper maps ( e. g. geologic maps ) to introduce concepts of data - driven maps - assign homework exercises that access online resources from student - owned or campus computer labs software - limited options — some access to computers / internet and gps receivers, but little or no gis software for student / instructor use in or out of the classroom. - instructor generates maps for exercises / labs from online sources or gis software. note that there is gis shareware available ( e. g. grass ( more info ) ). - gps use in lab exercises, particulary field labs - shareware utilities to download gps data to computer - ms excel or other software used to


behind the buzz and beyond the hype : our nanowerk - exclusive feature articles posted : jun 28th, 2010 novel maskless e - beam technique a promising tool for engineering metallic nanostructures ( nanowerk spotlight ) the manufacture of certain types of nanostructures – nanotubes, graphene, nanoparticles, etc. – has already entered industrial - scale mass production. however, the controlled fabrication of nanostructures with arbitrary shape and defined chemical composition is still a major challenge in nanotechnology applications. it appears that electron beams from electron microscopes ( em ) – nowadays routinely focused down to the nanometer regime – are ideal candidates for versatile tools for nanotechnology ( see our recent nanowerk spotlight : " direct - write process brings nanotechnology fabrication closer to mass production " ). however, their usage is mostly restricted by the conditions in the corresponding electron microscopes, since most ems are housed in high vacuum chambers the unintended electron - beam - induced deposition of residual gases is a problem, as well as the maintenance of well defined sample conditions. researchers in germany have now presented a novel way to use a highly focused electron beam to lithographically fabricate clean iron nanostructures. this new technique expands the application field for focused electron beams in nanotechnology. " we have developed a novel two - step process to locally generate iron nanostructures on a commercial 300 nm silicon oxide substrate at room temperature, " hubertus marbach, a researcher at the universitat erlangen - nurnberg tells nanowerk. " in the first step, the surface is locally activated by a 3 nm wide electron beam. the second step comprises the development of the activated structures by dosing an organometallic precursor, which then decomposes and grows autocatalytically to form pure iron nanocrystals until the precursor supply is stopped. " using a more vivid picture, marbach says that one might think of the whole process as writing with invisible ink in the irradiation step, which is then made visible by the development step. " besides the fantasy - stimulating application to write secret nanomessages in ultrahigh vacuum, the described effect might be the starting point for a whole new way to generate nanostructures. " electrons as invisible ink. a siox surface can be locally activated with a focused electron beam ( 1 ) such that subsequently dosed [ fe ( co ) 5 ] decomposes ( 2 ) and auto


to generate nanostructures. " electrons as invisible ink. a siox surface can be locally activated with a focused electron beam ( 1 ) such that subsequently dosed [ fe ( co ) 5 ] decomposes ( 2 ) and autocatalytically grows to pure fe nanocrystals ( 3 ) at predefined positions until the precursor supply is stopped. a 3d representation of the sem data is in the background. ( reprinted with permission from wiley - vch verlag ) the major new aspect of this work is the local chemical activation, i. e. catalytic activation of an oxidic surface. the researchers use this process to locally dissociate adsorbed precursor molecules and then generate nanostructures with an electron beam ( a process that can be categorized as focused electron beam induced processing or febip, where the injection or removal of electrons can be used to trigger chemical processes, such as bond formation or dissociation ). the starting point of the present investigations was the so called electron beam induced deposition or ebid technique a special case of febip, where already adsorbed precursor molecules are locally dissociated with a focused electron beam, leaving a deposit of the nonvolatile dissociation products. to minimize the complications of unintended ebid of residual gases, the team followed a ' surface science approach ' where they worked under ultra high vacuum ( uhv ) conditions. this resulted in deposits with high purity. the cleanliness of the whole process, namely uhv conditions plus a well - defined surface, was identified as the key factor for the purity of the metallic nanostructures. in a previous paper, marbach and his team have described this technique ( " electron - beam - induced deposition in ultrahigh vacuum : lithographic fabrication of clean iron nanostructures " ) marbach explains that, in conventional applications, the high energetic primary electrons of the em beam are scattered in the sample. eventually, scattered electrons exit the surface again close to the impact of the electron beam. " in ebid, this effectively leads to a widening of the deposit compared to the size of the beam " he says. " this ( proximity ) effect increases with an increase of the local electron dose. since our fabrication technique relies on catalytic and autocatalytic effects, the electron dose needed as a ' seed ' for the growth of the iron nanostructures can be minimized, thus reducing the mentioned proximity effect. in other words, our


our fabrication technique relies on catalytic and autocatalytic effects, the electron dose needed as a ' seed ' for the growth of the iron nanostructures can be minimized, thus reducing the mentioned proximity effect. in other words, our approach might be suitable to produce smaller structures. " ebid allows almost every combination of deposit material and substrate to be targeted since there is a large variety of precursor molecules and there are nearly no restrictions in regard to the substrate. in this specific work, the researchers ' aim was to generate clean iron nanostructures with potential applications in the field of data storage, sensor or information processing devices or as seeds for the localized growth of other nanostructures like carbon nanotubes or silicon wires. with their novel febip process they are now moving on to explore other oxide materials and precursor molecules. " we propose our technique to pre - structure the surface by a local chemical modification as a general route to fabricate nanostructures, e. g. to locally anchor or activate functional molecules, " says marbach. one challenge of the novel process is the rather low writing speed. marbach points out though, that there are considerable efforts underway to develop multibeam instruments which would boost the throughput of electron - beam - based techniques, e. g. at the tu delft ( mapper lithography ) and the european charpan project located in vienna.


the following html text is provided to enhance online readability. many aspects of typography translate only awkwardly to html. please use the page image as the authoritative form to ensure accuracy. learning science in informal environments : people, places, and pursuits ing in informal environments. first, the assessments should not be limited to factual recall or other narrow cognitive measures of learning, but should address the range of relevant capabilities ( depicted in the six strands ) that informal environments are designed to promote. second, the assessments used should be valid, providing authentic evidence of participants ’ learning and competencies. third, assessments of informal science learning should fit with the experiences that make these environments attractive and engaging ; that is, any assessment activities undertaken in informal settings should not undermine the very features that make for effective engagement, such as learner choice, voluntary participation, and pursuit of science - related interests. conclusion 14 : learning experiences across informal environments may positively influence children ’ s science learning inschool, their attitudes toward science, and the likelihood that theywill consider science - related occupations or engage in lifelong science learning through hobbies and other everyday pursuits. although, as discussed in conclusion 13, the committee has serious reservations about using academic measures to assess learning in informal settings, we did find evidence that these settings may support improvements in student achievement, attainment, and career choices ( see, for example, discussion of strand 2 in chapter 6 ). these outcomes reflect a degree of overlap between academic and informal settings. however, informal environments may particularly foster capacities that are unlikely to register traceable effects on conventional academic measures, notably around interest and motivation ( strand 1 ) and identity ( strand 6 ). toward a common field conclusion 15 : the literature on learning science in informal environments is vast, but the quality of the research is uneven, at leastin part due to limited publication outlets ( i. e., dedicated journalsand special editions ) and a lack of incentives to publish for manyresearchers and evaluators in nonacademic positions. although there is a tremendous body of evidence relevant to learning science in informal environments, there is a limited ( but growing ) number of peer - reviewed outlets for publication devoted to it. while many scholars publish in a variety of peer - reviewed journals in education, psychology, and museum studies, others are not in academic positions and hence receive few rewards for publication. at present, much of the literature that informs the science learning in informal environments has not undergone rigorous, systematic peer review. in fact, the committee observed enormous variety


pulmonary hypertension ( ph ) refers to a condition in which high blood pressure exists within the vessels of the lungs. normally, venous ( low oxygen ) blood returns from the body to the right side of the heart where it is pumped to lungs via the pulmonary arteries. breathing brings oxygen to venous blood in the lungs, turning it into arterial ( high oxygen ) blood. arterial blood returns to the left side of the heart through the pulmonary veins where it is subsequently pumped to the rest of the body. healthy pulmonary arteries of the lungs are elastic, expanding and contracting with each beat of the heart. in ph, arteries stiffen and thicken, leading to increased resistance to blood passing through the vessel thereby increasing pressure. higher pulmonary pressure can lead to shortness of breath, low oxygen levels, chest pain, near - fainting / fainting, heart rhythm problems, and in its more advanced form, heart failure. pulmonary hypertension was previously classified as primary ( without obvious cause, or idiopathic ) or secondary ( occurring as a result of another disease ). although this terminology is still referenced in medical text, the revised world health organization classification system does away with these definitions and instead divides ph into 5 different categories based upon mechanism of disease. ph can occur in isolation or, more commonly, with diseases of the lungs and heart. ph in the absence of other diseases is very rare and generally idiopathic or familial in nature. this kind of ph is referred as pulmonary arterial hypertension ( pah ). ph is commonly associated with a variety of lung conditions characterized by low oxygen levels. these include emphysema, asthma, interstitial lung disease, chronic pulmonary blood clots or sleep apnea. when pulmonary hypertension arises from cardiac conditions such as heart failure, heart valve disease, or congenital heart disease, it is referred to a pulmonary venous hypertension. other important disease states associated with ph include connective tissue diseases ( scleroderma, lupus, rheumatoid arthritis ), sarcoidosis, hyperthyroidism, liver disease, sickle cell disease and bone marrow disorders. amphetamine use such as meth or the diet drug fen - phen has been linked to the development of ph. oftentimes multiple causes of ph are present.


a spell of poverty, about 83 percent of white children living in two - parent households headed by someone with at least a high school education will escape long - term poverty. in contrast, only 10 percent of poor black children in a household headed by a single woman without a high school diploma will avoid it. to explore the determinants of trends in poverty, the authors use data on state poverty rates over the period 1967 - 2003. possible explanations for changes in poverty include : changes in labor market opportunities, female labor force participation, family structure, and government assistance for the poor, and immigration. hoynes and her co - authors show that labor market opportunities are the major determinant of poverty. specifically, they find that the unemployment rate, median wages, and wage inequality in the lower half of the wage distribution all are significant determinants of poverty rates. overall, increasing the unemployment rate by 1 percentage point increases the poverty rate by 0. 4 to 0. 7 percentage points. increasing the median wage by 10 percent decreases the poverty rate by about 2 percentage points. increasing the ratio of the median wage to the average weekly wage in the 20 percentile of the wage distribution ( a measure of inequality ) by 10 percent increases the poverty rate by roughly 2. 5 percentage points. the strength of the relationship between these business cycle and labor market indicators and the poverty rate has declined in the past two decades, though. after 1980, the effects of unemployment, median wages, and wage inequality were about half their pre - 1980 magnitudes, the authors estimate. predicted poverty rates based on coefficients estimated with data from the entire period ( 1967 through 2003 ) are significantly higher than the actual poverty rate. in contrast, actual poverty rates are very close to the predictions for the post - 1980 period. this close correspondence between the actual poverty rate after 1980 and the poverty rates predicted by unemployment, median wages, and wage inequality in part solves the mystery of why poverty rates have not declined by more. the " answer " is familiar to those acquainted with trends in inequality over this period : poverty has not fallen despite robust economic growth because this growth did not result in rising wages at the median and below. missing from this analysis of labor market opportunities and poverty, though, is the dramatic increase in female labor force participation over this period ( a rise from 57 percent in 1970 to 76 percent in 2000 ). once the authors incorporate female labor supply into their poverty rate models, the puzzle returns. specifically, after 1980 actual poverty rates are substantially higher than predicted poverty rates. the


the ecliptic is the geometric plane that contains the orbit of the earth. the orbits of most planets in the solar system lie very close to it. seen from the earth, this is a bisecting great circle, superimposed upon the celestial sphere, which contains the different points of the sun ' s path, relative to the background stars, over the course of a year. the zodiac also lies along the ecliptic plane. the ecliptic plane is inclined by ~ 23. 5°, with respect to the celestial equator ; a result of axial tilt. the orbital plane of luna is inclined by ~ 5°, with respect to the ecliptic. the plane of the ecliptic is well seen in this picture from the 1994 lunar prospecting clementine spacecraft. clementine ' s camera reveals ( from right to left ) the moon lit by earthshine, the sun ' s glare rising over the moon ' s dark limb, and the planets saturn, mars and mercury ( the three dots at lower left ). because there are ~ 365. 25 days in a year and 360 degrees in a circle, the sun appears to move along the ecliptic at a rate of about 1° per day. this motion is from west to east, in opposition to the apparent east - west movement of the celestial sphere. the ecliptic and the celestial equator intersect at two points, directly opposite one another. these are the equinoxes and when the sun appears at these points, day and night are each about 12 hours long at all locations on earth. the point on the ecliptic that is farthest north of the celestial equator is called the summer solstice in the northern hemisphere, and the winter solstice in the southern hemisphere. when the sun is farthest south of the celestial equator the reverse is true.


involves lots of movement and silliness. afterwards, all students and teachers return to vc. location : other side of vc parking lot, rim rock trail ( or switch locations with station 2 ) leader : 1 ranger activity : plant scopes the ranger will lead a short discussion about plants, encouraging students to name some different types of plants ( trees, bushes, flowers, mosses, show examples or pictures of each ). ask students why plants are useful, and let them discuss this question for a couple of minutes. ( take notice if they mention human uses or animal uses. ) ranger will hold up various objects for the students to see ( pg 36 plt ) like a small branch, pencil, wooden toy, paper, etc. and ask where each one comes from ( trees! ). talk a little bit more about how humans use trees and other plants. ask the students if they think that animals use plants, too. discuss the uses / benefits of plants that the students mention, and show pictures of animals using plants - beaver dam, beaver chewing branch, butterfly on flower, deer scraping antlers, bird nest in tree, bird or squirrel in hollow tree / log, etc. after the discussion, have the students make a tree telescope ( pg. 71 plt ) using a toilet paper roll and decorating it with markers, double sided tape, leaves, twigs, and their creativity. next, have the students kneel down in their own space and use their scopes to look for examples of animals using plants ( insect galls, chewed leaf, scat, etc. ) gather briefly and allow a time for students to share their discoveries ( either through words or by showing the actual discovery ). ranger should conclude by emphasizing the importance of plants for both people and animals, and that plants and animals are interdependent. flowers depend on insects for pollination, trees depend on animals to eat their seeds and deposit them elsewhere, animals rely on plants as a source of food, etc. location : south rim vc leader : vc personnel or a classroom teacher activity : in the vc theater, show an educational video which ties together wildlife, plants, and habitats. leader should have each student sit in a chair, keep their hands to themselves, and quietly watch the movie. introduce the movie briefly and encourage the students to pay attention to the ways that the plants and animals interact. after the movie, have the students remain seated and ask some review questions to determine what the students learned. have the students line up and quietly exit the vc,


- the u. s. is committed to working together with china to tackle current energy challenges the world faces, including cultivating sufficient investment, the development and deployment of new energy technologies, and addressing greenhouse gas emissions from producing and using energy. - our cooperation spans power generation, efficient buildings, sustainable transportation, emissions - free nuclear power, and clean fossil fuels. - the u. s. and china are the world ' s largest energy consumers and are expected to remain the top two oil consumers in the world for the foreseeable future. china is likely to experience very large growth rates for both its economy and energy consumption over the next two decades. the u. s. continues working with china to increase energy efficiency and renewable energy use. - the actions of the u. s. and china matter for global energy demand, for global environmental quality, and for the challenge of global climate change. - our governments need to take positive action to reduce uncertainty in the market and encourage investment. only by providing clear signals to the energy industry can we secure our future energy needs. our governments should work together to increase energy security through : - fostering transparent and efficient energy markets ; - lowering trade barriers, particularly for clean energy and other environmental goods and services ; - supporting measures to increase energy efficiency ; and, - providing consistent policies for investment in oil, gas, coal, and renewables. the u. s. and china ' s strategic economic dialogue ( sed ) action plans : - the u. s. and china ' s five action plans - developed under the sed ten year energy and environment cooperation framework - are critically important. doe took the lead in working with china to develop the two energy - related action plans under the ten year framework, one on clean, efficient and secure electricity production and transmission and the other on clean and efficient transportation. - under these action plans, the u. s. and china will build on past cooperation, such as our work in promoting biofuels production and its use in transportation and in improving energy efficiency through industrial efficiency assessments. - the action plans also take us in important new directions, such as helping china to achieve low sulfur fuels for both gasoline and diesel engines and the introduction of more stringent emission standards in china for the transportation sector. - the u. s. continues to work with china through the strategic economic dialogue, energy policy dialogue, asia pacific partnership on clean development and climate and other bilateral and multilateral forums towards confronting our global energy challenges, including building efficiency, transportation, electricity, renewable and alternative energy


. continues to work with china through the strategic economic dialogue, energy policy dialogue, asia pacific partnership on clean development and climate and other bilateral and multilateral forums towards confronting our global energy challenges, including building efficiency, transportation, electricity, renewable and alternative energy sources and energy diversification, in a collaborative, environmentally effective, and economically sustainable approach. examples include conducting on - site industrial energy assessments, energy training at the mayors training center, building codes, and sustainable reconstruction in earthquake zones. past, current and future u. s. - china energy efficiency collaboration : - u. s. doe and the beijing municipality worked closely to promote use of clean energy technologies at the 2008 summer olympic games. doe provided expert technical and policy assistance. - the olympic village was approximately 50 percent more energy efficient than similar buildings in beijing. doe worked with the developer and the us green building council ( gbc ) to submit the entire olympic village as a usgbc leadership in energy and environmental design ( leed ) building under its leadership in energy and environmental design rating system, receiving a gold leed certification. this is the first olympic village to receive such recognition. in addition, the olympic welcome center is a near zero energy building, also called a micro - energy building. - doe technical support provided a variety of energy efficiency technologies to reduce the heating and cooling loads, improve lighting efficiency, save water and serve as models of what the next generation of housing could be in china. - doe continues to work with its chinese counterparts to conduct energy efficiency assessments of buildings and industry factories, among others, to improve energy use and cut greenhouse gas emissions ; to expand cooperation on biofuels production and use ; and to promote large - scale deployment of electric - drive and fuel cell technologies for transportation. - doe is now working with chinese officials to prepare an action plan on energy efficiency in the latest development under the sed ten year framework. - through u. s. - china partnerships and discussions, the two countries will continue to make progress in all of these areas while sustaining economic growth. the path forward : - the world needs more energy supplies of all types. we need more hydrocarbons now and in the near future. over time, the role of renewable energy will continue to grow. diversity of supplies, suppliers and supply routes is a key component to enhancing global energy security. - u. s. - china partnerships and bilateral discussions will drive progress toward reducing energy consumption and cutting greenhouse gas emissions and promoting more efficient energy markets. healy baumgardner, ( 202 ) 586 -


he is sad, he will not put them on ; but if going to a dance, to a picnic, or to promenade, if he has money in his pocket, or gaiety in his heart, he must bloom. over one ear, or both, in the hair, on the head, around the neck, both sexes were passionately fond of this age - old sign of kinship with nature. the lei in hawaii around the hat or the neck spells the same meaning, but the flood of outsiders has lost hawaii all but the merest remnant of its ancient ways, while here still persisted customs which a century of european difference and indifference has not crushed out. here, as there, more lasting wreaths for the hat were woven of shells or beads in various colors. as i strolled past the houses, every one greeted me pleasantly. " la ora na, " they said, or " bon jour! " i replied in kind. i had not been a day in tahiti before i felt kindled in me an affection for its dark people which i had never known for any other race. it was an admixture of friendship, admiration, and pity — of affection for their beautiful natures, of appreciation of the magnificence of their physical equipment, and of sympathy for them in their decline and inevitable passing under the changed conditions of environment made by the sudden smothering of their instinctive needs in the sepia of commercial civilization. i saw that those natives remaining, laughing and full of the desire for pleasure as they were, must perish because unfit to survive in the morass of modernism in which they were sinking, victims of a system of life in which material profits were the sole goal and standard of the rulers. the tahitians are tall, vigorous, and superbly rounded. the men, often more than six feet or even six and a half feet in height, have a mien of natural majesty and bodily grace. they convey an impression of giant strength, reserve power, and unconscious poise beyond that made by any other race. american indians i have known had much of this quality when resident far from towns, but they lacked the curving, padded muscles, the ease of movement, and, most of all, the smiling faces, the ingratiating manner, of these children of the sun. the tahitians ' noses are fairly flat and large ; the nostrils dilated ; their lips full and sensual ; their teeth perfectly shaped and very white and sound ; their chins strong, though


get flash to fully experience pearltrees photo : meddygarnet happiness is, by nature, a subjective quality with a definition like a moving target. there is scant evidence — qualitative or quantitative — to lend convincing support to those life variables most critical in determining individual happiness, which is likely why past researchers committed to the scientific method rarely tried to tackle the subject. this is changing. psychological ( " personality " ) types according to jung ' s theory of psychological types we are all different in fundamental ways. one ' s ability to process different information is limited by their particular type. these types are sixteen. you ' ve likely heard that body language accounts for up to 55 % of how we communicate, but reading non - verbal cues isn ' t just about broad strokes. the same gesture can indicate a number of different things depending on context. in this post, we ' re going to take a look at three common situations in which non - verbal cues are especially important — detecting lies, going on a date, and interviewing for a job — then explain how to interpret body language more accurately so that you can read between the lines when a person ' s words aren ' t necessarily conveying the way that they honestly feel. we lie a lot. when having a conversation with a stranger, chances are we ' ll lie in the first ten minutes. by david johnson like death and taxes, there is no escaping color. it is ubiquitous. yet what does it all mean? interesting info - > lying index - > how to detect lies become a human lie detector ( part 1 ) warning : sometimes ignorance is bliss.


deeper, inward helping. so the god who created us, and who when we lost our way took the step to come after us in jesus christ in order to open the way to eternal life, now takes a further step. he invades our inmost central being by the power of his love, enabling us to see that all that he has done and is doing in christ is for us, out of love and compassion for us. even barth finally said, " the being and activity of jesus christ has essentially and necessarily the form... in which he turns precisely to the single human being, to you and to me,... in which he makes common cause with a particular one precisely in that one ' s loneliness, in which his holy spirit speaks just to that one ' s spirit. " and only by the power of this divine love are we enabled, freely, to respond in love, to accept the fact that we are accepted. 3. how does such an experience come to each of us? in a blinding, overwhelming, mystical sense of being caught up into oneness with god? not in the reformed tradition. god ' s love does not obliterate our own free struggle. god honors too much " the dignity, truth and actuality which belong to the individual christian subject as such " ( barth ). every major expression of the reformed tradition agrees that the shape or form that this experience of god as holy spirit takes is faith, a relationship in which god takes the initiative to make it possible and the person accepts and responds with the heart. it is faith that saves us, not because of our response but because it unites us with jesus christ, from whom new life flows into us. as calvin says, christ remains an object of " cold speculation... at a great distance from us " unless and until we are united with him. and " it is only in the spirit that he unites himself with us... only through faith does he lead us into the light of the gospel. " 4. the reformed tradition clearly asserts that this event of faith is a profoundly mysterious, even mystical, one. but it also asserts that it cannot be known or seen directly, consciously. it happens, but it is invisible, unanalyzable, indescribable. the truth of this event therefore comes to us in its effects. the concrete shape of faith - union with christ, of the coming of god as holy spirit, is twofold. it is the experience of forgiveness, the


indescribable. the truth of this event therefore comes to us in its effects. the concrete shape of faith - union with christ, of the coming of god as holy spirit, is twofold. it is the experience of forgiveness, the qualitative change in our relation with god ( justification, reconciliation ). it is also the experience of the newness of life, the gradual permeation of our entire life and being by the spirit of christ ( sanctification, but not perfection ). 5. the coming of god as holy spirit into our lives is always and simultaneously both individual and corporate. there is no such thing as a lone christian, living in his or her own relation with god in splendid isolation. the holy spirit always comes to us and works within us through and with the scriptures, the sacraments, and the communal worship and work of the christian koinonia ( church ). and individual christians find the fulfillment of faith in that work as it carries them beyond the church in order to shed the love of god abroad into the lives of god ' s children who are lost and lonely, hungry and oppressed, naked and in prison — the rev. arnold b. come, formerly president of san francisco theological seminary, now retired and living in greenbrae, calif. " the spirit could turn us around " by cecilio arrastia for many followers of john calvin, the trinity has been reduced to two persons. we have some definitions of the function and the character of god as father, we have some clarity when it comes to the role of the son, but we are very imprecise when we talk about the reality of the holy spirit and his function in the christian equation. the book of confessions provides some answers to the question, what do — or should — presbyterians believe about the holy spirit? the work of the spirit of god is characterized both in relation to the individual christian and to the church as a community : the scots confession says, " we confess that the holy ghost does sanctify and regenerate us, without respect to any merit proceeding from us, be it before or be it after our regeneration " ( 3 : 12 ). the westminster confession of faith is more detailed and specific. first of all, it tells us what the spirit deserves and expects from believers : the spirit is " to be believed in, loved, obeyed and worshiped, throughout all ages. " this means that the spirit is on the same level of dignity and majesty as that of the father and the


of dispersed hebrews. it brought about unity in diversity, community without any interference, and it was the total reverse of babel. on pentecost there were many languages but a clear process of communication. the second incident, described in acts 10, is also very revealing. we read that " while peter was still saying this, the holy spirit fell on all who heard the word. " the traditional, orthodox jewish believers were " amazed, because the gift of the holy spirit had been poured out even on the gentiles. " here we have the breaking of frontiers, the widening of the horizon of the christian mission. baptism becomes a privilege also of those who are " gentiles. " the universality of the gospel is dramatized. the second israel is according to god ' s grace, not according to genes or history or culture or tradition. again the spirit unites those god intends to bring together. it is a breaking down of classes within the christian family. the third vignette comes from the very corrupt and paganized city of ephesus. paul is explaining the difference between the baptism of john, by water, and the baptism of jesus, by the spirit ( acts 19 ). " on hearing this, they were baptized in the name of the lord jesus. and when paul had laid his hands upon them, the holy spirit came on them. " the spirit is given to evangelize another family of gentiles, the greeks. the entire city of ephesus is impacted by the proclamation of the gospel. its economic, religious, cultural and emotional life is touched in a dramatic way. there is turmoil - - riot and revolution. and there is the destruction of some old myths and the acceptance of a new way of life - - " the way " of the lord. in each instance, the spirit is given for the fulfillment of a missionary task, to preach to the diaspora community, to the romans and to the greeks. the giving of the spirit is positive, and he is personal but social too. the spirit consolidates the christian family, and then sends its members out to proclaim and share the gospel, the good things that god has done in them, for them, with them. if the presbyterian church, with its decreasing membership and number of overseas fraternal workers, could grasp this perception of the spirit and this experience of his transforming, sending power, the spirit could turn around our denomination ad majorem dei gloriam ( " for the greater glory of god " ). church growth would


it is not always clear what being a confessional church means in practice. the task force is seeking answers to such questions as : what were the issues that prompted the earlier confessions? what issues are crucial today? how did writers in times past confess their faith in response to the holy spirit ' s guidance, and what lessons can we learn from their witness? how did scripture inform and reform the church ' s doctrine and teaching, and what faithful response are we to make in our day? 2. the work of the special assembly committee to write a brief statement of reformed faith will provide opportunities for presbyterians to look afresh at their own faith and practice as well as that of the church catholic and ecumenical. the committee will seek to learn from the word of god what presbyterians are to think, say and do in this particular time, situation and place in which god calls them to confession. it will explore concretely and specifically the theological, personal, economic and social issues the word of god is calling the pcusa to address as it shapes its mission efforts. 3. the directory for the service of god will provide opportunities to translate confessional heritage into the common work of praising and worshiping god. the directory will be guided by that heritage that frees us to resist imposed forms but constrains us to obey god ' s word in matters of worship, to be informed by our reformed confessions, to be catholic rather than sectarian in scope and orientation, to be open to the richness of traditional and cultural ways of responding to god ' s grace, to assure an openness to the holy spirit ' s creativity, which is spontaneous and yet orderly, and to recognize that as we faithfully worship god, the holy spirit sends us to bear witness to jesus christ in the world. 4. in relation to the design for a reformed and presbyterian educational ministry familiar themes emerge : it will be reformed by the word of god, biblically grounded, historically informed, ecumenically involved, socially engaged, and communally nurtured. to be reformed by the word of god is to study both scripture and the contemporary world for the sake of authentic worship and responsible mission. to be historically informed is to approach with appreciation the historic faith as evident in the confessions, linking us with the communion of saints through the ages. to be ecumenically involved is to be led by the holy spirit into becoming more aware of the oneness of the church, and to participating in mission with other denominations and in other countries. to be socially engaged is to follow obediently as


friday, may 24, 2013 melissa healy / los angeles times don ’ t be fooled by some of the jargon of biomedical research : people who respond strongly to placebo medications are not dummies. a new study finds they tend to be people you would describe in much more favorable terms : straightforward, tough in the face of difficulty, and willing to lend others a hand. maybe the people who don ’ t respond well to placebos are the dummies : angry, hostile and prone to negativity, these people seem far less capable of harnessing their minds to the task of healing their bodies, says the new research. in clinical trials, a placebo is a “ dummy ” therapy, a sham version of the real thing. it helps give researchers a basis for comparison. if an experimental drug or treatment works far better than the placebo, its effect is presumed to be “ real. ” the “ placebo effect ” was long dismissed as an improvement that is “ all in your head ” : imagined, ephemeral, the response of the gullibly hopeful. the problem is that the placebo effect is often very real, a powerful testament to the mind ’ s influence over physical pain, infection and disease. the belief that a treatment will work can help mobilize the immune system, blunt pain and promote healing. for doctors, knowing who is most, and least, responsive to the placebo effect can be a useful clue to which patients are primed to heal and which may need more aggressive therapy. and for researchers trying to disentangle a treatment ’ s direct effects from those supplied by the study participant, it would be helpful to know which subjects would probably respond irrespective of whether they get the real thing or the sham. now, both have their answer, published this month in the journal neuropsychopharmacology. about 50 volunteers at the university of michigan completed assessments that nail down personality traits known to stay stable across most people ’ s life spans. in addition to gauges of altruism and empathy, they completed measures of neuroticism, extroversion, openness to experience, agreeableness and conscientiousness. the volunteers then had infusions of two forms of saline solution into their jaw muscles : one that was expected to cause pain and another that should not. they sometimes got a real pain reliever, and at others got a placebo, never knowing what combination of conditions they were getting. not only did participants rate their pain and their


: one that was expected to cause pain and another that should not. they sometimes got a real pain reliever, and at others got a placebo, never knowing what combination of conditions they were getting. not only did participants rate their pain and their pain relief regularly ; their levels of the stress hormone cortisol — a good gauge of discomfort — were tested and the activity levels of their body ’ s own painkilling response in the brain were measured. those who experienced pain relief from the fake analgesic didn ’ t just report it ; their brain showed that their body ’ s pain suppression mechanisms — the natural release of opioid - like chemicals in the brain — snapped into high gear. and when researchers looked to see which subjects responded most strongly to the placebos, they saw people who rated highly on measures of altruism and the capacity to withstand and overcome stressors. they also tended to be highly straightforward : more direct and frank in their approach to others, less guarded and not manipulative. “ people with those factors had the greatest ability to take environmental information — the placebo — and convert it to a change in biology, ” said university of michigan psychiatrist dr. jon - kar zubieta, the paper ’ s senior author and an expert on the placebo effect.


a plan is typically any diagram or list of steps with timing and resources, used to achieve an objective. see also strategy. it is commonly understood as a temporal set of intended actions through which one expects to achieve a goal. for spatial or planar topologic or topographic sets see map. plans can be formal or informal : - structured and formal plans, used by multiple people, are more likely to occur in projects, diplomacy, careers, economic development, military campaigns, combat, or in the conduct of other business. in most cases, the absence of a well - laid plan can have adverse effects : for example, a non - robust project plan can cost the organization time and money. - informal or ad - hoc plans are created by individuals in all of their pursuits. the most popular ways to describe plans are by their breadth, time frame, and specificity ; however, these planning classifications are not independent of one another. for instance, there is a close relationship between the short - and long - term categories and the strategic and operational categories. it is common for less formal plans to be created as abstract ideas, and remain in that form as they are maintained and put to use. more formal plans as used for business and military purposes, while initially created with and as an abstract thought, are likely to be written down, drawn up or otherwise stored in a form that is accessible to multiple people across time and space. this allows more reliable collaboration in the execution of the plan. other articles related to " formal " :... formal methods, mathematically - based techniques for the specification, development and verification of software and hardware systems formal...... formal theory can refer to another name for a theory which is expressed in formal language... by symbols and its operators formal theory from political science, the theoretical modeling of social systems based on game theory, dynamical systems theory, among...... students are not required to wear gowns at formal halls, with exception of at certain college feasts... in special formal meals such as matriculation dinner or scholars ' feast the master usually raises a toast, first to the queen and then to “ sir winston "... in other formal halls this is usually made by a senior student once the fellows have left...... individuals are deemed undesirable in urban space because they do not fit into social norms, which causes unease for many residents of certain neighborhoods... this fear has been deepened by the broken windows theory and


have left...... individuals are deemed undesirable in urban space because they do not fit into social norms, which causes unease for many residents of certain neighborhoods... this fear has been deepened by the broken windows theory and exploited in policies seeking to remove undesirables from visible areas of society...... solely to the final year, it may be described as a ball, school formal, or simply formal... a dinner - dance, leavers ' dinner or debutante ball but is also commonly called a school formal or " formal "... have a valedictory dinner, which is like the formal but has students, parents and teachers instead of students and dates... famous quotes containing the words plans and / or formal : “ a father... knows exactly what those boys at the mall have in their depraved little minds because he once owned such a depraved little mind himself. in fact, if he thinks enough about the plans that he used to have for young girls, the father not only will support his wife in keeping their daughter home but he might even run over to the mall and have a few of those boys arrested. ” — bill cosby ( 20th century ) “ that anger can be expressed through words and non - destructive activities ; that promises are intended to be kept ; that cleanliness and good eating habits are aspects of self - esteem ; that compassion is an attribute to be prizedall these lessons are ones children can learn far more readily through the living example of their parents than they ever can through formal instruction. ” — fred rogers ( 20th century )


science - june 11, 2004 " with clarity and precision, marcus, a developmental psychologist at new york university, lays to rest the rumors of a gene shortage and also rebuts the argument that minds are too complex to have been designed over evolutionary time by the process of natural selection " - - clark barrett department of anthropology metapsychology - april 30, 2004 " a wonderful book which i heartily recommend to any interested readers who want to explore either genomics or the workings of the mind / brain " - - lloyd wells, md, phd about half of the estimated 30, 000 - odd genes in the human genome are expressed in the brain. among these genes is hidden the explanation for our unique human cognitive abilities, and for many of the differences between individual people. developmental neurobiology is the essential bridge for connecting genome to behavior, but despite its obvious importance, there has not yet been a popular book devoted to this subject. the birth of the mind is an ambitious attempt to fill this gap... a concise and very readable introduction to the field... as clear an account as i have ever seen of the nature versus nurture " debate "... einstein famously advised that everything should be made as simple as possible, but no simpler. marcus takes this to heart...... i have no hesitation recommending it to students, scientists from other disciplines, or lay readers wanting to learn something about this fascinating and fast - developing field. executive editor of the nature research journals. - - anthony monaco director of the wellcome trust centre for human genetics university of oxford - - therese littleton " [ written ] in a down - to - earth style about an out - of - this - world subject matter... this awe - inspiring book shows the intricate relationship between our genes and our thinking patterns and learning styles. " " the birth of the mind [ is ] totally mind - boggling... a page - turner that is all nonfiction " " interesting and accessible... progress in genomics means that we are now ready to learn about the mind by understanding how genes build the brain. " " a lucid, pleasing chronicle of how genes construct the human mind. " " marcus ' upbeat, friendly writing style... makes even the most arcane genetics principles a joy to read. " " a rare and delicate balance of scientific detail and layperson accessibility "


familiarity plays an important role in face processing. the importance of familiarity is increased when facial form cues are degraded, so that a person must rely primarily on movement ( dynamic ) information to identify someone. it is, however, unclear which dynamic cues are used for face recognition of both familiar and unfamiliar faces. furthermore, little work has been done on dynamic self - face recognition, and none has focused on the type of movement that facilitates this process. the current study used motion capture cameras to record and isolate facial movements in order to test recognition of self, familiar and unfamiliar faces. participants completed a 2afc same / different face - matching task involving point - light displays of natural motion ( i. e. both rigid and non - rigid motion ), rigid motion only ( e. g. nodding / shaking ), non - rigid motion only ( e. g. mouth / eyebrow motion ) and still images to determine whether differences in familiarity resulted in the use of different movement cues. the manner ( style ) in which someone is speaking may also impact on whether they can be easily identified from dynamic cues. consequently, speech style was either matched or mismatched between video clips. we found that matching performance was more accurate overall when speech style was matched than mismatched. familiar face matching appears to use rigid, non - rigid and natural movement cues equally, but unfamiliar and self - face matching are more accurate for rigid than natural motion when speech style differs between clips. these results are discussed in relation to previous research on dynamic face recognition, and possible implications for current face processing models. copyright 2009 by the australasian society for cognitive science. publisher version archived with the permission of the editor, ascs09 : proceedings of the 9th conference of the australasian society for cognitive science. this copy is available for individual, non - commercial use. permission to reprint / republish this version for other uses must be obtained from the publisher.


if you are able to impress the examiner you are likely to improve your grades. this app contains simple and powerful tips to get the examiner onside and boost your grades during the all important exams. you need to know your numbers really well - you can be certain that numbers will come up more than once in your exams. in the following exercise, read the speech bubble and then click on the winning sequence in the strip above : you need to be able to talk about yourself, say where you come from and what nationality you are. this exercise will help you to see whether you are confident in the basic phrases you need to talk about yourself. look at the dialogue below. some words have been missed out. click and drag on the correct word and place it in the correct place in the dialogue. watch out - there are some extra words! there is a lot of vocabulary in this topic - family members, description, characteristics, colours, nationalities... we all like talking about other people, so this is a really useful topic to know when you talk to german - speaking people - it will also gain you loads of marks in the exams! you may need to write about yourself - your family, pets. how much do you know? this letter contains lots of essential words and structures. click on the correct words and drag them into the correct space. watch out - three of the words won ' t be used! in german, it is a little different. when you look up a word in a dictionary, you will see the plural in brackets next to the word, so you know what todo. for example, if you look up the word for ' dog ' you will find ' der hund ( - e ) '. the " - e " in brackets means that you add an " e " to the word hund if you want to say you have more than one dog. for example : ' i have two dogs ' = ' ich habe zwei hunde '. there are other plurals in german. look at the list below. make sure you know what to do when you use a dictionary : | der hund ( - e ) | | dog | | hunde | | der vogel ( " ) | | bird | | vogel | | das meerschweinchen ( - ) | | guinea pig | | meerschweinchen | | der hamster ( - ) | | hamster | | hamster | in this exercise, complete the sentence by typing in the correct plural word. mark


science of breath, by yogi ramacharaka, pseud. william atkinson,, at sacred - texts. com the science of breath, like many other teachings, has its esoteric or inner phase, as well as its exoteric or external. the physiological phase may be termed the outer or exoteric side of the subject, and the phase which we will now consider may be termed its esoteric or inner side. occultists, in all ages and lands, have always taught, usually secretly to a few followers, that there was to be found in the air a substance or principle from which all activity, vitality and life was derived. they differed in their terms and names for this force, as well as in the details of the theory, but the main principle is to be found in all occult teachings and philosophies, and has for centuries formed a portion of the teachings of the oriental yogis. in order to avoid misconceptions arising from the various theories regarding this great principle, which theories are usually attached to some name given the principle, we, in this work, will speak of the principle as " prana, " this word being the sancrit term meaning " absolute energy. " many occult authorities teach that the principle which the hindus term " prana " is the universal principle of energy or force, and that all energy or force is derived from that principle, or, rather, is a particular form of manifestation of that principle. these theories do not concern us in the consideration of the subject matter of this work, and we will therefore confine ourselves to an understanding of prana as the principle of energy exhibited in all living things, which distinguishes them from a lifeless thing. we may consider it as the active principle of lifevital force, if you please. it is found in all forms of life, from the amoeba to manfrom the most elementary form of plant life to the highest form of animal life. prana is all pervading. it is found in all things having life, and as the occult philosophy teaches that life is in all thingsin every atomthe apparent lifelessness of some things being only a lesser degree of manifestation, we may understand their teachings that prana is everywhere, in everything. prana must not be confounded with the egothat bit of divine spirit in every soul, around which clusters matter and energy. prana is merely a form of energy used by the ego in its material manifestation. when the ego leaves the body, the pr


not be confounded with the egothat bit of divine spirit in every soul, around which clusters matter and energy. prana is merely a form of energy used by the ego in its material manifestation. when the ego leaves the body, the prana, being no longer under its control, responds only to the orders of the individual atoms, or groups of atoms, forming the body, and as the body disintegrates and is resolved to its original elements, each atom takes with it sufficient prana to enable it to form new combinations, the unused prana returning to the great universal storehouse from which it came. with the ego in control, cohesion exists and the atoms are held together by the will of the ego. prana is the name by which we designate a universal principle, which principle is the essence of all motion, force or energy, whether manifested in gravitation, electricity, the revolution of the planets, and all forms of life, from the highest to the lowest. it may be called the soul of force and energy in all their forms, and that principle which, operating in a certain way, causes that form of activity which accompanies life. this great principle is in all forms of matter, and yet it is not matter. it is in the air, but it is not the air nor one of its chemical constituents. animal and plant life breathe it in with the air, and yet if the air contained it not they would die even though they might be filled with air. it is taken up by the system along with the oxygen, and yet is not the oxygen. the hebrew writer of the book of genesis knew the difference between the atmospheric air and the mysterious and potent principle contained within it. he speaks of neshemet ruach chayim, which, translated, means " the breath of the spirit of life. " in the hebrew neshemet means the ordinary breath of air, and chayim means life or lives, while the word ruach means the " spirit of life, " which occultists claim is the same principle which we speak of as prana. prana is in the atmospheric air, but it is also elsewhere, and it penetrates where the air cannot reach. the oxygen in the air plays an important part in sustaining animal life, and the carbon plays a similar part with plant life, but prana has its own distinct part to play in the manifestation of life, aside from the physiological functions. we are constantly inhaling the air charged with prana,


in sustaining animal life, and the carbon plays a similar part with plant life, but prana has its own distinct part to play in the manifestation of life, aside from the physiological functions. we are constantly inhaling the air charged with prana, and are as constantly extracting the latter from the air and appropriating it to our uses. prana is found in its freest state in the atmospheric air, which when fresh is fairly charged with it, and we draw it to us more easily from the air than from any other source. in ordinary breathing we absorb and extract a normal supply of prana, but by controlled and regulated breathing ( generally known as yogi breathing ) we are enabled to extract a greater supply, which is stored away in the brain and nerve centers, to be used when necessary. we may store away prana, just as the storage battery stores away electricity. the many powers attributed to advanced occultists is due largely to their knowledge of this fact and their intelligent use of this stored - up energy. the yogis know that by certain forms of breathing they establish certain relations with the supply of prana and may draw on the same for what they require. not only do they strengthen all parts of their body in this way, but the brain itself may receive increased energy from the same source, and latent faculties be developed and psychic powers attained. one who has mastered the science of storing away prana, either consciously or unconsciously, often radiates vitality and strength which is felt by those coming in contact with him, and such a person may impart this strength to others, and give them increased vitality and health. what is called " magnetic healing " is performed in this way, although many practitioners are not aware of the source of their power. western scientists have been dimly aware of this great principle with which the air is charged, but finding that they could find no chemical trace of it, or make it register on any of their instruments, they have generally treated the oriental theory with disdain. they could not explain this principle, and so denied it. they seem, however, to recognize that the air in certain places possesses a greater amount of " something " and sick people are directed by their physicians to seek such places in hopes of regaining lost health. the oxygen in the air is appropriated by the blood and is made use of by the circulatory system. the prana in the air is appropriated by the nervous system and is used in its work. and as the oxygenated blood is


. the oxygen in the air is appropriated by the blood and is made use of by the circulatory system. the prana in the air is appropriated by the nervous system and is used in its work. and as the oxygenated blood is carried to all parts of the system, building up and replenishing, so is the prana carried to all parts of the nervous system, adding strength and vitality. if we think of prana as being the active principle of what we call " vitality, " we will be able to form a much clearer idea of what an important part it plays in our lives. just as in the oxygen in the blood used up by the wants of the system, so the supply of prana taken up by the nervous system is exhausted by our thinking, willing, acting, etc., and in consequence constant replenishing is necessary. every thought, every act, every effort of the will, every motion of a muscle, uses up a certain amount of what we call nerve force, which is really a form of prana. to move a muscle the brain sends out an impulse over the nerves, and the muscle contracts, and so much prana is expended. when it is remembered that the greater portion of prana acquired by man comes to him from the air inhaled, the importance of proper breathing is readily understood.


side, now lie on his hack, wrapped like a dead man ; and thus would he pass ten consecutive days, more or less, neither eating nor drinking nor speaking nor stirring. " his style and diction resemble the choicest and finest jewel - work of a fastidious artist rather than the first - fruits of divine inspiration. yet i am not inclined to doubt the statement that his poetry was composed in an abnormal manner 2. the history of mysticism records numerous instances of the kind. blake said that he was drunk with intellectual vision whenever he took a pencil or graver in his hand. " st catherine of siena, " we are told, " dictated her great dialogue to her secretaries whilst in the state of ecstasy 3. " " when jalaluddin rumi was drowned in the ocean of love he used to take hold of a pillar in his house and set himself turning round it. meanwhile he versified and dictated, and people wrote down the verses 4. " since the form of such automatic composition will largely depend on materials stored within the mystic ' s brain, and on the literary models with which he is familiar, we need not be surprised if his visions and revelations sometimes find spontaneous utterance in an elaborately artificial style. the intense passion and glowing rapture of ibnu l - farid ' s poetry are in keeping with this account of the way in which it was produced 1. that he may have written it while not under the influence of ecstasy, i can conceive 2 ; but that he wrote it in cold blood, for the sake of those who might enjoy sharpening their wits upon it, seems to me incredible. the double character of islamic mystical poetry makes it attractive to many who are out of touch with pure mysticism. ibnu l - farid would not be so popular in the east if he were understood entirely in a spiritual sense. the fact that parts of the diwan cannot be reasonably understood in any other sense would not, perhaps, compel us to regard the whole as spiritual, unless that view of its meaning were supported by the poet ' s life, the verdict of his biographers and commentators, and the agreement of moslem critical opinion ; but as things are, we can declare, with nabulusi, that " in every erotic description, whether the subject thereof be male or female, and in all imagery of gardens, flowers, rivers, birds and the like he refers to the divine reality manifested in phenomena, and not to those phenomena themselves 3. " this reality,


every erotic description, whether the subject thereof be male or female, and in all imagery of gardens, flowers, rivers, birds and the like he refers to the divine reality manifested in phenomena, and not to those phenomena themselves 3. " this reality, i. e. god ( or, in some places, mohammed conceived as the logos ) is the beloved whom the poet addresses and celebrates under many namesnow as one of the heroines of arabian minnesong, now as a gazelle or a driver of camels or an archer shooting deadly glances from his eye ; most frequently as plain he or she. the odes retain the form, conventions, topics, and images of ordinary love - poetry : their inner meaning hardly ever obtrudes itself, although its presence is everywhere suggested by a strange exaltation of feeling, fine - drawn phantasies in which ( as the same french critic remarks ) the poet is rapt " au - dela des bornes de la droite raison, " mysterious obscurities of diction and subtle harmonies of sound. if ibnu l - farid had followed the example of ibnu l - arabi and written a commentary on his own poems, it might have added considerably to our knowledge of his mystical beliefs, but i am not sure that it would have had much greater interpretative value than the work of his commentators, who profess to explain the esoteric meaning of every verse in the odes. while such analysis may be useful within certain limits, we should recognise how little it is capable of revealing. an eminent scholar came to ibnu l - farid and asked permission to write a commentary on his masterpiece, the nazmu l - suluk. " in how many volumes? " " two. " the poet smiled. " had i wished, " said he, " i could have written two volumes of commentary on every verse of it 1. " the more interpreters, the more interpretations, as those who have given time and labour to the study of mysticism well know. poetry of this kind suggests more than it says, and means all that it may suggest. we cannot do without the commentators, however, and they will help us a good deal if we learn to use them discreetly. when they handle their text like philologists and try to fasten precise mystical significations upon individual words and phrases, the process is as fatal to poetry as the result is likely to be far from truth. against this, they have the immense advantage of being


fancy - free, for love ' s joy is sorrow : its beginning a sickness and its end a slaying ; yet, methinks, death owing to love - desire is a life that my loved one bestows upon me as a boon 3. if separation be my guerdon from you, and if there be no ( real ) distance between us, i regard that separation as union. repulse is nothing but love, so long as it is not hate ; and the hardest thing, excepting only your aversion, is easy to bear. delicious to me is the torment which ye inflict ; and the injustice which love ordains that ye do unto me is justice. and my patience, a patience both without you and with you 4its bitterness seems to me everlastingly sweet 5. besides the two protagonists, arabian love - poetry introduces several minor figures, who play a helping or hindering part in the idyll. ibnu l - farid, of course, uses them allegorically. one of them is the " watcher " ( raqib ), who prevents the lover from approaching. the " slanderer " ( washi ) represents the logical and intellectual faculty, which cannot pierce beyond the outward forms of things. more important than either of these ( to judge by the frequent passages of description and dialogue in which he appears ), and more dangerous, because of his greater plausibility, is the " blamer " ( laim ) or " railer " ( lahi ), a type of the devil, suggesting evil and inspiring doubt, of sensual passion, and of all that lures the soul away from divine contemplation. it is a favourite paradox of ibnu l - farid that reproof bears a message of love, and that the " railer " deserves to be thanked and praised. but i found thee in one way my benefactor, albeit thou wouldst have hurt me by the scorch of thy rebuke, had i obeyed thee. thou didst me a kindness unawares, and if thou wroughtest ill, yet art thou the most righteous of wrong - doers. the phantom that visits me in the hour of blame 2 brings the beloved, though he dwell afar, close to the eye of my waking ear. and thy reproof is, as it were, my loved one ' s camels which came to me when my hearing was my sight 3. thou tiredst thyself and i was


love had borne half the burden thereof, they would have tired. my bones were hewn by a desire twice as great as that of my eyelids for my sleep or of my weakness for my strength 4. any one of the odes will furnish examples of this arabian eloquence which has its roots deep in the structure of the language and defies all attempts to transplant it. in his famous wine ode ( khamriyya ) ibnu l - farid develops a symbolism which elsewhere he only uses incidentally. his sparing use of it may perhaps be attributed to his respect for the mohammedan religious law, just as the antinomian bias of some persian mystics seems to express itself in the freedom of their bacchanalian imagery. according to ibnu l - farid ' s custom, the symbolism is precise and circumstantial, so that its interpretation is far more baffling than in persian odes of the same kind, where large and simple ideas carry the reader easily along. i hope that the literal translation given below, together with the notes accompanying it, will make the meaning tolerably clear, though we may doubt whether the poet would always have accepted the interpretation given by his commentator, abdu l - ghani al - nabulusi, who not only explains too much but brings in philosophical theories that belong to ibnu l - arabi rather than to ibnu l - farid. into this question, however, i need not enter now. ( 1 ) in memory of the beloved we quaffed a vintage that made us drunk before the creation of the vine 2. ( 2 ) its cup the full - moon ; itself a sun which a new moon causes to circle. when it is mingled ( with water ), how many stars appear 3! ( 3 ) but for its perfume, i should not have found the way to its taverns ; and but for its resplendence, the imagination would not have pictured it 4. ( 4 ) time hath preserved of it but a breath : it is unseen as a thing hidden in the bosom of the mind 1. ( 5 ) if it be mentioned amongst the tribe, the tribesmen become intoxicated without incurring disgrace or committing sin 2. ( 6 ) it oozed up from the inmost depths of the jars ( and vanished ), and in reality nothing was left of it but a name 3. ( 7 ) if it ever come into the mind of a man, joy will


farid more often reminds us of dante than of lucretius, but these verses may be compared with a passage in the de rerum natura ( 2, 323 foll. ) where the author illustrates " the perpetual motion of the atoms going on beneath an appearance of absolute rest " by a picture " taken from the pomp of human affairs and the gay pageantry of armies " : " the truth and fulness of life in this passage are immediately perceived, but the element of sublimity is added by the thought in the two lines with which the passage concludes, which reduces the whole of this moving and sounding pageant to stillness and silence a similar and perhaps even more striking effect is produced when ibnu l - farid, after having brought before his readers the spectacle of restless life and strife which fills the world, at once transforms it into a vision of eternal order and harmony all thou beholdest is the act of one. in reading the taiyya it is a rare pleasure to meet with. even ten or twenty consecutive lines like these, which require no commentary to interpret them. yet the poem, as a whole, is not unduly cryptic in expression. those who blame a writer for obscurity ought to ask themselves whether his meaning could have been given more clearly ; and if so, whether he can allege good and sufficient reasons for his default. on these counts i think ibnu l - farid will secure an acquittal, if we remember that he was bound by the poetic forms and fashions of his day. the obscurity does not lie in his style so much as in the nature of his subject. while his symbolism may have served him at times as a mask when plain speaking would have been dangerous 1, he generally uses it as the only possible means of imparting mystical truth ; and in his own circle, no doubt, it was understood readily enough. we, on the other hand, must begin by learning it and end with recognising that no intellectual effort will bring us to the stage whence an initiated mohammedan sets out. what makes the interpretation of the poem especially uncertain is that the author ' s account of his religious and mystical experience is psychological in character and throws but a faint light on his theological position. was he really a pantheist, or was he an orthodox mystic whose feeling of oneness with god expressed itself in the language of pantheism? does the taiyya reflect the doctrines of ibnu l - arabi, as its commentators believe? although


really a pantheist, or was he an orthodox mystic whose feeling of oneness with god expressed itself in the language of pantheism? does the taiyya reflect the doctrines of ibnu l - arabi, as its commentators believe? although such questions cannot be ignored by any one who attempts to translate or explain the poem, they are not easy to answer definitely. i have followed kashani in the main ; nevertheless i regard his interpretation as representing a point of view which is alien to ibnu l - farid. logically, the mystical doctrine of ittihad ( einswerden ) leads to the pantheistic monism of ibnu l - arabi ; but those who find in the taiyya a poetical version of that system are confusing mysticism with philosophy. in some passages, however, we meet with philosophical ideas 2 and may draw inferences from them. while they do not appear to me to support the view that ibnu l - farid was a follower of ibnu l - arabi, they imply pantheism and monism on the plane of speculative thought, where commentators and theologians [ paragraph continues ] ( not poets and mystics ) are accustomed to dwell. i consider, therefore, that k. ' s interpretation, false as it is to the spirit of the poem, places it in a medium intelligible to us and conveys its meaning in a relatively adequate form. and my readers will see at once how the mystical content of the taiyya as well as its philosophical implications are illustrated by the foregoing essay on the insanu l - kamil. was ibnu l - farid consciously a pantheist? i do not think so. but in the permanent unitive state which he describes himself as having attained, he cannot speak otherwise than pantheistically : he is so merged in the oneness that he identifies himself now with mohammed ( the islamic logos ), now with god, whose attributes he assumes and makes his own. many of these passages are such as no medieval religion but islam would have tolerated, and we cannot wonder that he was charged with heresy. his opponents accused him of holding the doctrine of incarnation ( hulul ) and of pretending to be the qutb. he disavows hula l and shows how it differs from his own doctrine ( vv. 277 foll. ). as regards the qutb, the most explicit reference occurs in vv. 500 - 1 : here is another suspected verse ( 313 ) :


spiritual and sensible forms in which it veils itself. as the bedouin poet brags about himself in order to assert the dignity of his tribe, so when the mohammedan saints boast of the unique endowments which god has bestowed upon them, it is not self - glorification, but thanksgiving to him " from whom all blessings flow. " 173 : 3 real being is manifested in phenomena, just as the light of the sun is reflected by the moon. 173 : 4 see kor. 6, 76 foll. " and when the night overshadowed him, he saw a p. 174 star, and he said, this is my lord ; but when it set, he said, i like not gods which set. and when he saw the moon rising, he said, this is my lord ; but when he saw it set, he said, verily, if my lord direct me not, i shall become one of the people who go astray " ( sale ' s translation ). 174 : 1 in this verse there is an untranslatable play on the double meaning of badr, which signifies ( i ) a place between mecca and medina where the prophet won his memorable victory over the meccan idolaters in a. d. 624 ; ( 2 ) a full moon. thus the ahlu badr are to moslems more than what of οι μαραθωνομαχαι were to the greeks of plato ' s time, while the phrase also suggests the perfect illumination reserved for adepts in mysticism. irish politics of forty years ago would provide an exact parallel, if the moonlighters were regarded as national heroes and saints. the poet says that the men of badr, i. e., the noble company of mystics, journey not so much in the light which phenomena derive from reality as in the light of reality itself. 174 : 2 material beauty is not worthy to be loved except in so far as it is one of the ideas ( attributes and manifestations ) of absolute beauty. 174 : 3 when god withdraws himself ( from the inward eye of the mystic ), he still lays his commands on the soul, so that it performs its predestined good and evil works. 174 : 4 divine love sweeps away the conventional standards of truth and right and honour. 176 : 1 diwan, p. 331 foll. 176 : 2 ibid. p. 347, 1. 6 foll. cf. shelley, epip


pronounced by the " blamer. " 180 : 3 as camels bring the beloved to the lover ' s eye, so reproof brings him to the lover ' s ear. 180 : 4 diwan, p. 275 foll. cf. p. 346, l. 5, and p. 429, l. 27p. 420, l. 6. 181 : 1 ibid. p. 370, 1. 22. 181 : 2 the arabic word for rocks ( safa ) is also the name of a peak near mecca, and this may be its meaning here. 182 : 1 reading with the commentator haya instead of hiba. 182 : 2 diwan, p. 297 foll. 182 : 3 this is quite different, of course, from the pictorial treatment of desert life and scenery which we find in the pre - islamic odes. 182 : 4 reading. 183 : 1 diwan, pp. 429 - 441. 183 : 2 ibid. p. 6. 183 : 3 ibid. p. 70. " the two least parts " are the heart and the tongue. 183 : 4 ibid. p. 160, l. 24 foll. 184 : 1 diwan, p. 472 foll. 184 : 2. the soul was intoxicated with the wine of divine love ( i. e. was rapt in contemplation of god ) during its pre - existence in the eternal knowledge of god before the body was created. 184 : 3 the full - moon is the perfect man, i. e. the gnostic or saint in whom god reveals himself completely and who is, as it were, filled with divine love. the new moon is the gnostic veiled by his individuality, so that he manifests only a part of the divine light, not the whole ; he causes the wine of love to circle, i. e. he displays and makes known to others the names and attributes of god. when the wine is watered, i. e. when pure contemplation is blended with the element of religion, the seeker of god obtains spiritual direction and is like a traveller guided by the stars in his night - journey. 184 : 4 n. ' s commentary on this verse is characteristically recondite. he interprets " its perfume " as the sphere of the primal intelligence, whence emanate all created things ; " its taverns " as the divine names and attributes ; " its resplendence


verse is characteristically recondite. he interprets " its perfume " as the sphere of the primal intelligence, whence emanate all created things ; " its taverns " as the divine names and attributes ; " its resplendence " as the human intellect, which is a flash of the primal intelligence. divine love, being of the essence of god, has no form except in the imagination. 185 : 1 " time, " i. e. the world of change. the second hemistich may be rendered literally : " tis as though its occultation were a concealment in the breasts of ( human ) minds. " 185 : 2 " the tribesmen, " i. e. mystics capable of receiving illumination. 185 : 3 this verse describes the gradual fading of ecstasy from the heart of the mystic. 185 : 4 i need not trouble my readers with the detailed allegorical analysis to which the commentator subjects this and the next nine verses. they explain themselves, if taken as a fanciful description of the miracles wrought by divine love. 186 : 1 the fidam is a strainer placed over the mouth of the bottle, so that the wine may run clear. 186 : 2 vv. 23 - 30 are wanting in the commentary of burini and may have been inserted in the poem by a copyist. see nallino, op. cit. p. 31, note i. divine love, as the eternal source of all created things, is logically prior to them, although it does not precede them in time, which itself is created. 186 : 3 inasmuch as real being belongs to god alone, mystical union cannot be likened to the permeation of one body by another, as when water is absorbed by a sponge. 186 : 4 this enigmatic verse refers to being under its two aspects. wine signifies pure being, vine phenomenal being. in so far as man is related to the divine spirit ( here identified with adam, whom god " created in his own p. 187 image " ), he is pure reality ; but in so far as he belongs to nature, he is unreal. " its mother " is the mother of wine, i. e. the vine, which is a symbol for the material world. 187 : 1 the " vessels " are the phenomenal forms by which real being is manifested. they are " subtle, " i. e. spiritual, because every such form is the veil of a reality. these realities " increase, " i.


187 : 1 the " vessels " are the phenomenal forms by which real being is manifested. they are " subtle, " i. e. spiritual, because every such form is the veil of a reality. these realities " increase, " i. e. appear as the many, by means of the forms which our senses perceive. 187 : 2 absolute being or god or divine loveall these terms are the same in essenceis not conditioned by time. 187 : 3 i. e. it was an orphan before the beginning of fatherhood. this, i think, is merely a paradox indicating the timeless nature of reality. the word " orphanhood " ( yutm ) may allude to mohammed ( cf. note on the taiyya, vv. 288 - 9 ). in this case the meaning will be that mohammed ( as the logos ) existed before the creation of adam. according to n., absolute being is made an " orphan " by the passing - away ( fana ) of the spirit in man. universal spirit or reason, the first emanation, may be said to " die " when its essence ( the human spirit ) is mystically re - united with the absolute ; and its " death " leaves the absolute, i. e. the phenomenal world regarded as the other self of the absolute, " an orphan in the bosom of its mother nature. " 187 : 4 moslems associate with christianity the beverage forbidden by their own religion. when their poets describe a wine - party, the scene is often laid in the neighbourhood of a christian monastery ( dayr ). ibnu l - farid says that the christians became intoxicated without having drunk, i. e. their doctrine that god reveals himself in christ is only a glimpse of the truth, p. 188 which is fully realised by moslem saints, that god reveals himself in every atom of existence. cf. the taiyya, v. 730 foll. and p. 140 supra. 188 : 1 i. e. seek to contemplate the divine essence alone, or if you must seek anything besides, let it be the first and highest manifestation of that essence, namely, the spirit or light of mohammed, which is figuratively called " the water of the beloved ' s teeth. " 188 : 2 the sufis have always known the value of music as a means of inducing ecstasy. cf. the mystics of islam, p. 63 foll. ; d. b. macdonald, emotional religion in islam


' s teeth. " 188 : 2 the sufis have always known the value of music as a means of inducing ecstasy. cf. the mystics of islam, p. 63 foll. ; d. b. macdonald, emotional religion in islam as affected by music and singing in the journal of the royal asiatic society, 1901, pp. 195 foll. and 748 foll., and 1902, p. 1 foll. 188 : 3 p. 165, note 2. 189 : 1 see v. 679 of the prose translation infra. 190 : 1 " the forms of things, " i. e. the puppets, typify phenomena, which in themselves are lifeless and passive : all their life and activity is the effect of the manifestation in them of the actions and attributes of reality. 190 : 2 the greek fire to which von hammer finds an allusion here is, i think, an ignis fatuus. 190 : 3 the genies ( jinn ) are described as ethereal creatures, endowed with speech, transparent ( so that they are normally invisible ), and capable of assuming various shapes. 191 : 1 taiyya, vv. 680 - 706. 192 : 1 w. y. sellar, the roman poets of the republic, p. 403. i give munro ' s translation : " again when mighty legions fill with their movements all parts of the plains, waging the mimicry of war, the glitter then lifts itself up to the sky, and the whole earth round gleams with brass, and beneath a noise is raised by the mighty trampling of men, and the mountains stricken by the shouting re - echo the voices to the stars of heaven, and horsemen fly about and suddenly wheeling scour across the middle of the plains, shaking them with the vehemence of their charge. and yet there is some place on the high hills, seen from which they appear to stand still and to rest on the plains as a bright spot. " 192 : 2 taiyya, v. 489. 193 : 1 taiyya, vv. 395 - 6. 193 : 2 e. g. emanation ( fayd ) in vv. 403 - 5. the spiritual and sensible worlds derive their life from universal spirit and universal soul ( v. 405 ; cf. v. 492 ). in v. 455 the hallajian terms, lahut ( divinity ) and nasut ( humanity ) are used in the same way as by ibnu l


june 8, 2007 concerned that current methods for making computer chips might become stymied as components keep shrinking, many engineers are looking for circuit building blocks with improved electrical properties. among the most promising are stringy carbon nanotubes that capably form transistors to switch current on and off. but the nanotubes tend to grow with unpredictable kinks and bends that could cause bad wiring connections. this week at the design automation conference in san diego, a group of stanford engineers will present a way to design circuits that should work even when many of the nanotubes in them are twisted and misaligned. " the question is what ' s next in chip technologies, " says subhasish mitra, an assistant professor of electrical engineering and computer science. " that ' s why nanotechnology is important. but you want to make sure that you are not in a lab making something that chip designers cannot actually use. " to prevent that, he and electrical engineering professor h. - s. philip wong, working with chemistry professor chongwu zhou at the university of southern california, have been looking closely at how nanotubes end up resting on the surfaces of experimental chips. " it ' s not as bad as a plate of noodles, " mitra says. " you want to create transistors out of these things, and hook up these transistors and make them turn on and off independently. but if twisted carbon nanotubes, for example, short out the circuit, you lose the opportunity to do that. " making messy workable what mitra, wong and graduate students nishant patil and jie deng have realized is that if nanotubes are always going to be somewhat askew, engineers will have to design circuits that can work regardless of where and how the tubes lie. they started by coming up with a single circuit element, a nand gate, that was immune from the vagaries of its underlying nanotube layout. from that single element that could function despite misalignments, they abstracted and generalized the math to come up with an algorithm that can guarantee a working design for any circuit element, mitra says, even when a large number of nanotubes are misaligned. using simulations developed by wong and deng, the group has been able to show that not only do the algorithm ' s designs work, but they also don ' t appear to exact a significant financial, speed or energy price compared to traditional designs, mitra says. the key to determining whether a circuit


group has been able to show that not only do the algorithm ' s designs work, but they also don ' t appear to exact a significant financial, speed or energy price compared to traditional designs, mitra says. the key to determining whether a circuit element is immune to nanotube misalignment is breaking up each circuit element into a fine grid that can be analyzed mathematically. doing this in the abstract with models allows engineers to determine which grid squares nanotubes must pass through and which they shouldn ' t traverse to make a design work correctly. to eliminate unwanted connections, nanotubes in so - called " illegal " regions can then be either chemically etched away or rendered electrically irrelevant in other ways. the stanford algorithm takes this all several steps further, applying sophisticated mathematics to automatically determine where the legal and illegal regions should be in the design of a circuit element with a particular function. " you not only determine whether something is immune or not, but can automatically generate circuit designs that are guaranteed to be immune, " mitra says. while the algorithm can overcome all the bad connections that errant nanotubes make, it cannot guarantee that a nanotube will always make a desired connection. nanotubes also have other problems that remain unsolved, mitra points out. some, for example, always conduct electricity instead of switching on and off like a semiconductor should. the group ' s next step is to move beyond simulation to build and test real circuit elements according to the algorithm ' s output. while more work is necessary to deliver the promise of nanotube technology, solving the misalignment problem would be a significant step. " carbon nanotube transistors show great promise as extensions to silicon transistors due to their fast speed, small size and lower energy consumption, " patil says. " using this technique, we can make larger and more complex circuit blocks with them. " wong speculates that the advance could eventually spill over from chips to assist engineers facing analogous challenges. " a similar methodology can be applied to many emerging technologies, " he says. " the concept of not having to define everything with high precision is germane to engineering robust systems. " the microelectronics advanced research corporation supported the research. other social bookmarking and sharing tools : the above story is reprinted from materials provided by stanford university. the original article was written by david orenstein, communications and public relations manager at the stanford school of engineering.. note : materials may be edited for content and length. for


june 10, 2008 researchers in sweden and japan report development of a new type of paper that resists breaking when pulled almost as well as cast iron. the new material, called " cellulose nanopaper, " is made of sub - microscopic particles of cellulose and may open the way for expanded use of paper as a construction material and in other applications, they suggest. in the new study, lars a. berglund and colleagues note that cellulose - - a tough, widely available substance obtained from plants - - has potential as a strong, lightweight ingredient in composites and other materials in a wide range of products. although cellulose - based composites have high strength, existing materials are brittle and snap easily when pulled. the study described a solution to this problem. it involves exposing wood pulp to certain chemicals to produce cellulose nanopaper. their study found that its tensile strength - - a material ' s ability to resist pull before snapping - - exceeded that of cast iron. they also were able to adjust the paper ' s strength by changing its internal structure. other social bookmarking and sharing tools : note : materials may be edited for content and length. for further information, please contact the source cited above. - henriksson et al. cellulose nanopaper structures of high toughness. biomacromolecules, 2008 ; 9 ( 6 ) : 1579 doi : 10. 1021 / bm800038n note : if no author is given, the source is cited instead.