high temperature instruments for supercritical geothermal reservoir characterization and exploitation gfz part in workpackage 4 : production integrity monitoring within hiti, new surface and downhole tools and approaches for deep high - temperature boreholes are developed, built, and tested in the field. the new set of tools and methods has been chosen to provide a basic set of data needed to describe either the supercritical reservoir structure and dynamics ( measurement of temperature, pressure, natural gamma radiation, electrical resistivity, reservoir storativity, and acoustic imaging of the borehole wall ), and the evolution of the casing and cement integrity during production ( acoustic imaging ). the new tools will be tested in - situ in existing icelandic wells, including the iddp ( “ iceland deep drilling project ” ) hole. within workpackage 4 “ production integrity monitoring ”, gfz contributes its expertise in fiber - optic temperature monitoring, which is further developed for the specific demands in high - temperature geothermal wells. the current system was deployed in 4. 2 km depth at temperatures of 146 °c at the in - situ geothermal lab in groß - schonebeck ( henninges et al., 2005 ). within hiti, a dts sensor cable will be tested during a field experiment in a high - enthalpy geothermal reservoir in iceland. © fournier ( 1999 ) - pressure - enthalpy diagram for pure h2o with selected isotherms. the conditions under which steam and water coexist is shown by the shaded area, bounded by the boiling point curve to the left and the dew point curve to the right. the arrows show various different possible cooling paths ( fournier, 1999 ). the pressure - enthalpy diagram for pure water ( figure 1 ) from fournier ( 1999 ) provides a summary of how a supercritical geothermal system might be managed to produce electricity. for more explanations see : european - projekt hiti


yale researchers discover source of signals that trigger hair growth by darren quick september 5, 2011 in news that offers hope to millions of chrome - domes everywhere - yours truly included - yale researchers have made a discovery that could lead to new treatments for baldness. while men with male pattern baldness still have stem cells in follicle roots, they need signals from within the skin to grow hair. until now, the source of those signals that trigger hair growth has been unclear, but the yale researchers claim to have now discovered it. when hair dies, the researcher team led by valerie horsley, assistant professor of molecular, cellular and developmental biology, observed that the layer of fat in the scalp that comprises most of the skin ' s thickness shrinks. when hair growth begins, the fat layer expands in a process called adipogenesis. they identified a type of stem cell - adipose precursor cells - within the skin ' s fatty layer that is involved in the creation of new fat cells. they showed that these cells ' production of molecules called pgdf ( platelet derived growth factors ), was necessary to spur hair regrowth in mice. horsley ' s team is trying to identify other signals produced by adipose precursor stem cells that may play a role in regulating hair growth. she also wants to know whether these same signals are required for human hair growth. " if we can get these fat cells in the skin to talk to the dormant stem cells at the base of hair follicles, we might be able to get hair to grow again, " said horsley. just enter your friends and your email address into the form below for multiple addresses, separate each with a comma


jan 7, 2011 new form of public involvement in french grapevine project genetic engineering experiment : from information to interaction the institut national de recherche agronomique in alsace has been trialling a new form of public involvement over recent years. a release experiment with genetically modified grapevines was monitored for six years by a local monitoring committee, which helped develop the biosafety research questions. the project ended in 2010 when the trial field was destroyed. the final report appeared in the online journal plosbiology at the end of 2010. fanleaf degeneration is a crop disease with significant financial consequences for wine - growers. one of the symptoms is spotty, yellow leaves. the inra in colmar studied transgenic grapevines that are resistant to this disease. in the past, methods of involving the public in the introduction of new technologies have usually been restricted to public information or public hearings. more recent methods place a greater emphasis on the active involvement of citizens and stakeholders. one such method was trialled at the institut national de recherche agronomique ( inra ) in colmar from 2003 to 2010. the focus was a field trial with gm grapevines that are resistant to the grapevine fanleaf virus ( gflv ). gflv is one of several viruses that cause fanleaf degeneration. it is transmitted via soil - dwelling nematodes. affected plants normally have to be completely removed and the soil treated with nematicidal substances, although these are banned in many countries. the transgenic grapevines produce a coat protein of the gflv virus, which protects them to a large extent against infection by the ‘ real ’ viruses. since the virus is transmitted through the soil, only the rootstocks are genetically modified ; the scions grafted onto them do not contain any transgenes. for the field trial, soil was taken from two infected vineyards and brought to the inra site. the local monitoring committee ( lmc ), which was convened before the start of the trial, had no fixed membership, but was open to anyone interested, and members were free to pull out at any time. the members were representatives of wine - growers, consumer associations, environmental and nature conservation associations, representatives of the town council, the regional council and the regional environment agencies, as well as one independent wine - grower and a neighbour of the trial site. despite the considerable time investment involved, the composition of the committee remained stable over a period of six years. the bio


toilets are not clean or safe to use in the long term. in the end, poorer citizens want what they view as a simple tool with a handle that flushes. so what about one that does not discharge litres and litres of water? to that end, the city of durban has entered a partnership with the gates foundation and the swiss aquatic research institute eawag to find a solution that captures the functionality of the flush toilet without waste. according to neil macleod, head of durban ' s water and sanitation department, the holy grail for the future toilet is one that not only eliminates waste, but also generates wealth. speaking to an audience at world water week in stockholm, macleod said the technology to recover waste and energy from human waste exists, but the process requires much refinement. in a world where resources such as phosphorous are becoming limited and expensive, last night ' s dinner, multiplied by millions and even billions, could offer a wealth of materials that could provide energy, fertiliser and even recycled water. and the technologies involved could include solar, microwaves and nanotechnology. the toilet ' s future, said macleod, is analogous to what has happened with telephones over the past two decades. in the same way that mobile phones skipped a generation in the developing world, a similar story could unfold with toilets. instead of wasteful flush toilets replacing filthy pit latrines, a future commode that uses modern technology could generate economic opportunity across the globe. rather than a massive revamp of centuries - old infrastructure in cities, macleod envisions decentralised water technology systems where waste would be separated very close to its source. could such a contraption resemble a washing machine at the back of a house, where recycled water and fertiliser flow out to separate pipes? could water, which is now generally a monopoly controlled by one central authority, follow the path of computing and telephony and become managed at a more decentralised level? the shift in viewing sewage as a valuable resource rather than waste will require a massive rethink by government, business and consumers. but a nascent clean technology sector focused on the reinvention of the 150 year old toilet is already taking hold. entrepreneurs have started to cash in : the gates foundation has announced the first round winners of its " reinvent the toilet challenge " and durban will host the world toilet summit this december. the future commode, waterless and, for now, a wizardly concept, will bring wealth to a new


one of the key tenets of generally accepted accounting principles ( gaap ) is the matching principle. the matching principle states that companies should report associated costs and benefits at the same time. if a company buys a $ 300 million cruise ship in 1982 and then sells tickets to passengers for the next 30 years, the company should not report a $ 300 million expense in 1982 and then ticket sales for 1982 through 2012. instead, the company should spread the purchase price of the ship ( the cost ) over the same time period it sells tickets ( the benefit ). to create income statements that meet the matching principle, accountants use an expense called depreciation. so, instead of reporting a $ 300 million purchase expense in 1982, the company might : report a $ 30 million depreciation expense in 1982, 1983, 1984... and every year after that for the 30 years the company expects to sell tickets to passengers on this cruise ship. to calculate depreciation, a company must make estimates and choices such as : the cost of the asset the useful life of the asset the salvage value of the asset at the end of its useful life and a way of spreading the cost of the asset to match the time when the asset provides benefits the range of different ways of spreading the cost under gaap accounting is too long to list. however, public companies in the united states explain their depreciation choices to shareholders in a note to their financial statements. it is critical that investors read this note. investors can find this note in the companys 10 - k. past depreciation expenses accumulate on the balance sheet. most public companies choose not to show this contra asset account on the balance sheet they present to shareholders. instead, they simply show a single item. this single asset item may be marked net. such as property, plant, and equipment - net. it is actually the asset account netted against the contra asset account. a contra asset account is an account that offsets an asset account. so, for example a company might have : property, plant, and equipment - gross : $ 150 million accumulated depreciation : $ 120 million property, plant, and equipment - net : $ 30 million in this case, the only item likely to be shown on the balance sheet is property, plant, and equipment - net. this is the cost of the companys property, plant, and equipment ( asset account ) minus the accumulated depreciation ( the contra asset account ). it means the companys assets cost $ 150 million, the company has reported


this article was originally published in the july / august 1996 issue of home energy magazine. some formatting inconsistencies may be evident in older archive content. | back to contents page | home energy index | about home energy | home energy magazine online july / august 1996 try these on for size : the 60 - unit building in the photo above houses middle - income families. as part of a study conducted in new york city, researchers monitored the building ' s hot water consumption, which fell into the medium usage category under the 1995 ashrae guidelines. energy professionals have long been frustrated by the lack of reliable data for sizing domestic hot water ( dhw ) equipment in multifamily buildings. to be on the safe side, many designers oversize the equipment, resulting in systems with higher equipment costs, operating costs, and energy use. now ashrae has incorporated data from recent studies into new guidelines for properly sizing dhw systems. using previous ( pre - 1995 ) ashrae guidelines resulted in serious undersizing ( see figure 1 ). in practice, however, dhw systems and combined heating / dhw boilers are often oversized by 30 % - 200 %, according to the new york city department of housing preservation and development, energy conservation division. discussions with designers in other parts of the country revealed similar oversizing. what happens is that the individual responsible for installing a boiler will often size it with a what was there before, looks like..., or other rule - of - thumb method. even when they do try to calculate the loads, designers use enormous safety factors because they know the dhw demands estimated with the old methods tend to undersize ( see evolution of an oversizing rule ). the safety factors cause considerable oversizing even when the space heating portion is calculated properly, which is rarely the case. i ' ve seen factors that double the size of the boiler relative to the space heating load ( a rule of thumb that is particularly inaccurate for the new york climate ). many of these methods were initially based on the pre - 1995 ashrae approach. i once sat down with the vp of marketing and one of the design engineers for a prominent manufacturer and asked them how the data sheets in their catalog determine system size. they replied the ashrae handbook method. after running some calculations, we found that in fact their results were somewhere between two to three times greater than the results obtained using the handbook method. what probably happened was that the engineer who had written the sizing sheets ( many years ago ) started with the handbook


some calculations, we found that in fact their results were somewhere between two to three times greater than the results obtained using the handbook method. what probably happened was that the engineer who had written the sizing sheets ( many years ago ) started with the handbook values as a base. but from his experience, he recognized that the numbers were not sufficient to meet a building ' s demand, so he added a safety factor based on that experience. subsequently, as the catalog has been revised, each engineer given the responsibility to update the sheets has said to himself or herself, well, i ' m not going to be responsible for there not being enough hot water in a building and has added another safety factor on top of the previous one. and then the chief engineer in charge of the revision says, i ' m not going to be responsible for there not being enough hot water... and adds yet another safety factor. thus over time these values have in some cases become grossly inflated. to aggravate this already bad situation, the contractor on the job may look at the data sheets and say, well i ' m not... and add another level of so - called safety factor. the job then gets sized out and a call is made to the warehouse, whose staff, feeling like all the other parties, applies the next - size - up approach before sending the heater / boiler out to the job site. the 1995 guidelines also take a new approach. rather than a single value for volume of water used per apartment, they offer a range of values for different types of users. the residents or likely residents of a building are separated by their demographic characteristics into three usage categories : low, medium, or high ( lmh ). additionally, the usage factors are provided per capita rather than per apartment. this reflects the fact that people, not apartments or square footage, use water. to help in the design process, the new ashrae tables give more detailed levels of consumption for the peak 5 minutes and the peak 15 minutes ( the old tables had only 60 - minute peak values ). these values more closely represent the instantaneous demand peak that a building will experience. using the new method the first step in calculating dhw demand is to determine the demographic profile of the project and building occupants. different types of building occupants consume hot water in fairly predictable patterns. users can be lumped into one of the three typical lmh categories of water consumers. table 1 lists a variety of occupant classifications, one or a combination of which should


types of building occupants consume hot water in fairly predictable patterns. users can be lumped into one of the three typical lmh categories of water consumers. table 1 lists a variety of occupant classifications, one or a combination of which should describe the occupants of any particular multifamily building. for example, a luxury condominium in an area inhabited predominantly by young couples will tend to fall into the all occupants work category of low anticipated water consumption. by contrast, a low - income housing project will generally fall somewhere between the low income and no occupants work categories of high - volume water consumption. an abundance of hot - water - consuming appliances, such as clothes washers or dishwashers, will tend to increase hot - water consumption. if the condominium building example above intended, or allowed, the future installation of a clothes washer in each unit, the demographic category should be augmented from low to medium. it is up to the system ' s designer to determine this category. once this lmh factor has been determined, values for hot - water consumption can be selected from table 2. values are indicated per capita in peak or maximum flows of 5 minutes, 15 minutes, one hour, two hours, three hours and one day, as well as average daily flow. from these values, anticipated demand can be determined for the estimated maximum building population. | table 1. demographic characteristics correlation to dhw consumption | | demographic characteristics | | usage factor | no occupants work public assistance and low income ( mix ) family and single - parent households ( mix ) high percentage of children higher population density one person works, one stays home all occupants work | table 2. national dhw sizing guidelines ( low - medium - high ) | | hot water demands and use for multifamily buildings | | maximum hour | | peak 15 minutes | | maximum day | | average day | | low | | 2. 8 gal ( 10. 5 l ) / person | | 1 gal ( 4 l ) / person | | 20 gal ( 76 l ) / person | | 14 gal ( 53 l ) / person | | med | | 4. 8 gal ( 18 l ) / person | | 1. 7 gal ( 6. 4 l ) / person | | 49 gal ( 185 l ) / person | | 30 gal ( 114 l ) / person | | high | | 8. 5 gal ( 32. 5 l ) / person | | 3 gal ( 11. 5 l ) / person | | 90 gal ( 340 l )


) / person | | 30 gal ( 114 l ) / person | | high | | 8. 5 gal ( 32. 5 l ) / person | | 3 gal ( 11. 5 l ) / person | | 90 gal ( 340 l ) / person | | 54 gal ( 205 l ) / person | | peak 5 minutes | | peak 30 minutes | | maximum 2 hours | | maximum 3 hours | | low | | 0. 4 gal ( 1. 5 l ) / person | | 1. 7 gal ( 6. 5 l ) / person | | 4. 5 gal ( 17 l ) / person | | 6. 1 gal ( 23 l ) / person | | med | | 0. 7 gal ( 2. 6 l ) / person | | 2. 9 gal ( 11 l ) / person | | 8 gal ( 31 l ) / person | | 11 gal ( 41 l ) / person | | high | | 1. 2 gal ( 4. 5 l ) / person | | 5. 1 gal ( 19. 5 l ) / person | | 14. 5 gal ( 55 l ) / person | | 19 gal ( 72 l ) / person | | note : these volumes are for dhw delivered to the tap at 120of. | | sources : data from chapter 45 : service hot water, in 1995 ashrae handbook : hvac applications, atlanta : ashrae, 1995, and goldner, f. s., and d. c. price. domestic hot water loads, system sizing and selection for multifamily buildings. in 1994 aceee summer study on energy efficiency in buildings proceedings, 2. 105 - 2. 116. berkeley : american council for an energy - efficient economy, 1994. | author fredric goldner discusses meter equipment with building superintendent john perkins. the meter he is pointing to monitors hot water recirculation, and above it is a domestic hot water consumption meter. the number of occupants per apartment should be estimated based on local standards or regulations. for example, in a given city, studios may accommodate two persons ; one - bedroom apartments, three persons ; two - bedroom apartments, three to five persons ; and so on. in buildings where corrective maintenance cannot be done, a safety factor of 20 % - 30 % may be employed to compensate for poorly maintained fixtures and distribution piping. however, this should be done only in extreme cases. the figures presented in table 2 are for centrally fired systems ; individual apartment water heater systems are likely to have


- 30 % may be employed to compensate for poorly maintained fixtures and distribution piping. however, this should be done only in extreme cases. the figures presented in table 2 are for centrally fired systems ; individual apartment water heater systems are likely to have lower levels of consumption because the resident usually pays for fuel directly, which encourages conservation. there isn ' t a set of values for individual systems in ashrae, but a suggested rule of thumb for sizing these would be to use a low - end estimate for a single - family home load. ashrae based its 1995 guidelines ( published in the 1995 hvac applications handbook ) on new research conducted in new york city ( see collecting usage data in new york city ) as well as data from studies in seven other areas of the united states and canada. both research and practical experience in different areas of north america indicate that there are variances in dhw use among geographical locations. there is, however, no distinctive pattern that can be identified with the available data. the joint ashrae / aspe ( american society of plumbing engineers ) domestic hot water design manual, to be published this fall, will go into greater depth than the ashrae standards, including the patterns of consumption and demand derived from the new york study. becoming familiar with these patterns can help designers choose the best equipment and help auditors troubleshoot related system problems. collecting usage data in new york city the data were collected by computerized heating controllers, which monitored burner on - off times and the following temperatures : apartment air, outdoor air, boiler water ( aquastat ), and dhw. eight buildings had additional monitoring equipment installed to record stack temperature, boiler makeup water flow, dhw flow in 15 - minute increments, oil flow, and dhw temperature before and after the mixing valve and on the return line. in 1993, we equipped a subset of three of the sites to record dhw flow in 5 - minute increments and to record recirculation flows. this was done to get a more precise picture of short - term / instantaneous demand peaks and to collect the missing information necessary to create an accurate simulation of real - time operations. we collected data in these three buildings for 100 days. emra also collected building operation and tenant information from superintendents and property managers via questionnaires and interviews, and building and apartment occupancy records. we conducted energy audits to determine the type and condition of equipment and buildings. within the new york research, we tried to include a variety of building


and property managers via questionnaires and interviews, and building and apartment occupancy records. we conducted energy audits to determine the type and condition of equipment and buildings. within the new york research, we tried to include a variety of building sizes, income levels, ethnic backgrounds, and locales. the study buildings are characteristic of the older and predominant stock of the over 120, 000 new york city multifamily buildings. the buildings range in size from 17 to 103 apartments in either five or six above - ground stories. these buildings were built before 1902 or between 1902 and 1928. all have combination steam - space - heating and dhw - generating steel tube boilers, which use primarily # 4 or # 6 oil in air - atomizing burners. dhw is generated by a tankless coil just under the surface of the boiler water. energy use analysis for further details, a copy of report no. 94 - 19, energy use and domestic hot water consumption : phase 1, is available from nyserda. tel : ( 518 ) 465 - 6251, ext. 250. figure 2. seasonal variations in weekend consumption, gallons per person ( composite of data from new york city apartment buildings ). there is generally a slightly higher daily consumption on weekends than on weekdays. this holds true in all seasons. the average weekend daily consumption is 7. 5 % greater than the average weekday daily consumption. weekday and weekend hot - water consumption patterns have distinct differences ( see figure 3 ). weekdays have little overnight usage ; a morning peak ; lower afternoon demand ; and an evening or nighttime peak. weekends have just one major peak, which begins later in the morning and continues until around 1 pm to 2 pm. the usage then tapers off fairly evenly through the rest of the day. the weekend peak is greater than any of the weekday peaks. the highest peaking level occurs during winter weekends. thus, the best tactic for an engineer who has the time and money to custom - design a retrofit system is to monitor current consumption for two or three winter weekends to determine a building ' s actual peak usage, rather than estimating it with table 2. a system designed to meet these draws should satisfy all other year - round requirements. two morning peaks occur on the weekdays, the first between 6 am and 8 am and the second between 9 : 30 am and noon. individual buildings tend to exhibit one of these two peaks. generally, the buildings with large numbers of working tenants and middle - income populations experience the early morning peak,


first between 6 am and 8 am and the second between 9 : 30 am and noon. individual buildings tend to exhibit one of these two peaks. generally, the buildings with large numbers of working tenants and middle - income populations experience the early morning peak, while buildings with many children exhibit the later morning peak ( especially during the summer period ). this knowledge of flow patterns can come in particularly handy when troubleshooting hot water complaints. for instance, a large fluctuation in water temperature at a time when the usage was extremely low recently helped me to identify a problem with a faulty hot water coil. if the fluctuation was observed only during a high usage period, the cause - perhaps an undersized coil or a problem with the mixing valve - would have been harder to determine. although recirculation pumps should be sized to meet each individual building ' s requirements, common practice is one size fits all. thus we found the same pump size at all sites. ( a methodology for proper pump size selection can be found on page 45. 5 of the 1995 ashrae hvac applications handbook. ) our monitoring showed that water consumption has an inverse relationship with recirculation flow. in the overnight period, when there is little or no consumption, the pump reaches its maximum capacity rate. designers should consider this and the flow curves in figure 3 when choosing between recirculation control strategies ( see the best boiler and water heating retrofits, he sept / oct ' 95, p. 27, and controlling recirculation loop heat losses, he jan / feb ' 93, p. 9 ). a new study investigating three very low - cost approaches to reduce recirculation system losses while maintaining resident comfort and satisfaction should be completed in early 1997. peak demands and average consumption in the new york city buildings, the average hourly consumption is only 42 % of the consumption in the peak hour. instead of sizing a system to be able to provide the peak demand, it ' s possible to generate and store hot water during the periods of average and below - average demand to meet the peak. this could be accomplished by installing a system with a heater designed to generate the average hourly load, running essentially continuously, and providing enough storage tank capacity to store unneeded hot water during the night and furnish it during periods of peak demand ( such as morning shower time ). figure 4. parts of three - hour peak and 60 - minute peak consumption. the 5 -, 15 -, 60 -, 120 -, and 180


the night and furnish it during periods of peak demand ( such as morning shower time ). figure 4. parts of three - hour peak and 60 - minute peak consumption. the 5 -, 15 -, 60 -, 120 -, and 180 - minute peak demand times coincide with each other. these volumes should therefore be addressed as different ( time length ) measurements within the same peak dhw draw, so the system can be designed to satisfy this load. an instantaneous system designed to meet the peak 5 - minute draw will have no problem meeting the rest of the load. generation and storage systems should be designed both to provide hot water for the average load and to meet the short, sharp peaks. step 1. compute the maximum potential occupancy, based on local standards and expectations, and conversations with the building owner or manager. step 2. determine the low, medium, or high ( lmh ) usage factor of the building ' s occupants from table 1, based on knowledge of the building, conversations with the building owner or manager, and observations. consider the effect of either currently installed or potential future additions of appliances that might move a building up to a higher usage category. based on the information above, the medium usage factor was selected. step 3a. compute the system load using the 5 - minute peak demand values in table 2. 1 / boiler system load conversion temp rise combustion efficiency dhw load 1, 663 gal / hr x 8. 33 lb / gal x 90of x 1 / 0. 8 ( 80 % ce ) = 1, 558, 439 btu / h instantaneous dhw - only heater. the 1, 558, 439 btu / h should be the size of the dhw heater. ( note that a higher combustion efficiency should actually be used for sizing an instantaneous heater ; use 85 % or the efficiency specified in the equipment documentation. ) combination heat / dhw boiler. when sizing a tankless coil in a combination heat / dhw system, the 1, 663 gallons per hour is the coil size to be ordered. the 1, 558, 439 btu / h is the additional load capacity for dhw to be added to the space - heating load to size the boiler. ( in an existing steam heating distribution system, the space - heating load should be computed by the edr - equivalent direct radiation - methodology. ) generation and storage system step 3b. compute the system load using the peak 30 - minute and


boiler. ( in an existing steam heating distribution system, the space - heating load should be computed by the edr - equivalent direct radiation - methodology. ) generation and storage system step 3b. compute the system load using the peak 30 - minute and maximum three - hour hot water values in table 2. step 4b. next, convert the load into equipment ratings. estimating consumption in existing buildings step 3c. calculate system load using the average day values in table 2. if the current practice of defensive oversizing is applied to the new guidelines, this will only exaggerate the capital and energy inefficiencies experienced in the past. it is therefore important for the designer to recognize the inherent safety nets in the new approach. the most significant of these is that the method uses the building ' s maximum potential occupancy, which may never actually occur. also, using the new guidelines, an engineer designs a system to satisfy the higher - volume but short - duration peaks ( not delineated in the old guidelines ), which occur only a few times during the year. even if the system were not able to satisfy that load, the problems would probably be minor - for instance, the occupants might experience slightly lower temperature hot water at their taps a few times per year. the main question concerning acceptance and use of the new guidelines is whether the designers and energy professionals are comfortable with their reliability and professional backing. ashrae ' s technical committee 6. 6 ( service hot water ) was the main force in the call for a new sizing tool based on the vast quantity of real - time data that has been collected. the new joint ashrae / aspe domestic hot water design manual, scheduled for publication this fall, should also provide substantial support for those who wish to size systems properly. it includes a how - to sizing guide for 17 different building types - from residential buildings to commercial, industrial, and recreational facilities. further reading chapter 45 : service hot water, in 1995 ashrae handbook : hvac applications, atlanta : ashrae, 1995. goldner, f. s. dhw system sizing criteria for multifamily buildings. ashrae transactions 100, no. 1 ( january 1994 ) : 147 - 65. goldner, f. s. energy use and dhw consumption research project, report no. 94 - 19. final report : phase 1. prepared by energy management and research associates for new york state energy research and development authority, november 1994. goldner, f. s., and d


homeopathy is based on the observation that substances that are capable of causing disorders of the mind or body in healthy people can be used in dilute form as medicines to treat similar disorders in someone who is ill, whatever the cause of the illness. allium cepa derived from onions can be taken as an example. contact with raw onions causes lacrimation, stinging and irritation around the eyes and nose. allium cepa can therefore be prescribed to patients with hay fever with the same symptoms. the key to successful homeopathic treatment is identifying the similarity between the effects of the original substance in healthy people and the pattern of the illness in the individual who is ill. this is called the similia principle. homeopathic medicines must be customized to match the individual with that disease, a process that is called ‘ individualisation ’. the very same disease in another patient will most often be cured with an entirely different medicine. thus we could have two different medicines that cure two different patients with identical conventional diagnoses. the word ‘ individualisation ’ is emphasized because any particular disease or illness, although it may have a particular form of pathology, actually manifests itself differently in individual patients. the pattern of clinical symptoms and signs will differ in some details from person to person. this is true of the actual condition itself, but even more so if incidental factors like changes in mood, thirst, appetite, reaction to temperature, and other body functions are taken into account. the characteristic actions of the homeopathic medicine must match these individual characteristics of the illness if it is to have a therapeutic effect. homeopathy is based on the philosophy that the body, mind and emotions are not really separate and distinct, but are actually fully integrated. based on this perspective, a homeopathic doctor seeks a medicine that fits all of a patient ’ s physical and psychological symptoms. the action of homeopathic medicines is to enable the natural self - regulating mechanisms in the mind and body to function more efficiently, and to mobilize and reinforce the healing resources, which already naturally exist. actually, instead of defeating or covering up diseases, it facilitates healing. choosing the right prescription is like choosing the precise key needed to switch on this process. homeopathy does not seek to remove or suppress symptoms. its goal is to recognize and remove the underlying cause of these symptoms. this is why a homeopathic doctor will work towards understanding the whole person — including their body, mind and emotional state — before prescribing a medicine. when accurately implemented, home


in this article i will describe a basic aspect of homeopathy ’ s spiritual understanding of health and disease : the view that disease arises from a fixed adaptation to a past situation that no longer exists in the present. homeopaths view health and disease as states of being that are either appropriate for the situation ( healthy ) or inappropriate for the situation ( unhealthy ). the state of being that we adopt from moment to moment can be regarded a ‘ posture ’ that is either suitable or unsuitable for the present moment of existence. an unsuitable posture kept for too long manifests as chronic disease, whereas a short - lasting one causes acute symptoms or weakens the organism until it is susceptible to infectious influences. disease arises from memory of a past state that no longer exists conventional medicine is based on a materialistic view of life. health is compared to a well - functioning machine, while disease is viewed as a malfunction in some part of the machine. homeopathy is based on a spiritual view of life. health is the ability to respond freely and creatively to all situations encountered throughout life, whereas disease is any restriction on this ability. samual hahnemann, the originator of homeopathy, discovered through lifelong clinical observation that disease could often be traced to a ‘ mistunement ’ created during a past stressful episode in the life of the organism or its ancestors. he concluded that the memory of this past state was the real cause the suffering that we experienced through physical and psychological symptoms. health is the flexibility to successfully adapt to all life situations rajan sankaran ( author of the spirit of homoeopathy ) describes disease as an “ unsuitable posture … adopted by the organism in order to survive in a perceived situation. ” what is a “ perceived situation ”? to answer this, let ’ s first look at an example he gives of a real situation : if you are lifting a heavy bag and you have to walk with that heavy weight, in order that your back does not break, you have to bend in the direction opposite to the bag. so, your body adopts a posture to survive in this situation. this posture is healthy, it is going to do you good, in this situation it is needed, and as long as the bag is heavy, the posture has to be maintained. hence, we see that posture is an adjustment. as long as this adjustment is in proportion to the existing situation, as long as it is suitable to this situation, and as long as the situation or exciting factor remains, this adjustment cannot and


maintained. hence, we see that posture is an adjustment. as long as this adjustment is in proportion to the existing situation, as long as it is suitable to this situation, and as long as the situation or exciting factor remains, this adjustment cannot and should not be corrected. life can be viewed as a series of adaptations : one situation flows into another, and each time a different posture is adopted to suit the new situation. health is the flexibility to correctly adapt to any situation that arises throughout our life journey. an unhealthy posture arises from adaptation to a perceived situation that is not really present. this adaptation can be either inappropriate for the situation or appropriate for the situation but of disproportionate intensity. sankaran illustrates these possibilities as follows : when a man is being chased by a lion, the posture of running fast, being afraid, etc. is appropriate since his survival depends upon it. however, if a man is in the same state without a lion chasing him, or he adopts the same posture even if a little dog chases him, or he is in such a pain that he cannot think ( a reaction far in excess of what is needed in the situation ) then this state is to be removed by treatment. the unsuitable posture is hidden behind physical and psychological symptoms so long as an unhealthy posture is held over from the past, the person is precluded from adopting an appropriate posture for the present situation. this is considered a state of disease in homeopathy, whether or not there are clear physical or psychological symptoms that warrant medical treatment. this means, on the one hand, that homeopathy is a powerful healing tool in cases where the patient feels distress yet there are no discernible medical abnormalities. on the other hand, during the clinical encounter between patient and homeopath the disease state does not automatically reveal itself as an unhealthy posture. in most clinical situations the patient will present with vague discomfort or with one or more physical and psychological complaints. during the homeopathic intake the homeopath must therefore ask many questions in order to lead the patient to reveal the unsuitable posture that he or she continuously adopts in all life situations. this posture, which most of us do not have a direct awareness of, is the underlying reason for the existence of the clinical complaint that induces people to seek homeopathic treatment in the first place. how do unsuitable postures arise? an unsuitable posture originates from an adaptation to a past situation that is maintained even though it is no longer applicable to


the existence of the clinical complaint that induces people to seek homeopathic treatment in the first place. how do unsuitable postures arise? an unsuitable posture originates from an adaptation to a past situation that is maintained even though it is no longer applicable to the situation. this happens when the past situation has exceeded the organism ’ s resilience. such situations generally fall into one of the following categories : - a past traumatic event, - childhood or cultural habits that have powerfully impressed themselves on the organism, or - inherited spiritual impressions — known in homeopathy as “ miasms ” — that long ago left their mark on one ’ s parents or earlier ancestors. resilience can be understood by analogy with a steel spring : just as a steel spring can be bent and absorb many small shocks and still recover its original form, a person can absorb many stresses yet maintain his underlying state of health throughout the stressful period. but beyond a certain threshold, excessive stress deforms the spring and causes it to lose its elasticity. a person exposed to excessive stress will likewise carry the spiritual impression or ‘ deformation ’ due to the past stress and will no longer be fully ‘ elastic ’ and responsive to the present situation. homeopathic treatment frees us from unsuitable postures we all continually adopt postures in order to survive in different life situations or in an attempt to create a reality that we imagine to be desirable. but if we remain fixed in a posture that is no longer appropriate for the situation ( for any of the reasons cited earlier ) to the point that we are unable to respond appropriately to situations that arise in the present, we may then become aware of an uncomfortable sensation at the level of our spirit. if we do not free ourselves of the fixed posture eventually we experience more obvious psychological discomfort, physical symptoms, or both. in sankaran ’ s words : disease is thus seen as an affection of the whole person, as a posture adopted as a survival mechanism to suit a particular situation which does not exist at the moment. this posture makes us react to the present in an unsuitable way due to our false perception of it. such an unsuitable and disproportionate reaction to the situation naturally causes a constant stress on the organism, and the stress aggravates the pathology or brings the tendency to a particular pathology into activity. health is the ability to feel ok in all situations. a posture is an adaptation for feeling ok under a specific situation. unless one is able to switch postures freely from moment to moment, a person will only


tendency to a particular pathology into activity. health is the ability to feel ok in all situations. a posture is an adaptation for feeling ok under a specific situation. unless one is able to switch postures freely from moment to moment, a person will only feel ok when the fixed posture happens to coincide with ( be suitable for ) the situation. in terms of the model i ’ ve just presented, homeopathic treatment releases the hold of the unsuitable posture that prevents free - flowing adaptation to the present moment. by raising awareness of the inappropriateness of the fixed posture to the point that a person can choose to abandon it in favour of another posture, homeopathic remedies assist in the release of inappropriate life habits that manifest physically or psychologically. once this happens, full resilience is restored and the person is able to handle life as it comes — adopting appropriate postures as needed and shifting away from them as soon as the situation is over — without undue stress. read related articles : - the 7 essential factors in forecasting the length of homeopathic treatment of chronic diseases - medical suppression of symptoms and its homeopathic cure - diving into “ the spirit of homoeopathy ” - this is why homeopaths emphasize clinical results over theory - the influence of vitalism on naturopathic medicine - the distinction between classical homeopathy and naturopathic medicine - the how and what of homeopathic remedies - the followup appointments - basics of the homeopathic prescription - basics of homeopathic case analysis


nasa cyber attacks on the increase : report according to nasa ( the national aeronautics and space administration ), in recent years, it has become an increasingly popular target for high - tech hackers. in 2007 and 2008, china was suspected to have hacked into nasa satellites, though no formal evidence linking china to the attacks has been brought forward. the agency says its systems were hacked approximately thirteen times in 2011 alone. " the threat to nasa ' s information security is persistent and ever - changing, " noted congressman paul braun at a recent meeting of the house science, space and technology subcommittee. " unless nasa is able to continuously innovate and adapt, their data systems and operations will continue to be in danger. " ( source : usatoday. com ) nature of attacks varies widely the number of hacker infiltrations into nasa data systems continues to grow. since 2010, for example, there have been a variety of startling breaches of nasa ' s security networks. these include such issues as interference with earth observation satellites terra and landsat - 7, and the cyber theft of personal records associated with 150 nasa employees. in a separate attack, hackers gained access to the personal records of those associated with nasa ' s jet propulsion lab, located in pasadena, california. then there was the very public case of a texas man who last year plead guilty to hacking nasa computers and then preventing the agency ' s workers from accessing important oceanographic information. nasa too big for security budget? the problem with lack of security appears to be associated with nasa ' s enormous organizational size. although the space organization is popularly linked with the space shuttle program, nasa ' s scope is actually much larger : online, it manages roughly 3, 400 websites and maintains approximately 176, 000 unique email addresses. protecting these assets is a huge challenge, and many observers are starting to wonder if the $ 58 million nasa spends annually on network security is going to be enough, moving forward. " some nasa systems house sensitive information which, if lost or stolen, could result in significant financial loss, adversely affect national security, or significantly impair our nation ' s competitive technological advantage, " said paul martin, nasa ' s inspector general. ( source : reuters. com ) free ebook : the windows 7 guide : from newbies to pros. in this 46 page guide you will be introduced to windows 7 and what it has to offer. it will teach you about the new taskbar, how to resolve software compatibility issues, how to customize windows aero, and explain what the windows 7 libraries


the soul of a new hand tool hand levels are one of the standard tools in the kits of house builders, plumbers, and many other tradespeople. until 1990, all levels were bubble - type spirit levels. but in that year, a california carpenter, andy butler, and some silicon valley engineers patented a new level that depended on high - tech electronics to show digitally the precise angle of the surface being checked. the " smartlevel, " as the new tool was named, found a market among users of traditional levels who needed precise degree measurements. butler and his colleagues, more interested in developing a new idea than amassing a fortune, sold the smartlevel line and moved onto new projects. in 1995, the lemelson center supported oral history interviews with andy butler and other key individuals involved with the development, manufacture, and marketing of this new generation of digital hand tool. additional interviews with smartlevel principles outside california are forthcoming. at the conclusion of the project, the interviews, an archive of original documents, drawings, photographs, and other records, several generations of smartlevels, hardware store display elements, and sales training videotapes will be preserved in the archives center of the national museum of american history. for more information on this collection, email the archives center. originally published in fall 1995.


any sort can turn a kid ' s life around. recent scientific studies confirm what jerome ' s mother has noticed. a few studies stand out : - second graders who used piano keyboard training in conjunction with computer software designed to teach math scored 27 percent higher on math tests than children who used only the computer software, according to neurological research journal, march 1999. - students who were involved in instrumental music in middle school and high school had " significantly higher levels of mathematics proficiency by grade 12, " according to data from the u. s. department of education. moreover, this was true regardless of the students ' socioeconomic status. - students with music performance experience scored 57 points higher on the verbal and 41 points higher on the math sat tests than those who had no such experience, while students with music appreciation coursework scored 63 points higher on verbal and 44 points higher on math than those who took no such courses, according to the college entrance examination board. davis does not pretend to have a magic wand. some kids drop out of the musicalive program. many schools cannot afford it ( at the victor herbert school, in fact, davis provided the program for free, as a kind of pilot venture ). but davis and his longtime business partner, mark ingram, believe they ' re on to something. " we began to realize that there was a problem out there in america ' s schools, and that we were subconsciously ignoring it, " says ingram. " whole generations of kids have been lost. kids are failing. they ' re disconnected from learning for a lot of reasons, so we needed to find a way to reconnect them to learning. and we believe we have found it by using their favorite tool - - music. " the results, says victor herbert music teacher milton gardner, are unmistakable. " you can see the kids changing, " says gardner. " i just wish more kids could get a chance to get involved. " a different approach realistically speaking, however, struggling, inner - city schools that need jazz instruction the most are, by definition, the ones least able to afford it. which is why the jazz for young people curriculum created by jazz at lincoln center, in new york, may come as a godsend to schoolkids across the country ( including those at the chicago public schools, where it currently is being evaluated by administrators ). unlike davis ' musicalive, which was explicitly created to save at - risk kids, the lincoln center program has been conceived to increase jazz literacy among youngsters of all kinds. and while davis


diver a is lowered 28 feet below the surface of the ocean. she swims down another 6 feet. what integer expresses her position compared to the ocean ' s surface? find the curve ' s unit tangent vector. also, find the length of the indicated portion of the curve. r ( t ) = ( t ) i + ( 2 / 3 ) t ^ ( 3 / 2 ) k, 0 less than or equal to t less than or equal to 8 how do you simplify 29 over 9 i am in 5th grade and we are to find out who invented the order of operation. i understand how to use it and found web sites, but i am unable to locate who invented it. what about this science is great fun you get to use chemicals but safety is first is this better? had to write a haiku related to science, is this ok? chemicals make boom chemicals should not be ate it makes good science thank you! i have to write a haiku related to science, not sure what i need to do. please help. are the prime factors 2, 2, 3? what are the prime factors of 12? in photosynthesis, plants form glucose and oxygen from carbon dioxide and water. 6co _ 2 + 6h _ 2o - - > c _ 6h _ 12 _ o _ 6 + 6o _ 2 a ) calculate deltah rxn at 15 degree c b ) calculate deltas rxn at 15 c ) calculate deltag rxn at 15 thanks! for further reading


, but some say there are countries beyond, each country being a thousand years ’ journey. the seven earth, which are five hundred years ’ journey from each other, are situated one beneath the other, and each of these seven regions has its special occupants. the occupants of the first are men, genii, and animals ; the second is occupied by the suffocating wind which destroyed the infidel tribe of ‘ ad ( surah lxix 6 ) ; the third is filled with the stones of hell, mentioned in the qur ’ an ( surah ii 22 ; lxvi 6 ) as “ the fuel of which is men and stones ” ; the fourth by the sulphur of hell ; the fifth by the serpents of hell ; the sixth by the scorpions of hell, which are in size and color like black melons, and have tails like spears ; and the seventh by the devil and his angels. out earth is said to be supported on the shoulders of an angel, who stands upon a rock of ruby, which rock is supported on a huge bull with four thousand eyes, and the same number of ears, noses, mouths, tongues, and feet between every one of each is a distance of five hundred years ’ journey. the name of this bull is kujuta, who is supported by an enormous fish, the name of which is bahamut. the above is but a brief outline of the muslim belief as regards the earth ’ s formation ; but the statements of muslim commentators are so wild on the subject, that it seems quite useless to quote them as authorities, for they contradict each other in endless variety. based on hughes, dictionary of islam


given that sad is so tied to the seasons and to sunlight in particular, you might predict that people who live in places with cold, dark winters would be more likely than people living in sunny climes to experience sad. you ' d be right. for example, the rate of sad in new hampshire has been estimated at 10 %, whereas less than 2 % of people living in florida suffer with the condition. in fact, i ' ve known many patients over the years who only developed sad when they left places like florida to live further north. in this way, sad is the quintessential environmental disorder - - no winter, no sad. but that is not the whole story. like all psychiatric conditions, sad occurs at the intersection of genes and environment, of nature and nurture. this point has been brought home by several remarkable studies showing that people in iceland have remarkably low rates of sad, despite living in one of the darkest winter environments on earth. even more remarkably, people of icelandic descent living in the prairie provinces of canada have far lower rates of sad than their fellow non - icelandic canadians, which greatly strengthens the argument that icelandic people carry an as - yet - undiscovered genetic factor that protects against sad. we don ' t know what causes sad, although abnormalities in multiple brain regions have been repeatedly observed in studies. the neurotransmitter serotonin seems to be implicated, as does melatonin, one of the hormones most involved in the onset and offset of sleep. perhaps most intriguingly, several studies suggest that the eyes themselves might contribute to the risk of developing sad, given that the eyes of people with sad respond differently to light. there also seems to be a strong association between being affected by the seasons and having heightened creative abilities. i was a practicing psychiatrist before i fully admitted to myself that i suffered from mild sad. in fact, i didn ' t really believe it until i bought my first light box and turned it on one fall. the results were amazing. thirty minutes in front of a bright light ( 10, 000 lux to be exact ) and my brain and body felt like they ' d been transported back to summer. my mind knew it wasn ' t true, but that didn ' t matter ; the melancholy was gone. of course, my experience is hardly unique, and if you suffer from winter depression you really owe it to yourself to buy a light box and give it a try. you might also look into dawn simulators, which have also been shown to treat sad.


behavioural ( or " behavioral " ) theory in psychology is a very substantial field : follow the links to the left or right for introductions to some of its more detailed contributions impinging on how people learn in the real world. how i have the effrontery to produce a single page on it amazes even me, whatever my reservations about it! - behaviourism is dominated by the constraints of its ( naive ) attempts to emulate the physical sciences, which entails a refusal to speculate about what happens inside the organism. anything which relaxes this requirement slips into the cognitive realm. - much behaviourist experimentation is undertaken with animals and generalised. - in educational settings, behaviourism implies the dominance of the teacher, as in behaviour modification programmes. it can, however, be applied to an understanding of unintended learning. for our purposes, behaviourism is relevant mainly to : - skill development, and - the " substrate " ( or " conditions ", as gagne puts it ) of learning is the process of reflex learning — investigated by pavlov — through which an unconditioned stimulus ( e. g. food ) which produces an unconditioned response ( salivation ) is presented together with a conditioned stimulus ( a bell ), such that the salivation is eventually produced on the presentation of the conditioned stimulus alone, thus becoming a conditioned response. this is a disciplined account of our common - sense experience of learning by association ( or " contiguity ", in the jargon ), although that is often much more complex than a reflex process, and is much exploited in advertising. note that it does not depend on us doing anything. such associations can be chained and generalised ( for better of for worse ) : thus " smell of baking " associates with " kitchen at home in childhood " associates with " love and care ". ( smell creates potent conditioning because of the way it is perceived by the brain. ) but " sitting at a desk " associates with " classroom at school " and hence perhaps with " humiliation and failure "... if, when an organism emits a behaviour ( does something ), the consequences of that behaviour are reinforcing, it is more likely to emit ( do ) it again. what counts as reinforcement, of course, is based on the evidence of the repeated behaviour, which makes the whole argument rather circular. learning is really about the increased probability of a behaviour based on reinforcement which has taken place in the past, so that the antecedents of the


of course, is based on the evidence of the repeated behaviour, which makes the whole argument rather circular. learning is really about the increased probability of a behaviour based on reinforcement which has taken place in the past, so that the antecedents of the new behaviour include the consequences of previous behaviour. the schedule of reinforcement of behaviour is central to the management of effective learning on this basis, and working it out is a very skilled procedure : simply reinforcing every instance of desired behaviour is just bribery, not the promotion of learning. withdrawal of reinforcement eventually leads to the extinction of the behaviour, except in some special cases such as anticipatory - avoidance learning. two points are often misunderstood in relation to behaviourism and human learning : - the scale : although later modifications of behaviourism are known as s - o - r theories ( stimulus - organism - response ), recognising that the organism ' s ( in this case, person ' s ) abilities and motivations need to be taken into account, undiluted behaviourism is concerned with conditioning and mainly with reflex behaviour. this operates on a very short time - scale — from second to second, or at most minute to minute — on very specific micro - behaviour. to say that a course is behaviourally - based because there is the reward of a qualification at the end is stretching the idea too far. - its descriptive intention : perhaps because behaviourists describe experiments in which they structure learning for their subjects, attention tends to fall on ideas such as behaviour modification and the technology of behaviourism. however, behaviourism itself is more about a description of how [ some forms of ] learning occur in the wild, as it were, than about how to make it happen, and it is when it is approached from this perspective that it gets most interesting. it accounts elegantly, for example, for ways in which attempts to discipline unruly students actually make the situation worse rather than better. ( this point is heretical! ) for human beings, reinforcement has two components, because the information may be cognitively processed : in many cases the " reward " element is less significant than the " feedback " information carried by the reinforcement. applied to the theory of teaching, behaviourism ' s main manifestation is " instructional technology " and its associated approaches : click below for useful guides. up - dated 26 feb 2011


there are several problems with te modules used in waste heat recovery applications. first, the te modules themselves are not very efficient ; although some heat energy gets converted into electricity, still much of it is wasted. the next problems have to do with construction of the module itself and durability in its desired environment. inside a te module, semiconductors are soldered in series to copper pads to conduct the electricity. they are limited by temperature ; in many situations where waste heat recovery would be the most desirable, higher temperatures exist than the melting point of the solder used to hold the modules together. the modules would literally melt and fall apart. another problem has to do with the coefficient of thermal expansion ( cte ). when the module is heated, brittle intermetallics form due to the diffusion of ni ( the coating ) into the substrate ( bi2te3 ). the cte of the newly formed ni2te3 is drastically different from the cte of the surrounding materials. it is easy to see how the shear stresses at the interface generated by high or cyclic temperatures would have a tendency to crack the brittle intermetallic that forms in the modules. see project details. currently, most of the processes commonly used in bridge fabrication are fusion welding processes. the problem with fusion welding is that molten and resolidified metal in the weld deposit remains as - cast microstructure in the structure and has mechanical properties greatly dependent on chemistry / dilution and cooling rates. these processes inherently have a potential for creating weld discontinuities such as solidification cracking in the fusion zone [ figure 1 ] or gas and slag entrapment. generic concerns remain in haz grain coarsening and loss of toughness in fusion welds. see project details.


definition of indigo bird 1. noun. small deep blue north american bunting. generic synonyms : bunting group relationships : genus passerina, passerina indigo bird pictures click the following link to bring up a new window with an automated collection of images related to the term : indigo bird images lexicographical neighbors of indigo bird literary usage of indigo bird below you will find example usage of this term as found in modern and / or classical literature : 1. ornithological biography by john james audubon ( 1832 ) " the indigo bird arrives in the southern states from the direction of mexico, along with its relative the painted finch, and is caught in trap - cages,... " 2. the american cyclopaedia : a popular dictionary of general knowledge by charles anderson dana ( 1874 ) " indican has occasionally been found in tho urine when no indigo has been taken. the dose is from 30 to 120 grains. indigo bird... " 3. the new england farmer by samuel w. cole ( 1854 ) " the beautiful and cheerful songster known to our ornithologists as the purple linen or american linnet, is now frequently seen with the indigo bird,... " 4. the united states of america : their history from the earliest period ; their by hugh murray, james nicol ( 1844 ) "... oriole — rice - birds — indigo - bird — nonpareil — carolina parrot — woodpecker — cuckoo — passenger pigeon — turtle - dove — turkey — quail — ruffed grouse — crane —... " 5. the review of education ( 1902 ) "... printed the following, size 7x10, suitable for framing. two cents each ; the twelve for 20 cents. 1001 gold - finch tanager, indigo bird. 1007 red fox.... " other resources relating to : indigo bird


what is optometry? optometry focuses on the study of vision and eye health. an optometrist conducts eye examinations, prescribes corrective lenses, and diagnoses and prescribes treatment for eye conditions. optometrists should not be confused with ophthalmologists, who are medical doctors trained to perform corrective eye surgery, or opticians, who are trained to grind lenses but not licensed to examine or treat patients. optometry is tightly regulated by boards that vary by state. an optometrist may practice a subspecialty, such as pediatric optometry, ocular disease and noninvasive vision therapy. when should i visit an optometrist, and what conditions does an optometrist treat? visit an optometrist for annual eye examinations to ensure healthy eyes, good vision and to catch any problems early. visit the optometrist immediately if you are experiencing eye problems such as red and painful eyes, swollen or flaky eyelids, spots or floaters in your eyes, sensitivity to light, blurred vision or any other discomfort, as these may indicate a serious eye problem. common eye conditions an optometrist treats include acanthamoeba ( bacterial infection ), myopia ( nearsightedness ), hyperopia ( farsightedness ), astigmatism ( blurred vision ), computer vision syndrome, blepharitis ( inflammation of the eyelids ), cataracts, conjunctivitis ( “ pink eye ” ), diabetic retinopathy ( a sight - threatening condition brought on by diabetes ), dry eye, glaucoma, or macular degeneration ( vision loss ). optometrists also test peripheral awareness ( side vision ), eye coordination, depth perception, the ability to focus on an object, and color vision. what is considered good vision? while the term “ 20 / 20 ” is the standard by which normal vision is measured, it does not refer to perfect vision. it is a term used to express a normal level of clarity of vision, which is measured at a distance of 20 feet. if you have 20 / 20 vision, you can see clearly at 20 feet what a person with normal vision should be able to see at that distance. if you have 20 / 80 vision, you must be as close as 20 feet to see what someone with normal vision can see at 80 feet. what preventative measures can i take to


person with normal vision should be able to see at that distance. if you have 20 / 80 vision, you must be as close as 20 feet to see what someone with normal vision can see at 80 feet. what preventative measures can i take to preserve my eyesight? certain vitamins and nutrients contribute to healthy eyes and good vision, including lutein / zeaxanthin ( green leafy vegetables ), vitamin c ( fruits and vegetables ), vitamin e ( nuts and sweet potatoes ), and zinc ( liver or zinc supplements ). these nutrients are credited with reducing the risk of certain eye diseases, including cataracts and age - related macular degeneration. on the job, be sure to wear eye protective gear if you work around dust, projectile objects, etc. if you are working at a computer all day, there is risk of developing computer vision syndrome due to eye strain. to prevent this condition, position the center of the computer screen at least 4 to 5 inches below eye level and at least 20 inches away from your face. use an anti - glare screen to minimize glare. for every 20 minutes you are on the computer, look into the distance for 20 seconds to rest your eyes, and also rest your eyes for 15 minutes after every two hours of computer use.


slot - missing class object slot - name operation & optional new - value = > result * slot - missing ( class t ) object slot - name operation & optional new - value arguments and values : class - - - the class of object. slot - name - - - a symbol ( the name of a would - be slot ). operation - - - one of the symbols setf, slot - boundp, slot - makunbound, or slot - value. the generic function slot - missing is invoked when an attempt is made to access a slot in an object whose metaclass is standard - class and the slot of the name slot - name is not a name of a slot in that class. the default method signals an error. the generic function slot - missing is not intended to be called by programmers. programmers may write methods for it. the generic function slot - missing may be called during evaluation of slot - value, ( setf slot - value ), slot - boundp, and slot - makunbound. for each of these operations the corresponding symbol for the operation argument is slot - value, setf, slot - boundp, and slot - makunbound respectively. the optional new - value argument to slot - missing is used when the operation is attempting to set the value of the slot. if slot - missing returns, its values will be treated as follows : affected by : none. the default method on slot - missing signals an error of type error. defclass, slot - exists - p, slot - value the set of arguments ( including the class of the instance ) facilitates defining methods on the metaclass for slot - missing.


| back behavioral enrichment | animals have emotions and feelings. in some respects, animals have basic physical and mental health needs which are similar to our own. they include food, shelter, and in many cases, privacy for breeding as well as general peace and quiet for just doing ' their own thing '. in the wild, much of the animal ' s mental health has to do with eating, or being eaten. in the comfortable environment of a zoo, devoid of predators and competitive pressures, animals get bored easily. and boredom is a zoo animals greatest enemy, affecting both their physical and mental health. behavioral enrichment tries to evoke the natural stresses of the wild and bring out the animals natural instincts and reflexes. these techniques aim to stimulate all of the senses, mostly through the use of food and feeding styles. one enrichment technique is to suddenly change the features of an animal ' s enclosure. this adds zest to the animal ' s life as it tries to figure out what happened, and to reclaim the enclosure as its territory. in many species, especially the mammals, play is serious business. it is vital to ensure a good state of mental health in the animals. an essential element for most wild animals is competition with other species. this is the thinking that lies behind lupazoo ' s preference for mixed exhibits, displaying more than one species together. the resulting heightened alertness leads to livelier behavior.


date uploaded : november 1, 2008, 12 : 56 pm last edited : december 11, 2012, 12 : 10 am print this article article © mail user : inventor there are different ways to weave spheres in chainmaille. you can weave triangles and stitch them together or make reductions of increasing frequency to get something fairly spherical, or you can wrap a spherical object with maille. these techniques work well enough given the appropriate weave as the rings will relax into an approximately spherical shape. but what if we want to make really small spheres, or really spherical spheres? what if we want a sphere that is hollow yet solidly rigid instead of flexible? in that case we need to use the right weave, ring, and material combination, and we also need to know the exact number of rings per row that will create a true sphere. i once created a basket using the reduction method. it turned out nice and round, kind of hemispherical, but not exactly. the night after completing it, i dreamed and awoke with an epiphany! i had realized the math behind making a perfectly spherical chainmaille sphere, or at least as perfect as you can reasonably get. i owe my undergrad calculus teachers a debt of gratitude for teaching me how to set up calculus problems, because the sphere math is based on the way that you set up a spherical surface area calculation. actually you can understand it with only trigonometry, no calculus required ( whew ). the math that caused a light bulb to turn on above my head is illustrated in the figure below. i ' ll spare you the derivation details, but basically the four equations on the upper right are obtained from the drawing on the left, and when you solve them you get the equation in the box, which is repeated below : m = ( 2 * pi * r / ( kh * d ) ) * cos ( ( kv * d / r ) * n ) where the variables are : r is the radius of the sphere d is the inside diameter of the rings kh is the horizontal proportionality constant of the weave kv is the vertical proportionality constant of the weave n is the row index m is the number of rings to put on the nth row. the proportionality constants are a measure of how dense the weave is in each direction. well, technically they are inversely proportional to ring density so they are a measure of how loose the weave is. whatever. you find the proportionality constants for a given weave and ring combination by weaving


how dense the weave is in each direction. well, technically they are inversely proportional to ring density so they are a measure of how loose the weave is. whatever. you find the proportionality constants for a given weave and ring combination by weaving a rectangular patch and then calculating how much of an inside diameter each ring spans. so the simplest possible weave, ordinary chain link, has a proportionality constant of exactly 1 because each ring spans one inside diameter. for a more practical explanation, let ' s say you are using 1 inch rings ( for simplicity ' s sake ) and you observe that it takes 20 rings to span 10 inches. then your proportionality constant would be ( 10 " / 1 " ) / ( 20 rings ) which equals 0. 5. clear as mud? good. for an example we will use kingsmaille ( european 8 in 2 ) with 14 ga 3 / 8 " rings. because we are working with kingsmaille, which is a double weave, we will call each double ring of the kingsmaille a pair and do all our calculations in terms of pairs, not rings. otherwise it gets even more confusing than it already is, sheesh! i have experimentally determined the values of kh = 0. 74 and kv = 0. 895 for this weave. we will make a three inch diameter sphere, so r = 1. 5 ". the inside diameter of the rings, d, is 3 / 8 ". plugging these into the equation we get : m = 34 * cos ( n / 4. 5 ) we start with the equator at n = 0 and calculate m which is the number of pairs to weave into the equator. then we increment n to 1 and solve for the number of pairs to weave into the rows that are adjacent to the equator. then we do n = 2, and so on until we get either zero or a negative number at which point we stop and discard that last value of m because it is non - physical. if we were to solve for theta and plug in those values of n, we would find that m = 0 corresponds to theta equal to exactly 90 degrees, and negative values of m correspond to theta greater than 90 degrees. we are only interested in the region of theta from 0 to 90 degrees. the table for this example is shown below : 0 | 34 1 | 33 2 | 31 3 | 27 4 | 21 5 | 15 6 | 8 7 | 1 this means that we will make a sphere starting at the equator with


to 90 degrees. the table for this example is shown below : 0 | 34 1 | 33 2 | 31 3 | 27 4 | 21 5 | 15 6 | 8 7 | 1 this means that we will make a sphere starting at the equator with 34 pairs, then weave rows above and below the equator that get smaller and smaller until we reach row 7 with 1 pair. that 7th row presents us with a problem : how is a row with only one pair going to look? it would be kinda weird to just have two rings on a row at each pole of the sphere. the solution is to adjust the radius of the sphere to a slightly smaller value than 1. 5, say 1. 45 for example. then we get six pairs on the row six and a negative value for row 7. this will leave us with a circle of rings with a small hole at the poles of the sphere, and due to the tightness of the weave the rings will hold each other in place without the need for a specially sized ring to gather them together. i find that to be kinda kewl that it works out that way. a sphere similar to the example sphere is shown below : obviously the sphere will have an odd number of rows. there is a different form of the equation for making a slight variation on the theme, spheres that have an even number of rows such that the equator actually lies on the joining boundary between two rows instead of the center of the largest row. the equation for a sphere with an even number of rows is : m = ( 2 * pi * r / ( kh * d ) ) * cos ( ( kv * d / r ) * ( 2n + 1 ) / 2 ) where you begin with n = 0 as before, but n = 0 corresponds to the two rows that surround the equator. really, though, you wouldn ' t want to make a sphere with an even number of rows unless you had a special reason to do so. that ' s because for a european weave sphere, an odd number of rows allows you to weave the first three rows all at once using the ordinary way of starting a european weave. after that it ' s pretty much going to be oraat ( one ring at a time ), unfortunately. i suppose in special cases if you got to where you were mass - producing a specific sphere design, you could slip in some closed rings at the right locations between reductions, but aside from that it ' s oraat for spheres. there are some details about the weaving technique that


kingsmaille, it is ideal for the last row to have half of the ring pairs as the next - to - last row, and avoid spheres with very low ring count in the last row. third, with a kingsmaille sphere you make the reductions by putting a single ring in place of a pair in two adjacent pair positions, or in other words you space the reduction over two adjacent pairs. if you make your reductions by removing a whole pair then you may have trouble getting the rings in the next row to span the gap properly, or at least i did. fourth, when you get to the final row or the final few rows at the poles of a kinsmaille sphere, you can spread out the pairs into twice as many single rings. if you look closely at the photos you will see the last row is woven with individual rings instead of more sparsely positioned ring pairs. unless you have a huge sphere, there is typically a large number of reductions relative to the number of rings on the last row, so you can do that and it works out well. oh, one more trick : for a european weave such as kingsmaille, start by weaving a band with the number of pairs in the equator, then * remove * rings to form the reductions on the rows adjacent to the equator. if you don ' t do it that way you ' ll probably get a tangled mess like i did until i figured that trick out. along the same lines, you may find it easier to remove those row 1 reduction rings on one side only, add row 2 on that side, then remove the reduction rings on the other side and finally add row 2 to the second side. this way the reduction rings of row 1 help to hold the equator together while you weave row 2 and this prevents unwanted twisting of the equator at the reduction sites. also, unless you are making a hemisphere, i recommend weaving equally in both directions as you move away from the equator. that is, weave the equator and its adjacent rows as a band first, then weave row 2 on both sides of the band before moving on to row 3. this way you will have your reduction spacing fresh in memory and you can make both hemispheres precise mirror images of each other. this also helps the rings relax into the correct positions relative to each other so you get a sphere, not an egg. to further help the rings relax into position, smoosh the work around a bit after adding each row. in addition to causing the rings to equalize in position, smooshing


to each other so you get a sphere, not an egg. to further help the rings relax into position, smoosh the work around a bit after adding each row. in addition to causing the rings to equalize in position, smooshing or rolling or squeezing the band is a nice relaxing thing to do in between all that tedious weaving - it ' s very tactile, like squeezing a stress reliever ball. wait, there ' s one more tip. you may find that using tie wraps to mark the reduction locations is very helpful. that way you only have to count once, not repeatedly count as you go along. this also reduces annoying mistakes, which minimizes the chance that you will throw the dang thing across the room in frustration! i save my bread tie - wraps for this purpose, didn ' t you always wonder what you could do with those things besides throw them away? at this time the only weave and ring combination that i have discovered to work is kingsmaille with 14 ga 3 / 8 " rings, and i have had success with both aluminum and bronze. you can also mix aluminum and bronze on the same sphere. materials with more springback may not work. i tried 12 ga 1 / 2 " rings but that made a loose sphere that collapsed into a pumpkin shape. an even worse mistake in a european 6 - in - 1 attempt made such a loose, flexible sphere that i just left one end off and declared it to be a small spherical bag. my suggestion for experimenting with new weave and ring size / material combinations for spherical spheres is to select combinations that produce a semi - rigid sheet. too loose and you get a bag, too rigid and your sphere will become too tight to weave at some point and you will end up with something akin to a bracelet. of course, you might actually * want * a spherical bag or a spherically shaped rigid bracelet, in which case i say go for it! if you really want to discover new spherical sphere weave / ring combinations, i suppose you could start by weaving a rectangle of the known good combination ( kingsmaille with 14 ga 3 / 8 " rings ). then you can make rectangles of proposed choices and compare them in terms of flexibility. after all, you ' re going to need a small patch anyway to measure for the values of the horizontal and vertical proportionality constants. ( shouldn ' t you be able to base good combinations for the same weave off of the ar? that is, use the ar of your 14 ga


need a small patch anyway to measure for the values of the horizontal and vertical proportionality constants. ( shouldn ' t you be able to base good combinations for the same weave off of the ar? that is, use the ar of your 14 ga 3 / 8 " rings to find other kingsmaille combos - - ed. ) in my early attempts i made just tiny patches to estimate the constants, then jumped ahead into making the spheres. this didn ' t work out all that well because the constants were not accurate since they were measured from too small a patch ( or just guesstimated, yikes! ), and also because i had no feel for the flexibility of the weave in sheet form compared to the known good weave / ring combination. so once again i suggest that you learn from my mistakes and make patches with about 50 or 100 rings first - save yourself the grief of weaving failed spheres! the spherical derivation assumes a constant radius and a row slope with a tangent that passes through the origin, but you can break those rules if you want. if you can mathematically describe another shape in spherical or cylindrical coordinates such as an egg or an ellipse, or a ming dynasty vase, then you can derive a mathematical expression that tells you exactly how many rings per row to weave in order to create that shape. in my case, college was about 20 years ago and i have forgotten most of the math that i used to know, so i will leave that exercise to the more mathematically inclined among us. also, i imagine that you may not need to describe the entire shape mathematically, just each row. for example you could draw a cross - section of a vase and measure the radius at each row height with a ruler, then calculate the rings per row from that by multiplying by 2 * pi and dividing by kh * d. for this approach to work, you would have to account for sloped rows not having the full row height because they are leaning to one side or the other. that could be done by simply breaking up the curve into equal line segments of the appropriate length for the proportionality constant that you are using. for example draw your cross - section with line segments equal to the vertical proportionality constant times the inside diameter of your rings. that way you get both the horizontal * and * the vertical measurements correct. now i really should stop there, but i ' ll go just one step further. if we abandon the cylindrical symmetry altogether, we could possibly create a way to describe just


. that way you get both the horizontal * and * the vertical measurements correct. now i really should stop there, but i ' ll go just one step further. if we abandon the cylindrical symmetry altogether, we could possibly create a way to describe just about * any * contoured shape we want. it might be practical to do the shape of a person ' s head with nose, eyes, mouth, chin, hair, etc. all described as a very complicated set of reductions. a wide variety of sculpture could be created in rigid sheet maille using this method. in fact, i believe that someone with enough education and programming skill could turn any arbitrary mesh description of a surface into chainmaille form. i ' ll leave that epiphany to someone else though, just doing spheres was challenging enough for me! you can make really round, rigid - shell, spherical spheres with a little math and a lot of patience by following the instructions in this article. the technique works well even for small spheres that cannot be made with other techniques such as weaving triangular sections together. there are many suggested tricks and techniques for ensuring that your spheres turn out well and don ' t end up as unfinished lumps of rings. so far the trusted weave is kingsmaille with 14 ga 3 / 8 " aluminum or bronze rings, but you should be able to utilize your personal mailling wisdom to create spheres of other weaves, ring sizes, and materials. also, it should be possible to create non - spherical objects such as eggs, ellipses, and vases by using math and / or drawing it out on paper. be creative, have fun, and don ' t weave too much or you ' ll start dreaming about the intricate dance of math and rings like i did! enjoy your sphere - weaving adventure! original url : http : / / www. mailleartisans. org / articles / articledisplay. php? key = 507


each school system is required by the code of maryland regulations to provide school psychological services. ( comar 13a. 05. 05. 04. 04 ) the school psychology program is a comprehensive continuum of services and activities based on psychological principles. the goal of the program is to prevent or remediate educational, emotional, or behavioral problems by identifying, analyzing, and reporting psychoeducational needs through consultation, observation, or through psychological and educational assessment. comprehensive school psychological services are comprised of diverse activities in concert with the activities of teachers, administrators, school counselors, and other school staff. these activities complement each other and are most accurately viewed as being coordinated rather than as separate services. the continuum of services and activities include but are not limited to ; q consultation - - meeting with school staff and parents on issues involving psychological principles related to curriculum development, learning, and student development. q psychological counseling — providing individual or group evidence - based interventions with students or parents. q psychological assessments — the process of obtaining data about an individual student in accordance with acceptable, valid practices with the purpose of identifying factors that may impact on a student ’ s ability to learn or function in a school setting. q professional development — provide training for school staff and parents to enhance their capacity to implement strategies and create learning environments that maximize the ability of students to learn in school. q program development — assist school systems in implementing innovative practices such as instructional consultation and positive behavioral interventions and supports. the school psychology specialist at the maryland state department of education assists the local school systems in promoting students ' learning and mental health, and developing the skills of school psychologists across the state through technical support and consultation.


this article is - freely available epidemiology, molecular epidemiology and evolution of bovine respiratory syncytial virus facultad de medicina veterinaria y zootecnia, universidad nacional autonoma de mexico, circuito exterior, ciudad universitaria, delegacion coyoacan, mexico d. f. 04510, mexico consejo estatal para la prevencion y control del sida - centro ambulatorio para la prevencion y atencion del sida e its ( coesida - capasits ) oaxaca, mexico instituto de diagnostico y referencia epidemiologicos, carpio 470, col. santo tomas, mexico d. f. 11340, mexico * author to whom correspondence should be addressed. received : 29 october 2012 ; in revised form : 22 november 2012 / accepted : 23 november 2012 / published : 30 november 2012 abstract : the bovine respiratory syncytial virus ( brsv ) is an enveloped, negative sense, single - stranded rna virus belonging to the pneumovirus genus within the family paramyxoviridae. brsv has been recognized as a major cause of respiratory disease in young calves since the early 1970s. the analysis of brsv infection was originally hampered by its characteristic lability and poor growth in vitro. however, the advent of numerous immunological and molecular methods has facilitated the study of brsv enormously. the knowledge gained from these studies has also provided the opportunity to develop safe, stable, attenuated virus vaccine candidates. nonetheless, many aspects of the epidemiology, molecular epidemiology and evolution of the virus are still not fully understood. the natural course of infection is rather complex and further complicates diagnosis, treatment and the implementation of preventive measures aimed to control the disease. therefore, understanding the mechanisms by which brsv is able to establish infection is needed to prevent viral and disease spread. this review discusses important information regarding the epidemiology and molecular epidemiology of brsv worldwide, and it highlights the importance of viral evolution in virus transmission. keywords : brsv ; global distribution ; genotypes ; evolution article statisticsclick here to load and display the download statistics. notes : multiple requests from the same ip address are counted as one view. cite this article mdpi and acs style sarmiento - silva, r. e. ; nakamura - lopez, y. ; vaughan,


so that is seen by the body ' s immune system as an invader ( antigen ). the immune system initiates an allergic response and cause inflammation of the skin in the sun - exposed areas. these usually resemble eczema and are generally chronic ( long - lasting ). many drugs in this family are topical drugs. this type of photosensitivity may recur after sun exposure even after the drug has cleared from the system and can sometimes spread to areas of the skin unexposed to the sun. reviewed by melissa conrad stoppler, md on 7 / 18 / 2012 medical author : melissa conrad stoppler, md k. hecht, phd most people are understandably confused when it comes to choosing a sunscreen because of the baffling array of available choices. common questions about how high should the spf be? should it block uva or uvb? does it matter whether it is a gel, cream, or spray? should it be water - resistant or waterproof? spf stands for sun protection the spf numbers on a product can range from as low as 2 to as high as 60. these numbers refer to the product ' s ability to screen or block out the sun ' s burning rays. the spf rating is calculated by comparing the amount of time needed to produce sunburnon protected skin to the amount of time needed to cause a sunburn on unprotected skin. the higher the spf, the greater the sun protection.


consider which groups of children in the uk are disproportionately affected by socio - economic disadvantage, and to consider the likely impact of government policy on children in these groups. this gives legal force to the previous government ’ s commitment to eradicate child poverty by 2020 and will compel successive governments to account for what they are doing to achieve that goal. breakfast clubs are just the tip of the iceberg on how current policies are affective children in poverty. sign the petition on change. org to speak up for this vulnerable group and to make changes happen for the better for these children. check out the girl effect. the girl effect is about girls. and boys. and moms and dads and villages and towns and countries. girls living in poverty are uniquely capable of creating a better future. but when a girl reaches adolescence, she comes to a cross roads. follow the campaign at girleffect. org resources to help you integrate teaching on women ' s health in a global context into your university curriculums. if you are interested in learning more, raising awareness and campaigning on maternal and child health issues such as preventing premature births, female genital mutilation, mother - to - child transmission of hiv, malnutrition and many other problems so many mothers and children face around the world, then please join the new maternal and child health national working group! contact firstname. lastname @ example. org to get involved


mit team finds that the ratio of component atoms is vital to performance. there are many ways to define power, but manuel castells, distinguished visiting professor of technology and society, defines power as the ability to make people think the way you want them to think - - or to convince those who disagree that they can ' t do anything about it. " the battle ( for power ) is in the people ' s minds, " said castells, communication professor at the annenberg school for communication at the university of southern california, during a march 12 lecture on " communication technology, media and power, " part of the spring colloquium held by mit ' s program in science, technology and society. now, however, new information technology has shifted the battlefield, castells said. political battles have been traditionally waged in the " public space " of mass media - - television, newspapers and radio. the emergence of the internet and mobile informational technology " has reshaped the public space. " perhaps the most dramatic example of this shift is the mobile - phone video capturing sen. george allen ' s " macaca " remark. the video was widely distributed over the internet and allen was defeated, giving democrats a senate majority. but the internet is not just new technology, it ' s a new culture. italian prime minister silvio berlusconi misread that culture ; he sent a political text message just before an election to 30 million phones, thinking the phone was " just like a tv, " castells said. italians, who saw the phone as a personal device, thought otherwise, and berlusconi went down in defeat. " throughout history, communication and information are fundamental sources of power and counterpower in our societies - - of both domination and social change, " castells said. everything " depends on how people think and what they believe in. " that does not mean power is in the hands of the media. mass media is constrained by market forces ( " they must win an audience " ) and journalists ' own ethics. but mass media " constitutes the space where power is decided, " castells said. and " what is not in the mass media does not exist. " thus " a political message is necessarily a media message, " castells said. furthermore, the " most powerful message is a simple message attached to an image. " and that image is often a face. " people vote for faces. " indeed, character assassination has become a primary political tool all over the world ; with no scarcity


, the " most powerful message is a simple message attached to an image. " and that image is often a face. " people vote for faces. " indeed, character assassination has become a primary political tool all over the world ; with no scarcity of damaging material to dig up on opponents, media politics has become scandal politics, castells said. the result is a general mistrust of all politicians. democracy " is at an historical low point, " he noted. latin americans, for example, don ' t want dictatorships, but they don ' t like what they see of western democracy. the emergence of what castells calls " mass self communication " is changing political dynamics. instead of information passing from " one to many, " it may go from " many to many " - - whether via blogs, chat forums, wikis or places like myspace. consider some statistics : there are 60 million blogs worldwide ; one is created every second and 55 percent of new bloggers are still posting after a month. two - thirds of blog posts are in non - english languages. only 9 percent of blogs are strictly political ; still, that ' s a lot of blogging, he said. also, studies indicate an interest in the internet increases political interest and activity, he said. most importantly, the internet in - creases the belief that you have power. and the belief that you have power, in castells ' formulation, constitutes real power.