{"text": "by nato \u2019 s powerful forces against a small country like serbia. \u201c i told him i was against all kinds of genocide or slaughters, regardless of the perpetrator, and that all ethnic groups and religions, without exception, are deserving of the right to life, culture and peace. \u201c if i have taken the liberty of explaining this, it is because i feel it is my duty to warn you of these dangers and of the need to solve them. to lay these issues on the table does no harm to anyone and can, on the contrary, benefit everyone. i again expressed my conviction that the serbs would resist, and that a peaceful settlement was, in my opinion, feasible, even though negotiating with a country on which thousands of bombs had been dropped and whose honor, dignity and economy had been dealt a harsh blow was by no means easy. \u201c nato has practically no more military targets to strike, perhaps only concentrated or moving troops remain, and the easiest thing for these troops would be to split up to wage another type of war in which they cannot be destroyed by air strikes. \u201c europe knows that ground combat would be very costly in terms of human lives and, what \u2019 s more, futile. i added that, were the serbs to deploy the strategy we would use in our country in the event of an invasion by the united states, an area in which they have already shown extraordinary experience, nato \u2019 s war would be futile and repulsive, an act of genocide in the heart of europe destined to be condemned everywhere \u201d. today is a glorious day for our country, the day on which carlos manuel de cespedes began cuba \u2019 s war of independence against the spanish metropolis. he was a source of inspiration for the generations of cubans who came after him. what he taught us was the duty to reflect on and confront the dangers that menace the human species today. fidel castro ruz october 10, 2007", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5126658661240451, "token_count": 387, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T11:31:39.140854"} {"text": "the namespace contains windows desktop speech technology types for implementing speech recognition. the windows desktop speech technology software offers a basic speech recognition infrastructure that digitizes acoustical signals, and recovers words and speech elements from audio input. applications use the namespace to access and extend this basic speech recognition technology by defining algorithms for identifying and acting on specific phrases or word patterns, and by managing the runtime behavior of this speech infrastructure. you create grammars, which consist of a set of rules or constraints, to define words and phrases that your application will recognize as meaningful input. using a constructor for the grammar class, you can create a grammar object at runtime from grammarbuilder or srgsdocument instances, or from a file, a string, or a stream that contains a definition of a grammar. using the grammarbuilder and choices classes, you can programmatically create grammars of low to medium complexity that can be used to perform recognition for many common scenarios. to create grammars programmatically that conform to the speech recognition grammar specification 1. 0 ( srgs ) and take advantage of the authoring flexibility of srgs, use the types of the system. speech. recognition. srgsgrammar namespace. you can also create xml - format srgs grammars using any text editor and use the result to create grammarbuilder, srgsdocument, or grammar objects. in addition, the dictationgrammar class provides a special - case grammar to support a conventional dictation model. see create grammars in the system speech programming guide for. net framework 4. 0 for more information and examples. manage speech recognition engines you can use the speechrecognizer class to create client applications that use the speech recognition technology provided by windows, which you can configure through the control panel. such applications accept input through a computer ' s default audio input mechanism. for more control over the configuration and type of recognition engine, build an application using speechrecognitionengine, which runs in - process. using the speechrecognitionengine class, you can also dynamically select audio input from devices, files, or streams. see initialize and manage a speech recognition engine in the system speech programming guide for. net framework 4. 0 for more information. respond to events speechrecognizer and speechrecognitionengine objects generate events in response to audio input to the speech recognition engine. the audiolevelupdated, audiosigna", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5296608166310901, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T11:31:39.149480"} {"text": "in recent years, interest in increasing the use of technology in elementary and secondary education has grown. numerous initiatives - both public and private - have provided discounted or free computers and internet access to schools and have encouraged the provision of technology - focused teacher professional development and training ( trotter 1999 ). these initiatives were predicated on the expectation that the use of technology in education can lead to a number of beneficial outcomes. in getting america ' s students ready for the 21st century, for example, the u. s. department of education ( 1996 ) asserts that technology has the potential to enhance the achievement of all students, increase families ' involvement in their children ' s schooling, improve teachers ' skills and knowledge, and improve school administration and management. to track changes in the availability of and access to technology, the national center for education statistics ( nces ) since 1994 has conducted a series of surveys of public and private elementary and secondary schools. this issue brief provides results from the most recent survey of technology in private schools, focusing on trends in the availability of and access to technology from 1995 to 1998. 1 in addition, this issue brief reports on the future connectivity plans of private schools not connected to the internet and on the advanced telecommunications training opportunities private schools offer their teachers. the number of students per computer is the measure commonly used to provide an indication of the prevalence of computers in schools. in 1998, there was an average of six students per computer in private schools, down from nine students per computer in private schools in 1995 ( table 1 ). in 1995 and in 1998, nonsectarian schools reported fewer students per computer on average than did catholic schools and other religious schools, and the student - to - computer ratio was lower on average in private secondary than in private elementary schools. another common measure of the prevalence of computers in schools is the number of students per instructional computer. 2 this measure excludes computers that may be used exclusively for administrative or other noninstructional purposes. in 1998, the average number of private school students per instructional computer was eight ( table 1 ). in public schools, there was an average of six students to each instructional computer in 1998 ( rowand 1999 ). non - sectarian private schools had a lower average student - to - in - structional computer ratio ( 6 : 1 ) than did catholic schools ( 8 : 1 ) and other religious schools ( 9 : 1 ). in addition, the student - to - instructional computer ratio was higher in private elementary schools ( 8 : 1 ) than in private secondary", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5205577683948156, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T11:31:39.250211"} {"text": "you are here montana ' s house bill 183, which purports to \" encourage critical thinking regarding controversial scientific theories \" such as \" biological evolution, the chemical origins of life, random mutation, natural selection, dna, and fossil discoveries, \" was tabled in the house education committee on february 5, 2013. a montana legislator is preparing a bill to require the teaching of \" intelligent design \" along with evolution. house joint resolution 21, introduced by representative robin hamilton ( d - district 92 ) on january 26, 2007, in the montana house of representatives and referred to the committee on education, would, if enacted, express the montana legislature ' s recognition of the importance of separation of church and state and support of the right of local school board trustees to adopt a science curriculum based on sound scientific principles. two evolution - related measures have failed to progress through the montana legislature and are dead for this session. march 1 was the deadline for bills to pass in their first house. one potential bill, known by its draft number of lc1199, was never formally introduced. sponsored by rep. roger koopman, the bill had a short title reading : \" allow teaching competing theories of origin \". this bill apparently never completed the drafting process. following last year ' s debate over evolution education in the small montana town of darby, two bills have been proposed in the montana legislature which take diametrically opposed stands on the place of evolution in the science classrooms of the state ' s public schools. on july 5, 2004, the school board in darby, montana voted 3 - 2 not to adopt a proposed \" objective origins policy \" on its second reading. the policy had been tentatively approved on february 2 at its first reading, but is now rejected. the proposal sparked intense local controversy and national media attention earlier this year. the fate of the policy became the central issue in the may school board election, where two policy supporters were decisively defeated by opponents, resulting in the change in board majority from \" pro \" to \" anti \". after the may 4, 2004, school board election in darby, montana, the proposed \" objective origins \" policy is likely to be dead in the water. roxanne cleasby, a parent in helena, montana, was attempting to have a book about horses ( juliet clutton - brock ' s horse ) removed from her local elementary school library because it devotes two pages to discussing equine evolution. a parent in helena, montana, is attempting to have a book about horses removed from her local", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5226157819745436, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T11:31:39.256698"} {"text": "the icm and the igm show metal lines in the x - ray spectra. these metals cannot have been produced in the gas, but they must have been produced in the galaxies and subsequently transported from the galaxies into the icm / igm by certain processes like e. g. ram - pressure stripping, galactic winds, galaxy - galaxy interaction or jets from active galaxies. the metallicity is the best indicator for finding out which of these processes are most important. of special interest is the distribution of metals. so far there are only few examples of measured metallicity variations in real 2d maps and not only profiles. in cl0939 + 4713 we find different metallicity in the different subclusters ( de filippis et al. 2002 ). in the perseus cluster also clear metallicity variations were found ( schmidt et al. 2002 ). 1d profiles are not very useful in this context because photons from regions in the cluster which are very far apart are accumulated in the same spectrum. apart from the metallicity distribution also the evolution of the metallicity is interesting. as soon as enough xmm and chandra observations of distant clusters are available we can compare the metallicities in these clusters with those of nearby clusters. this is another way of distinguishing between the enrichment processes as different processes have different time dependence. in addition element ratios can be derived, e. g of fe and - elements to get information on the different types of supernovae that have contributed to the metal enrichment. various processes have been suggested for the transport of gas from the galaxies to the icm / igm. 30 years ago gunn & gott ( 1972 ) suggested ram - pressure stripping : as the galaxy moves through the cluster and approaches the cluster centre it feels the increasing pressure of the intra - cluster gas. at some point the galaxy is not able anymore to retain its ism. the ism is stripped off and lost to the icm and with it all its metals. many numerical simulations have been performed to investigate this process, first 2d models ( takeda et al. 1984 ; gaetz et al. 1987 ; portnoy et al. 1993 ; balsara et al. 1994 ). with increasing computing power also more detailed 3d models could be calculated ( abadi et al. 1999 ; quilis et al. 2000 ; vollmer et al. 2001 ; schulz & struck 2001 ; toniazzo & schindler 2001 ). in fig. 6 such a simulated stripping process is shown for an elliptical galaxy. figure", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5629377997296742, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T11:31:39.263303"} {"text": "1999 ; quilis et al. 2000 ; vollmer et al. 2001 ; schulz & struck 2001 ; toniazzo & schindler 2001 ). in fig. 6 such a simulated stripping process is shown for an elliptical galaxy. figure 6. gas density ( grey scale ) and pressure ( contours ) of a galaxy moving downwards towards the cluster centre. the arrows show the mach vectors ( white when m > 1, black otherwise ). the gas of the galaxy is stripped due to ram pressure ( from toniazzo & schindler 2001 ). another possible process is galactic winds e. g. driven by supernovae ( de young 1978 ). also for this process simulations have been performed on order to see whether only winds can account for the observed metallicities. the results were quite discordant as the following two examples show. metzler & evrard ( 1994, 1997 ) found that winds can account for the metals, while murakami & babul ( 1999 ) concluded that winds are not very efficient for the metal enrichment. in the simulations of metzler & evrard quite steep metallicity gradients showed up which are not in agreement with observations. a third possible process is galaxy - galaxy interactions, like tidal stripping or galaxy harassment. also during these interactions a lot of ism can be lost to the icm and igm. this process is very likely more efficient in groups of galaxies, because in these systems the relative velocities are smaller and therefore the interaction timescales are longer. the ram - pressure stripping on the other hand is probably less efficient in groups because not only the pressure of the igm is lower than that of the icm, but also the velocities are smaller. this is also very important as the stripping is about proportional to gas v2. a forth possible mechanism is jets emitted by active galaxies. these jets can also carry metals. fig. 7 shows the interaction of jets with the icm as it was discovered by x - ray observations. in the cluster rbs797 minima in the x - ray emission have been detected in a chandra observation ( schindler et al. 2001 ). the x - ray depressions are arranged opposite with respect to the cluster centre. it is very likely that the pressure of the relativistic particles in the jets push away the x - ray gas. preliminary radio observations with the vla confirm this hypothesis. figure 7. chandra image of the central part of the cluster rbs797 (", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.563600900542544, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T11:31:39.264423"} {"text": "that the pressure of the relativistic particles in the jets push away the x - ray gas. preliminary radio observations with the vla confirm this hypothesis. figure 7. chandra image of the central part of the cluster rbs797 ( from schindler et al. 2001 ). there are depressions in the x - ray emission which are located opposite to each other with respect to the cluster centre ( see arrows ). these depressions can be explained by an active galaxy in the centre of the cluster, which has two jets. the pressure of the relativistic particles in the jets push away the x - ray gas resulting in minima in the x - ray emission. simulations with different enrichment processes were also performed on cosmological scales. also here quite discordant results have been found as the two following examples show. gnedin ( 1998 ) found that galactic winds play only a minor role, while galaxy mergers eject most of the gas. in contrary to these results aguirre et al. ( 2001 ) concluded that winds are most important and ram - pressure stripping is not very efficient. the reason for these differences are probably the large ranges in scale that are covered by these simulations, from cosmological scale down to galaxy scales. therefore only a small number of particles are left for each single galaxy and hence galaxies are not well resolved. this can be the reason for the discordant results. in order to clarify this we are currently performing comprehensive simulations, which include the different enrichment processes.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5558808433957424, "token_count": 308, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T11:31:39.265042"} {"text": "this might be a rare case about which einstein was wrong. more than 60 years ago, the great physicist scoffed at the idea that anything could travel faster than light, even though quantum mechanics had suggested such a condition. now four swiss researchers have brought the possibility closer to reality. testing a concept called \" spooky action at a distance \" - - a phrase used by einstein in criticizing the phenomenon - - they have shown that two subatomic particles can communicate nearly instantaneously, even if they are separated by cosmic distances. alice ' s wonderland had nothing on quantum physics, which describes a bizarre state of matter and energy. not only can the same atom exist in two locations at once, but merely attempting to observe a particle will alter its properties. perhaps least intuitive is the characteristic called entanglement. as described by quantum mechanics, it means that two entangled particles can keep tabs on each other no matter how far apart they are. physicists have been trying for decades to determine whether this property is real and what might cause it. in the process, they ' ve uncovered evidence for it but not much about its properties. physicist nicolas gisin and colleagues at the university of geneva in switzerland split off pairs of quantum - entangled photons and sent them from the university ' s campus through two fiber - optic cables to two swiss villages located 18 kilometers apart. thinking of the photons like traffic lights, each passed through specially designed detectors that determined what \" color \" they were when entering the cable and what color they appeared to be when they reached the terminus. the experiments revealed two things : first, the physical properties of the photons changed identically during their journey, just as predicted by quantum theory - - when one turned \" red, \" so did the other. second, there was no detectable time difference between when those changes occurred in the photons, as though an imaginary traffic controller had signaled them both. the result, the team reports in tomorrow ' s issue of nature, is that whatever was affecting the photons seems to have happened nearly instantaneously and that according to their calculations, the phenomenon influencing the particles had to be traveling at least 10, 000 times faster than light. given einstein ' s standard speed limit on light traveling within conventional spacetime, the experiments show that entanglement might be controlled by something existing beyond it. gisin says that once the scientific community \" accepts that nature has this ability, we should try to create models that explain it. \" although the research doesn ' t demonstrate spooky action", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.6872134704532872, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T11:31:39.284529"} {"text": "yahweh had forbidden israel all kinds of oracles in vogue among the pagans. if, for a time, he consented to reply by urim and thummim ( apparently a species of sacred lots which the high - priest carried in the cincture of his ephod, and consulted at the request of the public authorities in matters of graver moment ), yet he always abominated those who had recourse to divination and magic, practiced augury and enchantment, trusted in charms, consulted soothsayers or wizards, or interrogate the spirits of the dead ( deuteronomy 18 : 9 sqq. ). speaking of orthodox yahweism, balaam could truthfully say \" there is no soothsaying in jacob, nor divination in israel. in their times it shall be told to jacob and to israel what god hath wrought \" ( numbers 23 : 23 ). for the absence of other oracles, the chosen people were indeed more than compensated by a gift unique in the annals of mankind, to wit, the gift of prophecy and the prophetic office. ( 1 ) general idea the hebrew prophet was not merely, as the word commonly implies, a man enlightened by god to foretell events ; he was the interpreter and supernaturally enlightened herald sent by yahweh to communicate his will and designs to israel. his mission consisted in preaching as well as in foretelling. he had to maintain and develop the knowledge of the old law among the chosen people, lead them back when they strayed, and gradually prepare the way for the new kingdom of god, which the messias was to establish on earth. prophecy, in general, signifies the supernatural message of the prophet, and more especially, from custom, the predictive element of the prophetic message. ( 2 ) the hebrew names the ordinary hebrew for prophet is nabi '. its etymology is uncertain. according to many recent critics, the root nabi, not employed in hebrew, signified to speak enthusiastically, \" to utter cries, and make more or less wild gestures \", like the pagan mantics. judging from a comparative examination of the cognate words in hebrew and the other semitic tongues, it is at least equally probable that the original meaning was merely : to speak, to utter words ( cf. laur, \" die prophetennamen des a. t. \", fribourg, 1903, 14 - 38 ).", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.511810312854982, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T11:31:39.315701"} {"text": ", it is at least equally probable that the original meaning was merely : to speak, to utter words ( cf. laur, \" die prophetennamen des a. t. \", fribourg, 1903, 14 - 38 ). the historic meaning of nabi ' established by biblical usage is \" interpreter and mouthpiece of god \". this is forcibly illustrated by the passage, where moses, excusing himself from speaking to pharao on account of his embarrassment of speech, was answered by yahweh : \" behold i have appointed thee the god of pharao : and aaron thy brother shall be thy prophet. thou shalt speak to him all that i command thee ; and he shall speak to pharao, that he let the children of israel go out of his land \" ( exodus 7 : 1 - 2 ). moses plays towards the king of egypt the role of god, inspiring what is to be uttered, and aaron is the prophet, his mouthpiece, transmitting the inspired message he shall receive. the greek prophetes ( from pro - phanai, to speak for, or in the name of someone ) translates the hebrew accurately. the greek prophet was the revealer of the future, and the interpreter of divine things, especially of the obscure oracles of the pythoness. poets were the prophets of the muses : inspire me, muse, thy prophet i shall be \" ( pindar, bergk, fragm. 127 ). the word nabi ' expresses more especially a function. the two most usual synonyms ro ' eeh and hozeh emphasize more clearly the special source of the prophetic knowledge, the vision, that is, the divine revelation or inspiration. both have almost the same meaning ; hozeh is employed, however, much more frequently in poetical language and almost always in connexion with a supernatural vision, whereas ra ' ah, of which ro ' eh is the participle, is the usual word for to see in any manner. the compiler of the first book of kings ( ix, 9 ) informs us that before his time ro ' eh was used where nabi ' was then employed. hozeh is found much more frequently from the days of amos. there were other less specific or more unusual terms employed, the meaning of which is clear, such as, messenger of god, man of god, servant of god, man of the spirit, or inspired man, etc. it is only rarely, and at a later period,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5231023727617788, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T11:31:39.316834"} {"text": "or more unusual terms employed, the meaning of which is clear, such as, messenger of god, man of god, servant of god, man of the spirit, or inspired man, etc. it is only rarely, and at a later period, that prophecy is called nebu ' ah, a cognate of nabi ' ; more ordinarily we find hazon, vision, or word of god, oracle ( ne um ) of yahweh, etc. ( 1 ) the first person entitled nabi ' in the old testament is abraham, father of the elect, the friend of god, favoured with his personal communications ( genesis 20 : 7 ). the next is moses, the founder and lawgiver of the theocratic nation, the mediator of the old covenant holding a degree of authority unequalled till the coming of jesus christ. \" and there arose no more a prophet in israel like unto moses, whom the lord knew face to face, in all the signs and wonders, which he sent by him, to do in the land of egypt to pharao, and to all his servants, and to his whole land, and all the mighty hand, and great miracles, which moses did before all israel \" ( deuteronomy 34 : 10 sqq. ). there were other prophets with him, but only of the second rank, such as aaron and maria, eldad and medad, to whom yahweh manifested himself in dreams and vision, but not in the audible voice with which he favoured him, who was most faithful in all his house ( numbers 12 : 7 ). of the four institutions concerning which moses enacted laws according to deuteronomy ( 14 : 18 - 18 ), one was prophecy ( 18 : 9 - 22 ; cf. 13 : 1 - 5, and exodus 4 : 1 sqq. ). israel was to listen to the true prophets, and not to heed the false but rather to extirpate them, even had they the appearance of miracle - workers. the former would speak in the name of yahweh, the one god ; and foretell things that would be accomplished or be confirmed by miracles. the latter were to come in the name of the false gods, or teach a doctrine evidently erroneous, or vainly endeavour to foretell events. later prophetic writers added as other signs of the false prophets, cupidity, flattery of the people or the nobles, or the promise of divine favour for the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5057711272087915, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T11:31:39.318101"} {"text": "a doctrine evidently erroneous, or vainly endeavour to foretell events. later prophetic writers added as other signs of the false prophets, cupidity, flattery of the people or the nobles, or the promise of divine favour for the nation weighed down with crime. balaam is both a prophet and a soothsayer ; a professional soothsayer it would seem, of whom yahweh makes use to proclaim even in moab the glorious destiny of the chosen people, when he was about to lead them into the promised land ( numbers 22 - 24 ). in the time of the judges, in addition to an unnamed prophet ( judges 6 : 8 - 10 ), we meet with debbora ( judges 4 - 5 ), \" a mother in israel \", judging the people, and communicating the divine orders concerning the war of independence to barac and the tribes. the word of god was rare in those days of anarchy and semi - apostasy, when yahweh partly abandoned israel to render it conscious of its feebleness and its sins. in the days of samuel, on the contrary, prophecy became a permanent institution. samuel was a new but lesser moses, whose divine mission it was to restore the code of the elder, and to supervise the beginning of the royalty. under his guidance, or at least closely united to him, we find for the first time the nebi ' im ( 1 samuel 10 : 19 ) grouped together to sing the praises of god to the accompaniment of musical instruments. they are not prophets in the strict sense of the word, nor are they disciples of the prophets destined to become masters in their turn ( the so - called \" schools of prophets \" ). did they wander about spreading the oracles of samuel among the people? possibly ; at all events, in order to waken the faith of israel and increase the dignity of divine worship, they seem to have received charismata similar to those bestowed upon the early christians in the apostolic days. they may not ineptly be compared with the families of singers gathered around david, under the direction of their three leaders, asaph, heman, and idithum ( 1 chronicles 25 : 1 - 8 ). doubtless the bene - nebi ' im of the days of elias, and eliseus the \" disciples of the prophets \", or \" members of the confraternities of the prophets \", forming at least three communities, domiciled respectively at gilgal, bethel, and", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5222077333722126, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T11:31:39.319092"} {"text": "them the warnings he was to receive. the other prophets are silent on the subject of their vocation ; doubtless they also received it as clearly and irresistibly. to the preaching and predictions of the false prophets uttering the fancies of their hearts and saying \" the word of yahweh \" when yahweh spoke to them not, they fearlessly oppose their own oracles as coming from heaven and compelling under penalty of revolt against god. and the manifest sanctity of their lives, the miracles wrought, the prophecies accomplished demonstrate to their contemporaries the truth of their claims. we also separated from them by thousands of years should be convinced by two irrefragable proofs among others : the great phenomenon of messianism culminating in christ and the church, and the excellence of the religious and moral teaching of the prophets. ( 2 ) supernatural knowledge : inspiration and revelation ( a ) the fact of revelation the prophet did not receive merely a general mission of preaching or predicting in yahweh ' s name : each of his words is divine, all his teaching is from above, that is, it comes to him by revelation or at least by inspiration. among the truths he preaches, there are some which he knows naturally by the light of reason or experience. it is not necessary for him to learn them from god, just as if he had been entirely ignorant of them. it suffices if the divine illumination places them in a new light, strengthens his judgment and preserves it from error concerning these facts, and if a supernatural impulse determines his will to make them the object of his message. this oral inspiration of the prophets bears an analogy to the scriptural inspiration, in virtue of which the prophets and hagiographers composed our canonical books. the entire contents of the prophetic message is not, therefore, within the compass of the natural faculties of the divine messenger. the object of all strictly so - called prediction requires a new manifestation and illumination ; unaided the prophet would remain in more or less absolute obscurity. this, then, is revelation in the full sense of the term. ( b ) manner of the revelatory communications ; canons for the interpretation of the prophecies and their fulfilment in the words of st. john of the cross and the doctors of mysticism have a special right to be heard in this matter \" god multiplies the means of transmitting these revelations ; at one time he makes use of words, at another of signs, figures,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.524439133525269, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 8, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T11:31:39.325030"} {"text": "of god any erroneous interpretation. it has likewise been long known that the vision very frequently disregards distances of time and place, and that the messias or the messianic era almost always appears on the immediate horizon of contemporary history. if to this we add the frequently conditional character of the oracles ( cf. jeremiah 18 ; 24 : 17 sqq. etc. ), and remember moreover that the prophets convey their message in words of eloquence, expressed in oriental poetry, so rich in striking colours and bold figures, the pretended distinction between realized and unrealized prophecies, predictions substantially accurate but erroneous in detail, will disappear. ( c ) state of the prophet during the vision ordinarily the vision occurred when the prophet was awake. dreams, of which the false prophets made ill use, are scarcely ever mentioned in the case of true prophets. much has been said about the ecstatic state of the latter. possibly the soul of the prophet may have been at times, as happened to the mystics, so absorbed by the activity of the spiritual faculties that the activity of the senses was suspended, though no definite instance can be cited. in any case, we must remember what st. jerome ( in isaiam, prolog. in p. l., xxiv, 19 ) and st. john chrysostom ( in i cor. homil. xxix in p. g., lxi, 240 sqq. ) remarked that the prophets always retained their self - consciousness and were never subject to the disordered and degrading psychic conditions of the pagan soothsayers and pythias ; and, instead of enigmatical and puerile sybilline oracles, their pronouncements were often sublime and always worthy of god. ( 1 ) the exterior form they usually taught orally. to this they often added symbolical acts which accorded with oriental tastes and caught the attention of their hearers. jeremias, for instance, wandered through jerusalem under a wooden yoke, symbolizing the approaching subjugation of the nations by the king of babylon. the false prophet hananias, having taken this yoke and broken it on the ground, receives this answer, in the name of yahweh \" thou hast broken chains of wood, and thou shalt make for them chains of iron \" ( xxviii, 13 ). jeremias and ezechiel make frequent use of this method of instruction. amos", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5241078655787597, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 10, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T11:31:39.326924"} {"text": "ad \u2019 ihani pentathlon ( sometimes quadrathlon ) is a multi - discipline winter sport developed in ad \u2019 ihan that is widely practised in both ad \u2019 ihan and liventia. the sport was first created in ad \u2019 ihan in 2129 and quickly became popular in present - day liventia, which sees more winter weather and had more winter sports facilities than its then - island territory. it is sometimes referred to as a \" winter pentathlon \", although there are different variations on the disciplines which make up a winter pentathlon. ad \u2019 ihani pentathlon consists of five disciplines, two of which are combined into a single discipline thus leading to the sport also being called a quadrathlon. the five disciplines are alpine skiing, ski jumping ( for men ) / skeleton ( for women ), speed skating, cross - country skiing and shooting, with the latter two being component disciplines of biathlon. the alpine skiing discipline has always been run as a downhill event and ski jumping has traditionally taken place on the normal hill. the distance of the speed skating race is always 1000 metres, regardless of gender, while the biathlon race is always held at sprint distance, meaning 7. 5 km for women and 10 km for men. records are not kept in the sport as the layouts of alpine skiing, skeleton and biathlon courses change from location to location, although the ad \u2019 ihani pentathlon sport union ( apsu ) recognises location records. where there is no biathlon shooting range available, the apsu allows for that discipline to be contested in its component parts as a 10 km ( for men ) or 7. 5 km ( for women ) cross - country skiing race with a separate shooting event held at an indoor range, with time penalties added to the cross - country timing for missed shots. the quadrathlon / pentathlon operates a points system as in heptathlon or decathlon, rather than a combined time system as in triathlon or a points system equalised prior to the final event as in modern pentathlon. similar to heptathlon or decathlon, the points system follows the formula pts = a \u00d7 ( b - t ) c, where t is the timed performance in seconds ( for downhill, biathlon, speed skating and skeleton ) and pts = a \u00d7 ( s \u2212 b ) c where s is the score the athlete has received for his ski jump. where an athlete fails to start, fails to finish or", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5036391114713921, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T11:31:39.341371"} {"text": "these days, the use of database stored procedures is regarded by many as a bad practice. those that dislike stored procedures tend to regard them as incompatible with the three - tier architecture : by breaking up an application into tiers, developers only have to modify or add a specific layer, rather than have to rewrite the entire application over. there should be a presentation tier, a business or data access tier, and a data tier. this is illustrated as follows : note that the \" tiers \" in the figure should actually be labelled \" layers \", for as the accompanying wikipedia article says : the concepts of layer and tier are often used interchangeably. however, one fairly common point of view is that there is indeed a difference, and that a layer is a logical structuring mechanism for the elements that make up the software solution, while a tier is a physical structuring mechanism for the system infrastructure. in fact, those that argue that stored procedures are bad tend to equate the three logical layers with three physical tiers : - data layer = data tier ( database ) - logic layer = middle tier ( application server ) - presentation layer = presentation tier but if we accept the above definition of \" layers \" and \" tiers \", it is obvious that the following is a valid mapping as well : - data layer = data tier ( database ) - logic layer = data tier ( database ) - presentation layer = presentation tier in other words, the database becomes our \" logic layer \" through the use of database stored procedures, which, as the name implies, are physically stored ( and executed ) in the database. ( and although i use the term \" stored procedure \", i ' m primarily talking about oracle and pl / sql, where the pl / sql code should be put in packages rather than stand - alone procedures. ) but why is this a bad idea? in fact, as it turns out, it might not be a bad idea at all. the usual reasons given against the use of stored procedures for \" business logic \" ( or for anything at all, really ) tend to be myths ( or outright lies ), repeated so many times that they are taken as the truth. so let ' s bust these myths, once and for all. and whenever someone argues against stored procedures using one of these myths, just give them a link to this blog post. ( and leave comments to prove me wrong, if you will. ) myth # 1 : stored procedures can ' t be version controlled stored procedure code lives in text files, which can", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5093356835875664, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T11:31:39.363327"} {"text": "it is claimed that putting logic in the database \" mixes concerns \", which must be a bad thing. the problem with \" business logic \" is that nobody has a clear definition of what it is ( but \" you ' ll know it when you see it \" ). for example, where do you draw the line between \" data logic \" and \" business logic \"? primary keys, foreign key constraints, unique key constraints, not null constraints, check constraints - - are these \" data logic \" or \" business logic \"? \" discount must be between 0 % and 5 % \", is that a business rule or a data constraint, and / or is it a validation rule in the presentation layer? the fact is, if you move all your logic into stored procedures, you entirely avoid the \" mixing of concerns \" between the data tier and the logic tier. ( and if you think such an approach dooms your project to failure, consider the next myth, which features an example of a massive [ and wildly successful ] application written entirely in the database. ) oh, and by the way, if your business logic is somewhere else than in the database, you always run the risk of someone or something bypassing your middle tier ( for example by logging in with sql * plus ), directly updating the database and possibly corrupting the data. so let ' s turn this around and conclude instead that : \" if your business logic is not in the database, it is only a recommendation. \" myth # 11 : stored procedures can ' t scale a frequent argument against stored procedures is that by placing all the work in the database server, your solution won ' t be able to scale up, because you need \" application servers \" in the middle tier to do that. the scalability of the database is limited by the fact that you can only have a single database server ( or you need to rewrite your code to work with partitioned / sharded databases like facebook have done ). of course, a lot of the people who throw around this kind of argument have never worked on an application or website which needed to scale up to millions of users ( and to be clear, neither have i ). that ' s because the vast majority of us work on much smaller enterprise business systems or \" normal \" websites ( perhaps even the kind of website that can be well served with free database software on a server with less juice than your laptop ). but stored procedures can scale. it ' s only a matter of money. and if you have millions of users,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5174219271334515, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T11:31:39.366302"} {"text": "due process as separation of powers nathan s. chapman stanford constitutional law center michael w. mcconnell stanford law school february 14, 2012 yale law journal, forthcoming stanford public law working paper no. 2005406 from its conceptual origin in magna charta, due process of law has required that government can only deprive persons of rights pursuant to a coordinated effort of separate institutions that make, execute, and adjudicate claims under the law. originalist debates about whether the fifth or fourteenth amendments were understood to entail modern \" substantive due process \" have obscured the way that many american lawyers and courts understood due process to limit the legislature from the revolutionary era through the civil war. they understood due process to prohibit legislatures from directly depriving persons of rights, especially vested property rights, because it was the court ' s role to do so pursuant to established and general law. this principle was applied against insufficiently general and prospective legislative acts under a variety of state and federal constitutional provisions through the antebellum era. contrary to the claims of some scholars, however, there was virtually no precedent before the fourteenth amendment for invalidating laws that restricted liberty or the use of property. contemporary resorts to originalism to support modern due process doctrines are therefore misplaced. understanding due process as a particular instantiation of separation of powers does, however, shed new light on a number of key 20th century cases which have not been fully analyzed under the requirements of due process of law. number of pages in pdf file : 116 keywords : constitution, due process, due process of law, separation of powers, legislative power, constitutional history, originalismaccepted paper series date posted : february 19, 2012 \u00a9 2013 social science electronic publishing, inc. all rights reserved. this page was processed by apollo2 in 0. 437 seconds", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.5247784965336681, "token_count": 364, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T11:31:39.391583"} {"text": "cross - posted at grist. a recent post on grist attempted to dismantle the intellectual foundations of free market environmentalism \u2014 the application of markets and property rights to solve environmental problems. but far from toppling a burgeoning movement within modern environmentalism, it succeeded only in misrepresenting the subject. to recap : clark williams - derry claimed that while free market environmentalism may be effective in some areas of the environment ( e. g., fisheries management ), its reliance upon unrealistic assumptions about the real world largely relegates it to useless intellectual theorizing. in particular, the coase theorem \u2014 an important component of market - based environmentalism named for nobel prize - winning economist ronald coase \u2014 amounts to \u201c a quirky but not particularly relevant bit of theoretical math. \u201d while there is certainly much more to free market environmentalism than the work of coase ( see terry anderson and donald leal \u2019 s book free market environmentalism for more details ), i focus here mostly on the misinformed critique of coase that has been used to discredit free market environmentalism. so, who is coase, what is his theorem, and what does it have to do with free market environmentalism? ronald coase \u2019 s 1960 paper \u201c the problem of social cost \u201d challenged the way economists thought about competing uses of resources. in short, the coase theorem states that if property rights are fully specified and the costs of coordinating transactions between agents are zero, bargaining will lead to an efficient outcome, regardless of how rights are initially assigned. to illustrate : suppose a farmer and a refinery are both located along a river. according to the coase theorem, as long as property rights to the use of the river are clearly defined and the costs of transacting with one another are zero, the amount of effluent disposed in the river by the refinery will be the same regardless of who has the property right. if the farmer had the right to have the river \u2019 s water free of the refinery \u2019 s waste, the refinery could compensate him in exchange for a partial right to discharge effluent into the river. if the refinery had the right to use the river for effluent discharge, the farmer could compensate the refinery in exchange for less effluent released into the river. in this stylized example, voluntary negotiations between the farmer and the refinery will result in the optimal amount of effluent discharged in the river, as long as property rights are defined to", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.56625253172264, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T11:31:39.397450"} {"text": "in exchange for less effluent released into the river. in this stylized example, voluntary negotiations between the farmer and the refinery will result in the optimal amount of effluent discharged in the river, as long as property rights are defined to one of them. this would occur without taxes imposed, water - use regulations devised, or subsidies doled out to try to control the use of the river. but as was correctly noted ( and astute readers have no doubt picked up on ), the real world is much more complex ; negotiation is costly, multiple agents are often affected, and information is diffuse. so, coase \u2019 s theorem \u2014 and free market environmentalism in general \u2014 is irrelevant in the real world, right? wrong. coase \u2019 s chief accomplishment was to encourage the economics profession to move away from the abstract mathematical tinkering that often bears no resemblance to the real world. he introduced the world to the reality of transaction costs, the costs of coordinating exchanges in the market. for decades, economists had devised policy prescriptions based on faulty assumptions of perfect competition, complete information, and, although it wasn \u2019 t framed in these terms, zero transaction costs. as coase later wrote, \u201c what my argument does suggest is the need to introduce positive transaction costs explicitly into economic analysis so that we can study the world that exists. \u201d despite the claim that his theory is \u201c mathematical, \u201d coase \u2019 s work lacks even a single equation. coase \u2019 s ideas are about reality, not theoretical math \u2013 a reason why he rejects what he calls \u201c blackboard economics \u201d because \u201c it does not study the real world. \u201d building upon coase \u2019 s essay on social cost, economists began focusing attention on property rights institutions and their ability to lower transaction costs. free market environmentalism recognizes that when property rights are well defined, disputes over resource use can often be resolved locally and cooperatively. this is in sharp contrast to the conventional command - and - control approach to environmentalism that is characterized by top - down management, special interests, and zero - sum \u201c i - win - you - lose \u201d outcomes. this is not to say free market environmentalists don \u2019 t believe in the presence of high transaction costs. to be sure, sufficiently high transaction costs can present significant hurdles for market - based solutions. but oftentimes, this presents an opportunity for entrepreneurs to step in and define property rights that lower such costs. these environmental entrepreneurs, call them \u201c enviropreneurs, \u201d are the often - unreco", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.55649518986988, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T11:31:39.398442"} {"text": "for market - based solutions. but oftentimes, this presents an opportunity for entrepreneurs to step in and define property rights that lower such costs. these environmental entrepreneurs, call them \u201c enviropreneurs, \u201d are the often - unrecognized agents of change that contract with rights holders to keep water instream for fish and wildlife habitat, compensate livestock owners for their losses due to wolf depredation, and develop ecosystem services markets for water quality and endangered species habitat. of course, the transaction costs associated with some environmental problems can be too high for even entrepreneurs to handle. for property rights and markets, the atmosphere is in many ways the new frontier. however, in such instances, the common law legal system historically played an important role in resolving resource conflicts in a coasean manner. before being shoved aside in the 1970s by the more politically attractive federal statute law, common law made it clear that no polluter had the right to impose unwanted costs on the owners of private property. centuries of legal precedence affirmed that people had a legal right to have their property free from pollution. upon examining the history the common law, economists roger meiners and bruce yandle concluded that the common law \u201c can protect the environment more effectively and fairly than can congressional statutes and bureaucratic regulations. \u201d when property rights are well defined, the free market environmentalism approach is bottom - up, not top - down. this addresses the key knowledge problem that plagues much of environmental policy. how do distant policymakers possess the information necessary to design the \u201c socially optimal \u201d tax, regulation, or subsidy that will result in the optimal level of pollution? it is here that the ideas of another, perhaps more important, luminary of free market environmentalism, f. a. hayek, come to light. knowledge in society is dispersed and \u201c not given to anyone in its totality, \u201d he wrote in his seminal 1945 article. hayek suggested that the information required to effectively allocate resources depends on very specific circumstances of time and place. because of this fact, the spontaneous ordering among the many supersedes the special wisdom of the few. hayek \u2019 s emphasis on market institutions and decentralized decision making is the essence of free market environmentalism. curiously, many discussions of environmental policy ignore hayek \u2019 s knowledge problem, assuming instead that regulators and politicians will yield effective environmental results. but alas, much server space has been occupied by those frustrated with the sad result of political environmentalism. critics admonish free market environmentalism because \u201c", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5381079388364977, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T11:31:39.399573"} {"text": "an international research team has discovered that a pervasive human rna modification provides the physiological underpinning of the genetic regulatory process that contributes to obesity and type ii diabetes. european researchers showed in 2007 that the fto gene was the major gene associated with obesity and type ii diabetes, but the details of its physiological and cellular functioning remained unknown. now, a team led by university of chicago chemistry professor chuan he has demonstrated experimentally the importance of a reversible rna modification process mediated by the fto protein upon biological regulation. he and 10 co - authors from chicago, china and england published the details of their finding in the oct. 16 advance online edition of nature chemical biology. he and his colleagues have shown, for the first time, the existence of the reversible rna modification process called methylation and that it potentially impacts protein expression and function through its action on a common rna base : adenosine. the process is reversible because it can involve the addition or removal of a methyl group from adenosine. the team found that the fto protein mediates cellular removal of the methyl group. \" an improved understanding of the normal functions of fto, as exemplified by this work, could aid the development of novel anti - obesity therapies, \" said stephen o ' rahilly, professor of clinical biochemistry and director of the metabolic research laboratories at the university of cambridge. o ' rahilly, a leading researcher in obesity and metabolic disease who also has studied fto, was not directly involved in he ' s project. \" variants around the fto gene have consistently been associated with human obesity and artificial manipulation of the fto gene in mice clearly demonstrates that fto plays a crucial role in the regulation of body weight, \" o ' rahilly explained. \" however, the development of a deeper understanding of the normal biological role of fto has been challenging. \" scientists already had demonstrated that fto removes methyl groups from nucleic acids, but only on one rare type of dna or rna methylation. the new research from he and his colleagues shows that fto also acts on the common messenger rna modification called n6 - methyladenosine, o ' rahilly said. the paper arose from he ' s investigations of the alkb family of proteins that act on nucleic acids. based on this work, he and his collaborators proved that human cells exhibit reversible methylation of rna bases, which significantly impact critical life processes. important but mysterious every human messenger rna carries on average three to six", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5149948262542994, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T11:31:39.411026"} {"text": "that act on nucleic acids. based on this work, he and his collaborators proved that human cells exhibit reversible methylation of rna bases, which significantly impact critical life processes. important but mysterious every human messenger rna carries on average three to six methylations on adenosine. scientists knew these methylations were extremely important but their function remained a mystery, he said. \" for the first time, we show that these methylations are reversible and play a key role in human energy homeostasis, \" the process by which the body maintains a complex biochemical dynamic equilibrium. the modification of n6 - methyladenosine in messenger rna is pervasive throughout the mammal kingdom and many other organisms. despite its abundance, this modification ' s exact functional role remains unknown, he said. but his team ' s discovery strongly indicates that the modification has major roles in messenger rna metabolism. the finding may open a new research field rna epigenetics for delving into the realm of biological regulatory processes, he said. the epigenetics of dna and histones ( proteins that package dna in human cells ) have become well - explored topics on the frontiers of biological research over the last 10 to 20 years. \" it is safe to say 50 percent of biologists work on subjects related to epigenetics one way or another, \" he said. dna ( deoxyribonucleic acid ) for decades has reigned as king over biological research on epigenetics of nucleic acids, as he noted in the december 2010 issue of nature chemical biology. rna ( ribonucleic acid ) modification was regarded more as a vassal that merely fine - tunes gene expression and regulation, until this recent discovery, which confirms the speculation by he and others that rna modification has secretly wielded a far greater genetic influence than anyone had previously suspected. that ' s why, as he wrote last year, \" reversible rna modification might represent another realm for biological regulation in the form of ' rna epigenetics. ' \" explore further : scientists develop advanced biological computer more information : \" n6 - methyladenosine in nuclear rna is a major substrate of the obesity - associated fto, \" by guifang jia, ye fu, xu zhao, qing dai, guanqun zheng, ying yang, chengqi yi, tomas lindahl, tao pan, yun - gui yang and chuan he, nature chemical biology, advance online publication oct. 16, 2011. \" rna epigenetics", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5427995801429834, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T11:31:39.412062"} {"text": "( physorg. com ) - - technology developed at the university of nottingham will be giving james bond the edge over his enemies when the latest high octane 007 adventure hits cinema screens later this week. when daniel craig reprises the role of fleming ' s iconic superspy in the quantum of solace, he will continue the franchise ' s special relationship with aston martin by taking the wheel of their flagship model, the dbs. and a new lightweight but super strong material developed by researchers in the university ' s polymer composites group, in collaboration with aston martin engineers, will be helping to ensure that any high - speed chases leave him stirred, but not shaken. underneath the cool, sleek exterior of the dbs is a highly engineered body structure which contains components made using a unique process, directed carbon fibre preforming ( dcfp ). during the process, carbon fibres are placed by a robot into a carefully controlled form and epoxy resin is injected around the fibres to create a carbon fibre composite component. the dcfp process produces a material that is both light and incredibly strong and is able to withstand huge impacts in the event of a crash, making it ideal in the use of high performance cars like the dbs. in addition to this, the material is greener than many of its mainstream counterparts as it can be recycled in accordance with european vehicle end of life directives. professor nick warrior, in the university ' s faculty of engineering, said it was exciting to think that technology which originated in nottingham would be seen by cinema - goers around the world. he added : \u201c the high strength and low weight characteristics of the dcfp have enabled the aston martin designers to increase the performance of the dbs reduce its fuel consumption and ultimately minimise 007 ' s carbon footprint \u2014 we hope to be able to spin - out dcfp to more affordable vehicles in the near future. \u201d the dcfp process is part of a longstanding research collaboration between the university of nottingham and aston martin. a unique carbon fibre 3 - d braiding process, developed by the research group, was an integral component used in the windscreen pillar of the aston martin vanquish, seen in the 20th james bond film, die another day. the dcfp technology was also used in the aston martin dbsv12 car seen in daniel craig ' s first outing as bond, casino royale. the car was seen in a spectacular crash in which stunt driver adam kirley used an air cannon behind the driver ' s seat to propel the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.5299605292044127, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T11:31:39.431179"} {"text": "a theoretical analysis of recent experiments suggests that a key feature of a topological quantum computer \u2014 the unusual statistics of quasiparticles in the quantum hall effect \u2014 may finally have been observed. by exploiting the concept of particle - hole duality, one can realize a point junction between integer and fractional quantum hall phases, which constitutes a crucial building block towards possible applications of the quantum hall effect. the fractional quantum hall effect, thought to be special to two dimensions, may also flourish in three, providing a possible explanation for anomalies observed in certain 3d materials in high magnetic fields. physics2, 24 ( 2009 ) \u2013 published march 30, 2009 the surprising prediction that currents can flow forever in small normal metal rings was confirmed almost twenty years ago. highly precise new experiments find good agreement with theory that was not seen till now. h. a. fertig, physics2, 15 ( 2009 ) \u2013 published february 23, 2009 measurements of the heat transport at the edges of two - dimensional electron systems appear to provide explanations about the quantum hall state that have not been forthcoming via charge transport experiments. crystalline structures have been observed in nanoislands of electrons floating above superfluid helium. the energy required to add or subtract an electron from these quantum - dot - like islands agrees well with theory. physics1, 36 ( 2008 ) \u2013 published november 24, 2008 the esoteric concept of \u201c axions \u201d was born thirty years ago to describe the strong interaction between quarks. it appears that the same physics \u2014 though in a much different context \u2014 applies to an unusual class of insulators. graphene has been idealized as a two - dimensional electron system in which the electrons behave like massless fermions, but how \u201c perfect \u201d is it? scientists now show they can prepare free - standing sheets of graphene that have some of the highest electron mobilities of any inorganic semiconductor. a decade ago, experimentalists showed that persistent currents can flow in nonsuperconducting mesoscopic metal rings, but there was no theory that correctly explained the magnitude or direction of the unexpectedly large currents. theorists are now proposing a simple idea that may at last explain these results. electrons in graphene can be described by the relativistic dirac equation for massless fermions and exhibit a host of unusual properties. the surfaces of certain band insulators \u2014 called topological insulators \u2014 can be described in a similar way, leading to an exotic metallic surface on an otherwise \u201c ordinary \u201d insulator.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_computing", "similarity_score": 0.6949870819854362, "token_count": 511, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T11:31:39.438540"} {"text": "- the role of religious epistemology in inter - religious dialogue ( 2012 ) - from the dawn of civilization, a multitude of religious has developed each very complex. these great differences among religions make it difficult to find a least common denominator or to talk at length of religion in general. on the other hand, focusing on just one specific religion often causes us to ignore or underestimate some of the very broad traits that religions seem to share. the fact remains that we will make no headway into the question of what makes a specific religion a religion if we do not seek some characteristics common to all religions. religion is usually associated with the supernatural or the divine. 505 however, the notion of a supernatural realm does not occur in the non - theistic schools of buddhism and functions in very different ways, say, in taoism, hinduism, and islam. these shortcomings suggest that religion is notoriously difficult to define. to me, religion is any action taken through every aspect of our being to release us from our weakness or imperfection, and bring us closer to the divine reality. in other words, it is a human inner desire or activity to unite with an absolute being. the examination of the intellectual dimension of religion that is, its key beliefs is most beneficial when it is guided and informed. since epistemology is the theory of knowledge, one would therefore expect epistemological discussions of religion to concentrate on the question whether one could have knowledge of religious beliefs. religious epistemology is simple to say that it is the epistemology of distinctively religious beliefs, but that will not be helpful in the absence of a definition of religious beliefs. philosophers of religion might consider the epistemology of religious belief, pondering questions about the sources and justifications of religious knowledge. fundamental questions regarding the nature of knowledge are likely to arise in any culture. after all, everyone has some stake in distinguishing truth from error, wisdom from ignorance, and the path to knowledge from the path to ignorance. epistemologists have discussed, in addition to the defining conditions and the sources of knowledge, the extent of human knowledge. they have asked how far human knowledge can extend. many philosophers find it obvious that we know 505 see michael peterson, william hasker, bruce reichenbach david basinger, reason and religious belief : an introduction to the philosophy of religion, 4. 186 at least some things, if only things about personal experiences or household physical objects. others have claimed, however, that we really have no knowledge. such philosophers admit", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.5627883325618809, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T11:31:39.496761"} {"text": "reason. the kind of justification crucial to knowledge is called epistemic justification. even if knowledge requires justification, a justified belief can be false. in allowing for justified false beliefs, contemporary epistemologists endorse fallibilism about justification. reformed 506 see paul k. moser dwayne h. mulder j. d. trout, the theory of knowledge ; a thematic introduction ( oxford university press, 1998 ), 4. 507 ibid., 77 - 78. 187 epistemologists contend that belief in the existence of god can, in some circumstances, have an epistemic status high enough to render it worthy of acceptance even if it has no support from the arguments of natural theology or from any other beliefs. the views of alston and mavrodes are sometimes said to display an affinity with reformed epistemology, and nicholas wolterstorff has made significant contributions to its development. but plantinga has clearly been the leading contemporary advocate of this school of thought in religious epistemology. during the earlier phase of their development, plantinga concentrated on defending the view that theistic belief can be in certain conditions, is justified or rationally held even in the absence of any propositional evidence or supporting argument. 508 for the conviction that theistic belief is properly basic, foundationalists carry out a reconstructive project that would put our revised doxastic structures on foundations so firm that they could withstand rather than ignore skeptical challenges. that is, for the classical foundationlist theistic belief requires support from propositional evidence or argument if it is to be rationally or justifiably held. however, it is fairly clear that belief in god \u2019 s existence does not satisfy this criterion ; it is neither self - evident nor incorrigible nor evident to the sense for humans at any time in this life. the question of justification attracts philosophers especially in contemporary epistemology. and controversy of this question focuses on the meaning of \u2018 justification \u2019 as well as on the substantive conditions of a belief \u2019 s being justified in a way appropriate to knowledge. william alston, for instance, has introduced a non - deontological normative concept of justification that relies mainly on the notion of what is epistemically good from the view - point of maximizing truth and minimizing falsity. alston link epistemic goodness to a belief \u2019 s being based on adequate grounds in the absence of overriding reason to the contrary. but for some epistemologists \u201c ep", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.512242993307478, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T11:31:39.499100"} {"text": "point of maximizing truth and minimizing falsity. alston link epistemic goodness to a belief \u2019 s being based on adequate grounds in the absence of overriding reason to the contrary. but for some epistemologists \u201c epistemic justification \u201d means simply \u201c evidential support \u201d of certain sort. 509 to say that s is epistemically justifiable to some extent for you is, on this view, just to say that s is supportable to some extent by your overall evidential reason. according to epistemologist, knowledge entails beliefs, so that i cannot know that such and such is the case unless i believe that such and such is the case. robert audi mentioned that knowledge arises in experience. it is constituted by conclusively 508 see ibid., 525 - 26. 509 see robert audi, the cambridge dictionary of philosophy, 233 - 35. 188 justified true belief, meaning that : the believer may be justified by psychological certain of the true proposition in question and this proposition is so well - grounded as to be itself propositionally certain. and knowledge constitute by such belief may be called epistemic certainty. when we come to religious knowledge, audi says that religious propositions are simply beyond the scope of human knowledge. but the point is why would it be thought that no religious propositions are known? the most common ground for holding this view is namely, that religious propositions, such as that god exists, cannot be known either a priori or on the basis of experience. the concept of justification or evidence would occur with the concept of belief in a more complex analysis of the concept of knowledge. 510 in recent decades, questions of knowledge seem to have been marginalized by question of justification. as a matter of fact, however, epistemological discussion of religious belief, at least since the enlightenment has tended to focus, not on the question whether religious belief has warrant, but whether it is justified. more precisely, it has tended to focus on the question whether those properties are enjoyed by theistic belief - the belief that there exists a person like the god of traditional christianity, judaism, and islam : an almighty, all knowing, wholly benevolent and loving spiritual person who has created the world. the main epistemological question about religious belief, therefore, has been the question whether or not religious belief in general and theistic belief in particular is rational or rationally acceptable, or whether it is justified? in its primary sense, rationality is a normative concept", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5733007694748654, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T11:31:39.500174"} {"text": "way or if it is based on the wrong sort of evidence. according to swinburne beliefs are rational in so far as they are based on investigation which was, in the believer \u2019 s view, adequate, and if the believer believes it to be rational. swinburne understand by religious beliefs as about transcendent reality, including his belief about whether or not there is a god, and his beliefs about what properties god has ( what god is like ) and what actions he has performed. 514 according to john hick, the issue is not whether it can be established as an item of indubitable public knowledge that god ( or the divine or the transcendent ) exists, or most probably exists, but whether it is rational for those who experience some of life \u2019 s moments theistically to believe that god exists, and to proceed to conduct their lives on that basis. hick looks at a rational belief in general way. for him \u201c belief \u201d can mean a proposition believed or it can be defined as an act or state of believing. the idea of evidence normally presupposes a gap between an observed fact, or body of facts, and an inferred conclusion. therefore, our ordinary moment - to moment perceptual beliefs contradict the principle that all rational believing must be based upon adequate evidence. it is not that they are based upon inadequate evidence, but rather that the model of evidence - inference - belief does not apply here. ordinary perceptual beliefs arise directly out of our experience, and it is entirely appropriate, proper, and rational to form these beliefs in this way. the relationship between experience and belief 513 see, an essay by william p. alston, epistemic desiderata, philosophy and phenomenological research l iii / 3 ( sep. 1993 ). and nicholas wolterstorff, divine discourse, ( cambridge : cambridge university press, 1995. 514 see richard swinburne, faith and reason, ( published in the united state by oxford university press, new york walton street, oxford : ox 2 6 dp. press, 1981 ), 55 & 72. 190 has been much debated in recent work in the philosophy of religion. this discussion has focused upon specifically theistic belief and hick discusses also in these terms and his argument is that it is rational to believe in the reality of god. alvin plantinga argues on these manifestation - experiences that they are properly basic. 515 that is to say, it is as rational for", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5575209581120845, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T11:31:39.502530"} {"text": "hick discusses also in these terms and his argument is that it is rational to believe in the reality of god. alvin plantinga argues on these manifestation - experiences that they are properly basic. 515 that is to say, it is as rational for religious persons to hold these basic religious beliefs as it is for all of us to hold our basic perceptual beliefs. but, more basically, it is the biblical assumption translated into philosophical terms. according to plantinga this experience is what justifies me in holding ( the belief ) that is the ground of my justification, and by extension, the ground of the belief itself. he then applies this principle to religious beliefs. in philosophy, experience is generally what we perceive by the senses what we learn from others, or whatever comes from external sources or from inner reflection. in the sense, experience is associated with observation and experiment. empiricism stresses that our knowledge must be based on experience, but rationalism claims that experience is a potential source of error and prefers rational certainty to mere empirical generalization. in ordinary usage, for every experience there must be something experienced that is independent of the subject of experience. but in philosophy, the relation between experience as a state of consciousness and independent objects of experience becomes a focus of debate. there are many different kinds of experiences, but it is religious experiences that interest me here. from the point of view of epistemology the modifications of consciousness consisting our apparently perceptual experience are of importantly different kinds. in addition to true perceptions there are misperceptions, illusions, and hallucinations. therefore, if anyone misled by any of these forms of perceptual error, he or she is then deluded. in each case the delusion consists in a mistaken implicit belief about the cause of the experience : applying this concept of delusion to the realm of religious experience, we have to ask whether those who assume that their experience of living in god \u2019 s presence is caused by their being in god \u2019 s presence are believing truly or are, on the contrary, under a delusion. in modern philosophy of mind a major theme which bears on many theoretical issues, concerns the alleged privacy of an experience as an event knowable only to its possessor and 515 see alvin plantinga and nicholas wolterstorff, reason and belief in god, in faith and rationality, 78 - 91. see also john hick, philosophy of religion, 76. 191 the possibility of public access to that experience. there is much philosophical debate concerning", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.6028636510080412, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T11:31:39.503725"} {"text": "nicholas wolterstorff, reason and belief in god, in faith and rationality, 78 - 91. see also john hick, philosophy of religion, 76. 191 the possibility of public access to that experience. there is much philosophical debate concerning precisely how perception is to be analyzed. in particular, questions are raised concerning the status of the phenomenon. but there is general agreement that in perception, objects present themselves to us in ways that enable us to know them. similarly, in religious experience god presents himself in ways that enable us to know him and his actions. for alston there are, it seems, important differences between ordinary perceptual or sense experience and religious experience. sense perception is a common experience, whereas religious experience is less common, perhaps, even rare, sense perception yields a great deal of information about the world, whereas religious experience yields apparently little information about god, all humans have the capacity for sense perception, but many seem not to have the capacity for religious experience. these differences, however, do not show that religious experience has a structure unlike perception. for one thing, neither the frequency of an experience nor the amount of information it yields tells us anything about its structure. on the other hand, the limitation of the rationalist way is that the only truths capable of being strictly proved are analytic and ultimately tautological. but we cannot by logic alone demonstrate any matter of fact and existence ; these must be known through experience. for sure if nothing were given through experience in its various modes, we should never have anything to reason about. this is as true in religion as in other fields. if god exists, god is not an idea but a reality outside us, in order to be known to men and women, god must therefore become manifest in some way within their experience. this conclusion is in line with the contemporary revolt against the rationalist assumptions which have dominated much of western philosophy since the time of descartes. 516 descartes held that we can properly be said to know only truths that are self - evident or that can be reached by logical inferences from self - evident premises. therefore, those who stress faith and attack reason often place a great deal of emphasis on religious experience. however, religious experience is by no means a purely emotional \u201c happening \u201d ; rather, it involves concepts and beliefs about the being that is experienced. if we tried to separate religious experiences from such concepts and beliefs - from the religious belief - system, as we shall call it - then there would be no way saying who or what is", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.5996124088513273, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T11:31:39.507864"} {"text": ", it involves concepts and beliefs about the being that is experienced. if we tried to separate religious experiences from such concepts and beliefs - from the religious belief - system, as we shall call it - then there would be no way saying who or what is that is experienced, or of explaining what sort of difference the experience ought to make to the person who has it. however, such a religious belief system needs to be understood ; at least to 516 john hick, philosophy of religion, 69. see also descartes, discourse on method and meditation. 192 some degree - it is hard to see how understanding it is not going to involve the use of reason. for rationalisms, in order for a religious belief - system to be properly and rationally accepted, it must be possible to prove that the belief - system is true. rationalism in this sense implies a reliance on reason, or intelligence, in deciding our beliefs and actions. the central idea of strong rationalism was stated forcefully by w. k. clifford. according to his opinion, no religious belief - system is capable of meeting the high standard of proof that should govern all of our believing, and so a reasonable ( and moral ) person must do without religious beliefs. among the objections to christian belief, as well as to judaic and muslim, characteristic of the modern intelligentsia is the objection that it is no longer rational, if ever it was, to believe that god exists. therefore, the rational person will have to make his way in the world without supposing that there exists any god in whom he could trust. 517 however, according to nicholas wolterstorff, to believe in god is our fundamental human obligation. central to christianity, judaism, and islam alike is the conviction that we as human beings are called to believe in god to trust in him, to rely on him, to place our confidence in him. central also is the conviction that only by believing in god can the deepest stirrings of the human heart be satisfied. duty and fulfillment here coalesce. the rationality of trusting someone presupposes the rationality of believing that person exists. john locke was among the first to formulate articulately the evidentialist challenge to theistic belief. reason is reasoning for locke, and clearly he thinks of it as one among others of our belief - forming processes. faith is another belief - forming process. it, by contrast, consists in accepting something \u201c as coming from god. \u201d 518 however, for locke it still belongs to", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5873846234724508, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 8, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T11:31:39.508991"} {"text": "clearly he thinks of it as one among others of our belief - forming processes. faith is another belief - forming process. it, by contrast, consists in accepting something \u201c as coming from god. \u201d 518 however, for locke it still belongs to reason to judge of the truth of its being a revelation, and of the signification of the words wherein it is delivered. for evidentialist, one \u2019 s belief that god exists is rational only if it is formed or sustained by good inference by inferring it from others of one \u2019 s beliefs, which in fact provide adequate evidence for it. but, wolterstorff, see no reason what so ever to suppose that by the criterion 517 see william k. clifford, the ethics of belief, in george i. mavrodes, ed., the rationality of belief in god, ( englewood cliffs, nj : prentice - hall, press, 1970 ), 159 - 60. see also michael peterson, william hasker, bruce reighenbach, david basinger ; reason and religious belief, 34. 518 see alvin plantinga and nicholas wolterstorff, faith and rationality, 137. 193 offered the evidentialist challenge is tenable. he see no reason to suppose that people who hold as one of their immediate beliefs that god exists always have adequate reason to surrender that belief or ought to believe that they do. however, for him those abstract and highly general theses of evidentialism no longer look very interesting, once we regard them in the light of the criterion offered. therefore, for him the fact that it is not rational for some person to believe that god exists does not follow that he ought to give up that belief. but can we accept the principle of credulity? one problem is that whereas there is a fundamental uniformity about the way we report both ordinary perceptual experiences and the beliefs about objects of those experiences, there is quite a diversity of reports about religious experiences and the claim based on them. person give incompatible descriptions of the reality experienced. therefore, where perceptions yield conflicting testimony, we must turn to other experiences and rational arguments to determine the truth of the various claims. that is, where there are different accounts, additional considerations must be introduced to help decide which, if any, of the religious experiences are veridical. although the reports provide a prima facie ground for their acceptance, not all beliefs based on such experiences are true. just as we at times doubt perceptual claims for good reason,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.5415827706457655, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 9, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T11:31:39.510006"} {"text": "if any, of the religious experiences are veridical. although the reports provide a prima facie ground for their acceptance, not all beliefs based on such experiences are true. just as we at times doubt perceptual claims for good reason, we might do the same for claims based on religious experience. according to hick, religion constitutes our varied human response to transcendent reality. religious experience then is structured by religious beliefs which are implicit within religious experience. but the question is if this complex of experience and beliefs that takes place in different shapes within the different traditions, is to be regarded simply as a human creation or as our response to a transcendent reality, even if a response whose particular forms always involve the creative activity of the human imagination. of course the problem of terminology is obvious as we see in many parts of philosophy, and without explanatory gloss none of the available descriptive labels for these two possibilities is entirely adequate. much of the philosophical discussion of religious diversity continues to centre on the work of john hick. 519 he is not interested in the question of what can justifiably be affirmed in the face of such diversity, rather, he is primarily concerned with the question of which justified response is most reasonable. moreover, on this question, he leaves no doubt as to his opinion : 519 see john hick, an interpretation of religion : human response to the transcendent, ( new haven : yale university and london : macmillan press, 1989 ), 172. 194 religious pluralism is by far the most plausible explanation for the pervasive religious diversity we encounter. many westerners will best understand the emergence of inclusivism and pluralism in terms of the history of christianity. for most of its history, christianity has been resolutely exclusivist. in late antiquity, it was a new religion, struggling to establish itself in the face of criticism and persecution. it is not surprising to find it making exclusive claims on behalf of its charismatic founder, jesus of nazareth. of course, christianity is not the only religion to have fostered exclusivist attitudes. in their more militant movements, muslims have done the same. some jews cherish an ethnically exclusive identity as god \u2019 s chosen people, and some hindus revere the vedas as a source of absolute truth, buddhists often see in the teachings of gautama the only dharma that can liberate humans from illusion and suffering. hick has set forth a philosophically sophisticated pluralistic hypothesis that may avoid problems", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5732366065963804, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 10, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T11:31:39.511079"} {"text": "vedas as a source of absolute truth, buddhists often see in the teachings of gautama the only dharma that can liberate humans from illusion and suffering. hick has set forth a philosophically sophisticated pluralistic hypothesis that may avoid problems of this sort. 520 as he sees it, each of the major religious traditions offers a path to salvation or liberation that involves a transformation of human existence from self - centeredness to reality - centeredness. religious plurality is simply a fact. there are religious traditions that differ deeply in terms of their doctrines, practices, institutions, scriptures, experiences, and hope. according to pluralism, a single ultimate religious reality is being differently experienced and understood in all the major religious traditions ; they all, as far as the philosophers can tell, offer equally effective paths to salvation or liberation. according to harold coward, judaism is an appropriate tradition in which to begin the stay of religious pluralism and the world religions. the experience of being a minority group in other cultures, which becoming more common place for all the world religions as religious pluralism spreads, has been the norm for judaism for countless generations. from the biblical period to the present, judaism has had to formulate its beliefs and practices in the face of challenges from other cultures and religions. the viewpoint of the modern jew opens the way for relations with christianity, islam, and perhaps hinduism ; however, buddhism - especially mahayana buddhism may prove to be in a separate category. the buddhist consciousness in which no transcendent god is recognized and the mahayana awareness of the divine in the 520 ibid. 195 secular may be judged by the jewish philosopher as a modern idolatry. therefore, perhaps the most serious challenge for judaism comes in its response to buddhism. as long as a religion is founded on the experience of a transcendent god, judaism seems to be able to enter into spiritual partnership with it. but if that experience does not hold true for the buddhist - if it is not a transcendent god that is being experienced - can the jew still embrace the buddhist as a spiritual partner? this question has yet to be faced by judaism. 521 the relationship between christianity and the other religions is one of the key issues in christian self - understanding. perhaps pluralism is so pressing a challenge because of the exclusivist missionary approaches adopted by christianity over the past several hundred years. in the rapidly expanding body of literature resulting from the encounter with other religions, many christian theologians are concluding that christian theology cannot continue to be formulated in isolation from the other religions,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5454040289761055, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 11, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T11:31:39.512168"} {"text": "challenge of religious pluralism is to encourage the inquiring spirit and devotion to truth that is larger than any individual tradition. the buddhist attitude to other religions has been described as \u201c critical tolerance \u201d 523 combined with a missionary goal. buddhism has demonstrated a remarkable degree of tolerance and flexibility throughout the course of its expansion. unlike some other religious expansions, the spread of buddhism has been accomplished more through the dissemination of ideas than by migration of peoples. buddhism rejects the worship of god or gods and the performance of religious rituals as a means to release. it also rejects speculations about ultimate beginnings, especially about whether the self and the world were eternal, and a number of speculations about the ultimate state of the self in the future. the tolerant but critical attitude of the buddha toward the plurality of religious views is shaped into a rigorous philosophic approach by the madhyamika buddhists. if, as the buddha discovered, the goal of religion is compassion, then, say the madhyamika, the biggest obstacle to realizing that goal is attachment to our own religious beliefs in such a way as to make them absolute. based on this understanding, the madhyamika buddhist \u2019 s attitude towards other religions is one of openness and indeed a \u201c missionary desire \u201d 524 to enter into dialogue. the inherent desire to conceptualize and share religious experience is too deeply ingrained in 522 ibid., 63 - 80. 523 see k. n. jayatilleke, the buddhist attitude to other religions ( kandy, sri lanka : buddhist publication society, 1975 ). and see also harold coward pluralism : challenge to world religions, 81. 524 see harold coward, pluralism : challenge to world religions, 88. 197 human nature to render silence an acceptable answer. in fact the madhyamika himself has been far from silent. his prescription of silence was only intended to apply to claims of absolute knowledge. as long as the limitation is honored, then discussion, including theological discussion, could take place. the dialogical approach opens the way for the meeting of christians with jews, muslims, and hindus. however, the theocentric premise could become an obstacle to meaningful encounters with buddhists and advaita vedantists. therefore, an unresolved problem for all of these approaches is the buddhist and even those with considerable exposure to buddhism and hinduism seem almost willfully to turn a blind eye to this problem. one possible exception might be found in tillich \u2019 s formulation of the \u201c god above gods \u201d as the \u201c ground of being.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5251233290064534, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 13, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T11:31:39.514420"} {"text": "the work of courts and offices, everything would become topsy - turvy. in an inversion of the actual power structure of society at the time ( typical of the svang [ * ] \u2014 see chapter 2 ) maharaja righteous - rule brings the case to a close with his judgment, made in accordance with the sacred law of the hindus : let urdu be cast out and nagari take her place ( datta 188? : 13 \u2013 14, 16 ). language and the formation of community identity many studies of the hindi movement have focused on the political aspects, especially at the national level, and have dealt primarily with the twentieth century ( for example, brass 1974 ; das gupta 1970 ; gopal 1953 ; harrison 1960 ; kluyev 1981 ; lutt 1970 ; s. misra 1956 ; narula 1955 ; nayar 1969 ; smith 1963 ; tivari 1982 ; l. varma 1964 ). the great majority of these have used chiefly english sources, and few of them have thoroughly surveyed the relevant sources for the nineteenth century. almost no studies have attempted to trace the detailed history of the voluntary language associations that played such major roles in the development of hindi. in this essay i examine not only the political but also the social and cultural aspects of the hindi movement, particularly on the local and provincial levels, and deal chiefly with the nineteenth century. moreover, i have made extensive use of both hindi and english sources, including a thorough search of official records, such as education reports, publication statistics, and the like. finally, i stress the importance of voluntary language associations, which both reflected and intensified the hindi movement ( see also king 1974 ). the play described above well illustrates the social, cultural, and political matrix from which the hindi movement arose, namely, the growing split between indo - persian and hindu merchant culture characteristic of the late nineteenth and the early twentieth century in north india. as bayly ( 1983 ) has shown in his analysis of eighteenth - and nineteenth - century north india, these two \" conflicting forms of urban solidarity \" served as the foundations of the later - developing nationalism and religious communalism, which so dramatically affected events in the twentieth century. urdu effectively symbolized the dominant indo - persian culture of north india in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, for it formed one of the major parts of this blend. the attack on urdu and the strong support for nagari ( a term that encompassed both language and script ) evident in the play became important elements in the process by which a self - conscious hindu nationalism emerged in north india.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5061509513214526, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T11:31:39.563213"} {"text": "and muslim camps must be dated much earlier than is commonly supposed \" ( bayly 1983 : 455 ). similarly, as we shall see, considerable evidence indicates that the potential for linguistic controversy stretched back to the early nineteenth century and before. we must ask, then, what influences kindled underlying differences into open conflict in the 1860s. in general, the pace of economic and social development in the province quickened after the rebellion of 1857 in a wide variety of ways ( see bayly 1983 : 427 \u2013 40 ). most important for our purposes, however, was the rapid post - rebellion expansion of the three closely related areas of government service, education, and publication ( all discussed below ). each of these institutionalized the most refractory difference between hindi and urdu \u2014 script \u2014 and each became an arena of competition in a mutually reinforcing and ever - expanding spiral. definition against external rivals : the hindi - urdu controversy the hindi - urdu controversy, as the long and heated exchange of opinions between opposing supporters of hindi and urdu came to be known, began in the 1860s and continued right up to independence. confined largely to u. p. in the nineteenth century, the controversy gradually assumed national proportions in the twentieth. on both the provincial and the national level, a major portion of the debate focused on the question of the proper language and script for government courts and offices. the center of the hindi side of the controversy lay in the eastern districts of the province and especially in the cities of banaras and allahabad. the themes announced early in the controversy appeared again and again with wearying consistency. the protagonists of hindi argued : the bulk of the population used hindi ; the urdu script had a foreign origin, and also made court documents illegible, encouraged forgery, and fostered the use of difficult arabic and persian words ; the introduction of the nagari script into government courts and offices would give considerable impetus to the spread of education by enhancing the prospects for public service ; and experienced hindi scribes could write just as fast as their urdu counterparts. the supporters of urdu maintained : even the inhabitants of remote villages spoke urdu fluently ; the urdu language had originated in india even though its script may have come from outside ; any script could lend itself to forgery ; the numerous dialects of hindi lacked standardization ; and hindi had an impoverished vocabulary, especially in scientific and technical terms. one of the most often repeated arguments for hindi appeared in blunt numerical terms, where speakers were identified by religious community. an 1873 issue of the kavi vachan such", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5021160129542144, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 8, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T11:31:39.573650"} {"text": "of students and teachers in the persian and hindi schools ( the great majority of the total ) of agra district fairly represented the general situation in other districts. muslims and kayasths composed the great majority of teachers and students of persian, and brahmins, baniyas, and rajputs, of hindi. moreover, all but a handful of muslims studied persian, while most hindus ( with the notable exception of kayasths ) studied hindi ( nwp educ rpt 1844 \u2013 1845 : appendix i ). another aspect of language study patterns appears in statistics for government schools in 1859 \u2013 60. in the western part of the province students learning islamic - heritage languages were a slight majority, while in the central and eastern parts those learning hindu - heritage languages were large majorities ( nwp educ rpt 1859 \u2013 1860 : appendix a, 2 \u2013 62 ). similar figures for awadh in 1869 show a pattern very close to that of the western n. w. p., with slightly more than half the students learning islamic - heritage languages, a little more than a third, hindu - heritage languages, and the remainder, english ( oudh educ rpt 1868 \u2013 1869 : appendix a ). in both awadh and the n. w. p. another pattern appeared in education statistics during this period : the higher the level of education, the greater the proportion of students taking islamic - heritage languages and english, and the smaller the proportion taking hindu - heritage languages ( see king 1974 : 84 \u2013 91 ). when we put these patterns together, a picture emerges which correlates quite well with the distribution of hindi and urdu publications discussed above : hindi in a subordinate position in government institutions, contrasted with urdu well entrenched in the higher reaches of education and administration ; hindi supported by castes associated with sanskrit learning and resistance to muslim rule in the past, versus urdu upheld by muslims and those hindu castes ( chiefly kayasths ) with a vested interest in indo - persian culture ; hindi whose stronghold lay in the eastern part of the province where the hindu merchant tradition was more powerful vis - a - vis urdu, whose strength lay in awadh and the western part of the province where the indo - persian service tradition was more dominant ( bayly 1983 ) ; and finally, hindi and urdu studied almost entirely by high - caste hindus and muslims. the vernaculars and employment in 1877 the provincial government first prescribed a successful performance in either the middle class vernacular or the middle class anglo - vernacular examination as a qualification for government service.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5125458363127255, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 19, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T11:31:39.602796"} {"text": "and kayasths, succeeds in passing through one of these more distant gates, labeled subordinate judicial and executive services, but many others are turned aside. among these, numbers of brahmins, rajputs, khatris, and baniyas, as well as a few muslims, succeed in crossing the portals of a large gate labeled educational department. others, among them many muslims, manage to enter a smaller gate labeled police department. some of the remaining crowd enter through other, smaller gates, but many fail to pass through any gate and straggle off into the surrounding countryside. here live millions unacquainted with either sanskritized hindi or persianized urdu who come from the lower levels of hindu and muslim society \u2014 ahirs, chamars, bhangis, and many others. this fanciful portrait is meant to suggest that many non - kayasth hindus found that their best hope for government service lay in the newer educational department rather than in the older, more presti - gious, and more remunerative revenue or judicial departments. from the ranks of such hindus came many leaders of the hindi movement. the three founders of the nps, for example, included a brahmin, a rajput, and a khatri ; all three made their careers in education \u2014 two in government service, and one in both government and private service. our portrait also suggests that the great majority of the population, the repository of popular culture, did not share the concerns of the vernacular elite. yet another aspect of the relationship between education, language, and employment appeared in the results of an investigation ordered by the provincial lieutenant - governor in may 1900, a month after he had issued a resolution ostensibly granting equal status to the two vernacular languages and scripts. this investigation, which included the courts and offices of the judicial and revenue departments from the highest to the lowest level in each district, aimed at determining the respective numbers of hindu and muslim clerks familiar with hindi or urdu or both ( nwp & o gen admin progs october 1900 : 111, 119, 122 \u2013 24 ). the results showed that most hindus knew at least some hindi, and even more knew at least some urdu. on the other hand, fewer than half of the muslims knew at least some hindi, while all knew at least some urdu. to put matters differently, almost all the hindus knew urdu well, and the majority knew hindi well too. while almost all the muslims knew urdu well, only a small minority knew hindi well. contemporary observers suggested with", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.505357398263667, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 21, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T11:31:39.610722"} {"text": "of south indians joined in 1908, and only tiny numbers of muslims ever became members ( king 1974 : 445 \u2013 51 ). while much of the financial support for the sabha came from membership donations and the sale of publications, especially school textbooks, a significant portion came from large donors, many of whom were princes. in the first thirty years the organization ' s twenty largest donors contributed close to rs. 100, 000, or approximately 30 percent of the total income. twelve of these donors were princes, seven of whom became official patrons of the sabha, namely, the maharajas of gwalior, rewah, baroda, bikaner, chatrapur, alwar, and banaras ( king 1974 : 452 \u2013 54, 456 \u2013 59 ). whereas the sabha ' s first decade brought significant successes in both political and literary endeavors, the second decade saw continuing progress in the latter but little or no advance in the former. from about 1914 on, the sabha devoted most of its energies and funds to literary efforts and turned away from political activities. so politically conservative did the organization become that the government even allowed the sabha to keep proscribed books. in the decades to come, not the sabha but the hindi sahitya sammelan played the preeminent political role on both the provincial and the national level in the promotion of hindi and the nagari script. the sabha remained content to embellish hindi literature. new identities \u2014 the terminus ad quem the picture in saraswati provides a convenient departure point for summarizing, analyzing, and speculating about what we have learned of the hindi movement. by the early twentieth century, as the distance between the two women suggests, the indo - persian and hindu cultures had become separate clusters of symbols for many members of what we have called the vernacular elite. from the more extreme hindu view - point, the two figures stood for virtue versus vice ; from the more extreme muslim viewpoint, for barbarism versus refinement ( see rahmat - ullah 1900 ). as one scholar of north india has suggested, various symbols of communal identity gradually clustered around the master symbol of religion in a process designated as \" multi - symbol congruence \" ( brass 1974 ). we need not restrict ourselves to models from western sources to analyze the hindi movement, however, for the process of linguistic \" purification \" has a venerable social and cultural history in india. just as certain standards for social behavior, especially for those castes wishing to elevate their position in the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5113936945994038, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 24, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T11:31:39.616939"} {"text": "from western sources to analyze the hindi movement, however, for the process of linguistic \" purification \" has a venerable social and cultural history in india. just as certain standards for social behavior, especially for those castes wishing to elevate their position in the hierarchy, have been embodied in brahmins for many centuries, so standards for language behavior have resided in sanskrit, whose very name means \" perfected. \" thus we can explain much of the hindi movement as a process of \" sanskritization \" in which the excellence of a language was judged by the degree to which it incorporated the standards of sanskrit. at the same time, we must not overlook the influence of english, which provided a not necessarily antithetical model of a modern language. the supporters of hindi could choose or reject, and they did ; roman letters proved unacceptable, while dictionaries of scientific terms were deemed acceptable. through the processes of separation and rejection hindi supporters determined what hindi was not and what hindi should not be. through the more positive processes of affirmation and definition they decided what hindi was and what it should be. hindi was certainly not urdu ( separation ) nor should it be ( rejection ). on the other hand, hindi had descended from sanskrit ( definition ), something good for religious and cultural reasons ( affirmation ). these admittedly imprecise terms suggest the active approach of the vernacular elite to the creation of a new language style, what we might tentatively call the sanskritization of khari [ * ] boli [ * ] ( the common grammatical base of both hindi and urdu ). from this viewpoint we can argue that the rejection of hindustani, kaithi, and popular oral traditions rested primarily on their relatively \" impure \" natures as compared to a shuddh ( pure ) hindi. in the cases of braj bhasha and awadhi, however, such an explanation does not suffice. here more practical reasons seem to have prevailed : though both acted as bearers of a glorious literary tradition and parts of hindi ' s past, neither possessed the necessary characteristics for a potential national language. only sanskritized hindi, sharing the same grammatical base as the already widespread urdu, had both the necessary purity and practicality. while the vernacular elite played an active, not passive, role in the sanskritization of khari boli, they forged sanskritized hindi within arenas \u2014 the educational system, the press, the publishing industry, voluntary associations, and the government itself \u2014 largely introduced through british rule. this external framework displayed fundamental ambi", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5335749178573697, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 25, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T11:31:39.618316"} {"text": "these chemicals can either intensify or minimize your body \u2019 s responses, your feelings, and your mood. the brain works to balance the neurotransmitters that speed things up with the ones that slow things down to keep your body operating at the right pace. alcohol can slow the pace of communication between neurotransmitters in the brain. discovering the brain changes there still is much we do not understand about how the brain works and how alcohol affects it. researchers are constantly discovering more about how alcohol interrupts communication pathways in the brain and changes brain structure, and the resulting effects on behavior and functioning. a variety of research methods broaden our understanding in different ways : - brain imaging \u2013 various imaging tools, including structural magnetic resonance imaging ( mri ), functional magnetic resonance imaging ( fmri ), diffusion tensor imaging ( dti ), and positron emission tomography ( pet ), are used to create pictures of the brain. mri and dti create images of brain structure, or what the brain looks like. fmri looks at brain function, or what the brain is doing. it can detect changes in brain activity. pet scans look at changes in neurotransmitter function. all of these imaging techniques are useful to track changes in the alcoholic brain. for example, they can show how an alcoholic brain changes immediately after drinking stops, and again after a long period of sobriety, to check for possible relapses. - psychological tests \u2013 researchers also use psychological tests to evaluate how alcohol - related brain changes affect mental functioning. these tests demonstrate how alcohol affects emotions and personality, as well as how it compromises learning and memory skills. - animal studies \u2013 testing the effect of alcohol on animals \u2019 brains helps researchers better understand how alcohol injures the human brain, and how abstinence can reverse this damage. defining the brain changes using brain imaging and psychological tests, researchers have identified the regions of the brain most vulnerable to alcohol \u2019 s effects. these include : - cerebellum \u2013 this area controls motor coordination. damage to the cerebellum results in a loss of balance and stumbling, and also may affect cognitive functions such as memory and emotional response. - limbic system \u2013 this complex brain system monitors a variety of tasks including memory and emotion. damage to this area impairs each of these functions. - cerebral cortex \u2013 our abilities to think, plan, behave intelligently, and interact socially stem from this brain region. in addition, this area connects the brain to the rest of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5231598256022525, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T11:31:39.653402"} {"text": "glob, globfree - generate pathnames matching a pattern int glob ( const char * restrict pattern, int flags, int ( * errfunc ) ( const char * epath, int eerrno ), glob _ t * restrict pglob ) ; void globfree ( glob _ t * pglob ) ; the glob ( ) function is a pathname generator that shall implement the rules defined in xcu pattern matching notation, with optional support for rule 3 in xcu patterns used for filename expansion. the structure type glob _ t is defined in < glob. h > and includes at least the following members : count of paths matched by pattern. pointer to a list of matched pathnames. slots to reserve at the beginning of gl _ pathv. the argument pattern is a pointer to a pathname pattern to be expanded. the glob ( ) function shall match all accessible pathnames against this pattern and develop a list of all pathnames that match. in order to have access to a pathname, glob ( ) requires search permission on every component of a path except the last, and read permission on each directory of any filename component of pattern that contains any of the following special characters : ' * ', '? ', and ' [ '. the glob ( ) function shall store the number of matched pathnames into pglob - > gl _ pathc and a pointer to a list of pointers to pathnames into pglob - > gl _ pathv. the pathnames shall be in sort order as defined by the current setting of the lc _ collate category ; see xbd lc _ collate. the first pointer after the last pathname shall be a null pointer. if the pattern does not match any pathnames, the returned number of matched paths is set to 0, and the contents of pglob - > gl _ pathv are implementation - defined. it is the caller ' s responsibility to create the structure pointed to by pglob. the glob ( ) function shall allocate other space as needed, including the memory pointed to by gl _ pathv. the globfree ( ) function shall free any space associated with pglob from a previous call to glob ( ). the flags argument is used to control the behavior of glob", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5597352583855173, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T11:31:39.676654"} {"text": "pointed to by gl _ pathv. the globfree ( ) function shall free any space associated with pglob from a previous call to glob ( ). the flags argument is used to control the behavior of glob ( ). the value of flags is a bitwise - inclusive or of zero or more of the following constants, which are defined in < glob. h > : - append pathnames generated to the ones from a previous call to glob ( ). - make use of pglob - > gl _ offs. if this flag is set, pglob - > gl _ offs is used to specify how many null pointers to add to the beginning of pglob - > gl _ pathv. in other words, pglob - > gl _ pathv shall point to pglob - > gl _ offs null pointers, followed by pglob - > gl _ pathc pathname pointers, followed by a null pointer. - cause glob ( ) to return when it encounters a directory that it cannot open or read. ordinarily, glob ( ) continues to find matches. - each pathname that is a directory that matches pattern shall have a < slash > appended. - supports rule 3 in xcu patterns used for filename expansion. if pattern does not match any pathname, then glob ( ) shall return a list consisting of only pattern, and the number of matched pathnames is 1. - disable backslash escaping. - ordinarily, glob ( ) sorts the matching pathnames according to the current setting of the lc _ collate category ; see xbd lc _ collate. when this flag is used, the order of pathnames returned is unspecified. the glob _ append flag can be used to append a new set of pathnames to those found in a previous call to glob ( ). the following rules apply to applications when two or more calls to glob ( ) are made with the same value of pglob and without intervening calls to globfree ( ) : the first such call shall not set glob _ append. all subsequent calls shall set it. all the calls shall set glob _ dooffs, or all shall not set it. after the second call, pglob - > gl _ pathv points to a", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5245443232546806, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T11:31:39.677550"} {"text": "not fail because of large files. upon successful completion, glob ( ) shall return 0. the argument pglob - > gl _ pathc shall return the number of matched pathnames and the argument pglob - > gl _ pathv shall contain a pointer to a null - terminated list of matched and sorted pathnames. however, if pglob - > gl _ pathc is 0, the content of pglob - > gl _ pathv is undefined. the globfree ( ) function shall not return a value. if glob ( ) terminates due to an error, it shall return one of the non - zero constants defined in < glob. h >. the arguments pglob - > gl _ pathc and pglob - > gl _ pathv are still set as defined above. the glob ( ) function shall fail and return the corresponding value if : - the scan was stopped because glob _ err was set or ( * errfunc ( ) ) returned non - zero. - the pattern does not match any existing pathname, and glob _ nocheck was not set in flags. - an attempt to allocate memory failed. one use of the glob _ dooffs flag is by applications that build an argument list for use with execv ( ), execve ( ), or execvp ( ). suppose, for example, that an application wants to do the equivalent of : ls - l *. c but for some reason : system ( \" ls - l *. c \" ) is not acceptable. the application could obtain approximately the same result using the sequence : globbuf. gl _ offs = 2 ; glob ( \" *. c \", glob _ dooffs, null, & globbuf ) ; globbuf. gl _ pathv = \" ls \" ; globbuf. gl _ pathv = \" - l \" ; execvp ( \" ls \", & globbuf. gl _ pathv ) ; using the same example : ls - l *. c *. h could be approximately simulated using glob _ append as follows : globbuf. gl _ offs = 2 ; glob ( \" *. c \", glob _ dooffs, null,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_computing", "similarity_score": 0.521501295434606, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T11:31:39.679331"} {"text": ". c *. h could be approximately simulated using glob _ append as follows : globbuf. gl _ offs = 2 ; glob ( \" *. c \", glob _ dooffs, null, & globbuf ) ; glob ( \" *. h \", glob _ dooffs | glob _ append, null, & globbuf ) ;... this function is not provided for the purpose of enabling utilities to perform pathname expansion on their arguments, as this operation is performed by the shell, and utilities are explicitly not expected to redo this. instead, it is provided for applications that need to do pathname expansion on strings obtained from other sources, such as a pattern typed by a user or read from a file. if a utility needs to see if a pathname matches a given pattern, it can use fnmatch ( ). note that gl _ pathc and gl _ pathv have meaning even if glob ( ) fails. this allows glob ( ) to report partial results in the event of an error. however, if gl _ pathc is 0, gl _ pathv is unspecified even if glob ( ) did not return an error. the glob _ nocheck option could be used when an application wants to expand a pathname if wildcards are specified, but wants to treat the pattern as just a string otherwise. the sh utility might use this for option - arguments, for example. the new pathnames generated by a subsequent call with glob _ append are not sorted together with the previous pathnames. this mirrors the way that the shell handles pathname expansion when multiple expansions are done on a command line. applications that need tilde and parameter expansion should use wordexp ( ). it was claimed that the glob _ dooffs flag is unnecessary because it could be simulated using : new = ( char * * ) malloc ( ( n + pglob - > gl _ pathc + 1 ) * sizeof ( char * ) ) ; ( void ) memcpy ( new + n, pglob - > gl _ pathv, pglob - > gl _ pathc * sizeof ( char * ) ) ; ( void ) memset ( new, 0, n * sizeof ( char * ) ) ; free ( pglob - > gl", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5189895628399075, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T11:31:39.680193"} {"text": ", pglob - > gl _ pathc * sizeof ( char * ) ) ; ( void ) memset ( new, 0, n * sizeof ( char * ) ) ; free ( pglob - > gl _ pathv ) ; pglob - > gl _ pathv = new ; however, this assumes that the memory pointed to by gl _ pathv is a block that was separately created using malloc ( ). this is not necessarily the case. an application should make no assumptions about how the memory referenced by fields in pglob was allocated. it might have been obtained from malloc ( ) in a large chunk and then carved up within glob ( ), or it might have been created using a different memory allocator. it is not the intent of the standard developers to specify or imply how the memory used by glob ( ) is managed. the glob _ append flag would be used when an application wants to expand several different patterns into a single list. exec, fdopendir, fnmatch, fstatat, readdir, wordexp xbd lc _ collate, < glob. h > first released in issue 4. derived from the iso posix - 2 standard. moved from posix2 c - language binding to base. the normative text is updated to avoid use of the term \" must \" for application requirements. the restrict keyword is added to the glob ( ) prototype for alignment with the iso / iec 9899 : 1999 standard. return to top of page", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.538227250966769, "token_count": 335, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T11:31:39.680752"} {"text": "charles hall, the father of the energy return on investment ( eroi ) concept, once told me that our current society would probably not be able to function if the eroi for the entire society slipped below five. what does that mean? first, a quick review. it takes energy to get energy. eroi is a measurement of how efficient a process, an enterprise or a society is in obtaining energy. eroi is usually expressed in a ratio, say, 20 to 1. that would mean that the process being studied produced 20 units of energy for every one unit expended. as it turns out, that ' s about what conventional crude oil returns. hall estimates that the united states is currently running on an eroi of just under 40 to 1. this looks like a fairly substantial margin of safety over the 5 to 1 that might lead to societal breakdown. but worrisome developments in the oil, natural gas and coal fields may send us rushing toward that figure. a post earlier this year on the oil drum suggests that the eroi for natural gas in north america is dropping like a stone. this is, in part, reflected in the price of natural gas which is up fourfold in this decade. it is also reflected in the number of wells and the number of total feet drilled just to maintain production. we are having to drill faster and deeper just to stay even. the recent uptick in u. s. supplies may represent a small flattening of the eroi decline, but those supplies are the product of furious drilling and huge exploration expenditures. the tar sands, presumed to be the great energy savior for north america, have long been a low eroi source of oil. estimates range from 1 to 1 to about 7 to 1. work by charles hall and his students posted on the oil drum gives a tentative estimate of 5. 2 to 1 based on admittedly incomplete data. coal has a very high return when used to generate electricity, around 80 to 1. but evidence now suggests that in the united states at least, not only has the energy content per ton of coal declined by more than 30 percent since 1955, but the total energy content of coal mined in the country is now falling despite rising coal tonnage. but what about nuclear? hall and his students once again attempted to calculate the eroi. others have made claims of 1. 86 to 1 to 93 to 1. the very high estimates appear to leave out many steps in the nuclear fuel and construction cycle. some contend that the eroi of nuclear is favorable enough", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5672620693498457, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T11:31:39.692967"} {"text": "to calculate the eroi. others have made claims of 1. 86 to 1 to 93 to 1. the very high estimates appear to leave out many steps in the nuclear fuel and construction cycle. some contend that the eroi of nuclear is favorable enough - - perhaps 11 to 1 - - to argue for expansion of nuclear power. but, if one takes into account all the energy that will be expended over time storing nuclear waste and guarding the waste and the mothballed nuclear plants in the future, the eroi could drop below 1. essentially, we get the benefit now, and future generations get both the security and energy expenditures. on its current trajectory, nuclear power may not even maintain its share of world energy production. it would certainly be useful to know what the true eroi of nuclear power is in order to assess its importance to our energy future. solar power has promise as shown in this chart compiled by hall and his students. but, the estimated eroi ranges are so wide that it would be difficult to promise that solar photovoltaic could consistently provide returns above 5 to 1. this chart provides an estimate of above 70 to 1 for wind power in one location. eroi in this case, of course, depends heavily on whether the wind generators are located in ultra - windy denmark or not - so - windy japan. the main problem with wind and solar, however, is that they are intermittent ; the energy produced is difficult to store for use during nighttime or low - wind conditions. finally, hydroelectric has a very high eroi. while there is still room for some expansion of hydro power in the developing world, most of the good sites have already been taken in north america and europe. and, this brings us to the idea of the net energy cliff. if our energy transition away from fossil fuels does not result in their replacement by high eroi sources of energy with the necessary versatility and storage characteristics, or if such replacements are possible, but delayed too long, then we may be facing a net energy cliff. it may seem that the difference between an eroi of 40 to 1 and one of, say, 30 to 1 would be comparable to a move from 20 to 1 to 10 to 1. but the mathematics say otherwise. in a society that has an eroi of 40 ( which is approximately what the united states is thought to have ) about 2. 5 percent of the economy is devoted to gathering energy for the other 97. 5 percent. if an economy has an eroi of 30 to 1, then the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5332217363192393, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T11:31:39.693941"} {"text": "of 40 ( which is approximately what the united states is thought to have ) about 2. 5 percent of the economy is devoted to gathering energy for the other 97. 5 percent. if an economy has an eroi of 30 to 1, then the portion of the economy involved in gathering energy rises to about 3. 3 percent. this is a significant jump, but probably manageable. however, an eroi that drops from 20 to 1 to 10 to 1 results in the doubling of the part of the economy devoted to securing energy from 5 percent to 10 percent. a further drop to an eroi of 5 to 1, puts 20 percent of the economy within the general classification of energy gathering. this is the net energy cliff. a drop to an eroi of 5 in today ' s american economy would mean that the energy sector of society would have to grow eightfold. if the drop came quickly, it would be very difficult to adapt. if the eroi were to drop to, say, 3, this would imply that potentially every third person would be involved in gathering energy in some fashion. such a society would have little resemblence to the one we now inhabit. the net energy cliff shows us how important eroi is when considering energy alternatives. even very large resources such as the tar sands and oil shale become problematic when one considers their eroi. there appear to be two ways forward then. one is to hope for breakthroughs which increase the energy returns of alternative energy sources. a second is to rework our infrastructure and our way of living so that our society can better withstand a significant overall decline in eroi should it develop.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5274187903594756, "token_count": 329, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T11:31:39.694572"} {"text": ". central to the plan is increasing the proportion of electricity from renewable sources to around 30 % by 2020, up from the current level of 6. 2 % in the first quarter of 2010. the report then explains the practical realities shaping efforts to reach the emissions reduction targets set forth in uk law : these targets are to be met through a plethora of initiatives and incentives ranging from the renewables obligation and feed - in tariffs, respectively aimed at bringing large - and small - scale renewable generation onto the system, through to increasing the share of renewable fuels in the transport sector to over 5 % from 2013. there is also a plan to install smart meters in all 26 million uk homes by 2020, which, together with feed - in tariffs, are expected inter alia to speed - up the installation of small - scale heat and power generation in households, and to facilitate the development of smart grids to allow better system management and enable wider distributed generation growth. consumers are also expected to make large greenhouse gas reductions by both significant changes in behaviour, enabled by smart meters, and further energy efficiency improvements within the home. at the same time, the government apparently favours the widespread adoption of electric vehicles, which will add significantly to the amount of power generation capacity required, and for which significant investment in a battery charging infrastructure will be needed. all of these measures, combined with reductions from many other initiatives in a range of sectors, are designed to help reach the government \u2019 s ambitious targets. but governments in general tend to over - estimate the level of take - up of different policy measures. the growth in large - scale renewable generation, for example, has not been anywhere near as fast as successive government estimates have predicted, and has focused heavily on one technology, namely wind generation. this slow take - up is likely to continue, at least in the near term, and each year that passes without significant construction makes it more and more difficult to reach the 2020 targets. recent estimates are that 7, 000 offshore turbines will need to be constructed between now and 2020, nearly two per day every day of this decade. even investors in this activity doubt that such a level of activity is achievable. the report explains that costs of all of these proposed actions are high and may not even deliver the promised emissions reductions. the report argues that new wind power costs 6 times as much as equivalent gas - fired energy ( or as much as 18 times more, depending on the methods used, capital costs only ). the report has this bottom line : the rollout of smart meters", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5158472474409985, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T11:31:39.709269"} {"text": "report argues that new wind power costs 6 times as much as equivalent gas - fired energy ( or as much as 18 times more, depending on the methods used, capital costs only ). the report has this bottom line : the rollout of smart meters will also be a herculean task, with over 2. 5 million meters having to be installed every year, from a near standing start, by 2020 at the latest. there is currently not enough capacity to install this number of meters, nor is it clear exactly what these meters will look like because there is, as yet, no agreed standard. it is also worth noting that there are different degrees of \u201c smartness \u201d in meters. they can range from meters that display real - time energy usage, to meters that allow two - way communication, enabling price signals to be sent to consumers or remote signalling of appliances to turn off during periods of high demand and high prices. it is not clear which level of \u201c smartness \u201d will be installed, although ofgem proposes two - way communication as a minimum. again, there is an implicit assumption by policy makers that a large shift in consumer behaviour will occur once smart meters are installed e. g. responding to price signals and turning off appliances at times of high demand. however, there is little evidence that this will occur to anywhere near the expected degree : pilot studies may not reflect the real world. if parallels can be drawn, they would be with consumer switching behaviour in the face of energy market liberalisation. the uk has one of the highest rates of consumer energy switching, yet in a july 2008 survey ofgem found that 44 % of electricity and 40 % of gas customers had never switched supplier, and that a further 44 % of electricity and 31 % of gas consumers had only switched once. this is despite high - profile advertising campaigns by retailers setting out how much money consumers could save, and very simple processes for switching, facilitated by internet sites. what is really needed now will be a bitter pill for many to swallow : a slow - down in the drive for low carbon solutions. a slow - down in uk decarbonization policy with respect to the targets of the 2008 climate change act is inevitable. i do the math in this paper. in that paper, written in early 2009, soon after the act was passed as law, i wrote that the uk would need to achieve the 2006 carbon efficiency of france by no later than 2015 if it was going to be on track to meeting its short - term emissions reduction target ( france was at 0", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5228963314282258, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T11:31:39.710260"} {"text": "studying php ' s ( 5. 3. 1 and below ) lcg ( linear congruential generator, a pseudorandom number generator ), i discovered that there are weaknesses that reduce the complexity of determining the sequence of pseudorandom numbers. what this means is that php is severely deficient in producing random session ids or random numbers, leading to the possibility of stealing sessions or other sensitive information. the initial seed can be reduced from 64 - bits to 35 - bits, and with php code execution, can be reduced further down to just under 20 - bits, which takes only seconds to recreate the initial seed. you can test with sources available below. mad hax0r pr0pz to arshan \" dhs - most - wanted \" dabirsiaghi ( bless you ) and amit \" smartypants \" klein for pointing me in the right direction with the lcg. other tools to work out the lcg in forward and reverse, as well as determine session ids, found below. to test breaking the seed, run the following ( after compiling s1s2. c ) time. / s1s2 11484 0. 82548251995711 can you guess my next lcg _ value based off the above? ( hint : it ' s 0. 86290409858717 ). test by running : time. / lcg - state - forward [ s1 ] [ s2 ] 100 your session _ id is mfbu1v8qjnp003ob1pt6bbkft4 ( or just look at your cookie ) session _ start ( ) ; echo \" hi $ _ server [ remote _ addr ]! the time is \". time ( ). \" < p > \" ; echo \" to test breaking the seed, run the following ( after compiling < a href = ' s1s2. c ' > s1s2. c < / a > ) < br > \" ; echo \" < code > time < a href = ' s1s2. c ' >. / s1s2 < / a > \". getmypid ( ). \" \". lcg _ value ( ). \" < / code > < p > \" ; echo \" can you guess my next lcg _ value based off the above? ( hint : it ' s \". lcg _ value ( ). \" ). < br > \" ; echo \" test by", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5484232808426772, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T11:31:39.713548"} {"text": "water contamination \u2013 special education edition : fracking to view hydraulic fracturing infograghics click on toggles. wikipedia\u00ae is a registered trademark of the wikimedia foundation, inc., a non - profit organization. hydraulic fracturing is the propagation of fractures in a rock layer by a pressurized fluid. some hydraulic fractures form naturally certain veins or dikes are examples \u2014 and can create conduits along which gas and petroleum from source rocks may migrate to reservoir rocks. induced hydraulic fracturing or hydrofracturing, commonly known as fracing, fraccing, or fracking, is a technique used to release petroleum, natural gas ( including shale gas, tight gas, and coal seam gas ), or other substances for extraction. this type of fracturing creates fractures from a wellbore drilled into reservoir rock formations. the first use of hydraulic fracturing was in 1947. however, it was only in 1998 that modern fracturing technology, referred to as horizontal slickwater fracturing, made possible the economical extraction of shale gas ; this new technology was first used in the barnett shale in texas. the energy from the injection of a highly pressurized hydraulic fracturing fluid creates new channels in the rock, which can increase the extraction rates and ultimate recovery of hydrocarbons. proponents of hydraulic fracturing point to the economic benefits from vast amounts of formerly inaccessible hydrocarbons the process can extract. opponents point to potential environmental impacts, including contamination of ground water, risks to air quality, the migration of gases and hydraulic fracturing chemicals to the surface, surface contamination from spills and flowback and the health effects of these. for these reasons hydraulic fracturing has come under scrutiny internationally, with some countries suspending or banning it. fracturing as a method to stimulate shallow, hard rock oil wells dates back to the 1860s. it was applied by oil producers in the us states of pennsylvania, new york, kentucky, and west virginia by using liquid and later also solidified nitroglycerin. later, the same method was applied to water and gas wells. the idea to use acid as a nonexplosive fluid for well stimulation was introduced in the 1930s. due to acid etching, fractures would not close completely and therefore productivity was enhanced. the same phenomenon was discovered with water injection and squeeze cementing operations. the relationship between well performance and treatment pressures was studied by floyd farris of stanolind oil and gas corporation. this study became a basis of the first hydraulic fracturing experiment, which was conducted in 1947 at the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5190311297472436, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T11:31:39.735124"} {"text": "now part of anadarko petroleum corporation, mitchell energy, now part of devon energy, developed the hydraulic fracturing technique known as \u201c slickwater fracturing \u201d which involves adding chemicals to water to increase the fluid flow, that made the shale gas extraction economical. method a hydraulic fracture is formed by pumping the fracturing fluid into the wellbore at a rate sufficient to increase pressure downhole to exceed that of the fracture gradient ( pressure gradient ) of the rock. the fracture gradient is defined as the pressure increase per unit of the depth due to its density and it is usually measured in pounds per square inch per foot or bars per meter. the rock cracks and the fracture fluid continues further into the rock, extending the crack still further, and so on. operators typically try to maintain \u201c fracture width \u201d, or slow its decline, following treatment by introducing into the injected fluid a proppant \u2013 a material such as grains of sand, ceramic, or other particulates, that prevent the fractures from closing when the injection is stopped and the pressure of the fluid is reduced. consideration of proppant strengths and prevention of proppant failure becomes more important at greater depths where pressure and stresses on fractures are higher. the propped fracture is permeable enough to allow the flow of formation fluids to the well. formation fluids include gas, oil, salt water, fresh water and fluids introduced to the formation during completion of the well during fracturing. during the process fracturing fluid leakoff, loss of fracturing fluid from the fracture channel into the surrounding permeable rock occurs. if not controlled properly, it can exceed 70 % of the injected volume. this may result in formation matrix damage, adverse formation fluid interactions, or altered fracture geometry and thereby decreased production efficiency. the location of one or more fractures along the length of the borehole is strictly controlled by various methods that create or seal off holes in the side of the wellbore. typically, hydraulic fracturing is performed in cased wellbores and the zones to be fractured are accessed by perforating the casing at those locations. hydraulic - fracturing equipment used in oil and natural gas fields usually consists of a slurry blender, one or more high - pressure, high - volume fracturing pumps ( typically powerful triplex or quintuplex pumps ) and a monitoring unit. associated equipment includes fracturing tanks, one or more units for storage and handling of proppant, high - pressure treating iron, a chemical additive unit ( used to accurately monitor chemical addition )", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.5125105836036006, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T11:31:39.737277"} {"text": "quintuplex pumps ) and a monitoring unit. associated equipment includes fracturing tanks, one or more units for storage and handling of proppant, high - pressure treating iron, a chemical additive unit ( used to accurately monitor chemical addition ), low - pressure flexible hoses, and many gauges and meters for flow rate, fluid density, and treating pressure. fracturing equipment operates over a range of pressures and injection rates, and can reach up to 100 megapascals ( 15, 000 psi ) and 265 litres per second ( 9. 4 cu ft / s ) ( 100 barrels per minute ). proppants and fracking fluids and list of additives for hydraulic fracturing high - pressure fracture fluid is injected into the wellbore, with the pressure above the fracture gradient of the rock. the two main purposes of fracturing fluid is to extend fractures and to carry proppant into the formation, the purpose of which is to stay there without damaging the formation or production of the well. two methods of transporting the proppant in the fluid are used \u2013 high - rate and high - viscosity. high - viscosity fracturing tends to cause large dominant fractures, while high - rate ( slickwater ) fracturing causes small spread - out micro - fractures. this fracture fluid contains water - soluble gelling agents ( such as guar gum ) which increase viscosity and efficiently deliver the proppant into the formation. the fluid injected into the rock is typically a slurry of water, proppants, and chemical additives. additionally, gels, foams, and compressed gases, including nitrogen, carbon dioxide and air can be injected. typically, of the fracturing fluid 90 % is water and 9. 5 % is sand with the chemical additives accounting to about 0. 5 %. a proppant is a material that will keep an induced hydraulic fracture open, during or following a fracturing treatment, and can be gel, foam, or slickwater - based. fluids make tradeoffs in such material properties as viscosity, where more viscous fluids can carry more concentrated proppant ; the energy or pressure demands to maintain a certain flux pump rate ( flow velocity ) that will conduct the proppant appropriately ; ph, various rheological factors, among others. types of proppant include silica sand, resin - coated sand, and man - made ceramics. these vary depending on the type of permeability or grain strength needed. the most commonly used proppan", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5287383944642883, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T11:31:39.738238"} {"text": "seasonal recharge components in an urban / agricultural mountain front aquifer system using noble gas thermometry thirteen noble gas samples were collected from eleven wells and two mountain springs in the treasure valley, idaho, usa to derive recharge temperatures using noble gas thermometry. one common assumption with noble gas thermometry is that recharge temperatures are roughly equal to the mean annual surface temperature. when water table depths are shallow or variable, or infiltration is seasonal recharge temperatures may be significantly different from the mean annual surface temperature. water table depths throughout the study area were used to estimate recharge source temperatures using an infiltration - weighted recharge temperature model which takes into account a time - variable water table. this model was applied to six different seasonally - dependent recharge scenarios. the modeled recharge temperatures for all scenarios showed a strong dependence of recharge temperature on mean annual depth to water. temperature results from the different recharge scenarios ranged from near the mean annual surface temperature to as much as 6 \u00b0c warmer. this compared well to noble gas derived recharge temperatures from the valley wells which ranged from 5 \u00b0c below to 7. 4 \u00b0c above the mean annual surface temperature of the valley. cooler temperatures suggest an influence of recharge through the adjacent mountain block while warmer temperatures suggest an influence from summer irrigation. thoma, michael j. ; mcnamara, james p. ; and benner, shawn g.. ( 2011 ). \" seasonal recharge components in an urban / agricultural mountain front aquifer system using noble gas thermometry \". journal of hydrology, 409 ( 1 - 2 ), 118 - 127. http : / / dx. doi. org / 10. 1016 / j. jhydrol. 2011. 08. 003", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.566412400174515, "token_count": 373, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T11:31:39.744804"} {"text": "\u201c even if i thought there was hope for me,... \u201d ruth 1 : 12 jps hope \u2013 what is your definition of \u201c hope \u201d? two questions might help you determine if your idea of hope comes from biblical sources or from the culture of greek philosophy. the first question is this : \u201c is your idea of hope the projection of desired good things happening in the future? \u201d in other words, if you examine what you hope for, is it really just a collection of your wishes for good things for you? if you discovered that this element is present in your idea of hope, then you are right in line with plato. he taught that hope is the subjective projection of our yearnings for future benefits. of course, these yearnings often turn out to be disappointments. in plato \u2019 s view, hope is like a psychological crutch. it helps us manage contemporary difficulties by projecting a better tomorrow, but it is ultimately without real foundation. it \u2019 s just wishing things will be better. examine your feelings carefully. perhaps there is just a hint of plato lurking in your own definition. you might ask yourself, \u201c if nothing turns out the way i want it to, does that affect my idea of hope? \u201d if you answered, \u201c yes, \u201d then plato is your man. now let \u2019 s ask the second question. \u201c does your idea of hope depend entirely on god \u2019 s faithfulness regardless of any present or conceivable future circumstances? \u201d let \u2019 s ask the question another way. \u201c if none of your future expectations occur, do you still absolutely trust god and wait patiently for him to act? \u201d if you find that you can answer \u201c yes \u201d to these questions, then you are ready to examine the hebrew word tiqvah. when naomi uses this word, she doesn \u2019 t have the projection of future desires in mind. she is thinking about the color scarlet. what does scarlet have to do with hope. frymer - kensky points out that tiqvah is the hebrew word meaning \u201c thread \u201d in the story of rahab. \u201c the imagery in this idiom suggests that our life is spun out like a cord, and hope arises from the strength of that cord, representing the prospect of a viable future. \u201d she goes on to show that hope in hebrew thought is intimately connected with life here and now. to have a future is to not be cut off. to have a future is to see the continuation of your name in the lives of your offspring. tiqvah hope has", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5730744120441792, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T11:31:39.862412"} {"text": "( this is reposted from the dictionary help page ) can \u2019 t understand some parts of the dictionary? fear no more! what do these things mean? n. \u2013 noun. usually definitions starting with \u201c a, \u201d \u201c an \u201d or \u201c the \u201d except for \u201c the state of being. \u201d used to name a person, place, thing, or idea. v. \u2013 verb. usually definitions starting with \u201c to \u201d except for \u201c to be. \u201d a word or combination of words that expresses an action or says something about the existence or condition of a noun or pronoun. adj. \u2013 adjective. usually definitions starting with \u201c to be \u201d or \u201c the state of being. \u201d a word that modifies a noun or pronoun. modify means to limit, qualify, or make partial changes. adv. \u2013 adverb. usually starts with \u201c the state of \u201d with a verb and the description of that action. a word that modifies a verb, an adjective, or another verb ( when, where, how, how often, to what extent ). many adverbs en in - ly. contraction. \u2013 a shortened word acronym. \u2013 the first letters of a bunch of words or phrase interjection. \u2013 a word that you would use to say something out loud, like \u201c damn \u201d or \u201c fuck. \u201d a word or phrase used to express pain, surprise, anger, pleasure, or some other emotions. stands apart from other words in sentences. klingon. \u2013 a word from the klingon language location. \u2013 a location phrase. \u2013 a phrase that has more than 1 word in it ebonics. \u2013 a word or series of words used in ebonics preposition. \u2013 a word like \u201c a. \u201d a word that shows a relation between the word following it and some other word or group of words in a sentence. conjunction. \u2013 a word that combines two parts of a sentence, such as \u201c but, \u201d \u201c and, \u201d and \u201c yet \u201d pronoun. \u2013 a word that replaces another noun. such as he, she, it. it stands for or takes place of a noun and functions in most ways as a noun.?. \u2013 we don \u2019 t know what kind of word it is ex. \u2013 example ; } \u2013 separates one definition from another definition for the same word. similar to the numbering system used in actual dictionaries. the reason we don \u2019 t use numbers in our definitions is because we use numbers sometimes to define", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.6094746207781727, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T11:31:39.885547"} {"text": "| canto 10 : the summum bonum | | chapter 20 : the rainy season and autumn in vrndavana | bhaktivedanta vedabase : srimad bhagavatam 10. 20. 8 tamasa bhanti na grahah yatha papena pasanda na hi vedah kalau yuge nisa - mukhesu \u2014 during the moments of evening twilight ; khadyotah \u2014 the glowworms ; tamasa \u2014 because of the darkness ; bhanti \u2014 shine ; na \u2014 not ; grahah \u2014 the planets ; yatha \u2014 as ; papena \u2014 because of sinful activities ; pasandah \u2014 atheistic doctrines ; na \u2014 and not ; hi \u2014 certainly ; vedah \u2014 the vedas ; kalau yuge \u2014 in the age of kali. in the evening twilight during the rainy season, the darkness allowed the glowworms but not the stars to shine forth, just as in the age of kali the predominance of sinful activities allows atheistic doctrines to overshadow the true knowledge of the vedas. srila prabhupada comments as follows : \" during the rainy season, in the evening there are many glowworms visible about the tops of trees, hither and thither, and they glitter just like lights. but the luminaries of the sky, the stars and the moon, are not visible. similarly, in the age of kali, persons who are atheists or miscreants become very prominently visible, whereas persons who are actually following the vedic principles for spiritual emancipation are practically obscured. this age, kali - yuga, is compared to the cloudy season of the living entities. in this age, real knowledge is covered by the influence of the material advancement of civilization. the cheap mental speculators, atheists and manufacturers of so - called religious principles become prominent like the glowworms, whereas persons strictly following the vedic principles, or scriptural injunctions, become covered by the clouds of this age. \" people should learn to take advantage of the actual luminaries of the sky \u2014 the sun, moon and stars \u2014 instead of the glowworms ' light. actually, the glowworms cannot give any light in the darkness of night. as clouds sometimes clear, even in the rainy season, and the moon, stars and sun become visible, so even in this kali - yuga there are sometimes advantages. the vedic movement of lord caitanya \u2014 the distribution of the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.525059500593545, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T11:31:39.888753"} {"text": "office - specific information is stored as streams in this more generalized format. common elements, such as document properties, can be accessed through the structured storage apis and do not require access to the office binary file format documentation. for more information about the windows structured storage apis, visit the following microsoft web site : http : / / msdn2. microsoft. com / en - us / library / aa380369. aspxthe microsoft excel 2007 binary format ( *. xlsb ) stores binary records. this format uses the same part and packaging technologies that are found in spreadsheetml. spreadsheetml is part of the office open xml format. important reading or manipulating the structure directly can cause corruption and is strongly discouraged. xmlxml is a plain - text, unicode - based metalanguage ( a language for defining markup languages ). xml is not tied to any programming language, operating system, or software vendor. xml provides access to a plethora of technologies for manipulating, structuring, transforming, and querying data. as the use of xml has grown, it is now typically accepted that xml is not only useful for describing new document formats for the web, but is also suitable to describe structured data. examples of structured data include information that is typically contained in spreadsheets, program configuration files, and network protocols. microsoft office includes support for xml schemas. microsoft maintains a licensing program for certain office xml schemas. to learn more about office xml schemas, visit the following microsoft web site to view the microsoft office system and xml : bringing xml to the desktop article : rich text format ( rtf ) the rich text format ( rtf ) specification is a method of encoding formatted text and graphics for easy transfer between programs. the rtf specification provides a format for text and graphics interchange that can be used with different output devices, operating environments, and operating systems. rtf uses the american national standards institute ( ansi ), pc - 8, macintosh, or ibm pc character set to control the representation and the formatting of a document, both on the screen and in print. with the rtf specification, documents that are created under different operating systems and that are created by using different software programs can be transferred between those operating systems and those programs. for more information about how to write or how to implement a sample rtf reader, visit the following microsoft web site, and then type rtf reader in the search msdn for box : visio", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5032589155389322, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T11:31:40.031925"} {"text": "by swami krishnananda life, ancient as well as modern, is generally calculated and assessed in the light of what we regard as civilisation and culture. we usually, and often, speak of india ' s civilisation as highly advanced, and its culture as superb in every way. but a cultural or sociological study of history is not the proper way of getting a little deeper into the basic impulses that make culture the essential value of life. why should anyone be cultured? unless this question is answered, it is difficult to say what culture is. it is another way of asking, \" why should anyone be good? \" we are very fond of saying that we have to be civilised, cultured and good, but have we found time to think of what consequences would devolve in our lives in the absence of this value? a highly comfortable life of physical satisfaction and social security, with friendliness among the constituents of a society in the manner it is interpreted at any given moment of time, may be regarded as a highlight of civilisation and culture. but we speak of cultures and civilisations, and accept the presence of a multitude of these, implying thereby a simultaneous acceptance of the validity of these multiplicities, and meaning thereby that every culture is relevant to that particular circumstance of society which upholds it as its ideal. it does not mean that the whole of humanity has one culture, one civilisation, one way of thinking. even the way of giving a friendly greeting differs from place to place, what to talk of other things. hence, when we speak of an ethical, moral or cultural society, we oftentimes speak tongue - in - cheek, not being able to assess the basic foundations of these efflorescences which appear outwardly as necessities in the form of culture, civilisation. a comfortable, happy life need not necessarily be a civilised life. who can say that horses or elephants are not happy? each group has its own standards of judging happiness, satisfaction, and even security. animals in the jungle have a satisfaction of their own which is commensurate with the type of understanding with which they are endowed in the state of their evolution. thus, the judgement of culture and civilisation also has something to say in regard to the stage of evolution. there are various types of people in the world. anthro - pologists generally classify humanity into races. this is only a broad classification of human beings, and it does not mean that we have given a clear", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5023188356648292, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T11:31:40.041321"} {"text": "to the stage of evolution. there are various types of people in the world. anthro - pologists generally classify humanity into races. this is only a broad classification of human beings, and it does not mean that we have given a clear - cut idea of the varieties of the outlooks of people. it is a peculiar classification based on the physiognomy or bone structure, and the appearance of the face \u2014 the nose, particularly. this kind of anthropological classification is not the same as a cultural classification. the anthropological evaluation, if it is applied to people in india, will not find one kind or one set of people throughout the country. there is a geographical impact upon the structure of the body, and many other factors which differentiate the way or conduct of the day - to - day life of people. why go so far? in india there are very obvious and interesting differences even in religious practice, as between the south and the north, for instance. in a state such as kerala, it would be a horror for a person to enter a holy temple wearing a shirt \u2014 and much worse, a turban. it is not only irreligious, it is unthinkable, horrid behaviour to put on a coat and worship a holy deity in a temple. but if we go to a temple such as kedarnath, we will find the pujari wearing a turban and a coat, and it is not regarded as unholy or irreligious. now, why should this peculiar distinction be made in the conduct of a person \u2014 whether it is religious or otherwise \u2014 from place to place? it differs not merely from place to place, but from circumstance to circumstance. perhaps this particular example that i gave has some connection with the circumstance of living \u2014 the climatic conditions particularly, and so on. the dharma of a particular individual or a group of people is the culture, to mention it in a broad outline. the necessity of a person or the need of a group of people under a given set of circumstances, in the light of an ideal that they hold as their religious deity, may be regarded as the determining factor in the expression of culture or civilisation. in india we have various linguistic states. in one way, we may say each state has its own culture \u2014 though not in essence, at least in details. in essence, we have one single culture from kanyakumari to the himalayas, which is why we always speak of bharatiya samskriti, indian culture", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5543603787339344, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T11:31:40.042309"} {"text": "say each state has its own culture \u2014 though not in essence, at least in details. in essence, we have one single culture from kanyakumari to the himalayas, which is why we always speak of bharatiya samskriti, indian culture ; but in minute details, we differ. hence, when we speak of culture or civilisation, we have to take it in generality as well as in particularity. sometimes differences arise among people due to their behaviour, which may appear to be perfectly recognised and valid from their own point of view \u2014 from the standpoint of their own culture and civilisation \u2014 but may be odd in another atmosphere. our dress in india is an incoherent cynosure in a country like britain, for instance ; and to us, british or european dress looks something quite different from the way in which we would like to dress ourselves. now, does dress make a culture, does language make a culture, or does the way of worshipping of god make a culture? what is culture? if we go threadbare into this problem of culture and civilisation, we will find that it is not one, two or three things, but it is everything that acts as the warp and woof in this fabric of one ' s life, and a total adjustability of the human group may perhaps be called for in the expression of a culture. when a person speaks sweetly, behaves politely, and expresses a generous feeling of charitableness, one feels that the person is cultured or civilised. we generally speak of a person as cultured when there is a charitable expression on the part of that person in regard to others in feeling, in words, and in outward conduct. but while we may regard this standard of judgement of culture and civilisation as something very beautiful, almost approximating perfection, we have to go a little deeper into the causes that motivate the behaviour of a person in this manner. why should one be impelled to speak sweetly to another? though we may accept that speaking sweetly is a part of cultured behaviour, what is it that prompts a person to speak sweetly to another person? if it is selfishness, exploitation \u2014 to utilise that person in some manner by hooking that individual \u2014 then sweet speaking would not be a part of culture. it would be a dramatic, deceptive attitude, and we cannot regard sweet speech as a part of culture. therefore, merely speaking sweetly is not a part of culture ; there is something else behind it. even a", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.521162867647931, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T11:31:40.043297"} {"text": "not be a part of culture. it would be a dramatic, deceptive attitude, and we cannot regard sweet speech as a part of culture. therefore, merely speaking sweetly is not a part of culture ; there is something else behind it. even a charitable act cannot be called culture unless there is some living force behind it, because we may express a gesture of charity with a highly selfish motive. outward actions can bear the garb of holiness, intense culture, piety and civilisation, but they may have a peculiar axe to grind, which the individual alone will know. thus, culture is not any kind of external gesture \u2014 neither dress, nor even language. sometimes people base their culture on their religion, their scriptures. there are scripture - oriented religions whose adherents interpret everything in their lives from the point of view of that particular sacred text. if something is not mentioned in that text, it would not be a holy attitude. the moment they discover a statement in the text concerning a particular behaviour, it becomes sanctioned. so, the book becomes the guide. these are some of the religions we have in the world. but there are other religions which are prophet oriented. they may have no books, but they have a leader, and whatever that person says is valid and final. there is a final validity of a particular conduct, whether it receives its inspiration from a prophet or a book, and this final interpretation of the validity of the behaviour of a person or a group of people makes it impossible for mankind to have one culture and one civilisation, because it does not appear that we have only one book as our guide or only one man as our leader. sections of people have different leaders \u2014 religious, political, and social \u2014 and different texts are regarded as holy in their own parlance. so, how do we come to know whether a person is cultured or civilised? civilised nations today are those who have up - to - date gadgets of physical amenities. from the point of view of the interpretation of culture as possession of the highest material instruments of action, india cannot be regarded as highly cultured because there are other countries that are more technologically advanced. if technological advancement is the sign of culture and civilisation, india lags behind. but would we say that culture is technological advancement? certainly not! nobody would say ' yes ' to this, because something lurks within us and tells us that whatever be the might and force of the technology that we have in our hands, it may not be the criterion of our culture. we", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5041560949611588, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T11:31:40.044299"} {"text": "| taekwondo bible, vol. 2 | | 8. unity of samjae and kang - yu 8 - 3. failure of technique people cannot use taekwondo techniques although they ' ve learned them. for they didn ' t learn them exactly. for they didn ' t learn exact techniques. what is the reason you don ' t learn exact techniques? first you don ' t understand the substance of kang - yu, and second you have no idea of samjae even though you understand kang - yu substantially. what ' s the reason you don ' t understand the substance of kang - yu? because you only imitate the technical motions yet losing the truth of kang - yu. what ' s the reason you have no idea of samjae though you know kang - yu? it is also because you lose its invisible foundation in the visible changes understanding kang - yu with the knowledge of samjae and taekwondo as its foundation you come to understand the importance of basics. and you also come to understand the importance of training, mental attitude, and furthermore, of the rightness in your life. the right life is the basis of the entire taekwondo. if you ignore this fact only attached to magnificent motions you will go in vain and danger like those who have exaggerated reputation. mencius warned of this mistake with his analogy to the water of no source. hence saying \u00a1 \u00b0if a thing has no source, it is like the rain water that collects after a downpour in the seventh and eighth months. it may fill all the gutters, but we can stand and wait for it to dry up. thus a gentleman is ashamed of an exaggerated reputation. \u00a1 \u00b12 ) likewise, taekwondo man should be ashamed of exaggerated magnificence of technique more than the firmness of basics. to sum up, the foundation of taekwondo technique is kang - yu ; the foundation of kang - yu is samjae ; and its foundation is ilgiyae as taekwondo. 3 ) and, the foundation of skill is basic motion ; it foundation is training ; and its foundation again is mental attitude. and the foundation of mental attitude is ethical ( right ) life. this is why we say the foundation of taekwondo is verily ethical ( right ) life. 1 ) diamond sutra, 10c. eeayaa\u00df\u00e6oeiaay. yoeen\u00ac\u00dfa\u00df\u00e6ay. yoeen\u00aca\u00a2 \u00a1 \u00a4ua \u00a1 \u00a4u \u00ab \u00a1 \u00a4o\u00ba \u00a1 \u00a4uo\u00df\u00e6ay.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5009056486557895, "token_count": 497, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T11:31:40.046844"} {"text": "editor \u2019 s note : we \u2019 re proud to announce the launch of our newest state chapter \u2013 the kentucky tenth amendment center! by michael maharrey, kentucky tenth amendment center welcome to the kentucky chapter of the 10th amendment center. the principle is simple. it is not radical or extremist, nor should it be controversial. the founders of the united states clearly intended a federal government with defined and limited power. the bulk of governance was meant to happen at the state and local level. a the 10th amendment in the bill of rights reaffirms this principle in the simplest of language. a\u20ac\u0153the powers not delegated to the united states by the constitution, nor prohibited by it to the states, are reserved to the states respectively, or to the people. a\u20ac simple. straight forward. no need for complicated exegesis or convoluted interpretation. james madison expanded the idea, writing in federalist no. 45. a\u20ac\u0153the powers delegated by the proposed constitution to the federal government are few and defined. those which are to remain in the state governments are numerous and indefinite. the former will be exercised principally on external objects, as war, peace, negotiation and foreign commerce ; with which the last the power of taxation will for the most part be connected. the powers reserved to the several states will extend to all objects which, in the ordinary course of affairs, concern the lives, liberties and properties of the people, and the internal order, improvement and prosperity of the state. a\u20ac the foundation of our country was not laid on empty political theory. it was born from a deep understanding of the danger of concentrated power. as george washington said, a\u20ac\u0153government is not reason ; it is not eloquent ; it is force. like fire, it is a dangerous servant and a fearful master. a\u20ac or as gerald ford put it some 200 years later, a\u20ac\u0153a government big enough to give you everything you want is a government big enough to take from you everything you have. a\u20ac most people intuitively understand that the danger of power increases at higher levels of government. most citizens understand that state and local leaders are more accountable to those they represent at state and local levels. what does nancy pelosi care about the coal miner in eastern kentucky? kentuckians understand the potential tyranny of unbridled federal power. our founders certainly understood and created a brilliant system to keep government power in check. it takes only a quick scan of the news headlines to see that the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5106003178243902, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T11:31:40.052013"} {"text": "pick up any 40 - year - old science textbook \u2013 on chemistry, biology, geology, physics, astronomy or medicine \u2013 and you \u2019 ll find a slew of \u201c facts \u201d and theories that have been proven wrong or are no longer the \u201c consensus \u201d view. climatology is no exception. back in the 1970s, many scientists warned of global cooling \u2013 and fretted that a new ice age brought on by fossil fuel use would cause glaciers to expand, wreaking havoc. they predicted every conceivable disaster, short of roving herds of wooly mammoths stampeding through ice - covered streets. ( the possibility of cloning a well - preserved mammoth could buttress the next scary ice age scenario. ) newsweek \u2019 s 1975 cover story \u201c the cooling world \u201d breathlessly reported that, \u201c after three quarters of a century of extraordinarily mild conditions, the earth ' s climate seems to be cooling down. \u201d meteorologists are \u201c almost unanimous \u201d that the trend will \u201c reduce agricultural productivity for the rest of the century, \u201d it intoned, and \u201c the resulting famines could be catastrophic. \u201d the cia, nasa, national academy of sciences and many news organizations issued similar alarums. dr. john holdren, now president obama \u2019 s science adviser, joined population bomb author paul ehrlich in penning an essay that warned : \u201c the effects of a new ice age on agriculture and the supportability of large human populations scarcely need elaboration here. even more dramatic results are possible, however ; for instance, a sudden outward slumping in the antarctic ice cap, induced by added weight, could generate a tidal wave of proportions unprecedented in recorded history. \u201d the chicken little ice age never arrived. instead, the new \u201c consensus \u201d view is that our planet now faces fossil - fuel - induced catastrophic global warming. a 2006 newsweek story conceded that its ice age theme had been \u201c spectacularly wrong. \u201d but the admission came amid decades of newsweek, time and even businessweek and national geographic stories about an imminent global warming \u201c apocalypse. \u201d be the first to read paul driessen ' s column. sign up today and receive townhall. com delivered each morning to your inbox. fox news ' roger ailes : administration ' s excuses won ' t work, americans died for press freedom | katie pavlich", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5125671294725233, "token_count": 475, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T11:31:40.098746"} {"text": "was very scarcely reported by the the government - run federation news service ( fns ), the only mainstream media conglomerate in the federation, and thus his popularity was not effected in any way. one of the defining characteristics of min zife \u2019 s presidency was that for the first time in federation history, a strong movement in opposition to the existing political establishment began to develop, in the form of the new essentialists led by pascal fullerton. beginning as a small group of dissidents best known for their attempt to sabotage the weather control network on risa in 2372, the new essentialist movement grew during and after the dominion war, as many federaton citizens, particularly young people, became disillusioned with the federation and began seeking alternative lifestyles. the new essentialists promised a return to the core values upon which the federation had been founded, which meant, among other things, the rejection of the new world economy in favor of a return to a capitalistic free - market system, the restoration of planetary sovereignty that had been lost since plasus v. kirk, and a non - interventionist foreign policy guided by a strict interpretation of the prime directive. by 2377, new essentialists numbered in the millions on planets across the federation and had become powerful enough to organize themselves into the federation \u2019 s first true political party, the new essentialist party ( nep ), led by fullerton. in response, the federation establishment created the social federalist party ( sfp ) to represent its own values and interests and to keep the nep from getting the upper hand and taking over the council ; the sfp chose zife as their first leader and candidate for president in the election of 2377. although the sfp won the election decisively, the nep did manage to capture more than a quarter of the seats in the federation council ; from this point forward, partisan politics would define how the council worked, and the next president of the federation would be known as soon as the election results came in. in 2378, less than a year after being re - elected, min zife was abruptly forced to resign as president, after the tezwa crisis scandalized his presidency and made a vote of no confidence in him by the federation council almost inevitable. shortly after resigning, zife and several other prominent figures within the federation government were privately assassinated by agents of section 31, while admiral ross watched, powerless to do anything to stop them. the eighteenth president of the federation, cestan ambassador nanietta bacco", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5202370841060255, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T11:31:40.145950"} {"text": "a far more effective spokesperson for the nep than fullerton had been, winning the support of enough moderate and independent voters to swing the election of 2388 in the nep \u2019 s favor. however, once elected, armstrong found that delivering \u201c change \u201d was much harder than he had imagined. armstrong \u2019 s confirmation process, ordinarily a formality in federation politics, was disrupted when a faction of new essentialists in the upper house of the council still loyal to fullerton refused to cast their votes him, instead choosing either to abstain or to cast their votes for ross. as a result, the council remained deadlocked in a tie for several days, unable to garner the votes necessary to actually confer the powers of the office of president upon the president - elect, until finally several social federalists, after making closed - room deals with the incoming administration through nechayev, armstrong \u2019 s new chief of staff, crossed party lines to vote for him. by the time armstrong was able to assemble a governing coalition, he had made so many concessions to the other side that the domestic policy of his new administration was barely distinguishable from the previous one, thwarting most of the new essentialists \u2019 hopes for change before his presidency even began. this, however, turned out not to be that great a concern for armstrong, despite what the rhetoric of his campaign had suggested. like most politicians, armstrong \u2019 s concern was to remain popular and in power, and he pursued any policy he believed would aid him to that end, even if that policy violated the nep platform or was a direct continuation of sfp policies he and other new essentialists had previously condemned. uninterested in the minutiae of being a chief executive, armstrong allowed most of the policy - making for his administration to be crafted by his aides, in particular by nechayev, who became his chief of staff, and her small staff of palais de la concorde officials, many of whom were secretly affiliated in some way with section 31. armstrong meanwhile, enjoyed most of the perks of the office of the president, spending most of his time womanizing, playing sports and acting - out holonovels in the palais \u2019 s auditorium - sized holosuite, or consuming illicit substances acquired through presidential privilege. despite all this, armstrong was shielded from public criticism, both by his immense popularity and by the fact that fns was engineered to provide positive coverage for him and his administration. under armstrong \u2019 s inept, largely indifferent leadership,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.5341986640188614, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 14, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T11:31:40.153486"} {"text": "april 12, 2005 > new year, thai style new year, thai style by ceri hitchcock - hodgson splashes of water, lots of color and good times mark the songkran celebration of the thai new year, the most important of all thai festivals and holidays. from april 13 to 15, families and friends gather to celebrate by visiting temples, make offerings to the monks, bathe buddha images, thoroughly clean their houses and sprinkle water on each other to wish good luck. songkran is a physical and spiritual \" spring cleaning \" that ushers in the coming year and sweeps out the old. this is a time of introspection for the thai theravada buddhist population, which makes up about 95 percent of the thai population. individuals reflect upon acts of kindness and thoughtfulness each has personally experienced and how generosity and compassion bring peace, happiness and well - being. songkran is also the time when reunions and family ties are renewed and respect is paid to elders. the underlying significance of songkran is the process of cleansing and purification - purging ills, misfortune and evil and starting the new year fresh. water is symbolic of the cleaning process and signifies purity. the practices of songkran date back to the pre - buddhist spring festivals during which throwing water was a symbol of luck to bring rain for the crops. buddhism spread to thailand in the 13th century and the ritual was converted to the religious custom of cleansing the statues of buddha once a year. songkran is a word from the sanskrit language that means \" movement \" or \" change \" and refers to the orbit of the sun moving into aries of the zodiac calendar. the traditional thai calendar is a combination of the solar and lunar movements but the new year is based on movements of the sun. in modern times, the date is set as april 13. the first day of the celebration, known as maha songkran, begins by bidding farewell to the outgoing year with a thorough \" spring cleaning. \" this act emphasizes awareness of responsibilities toward family and home. the day continues with merit - making, offerings such as rice, dessert and / or fruit, drinking water, candles and lotus blossoms presented to buddhist monks. merit - making is an act of giving that demonstrates generosity toward others and is an integral part of the festival. later in the day, buddha images are bathed with lustral ( blessed ) water in a gesture of respect. religious ceremonies include a procession of buddha images through city streets offering residents of the community to take part in", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5066307995979533, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T11:31:40.165974"} {"text": "is an integral part of the festival. later in the day, buddha images are bathed with lustral ( blessed ) water in a gesture of respect. religious ceremonies include a procession of buddha images through city streets offering residents of the community to take part in the bathing rites. in thailand, an annual \" miss songkran \" parade and floral floats are part of the popular festivities. during wan nao ( april 14 ), the day between the old and new years, when the position of the sun is in transition between pisces and aries, merit - making continues in the morning with more offerings of food to the monks and family members. in the evening, sand is brought to temples to build pagodas called \" phra chedis sai \" decorated with colorful flags and flowers. an ancient belief says that when an individual walks away from a temple, particles of sand from the temple grounds are inadvertently carried away on shoes or sandals. building these \" sand castles \" is seen to be a practical way of replacing the sand lost and a merit - making act through which blessings are earned. this tradition may have started centuries ago as a part of cleansing rituals where new, clean sand was added to the temple floor once a year. this custom highlights the roles and responsibilities of temples, monasteries and the community that is served by the religious institution. wan nao is also the day when the world - famous water festival takes place. water is an integral part of thai new year traditions, both as a symbol of cleansing and of renewal. the ceremonial sprinkling of water on another ' s shoulder has evolved in to a day of water fights, complete with water guns and hoses. although throwing large amounts of water has become the epitome of songkran festivities, it has always been the more delicate water splashing that represents the true nature of songkran and the thai new year. sprinkling water on each other during the festival is a gesture of hospitality ; individuals ' attempt to cool each other off in the intense summer heat. traditionally, younger people pay respect by pouring water from silver bowls on the hands of elders in a ceremony known as \" rod nahm dum hua. \" the elders then ask the younger people to forgive them for speaking harshly during the past year and offer the youth a blessing and words of wisdom. this ritual is performed in the home while more vigorous water throwing is done outside. pouring small amounts of scented lustral water on the heads of the elders on \" wan parg - bpee \" as a sign of respect", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5069762513808029, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T11:31:40.167078"} {"text": "create visual references that can be used in future lessons. teachers can help students group and relate words in different ways. for example, place a large picture of a tree on the wall. place prefix and suffix cards on the different branches ( i. e. prefixes : pre -, re - un - ; suffixes : - ful, - less ) and root words on the roots ( write, view, paint ). this visual representation can help students conceptualize that prefixes and suffixes are added on to root words. e / b, d, e : the teacher creates a display of words containing greek and latin roots and adds to it during the school year. ells can refer to the display to help in understanding new words. ( example of display : the tree display above, or a poster with three columns - root, meaning, and word, i. e. aqua, water, aquarium ) e / b : read one ' s own writing or simple narrative text and begin to produce phonemes appropriately. e / b : recognize and produce english phonemes students already know, and possibly use them in simple phrases or sentences. e / b : recognize sounds in spoken words with accompanying illustrations e / b : use cues for sounding out unfamiliar words with accompanying illustrations e / b : blend sounds together to make words, shown visually d : remove or add sounds to existing words to make new words, shown visually ( i. e. \" cover up the t in cart. what do you have now? \" ) d : use letter - sound relationships and word roots to produce and understand multi - syllabic words ; e : use letter - sound relationships and word roots to produce and understand new word families. d, e : recognize and use prefixes and suffixes to find meanings of unknown words. e : segment illustrated sentences into words and phrases. e : identify and analyze sentence and context clues to find meanings of unknown words. e / b, d, e : when sharing new vocabulary words, make sure to write each word divided into syllables ( i. e. dic - tion - ar - y ). when introducing each word, sound it out, pausing between each syllable, and then blend the syllables together. have students repeat after you. ask students how many syllables the word has. tell students : pay attention to the syllables in a word. this will help you spell the word, and it will help you pronounce it, too. e / b, d, e : before teaching the phonics skills", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5381086954751438, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T11:31:40.174785"} {"text": "what leed measures leed is a voluntary certification program that can be applied to any building type and any building lifecycle phase. it promotes a whole - building approach to sustainability by recognizing performance in key areas : choosing a building \u2019 s site and managing that site during construction are important considerations for a project \u2019 s sustainability. the sustainable sites category discourages development on previously undeveloped land ; minimizes a building \u2019 s impact on ecosystems and waterways ; encourages regionally appropriate landscaping ; rewards smart transportation choices ; controls stormwater runoff ; and reduces erosion, light pollution, heat island effect and construction - related pollution. buildings are major users of our potable water supply. the goal of the water efficiency credit category is to encourage smarter use of water, inside and out. water reduction is typically achieved through more efficient appliances, fixtures and fittings inside and water - wise landscaping outside. | energy & atmosphere according to the u. s. department of energy, buildings use 39 % of the energy and 74 % of the electricity produced each year in the united states. the energy & atmosphere category encourages a wide variety of energy strategies : commissioning ; energy use monitoring ; efficient design and construction ; efficient appliances, systems and lighting ; the use of renewable and clean sources of energy, generated on - site or off - site ; and other innovative strategies. | materials & resources during both the construction and operations phases, buildings generate a lot of waste and use a lot of materials and resources. this credit category encourages the selection of sustainably grown, harvested, produced and transported products and materials. it promotes the reduction of waste as well as reuse and recycling, and it takes into account the reduction of waste at a product \u2019 s source. | indoor environmental quality the u. s. environmental protection agency estimates that americans spend about 90 % of their day indoors, where the air quality can be significantly worse than outside. the indoor environmental quality credit category promotes strategies that can improve indoor air as well as providing access to natural daylight and views and improving acoustics. | locations & linkages the leed for homes rating system recognizes that much of a home \u2019 s impact on the environment comes from where it is located and how it fits into its community. the locations & linkages credits encourage homes being built away from environmentally sensitive places and instead being built in infill, previously developed and other preferable sites. it rewards homes that are built near already - existing infrastructure, community resources and transit, and it encourages access to open space for walking, physical activity and time spent outdoors. | awareness & education", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.5384233824357769, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T11:31:40.180198"} {"text": "infill, previously developed and other preferable sites. it rewards homes that are built near already - existing infrastructure, community resources and transit, and it encourages access to open space for walking, physical activity and time spent outdoors. | awareness & education the leed for homes rating system acknowledges that a green home is only truly green if the people who live in it use the green features to maximum effect. the awareness & education credits encourage home builders and real estate professionals to provide homeowners, tenants and building managers with the education and tools they need to understand what makes their home green and how to make the most of those features. | innovation in design the innovation in design credit category provides bonus points for projects that use new and innovative technologies and strategies to improve a building \u2019 s performance well beyond what is required by other leed credits or in green building considerations that are not specifically addressed elsewhere in leed. this credit category also rewards projects for including a leed accredited professional on the team to ensure a holistic, integrated approach to the design and construction phase. usgbc \u2019 s regional councils, chapters and affiliates have identified the environmental concerns that are locally most important for every region of the country, and six leed credits that address those local priorities were selected for each region. a project that earns a regional priority credit will earn one bonus point in addition to any points awarded for that credit. up to four extra points can be earned in this way. see the regional priority credits for your state \u00bb source : u. s. green building council", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5025427540886178, "token_count": 311, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T11:31:40.180850"} {"text": "a major thrust of the effort is to establish the potential of this technology for calibration and validation of satellite - based ocean - color measurements. the new floats are enabled with a two - way communication system that allows researchers to control when the floats descend and ascend, and when they take measurements. \u201c radiometers allow us to do a better job in modeling primary production, \u201d says boss. \u201c we \u2019 re trying to see if we can use them to calibrate satellites, and plan on having other sensors measure for scattering. that allows us to get more information on what \u2019 s in the water. \u201d most of the existing floats are programmed to descend and ascend for specific periods of time to take a predetermined number of measurements. using wireless communication and data dissemination created by cls america, researchers will provide the floats with commands during missions, including changes in response to events such as hurricanes. the data collected will be sent to a centralized web site for all researchers to analyze and for future input into assimilating ocean ecosystem models. with more advanced communications systems, it may also be possible to increase the life of profiling floats. currently, researchers can record about 300 profiles from one float. the devices are limited by battery life, and once the batteries die, it \u2019 s not possible to recapture the devices. one of boss \u2019 goals is to test recovery possibilities, so that floats can be reused. scientists from the nasa goddard earth sciences data and information services center, partners in this project, are building a tool that will provide crucial remotely sensed information around the float surfacing location for measurement context. every time a float reports its location, nasa will provide real - time data on weather, temperature and events in a 50 - kilometer radius. \u201c we have the opportunity to make a huge difference in the future of our field and its ability to provide much - needed information on how carbon and other material are processed globally, \u201d says boss.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.5052802633811737, "token_count": 392, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T11:31:40.182873"} {"text": "sensors flag environmental damage to art at the met new york it will take a good eye to spot them, but dozens of tiny, very modern works of art have been installed near the 15th - century unicorn tapestries and other medieval masterpieces at a new york city museum. the metropolitan museum of art announced this week that a network of wireless environmental sensors designed to prevent damage to the collection is being tested at its cloisters branch. the ibm sensors \u2014 each housed with a radio and a microcontroller in a case about the size of a pack of cigarettes \u2014 can measure temperature, humidity, air flow, light levels, contaminants and more. they are inexpensive and run on low power, and several can be positioned in a room, scientists said. the information collected goes into a three - dimensional \" climate map \" that can be accessed on a computer, and the data can then be analyzed to adjust the climate, spot trends and even make predictions. \" nobody in the world at this moment has this kind of information, not at this level of detail, \" said paolo dionosi vici, associate research scientist at the metropolitan. \" it ' s the analytics that will keep us one step ahead technologically. \" the network now covers about a third of the cloisters, which houses 3, 000 medieval works in several ancient buildings that were disassembled in europe and rebuilt in northern manhattan. the met expects to expand the network throughout the cloisters and eventually to the main museum on fifth avenue. the climate at museums like the cloisters is already tightly controlled, with especially fragile items kept in sealed cases. curators don ' t have to worry about the ravages that might happen to a fresco in an open italian church, for example. but the artwork is sensitive to small climate variations. \" a window in a museum, in summer, that can be a hot spot, \" vici said. \" and the light from the window on the floor can increase the temperature of the floor. until now, that is a variation we might not know about because we were not taking so many measurements. \" another factor that can influence the climate in a museum is the number of visitors \u2014 and where the visitors have been. \" if it ' s raining outside the cloisters and the tourists that come in are wet, that has an effect, \" vici said. the idea is to keep the effects from causing any damage, even slow damage, to the art. \" whenever we have to act on an object to", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.5058388045013835, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T11:31:40.186881"} {"text": "the etiology and treatment of childhood jordan w. smoller university of pennsylvania childhood is a syndrome which has only recently begun to receive serious attention from clinicians. the syndrome itself, however, is not at all recent. as early as the 8th century, the persian historian kidnom made references to \" short, noisy creatures, \" who may well have been what we now call \" children. \" the treatment of children, however, was unknown until this century, when so - called \" child psychologists \" and \" child psychiatrists \" became common. despite this history of clinical neglect, it has been estimated that well over half of all americans alive today have experienced childhood directly ( suess, 1983 ). in fact, the actual numbers are probably much higher, since these data are based on self - reports which may be subject to social desirability biases and the growing acceptance of childhood as a distinct phenomenon is reflected in the proposed inclusion of the syndrome in the upcoming diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders, 4th edition, or dsm - iv, of the american psychiatric association ( 1990 ). clinicians are still in disagreement about the significan clinical features of childhood, but the proposed dsm - iv will almost certainly include the following core - congenital onset - emotional lability and immaturity - knowledgy deficits - legume anorexia clinical features of childhood although the focus of this paper is on the efficacy of conventional treatment of childhood, the five clinical markers mentioned above merit further discussion for those unfamiliar with this patient in one of the few existing literature reviews on childhood, temple - black ( 1982 ) has noted that childhood is almost always present at birth, although it may go undetected for years or even remain subclinical indefinitely. this observation has led some investigators to speculate on biological contribution to childhood. as one psychologist has put it, \" we may soon be in a position to distinguish organic childhood from functional childhood \" ( rogers, 1979 ). this is certainly the most familiar marker of childhood. it is widely known that children are physically short relative to the population at large. indeed, common clinical wisdom suggests that the treatment of the so - called \" small child \" ( or \" tot \" ) is particularly difficult. these children are known to exhibit infantile behavior and display a startling lack of insight ( tom and jerry, 1967 ). emotional lability and immaturity this aspect of childhood is often the only basis for a clinician ' s diagnosis. as a result, many otherwise normal adults are mis", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5139408711936055, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T11:31:40.217284"} {"text": "behavior and display a startling lack of insight ( tom and jerry, 1967 ). emotional lability and immaturity this aspect of childhood is often the only basis for a clinician ' s diagnosis. as a result, many otherwise normal adults are misdiagnosed as children and must suffer the unnecessary social stigma of being labelled a \" child \" by professionals and friends alike. while many children have iqs with or even above the norm, almost all will manifest knowledge deficits. anyone who has known a real child has experienced the frustration of trying to discuss any topic that requires some general knowledge. children seem to have little knowledge about the world they live in. politics, art, and science - - children are largely ignorant of these. perhaps it is because of this ignorance, but the sad fact that most children have few friends who are not, themselves, this last identifying feature is perhaps the most unexpected. folk wisdom is supported by empirical observation - - children will rarely eat their vegetables ( see popeye, 1957, for review ). causes of childhood now that we know what it is, what can we say about the causes of childhood? recent years have seen a flurry of theory and speculation from a number of perspectives. some of the most prominent are reviewed emile durkind was perhaps the first to speculate about sociological causes of childhood. he points out two key observations about - the vast majority of children are unemployed, and - children represent one of the least educated segments of our society. in fact, it has been estimated that less than 20 % of children have had more than fourth grad education. clearly, children are an \" out - group. \" because of their intellectual handicap, children are even denied the right to vote. from the sociologist ' s perspective, treatment should be aimed at helping assimilate children into mainstream society. unfortunately, some victims are so incapacitated by their childhood that they are simply not competent to work. one promising rehabilitaion program ( spanky and alfalfa, 1978 ) has trained victims of severe childhood to sell lemonade. the observation that childhood is usually present from birth has led some to speculate on a biological contribution. an early investigation by flintstone and jetson ( 1939 ) indicated that childhood runs in families. their survey of over 8, 000 american families revealed that over half contained more than one child. further investigation revealed that even most non - child family members had experienced childhood at some point. cross - cultural studies ( e. g., mowgli and din, 1950 )", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.5223671316647079, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T11:31:40.218681"} {"text": ", 000 american families revealed that over half contained more than one child. further investigation revealed that even most non - child family members had experienced childhood at some point. cross - cultural studies ( e. g., mowgli and din, 1950 ) indicated that family childhood is even more prevalent in the far east. for example, in indian and chinese families, as many as three out of four family members may have childhood. impressive evidence of a genetic component of childhood comes from a large - scale twin study by brady and partridge ( 1972 ). these authors studied over 106 pairs of twins, looking at concordance rates for childhood. among identical or monozygotic twins, concordance was unusually high ( 0. 92 ), i. e., when one twin was diagnosed with childhood, the other twin was almost always a child as well. a considerable number of psychologically - based theories of the development of childhood exist. they are too numerous to review here. among the more familiar models are seligman ' s \" learned childishness \" model. according to this model, individuals who are treated like children eventually give up and become children. as a counterpoint to such theories, some experts have claimed that childhood does not really exist. szasz ( 1980 ) has called \" childhood \" an expedient label. in seeking conformity, we handicap those whom we find unruly or too short to deal with by labelling them \" children. \" treatment of childhood efforts to treat childhood are as old as the syndrome itself. only in modern times, however, have human and systematic treatment protocols been applied. in part, this increased attention to the problem may be due to the sheer number of individuals suffering from childhood. government statistics ( dhhs ) reveal that there are more children alive today than at any time in our history. to paraphrase p. t. barnum : \" there ' s a child born every minute. \" the overwhelming number of children has made government intervention inevitable. the nineteenth century saw the institution of what remains the largest single program for the treatment of childhood - - so - called \" public schools. \" under this colossal program, individuals are placed into treatment groups based on the severity of their condition. for example, those most severely afflicted may be placed in a \" kindergarten \" program. patients at this level are typically short, unruly, emotionally immature, and intellectually deficient. given this type of individual, therapy is essentially one of patient management and of helping the child master basic skills ( e", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.550798870277157, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T11:31:40.220373"} {"text": "a \" kindergarten \" program. patients at this level are typically short, unruly, emotionally immature, and intellectually deficient. given this type of individual, therapy is essentially one of patient management and of helping the child master basic skills ( e. g. finger - painting ). unfortunately, the \" school \" system has been largely ineffective. not only is the problem a massive tax burden, but it has failed even to slow down the rising incidence of childhood. faced with this failure and the growing epidemic of childhood, mental health professionals are devoting increasing attention to the treatment of childhood. given a theoretical framework by freud ' s landmark treatises on childhood, child psychiatrists and psychologists claimed great successes in their clinical intervention. by the 1950 ' s, however, the clinicians ' optimism had waned. even after years of costly analysis, many victims remained children. the following case ( taken from gumbie and poke, 1957 ) is typical. - billy j., age 8, was brought to treatment by his parents. billy ' s affliction was painfully obvious. he stood only 4 ' 3 \" high and weighed a scant 70 lbs., despite the fact that he ate voraciously. billy presented a variety of troubling symptoms. his voice was noticably high for a man. he displayed legume anorexia, and, according to his parents, often refused to bathe. his intellectual functioning was also below normal - - he had little general knowledge and could barely write a structured sentence. social skills were also deficient. he often spoke inappropriately and exhibited \" whining behaviour. \" his sexual experience was non - existent. indeed, billy considered women \" icky. \" his parents reported that his condition had been present from birth, improving gradually after he was placed in a school at age 5. the diagnosis was \" primary childhood. \" after years of painstaking treatment, billy improved gradually. at age 11, his height and weight have increased, his social skills are broader, and he is now functional enough to hold down a \" paper route. \" after years of this kind of frustration, startling new evidence has come to light which suggests that the prognosis in cases of childhood may not be all gloom. a critical review by fudd ( 1972 ) noted that studies of the childhood syndrome tend to lack careful follow - up. acting on this observation, moe, larrie, and kirly ( 1974 ) began a large - scale longitudinal study. these investigators studied two groups. the first group", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.521385141186678, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T11:31:40.222147"} {"text": "1972 ) noted that studies of the childhood syndrome tend to lack careful follow - up. acting on this observation, moe, larrie, and kirly ( 1974 ) began a large - scale longitudinal study. these investigators studied two groups. the first group consisted of 34 children currently engaged in a long - term conventional treatment program. the second was a group of 42 children receiving no treatment. all subjects had been diagnosed as children at least 4 years previously, with a mean duration of childhood at 6. 4 years. at the end of one year, the results confirmed the clinical wisdom that childhood is a refractory disorder - - virtually all symptoms persisted and the treatment group was only slightly better off than the controls. the results, however, of a careful 10 - year follow - up were startling. the investigators ( moe, larrie, kirly, & shemp, 1984 ) assessed the original cohort on a variety of measures. general knowledge and emotional maturity were assessed with standard measures. height was assess by the \" metric system \" ( see ruler, 1923 ), and legume appetite by the vegetable appetite test ( vat ) designed by popeye ( 1968 ). moe et al. found that subjects improved uniformly on all measures. indeed, in most cases, the subjects appeared to be symptom - free. moe et al. report a spontaneous remission rate of 95 %, a finding which is certain to revolutionize the clinical approach to childhood. these recent results suggests that the prognosis for victims of childhood may not be so bad as we have feared. we must not, however, become too complacent. despite its apparently high spontaneous remission rate, childhood remains one of the most serious and rapidly growing disorders facing mental health professionals today. and, beyond the psychological pain it brings, childhood has recently been linked to a number of physical disorders. twenty years ago, howdi, doodi, and beauzeau ( 1965 ) demonstrated a six - fold increased risk of chicken pox, measles, and mumps among children as compared with normal controls. later, barby and kenn ( 1971 ) linked childhood to an elevated risk of accidents - - compared with normal adults, victims of childhood were much more likely to scrape their knees, lose their teeth, and fall off their bikes. clearly, much more research is need before we can give any real hope to the millions of victims wracked by this insidious disorder. american psychiatric association ( 1990 ). the diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5113519188082568, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T11:31:40.224418"} {"text": "fall off their bikes. clearly, much more research is need before we can give any real hope to the millions of victims wracked by this insidious disorder. american psychiatric association ( 1990 ). the diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders, 4th edition : a preliminary report. washington, d. c. ; apa. barby, b., & kenn, k. ( 1971 ). the plasticity of behavior. in b. barby & k. kenn ( eds. ), psychotherapies r us. detroit : flintstone, f., & jetson, g. ( 1939 ). cognitive mediation of labour disputes. industrial psychology today, 2, 23 - 35. fudd, e. j. ( 1972 ). locus of control and shoe - size. journal of footwear psychology, 78, 345 - 356. gumbie, g., & pokey, p. ( 1957 ). a cognitive theory of iron - smelting. journal of abnormal metallurgy, 45, 235 - 239. howdi, c., doodi, c., & beauzeau, c. ( 1965 ). western civilization : a review of the literature. reader ' s digest, 60, moe, r., larrie, t., and kirly, q. ( 1974 ). state childhood versus trait childhood. tv guide, may 12 - 19, 1 - 3. moe, r., larrie, t., kirly, q. ( 1974 ). spontaneous remission of childhood. in w. c. fields ( ed. ), new hope for children and animals. hollywood : acme press. popeye, t. s. m. ( 1957 ). the use of spinach in extreme circumstances. journal of vegetable science, 58, 530 - 538. popeye, t. s. m. ( 1968 ). spinach : a phenomenological perspective. existential botany, 35, 908 - 813. rogers, f. ( 1979 ). becoming my neighbour. new york : ruler, y. ( 1923 ). assessing measurements protocols by the multi - method multiple regression index for the psychometric analysis of factorial interaction. annals of boredom, 67, 1190 - 1260. spanky, d., & alfalfa, q. ( 1978 ). coping with puberty. sears catalog, 45 - 46. suess, d. r. ( 1983 ). a psychometric analysis", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.534947007141612, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T11:31:40.225338"} {"text": "fractions, number lines, and order what is wrong with the following sample advertisement statement? for one day only, save,, and even more! this is a sale you cannot miss! each fraction value is less than the previous value,, but the ending \" and even more \" implies that each fraction value is becoming greater in value. the statement is a common mistake that many people make when using fractions. here, the order of the fractions in the statement is based on the value of the denominator and not on the true value of the fraction. the statement should be, for one day only, save,, and even more! since the advertisement is implying that on some items a person can save more than half the listed price. we use a number line model to illustrate fraction order for values between 0 and 1. we divide that length into two equal - sized pieces and label the point where the segment is divided with the coordinate. the distance from 0 to represents a length of one - half the whole segment from 0 to 1. we further divide each of those halves in half ; the points where each segment is divided are represented by the fractions and. as with equivalent fractions from the previous session, we may label the point at as, that is, this is another way to visualize equivalent fractions. the next diagrams illustrate an extension of fraction order relationships to twelfths, sixths, fourths, thirds, and halves, and how they relate to each other on the segment between 0 and 1. we bring these number lines together in the illustration below to a single number line with the coordinates labeled with the simplified form for each of the fractions in the above illustration. when we compare values, the one that is farthest to the left on the number line has the least value. looking at the diagram below, we see that ( circled values ). likewise, we see that ( boxed values ). if we did not refer to a completed number line, we could still determine these inequalities by changing each pair of fractions to fractions with common denominators. since,, and, we have. twelfths is a common denominator for fourths and thirds. since and, we have. sixths is a common denominator for halves and sixths. further note that we could have compared all four of the fractions,,, and by changing them all to the common denominator of twelfths. since, we have. by converting the fractional", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5247125716694507, "token_count": 509, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T11:31:40.294105"} {"text": "inaugurated in 1973, the sydney opera house is a great architectural work of the 20th century that brings together multiple strands of creativity and innovation in both architectural form and structural design. a great urban sculpture set in a remarkable waterscape, at the tip of a peninsula projecting into sydney harbour, the building has had an enduring influence on architecture. the sydney opera house comprises three groups of interlocking vaulted \u2018 shells \u2019 which roof two main performance halls and a restaurant. these shell - structures are set upon a vast platform and are surrounded by terrace areas that function as pedestrian concourses. in 1957, when the project of the sydney opera house was awarded by an international jury to danish architect j\u00f8rn utzon, it marked a radically new approach to construction. view from the air towards the south east \u00a9 commonwealth of australia outstanding universal value the sydney opera house constitutes a masterpiece of 20th century architecture. its significance is based on its unparalleled design and construction ; its exceptional engineering achievements and technological innovation and its position as a world - famous icon of architecture. it is a daring and visionary experiment that has had an enduring influence on the emergent architecture of the late 20th century. utzon ' s original design concept and his unique approach to building gave impetus to a collective creativity of architects, engineers and builders. ove arup ' s engineering achievements helped make utzon ' s vision a reality. the design represents an extraordinary interpretation and response to the setting in sydney harbour. the sydney opera house is also of outstanding universal value for its achievements in structural engineering and building technology. the building is a great artistic monument and an icon, accessible to society at large. criterion ( i ) : the sydney opera house is a great architectural work of the 20th century. it represents multiple strands of creativity, both in architectural form and structural design, a great urban sculpture carefully set in a remarkable waterscape and a world famous iconic building. all elements necessary to express the values of the sydney opera house are included within the boundaries of the nominated area and buffer zone. this ensures the complete representation of its significance as an architectural object of great beauty in its waterscape setting. the sydney opera house continues to perform its function as a world - class performing arts centre. the conservation plan specifies the need to balance the roles of the building as an architectural monument and as a state of the art performing centre, thus retaining its authenticity of use and function. attention given to retaining the building ' s authenticity culminated with the conservation plan and the utzon design principles. the sydney opera house was included in the national heritage", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5003018212584118, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T11:31:40.311754"} {"text": "and as a state of the art performing centre, thus retaining its authenticity of use and function. attention given to retaining the building ' s authenticity culminated with the conservation plan and the utzon design principles. the sydney opera house was included in the national heritage list in 2005 under the environment protection and biodiversity conservation act 1999 and on the state heritage register of new south wales in 2003 under the heritage act 1977. listing in the national heritage list implies that any proposed action to be taken inside or outside the boundaries of a national heritage place or a world heritage property that may have a significant impact on the heritage values is prohibited without the approval of the minister for the environment and heritage. a buffer zone has been established. the present state of conservation is very good. the property is maintained and preserved through regular and rigorous repair and conservation programmes. the management system of the sydney opera house takes into account a wide range of measures provided under planning and heritage legislation and policies of both the australian government and the new south wales government. the management plan for the sydney opera house, the conservation plan and the utzon design principles together provide the policy framework for the conservation and management of the sydney opera house. a major cultural centre for sydney and its siting at bennelong point had been discussed since the 1940s. in 1956 the new south wales government called an open - ended international design competition and appointed an independent jury, rather than commissioning a local firm. the competition brief provided broad specifications to attract the best design talent in the world ; it did not specify design parameters or set a cost limit. the main requirement of the competition brief was a design for a dual function building with two performance halls. the competition generated enormous interest in australia and overseas. the new south wales government \u2019 s decision to commission j\u00f8rn utzon as the sole architect was unexpected, bold and visionary. there was scepticism as to whether the structure could be built given utzon \u2019 s limited experience, the rudimentary and unique design concept and the absence of any engineering advice. the competition drawings were largely diagrammatic, the design had not been fully costed and neither utzon nor the jury had consulted a structural engineer. utzon \u2019 s design concept included unprecedented architectural forms and demanded solutions that required new technologies and materials. the new south wales government also faced public pressure to select an australian architect. the sydney opera house is often thought of as being constructed in three stages and this is useful in understanding the history of the three key elements of its architectural composition : the podium ( stage 1 : 1958 \u2013 1961 )", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5237321756635025, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T11:31:40.312867"} {"text": "the universe may be a deterministic system, but that doesn ' t mean random chance doesn ' t exist, or that you can determine the exact path the future will take in advance. for example, heisenburg ' s uncertainty principle shows that you can affect an electron ' s position by measuring its momentum, and vice versa. that ' s because electrons are so small that the act of observing them causes a change in their position or momentum, depending on whether you ' re measuring their momentum or position. there ' s a well - known experiment where you shoot electrons at a double - slit in a screen and then see what pattern they form ; if you don ' t observe the electrons going through the slit, they generate a standard wave interference pattern ( meaning the electrons are seemingly interfering with themselves ), but if you do, the pattern changes to one generated by particles. furthermore, if you delay the observation ( i. e., by using a removable detector screen ), you can cause a retroactive change from a wave pattern to a particle one, and if you make it possible to destroy the measurement of which slit the electron goes through, you can cause a second retroactive change, from a particle pattern to a wave one. here ' s something interesting to think about. let ' s say you have two people, essentially identical, except one believes that free will somehow exists, and the other believes that it doesn ' t. the two people will act differently based on whether they believe in free will or not. furthermore, if they later change their minds ( in other words, make themselves believe the opposite of what they believed before ), it will change their behavior. to make the point even clearer, if you had a third person who had never heard of free will, they ' d act in a completely different way than the other two - but once they heard of it, depending on whether it was \" free will exists \" or \" free will doesn ' t exist \", it would instantly change their behavior from then on. in other words, yes, i believe it ' s possible to change your own behavior by making yourself change what you believe. i don ' t know whether that would actually be considered free will, but i do know that it ' s close enough to count for me.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.6283492408870633, "token_count": 463, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T11:31:40.316602"} {"text": "viticulture - n. : the cultivation or culture of grapes enology - n. : a science that deals with wine and wine making the v & e department combines the sciences of viticulture and enology in a single research and teaching unit that encompasses all of the scientific disciplines that impact grape growing and winemaking. for over one hundred years the university of california has maintained an active and productive program in research and education in viticulture and enology. the continuing excellence of the department has enabled california growers and vintners to develop practices that have allowed the golden state to achieve its potential and become a premier wine - producing region. dr. andy walker ; unraveling an olmo mystery in 1989, dr. harold olmo gave dr. andy walker a collection of grape seeds that he had produced the previous year. walker believed they had the potential for resistance to both pierces \u2019 disease ( pd ) and the dagger nematode ( xiphinema index ) that vectors fanleaf virus. they were the offspring of two v. rupestris females and six m. rotundifolia males. the rotundifolia is known to confer resistance to pd, x. index and fanleaf virus. walker \u2019 s lab began investigating the actual value of these rootstocks as parents in breeding new genotypes with effective resistance across a broad spectrum of applications, including rootstocks, raisin, table and winegrape production. for the next fifteen years, they tested and retested...", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5173016975680185, "token_count": 311, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T11:31:40.329867"} {"text": "key : \" s : \" = show synset ( semantic ) relations, \" w : \" = show word ( lexical ) relations display options for sense : ( gloss ) \" an example sentence \" - s : ( n ) swing ( a state of steady vigorous action that is characteristic of an activity ) \" the party went with a swing \" ; \" it took time to get into the swing of things \" - s : ( n ) swing ( mechanical device used as a plaything to support someone swinging back and forth ) - s : ( n ) swing ( a sweeping blow or stroke ) \" he took a wild swing at my head \" - s : ( n ) swing, swinging, vacillation ( changing location by moving back and forth ) - s : ( n ) swing, swing music, jive ( a style of jazz played by big bands popular in the 1930s ; flowing rhythms but less complex than later styles of jazz ) - s : ( n ) lilt, swing ( a jaunty rhythm in music ) - s : ( n ) golf stroke, golf shot, swing ( the act of swinging a golf club at a golf ball and ( usually ) hitting it ) - s : ( n ) baseball swing, swing, cut ( in baseball ; a batter ' s attempt to hit a pitched ball ) \" he took a vicious cut at the ball \" - s : ( n ) swing ( a square dance figure ; a pair of dancers join hands and dance around a point between them ) - s : ( v ) swing ( move in a curve or arc, usually with the intent of hitting ) \" he swung his left fist \" ; \" swing a bat \" - s : ( v ) swing, sway ( move or walk in a swinging or swaying manner ) \" he swung back \" - s : ( v ) swing ( change direction with a swinging motion ; turn ) \" swing back \" ; \" swing forward \" - s : ( v ) swing, swing over ( influence decisively ) \" this action swung many votes over to his side \" - s : ( v ) swing, sweep, swing out ( make a big sweeping gesture or movement ) - s : ( v ) dangle, swing, drop ( hang freely ) \" the ornaments dangled from the tree \" ; \" the light dropped from the ceiling \" - s : ( v ) swing ( hit or aim at with a sweeping arm movement ) \" the soccer player began to swing at the referee \" - s : ( v ) swing ( alternate dramatically between high", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.6324796343883676, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T11:31:40.349881"} {"text": "key : \" s : \" = show synset ( semantic ) relations, \" w : \" = show word ( lexical ) relations display options for sense : ( gloss ) \" an example sentence \" - s : ( n ) output, yield ( production of a certain amount ) - s : ( n ) return, issue, take, takings, proceeds, yield, payoff ( the income or profit arising from such transactions as the sale of land or other property ) \" the average return was about 5 % \" - s : ( n ) yield, fruit ( an amount of a product ) - s : ( n ) output, yield, production ( the quantity of something ( as a commodity ) that is created ( usually within a given period of time ) ) \" production was up in the second quarter \" - s : ( v ) yield, give, afford ( be the cause or source of ) \" he gave me a lot of trouble \" ; \" our meeting afforded much interesting information \" - s : ( v ) give way, yield ( end resistance, as under pressure or force ) \" the door yielded to repeated blows with a battering ram \" - s : ( v ) render, yield, return, give, generate ( give or supply ) \" the cow brings in 5 liters of milk \" ; \" this year ' s crop yielded 1, 000 bushels of corn \" ; \" the estate renders some revenue for the family \" - s : ( v ) concede, yield, cede, grant ( give over ; surrender or relinquish to the physical control of another ) - s : ( v ) yield, relent, soften ( give in, as to influence or pressure ) - s : ( v ) move over, give way, give, ease up, yield ( move in order to make room for someone for something ) \" the park gave way to a supermarket \" ; \" ` move over, ' he told the crowd \" - s : ( v ) give, yield ( cause to happen or be responsible for ) \" his two singles gave the team the victory \" - s : ( v ) concede, yield, grant ( be willing to concede ) \" i grant you this much \" - s : ( v ) succumb, yield ( be fatally overwhelmed ) - s : ( v ) yield, pay, bear ( bring in ) \" interest - bearing accounts \" ; \" how much does this savings certificate pay annually? \" - s : ( v ) give, yield ( be", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5971125061269658, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T11:31:40.354133"} {"text": "what sets allergies in motion? thursday, august 2, 2012 tau research identifies a protein group that may kick - start allergic reactions allergies, or hypersensitivities of the immune system, are more common than ever before. according to the asthma and allergies foundation of america, one in five americans suffers from an allergy \u2014 from milder forms like hay fever to more severe instances, like peanut allergies which can lead to anaphylactic shock. while medications like antihistamines can treat the symptoms of an allergic reaction, the treatment is too limited, says prof. ronit sagi - eisenberg, a cell biologist at tel aviv university ' s sackler faculty of medicine. cells release dozens of molecules during an allergic reaction, and available medications address only a small subset. now she and her fellow researchers are working to identify what triggers allergic reactions in the body, with the goal of stopping an allergic reaction before it starts. the answer may lie within the rab family, a group of 60 proteins that are known to regulate the distribution of proteins throughout the body. along with her ph. d. student nurit pereg - azouz, prof. sagi - eisenberg found that 30 of these proteins determined how cells react to an allergen, and two of these have been identified for further research as instruments of preventative medication. when the chain of events leading up to an allergic reaction can be understood, drugs can be developed to inhibit the initial reaction, explains prof. sagi - eisenberg. this research has been published in the journal of immunology. getting to the root allergic reactions can appear as rashes, respiratory difficulties, or swelling, but they ' re all caused by the same mechanism. when exposed to an allergen, the body activates the immune system. but mast cells, located throughout the body, sense that the immune system has mistakenly been activated against something that is not bacterial or viral, and they release biologically active molecules to create an inflammatory response. so what causes mast cells to react? prof. sagi - eisenberg and her team work to identify the exact chain of events in an allergic reaction. they looked to the rab family of proteins as a potential source for answers, screening for the proteins ' involvement in initiating allergic reaction. \" we genetically manipulated mast cells so that they contained mutated versions of these proteins, which were already active without an allergen, \" explains prof. sagi - eisenberg.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5080327622823122, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T11:31:40.430046"} {"text": ", screening for the proteins ' involvement in initiating allergic reaction. \" we genetically manipulated mast cells so that they contained mutated versions of these proteins, which were already active without an allergen, \" explains prof. sagi - eisenberg. if a protein was relevant, it would cause an allergic reaction. \" this new methodology allowed us to screen for the functional impact of each member of this family, determining if they either inhibited or activated the allergic process. \" in the end, the researchers flagged 30 proteins that were relevant to the process of creating an allergic reaction in the body, and have identified two that appear to be the most involved. further research will use these two proteins as tools to gain more understanding of allergic reactions. targeted drugs could prevent allergic reaction an allergic reaction is not only a function of two proteins interacting \u2014 it ' s the result of a chain of events. by identifying crucial links in such a chain, researchers can create targeted drugs that break the chain. new medications that target tumor cells, for example, are directed at halting the tumor ' s ability to function and grow, starving it of crucial blood and oxygen supplies. prof. sagi - eisenberg envisions similar medications for allergies, with medications that address the source of the allergic reaction instead of the symptoms. the need for such medications is pressing. steroids, the only available type of drug that effectively prevents mast cells from secreting biologically active agents, also cause harm to kidneys, bones, and the immune system. patients may suffer more from the treatment than they do from the allergy itself. alternative medications that are as effective as steroids but will be devoid of their adverse side effects are desperately needed. prof. sagi - eisenberg ' s work will help to identify proteins that can be targeted by medications without impacting the function of other cells, she hopes. for more medicine and health news from tel aviv university, click here", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.511311830600853, "token_count": 394, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T11:31:40.430953"} {"text": "\u2015 we who are here, all of us alive today. face to face did god speak with you on the mountain from amid the fire. ' ( deut. 5 : 1 - 4 ) the torah claims that the entire jewish nation heard god speak at sinai, an assertion that has been accepted as part of their nation ' s history for over 3, 000 years. demille ' s mistake is such a big deal because the jewish claim of national revelation, as opposed to individual revelation, is the central defining event that makes judaism different than every other religion in the world. history and legends two types of stories are part of any national heritage. the first kind is legends. included in this category is george washington ' s admission to chopping down the cherry tree, along with his statement, \" i cannot tell a lie. \" johnny appleseed planting apple trees across america with his discarded apple cores is another legend. then there is history. for example, george washington was the first president of the united states. william the conqueror led the battle of hastings in 1066 in which harold, king of england, was killed. the jews of spain were expelled from their country in 1492, the year christopher columbus set sail. what is the difference between legend and history? a legend is an unverified story. by their very nature legends are unverifiable because they have very few eyewitnesses. perhaps little george did chop down the cherry tree. we can ' t know if it happened. this does not mean that the legend is necessarily false, only that it is unverifiable. no one thinks legends are facts, therefore they are not accepted as reliable history. history, however, is comprised of events we know actually happened. it is reliable because we can determine if the claimed event is true or false through a number of ways. one key to verification is the assertion that large numbers of eyewitnesses observed the specific event. why is the number of claimed original witnesses a principal determining factor in making historical accounts reliable? this can be understood through looking at the nature of the following series of claims and weighing their levels of credibility. the nature of the claim itself can often determine its degree of believability. the believability game gauge the level of credibility of the following scenarios. some claims are inherently unverifiable. for example, would you believe me if i told you the following : \" last week after dinner, i went for a walk through the forest near my house. suddenly everything was awash in a", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.5144462676260404, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T11:31:40.458710"} {"text": "scenarios. some claims are inherently unverifiable. for example, would you believe me if i told you the following : \" last week after dinner, i went for a walk through the forest near my house. suddenly everything was awash in a tremendous light and god appeared to me, designating me as his prophet. he told me to announce this revelation to you at this time. \" in theory this could have happened. it doesn ' t seem likely, but you don ' t know i ' m lying. would you choose to believe me? without any substantiating evidence, why choose to believe me? a foolish move, indeed. would you believe me if i told you the following : \" last night while i was eating dinner with my family, the room started to suddenly shake and god ' s booming voice was heard by all of us. he designated me as his prophet and commanded me to announce this revelation. \" this could have happened too. if i were to bring in my family to confirm the story it would be more believable than the first story. you certainly don ' t know if i ' m lying. would you believe me? would you fork over $ 10, 000 dollars if i told you god commanded you to do so? no way. there is still not enough evidence to trust my claim \u2015 because it is very possible that my family is lying. there is another type of claim that you can know is false. for example, would you believe me if i told you this : \" do you remember what happened 10 minutes ago just as you began reading this article? remember how the room started shaking, then the ceiling opened up to the skies, and you and i together heard god ' s booming voice come down and say ' thou shalt hearken to the voice of nechemia coopersmith for he is my prophet! ' and then the room went back to normal and you continued reading. you remember that, don ' t you? \" is this believable? this kind of claim is completely different. the two previous scenarios at least had the possibility of being true. you chose not to accept them because they were unverifiable. however this third scenario is impossible to believe. i ' m claiming something happened to you that you know did not happen. since you didn ' t experience it, you know i ' m lying. i cannot convince you of something that you yourself know didn ' t happen. i cannot convince you of something that you yourself know didn ' t happen. this first type", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5192668323428821, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T11:31:40.459778"} {"text": "happen. since you didn ' t experience it, you know i ' m lying. i cannot convince you of something that you yourself know didn ' t happen. i cannot convince you of something that you yourself know didn ' t happen. this first type of claim \u2015 that something happened to someone else \u2015 is unverifiable, because you do not know for certain that the claim is a lie. therefore it is possible for a person to decide to accept the claim as true if he really wanted to and take that leap of faith. however, the other type of claim \u2015 that something happened to you \u2015 you know if it is inherently false. people do not accept patently false assertions, especially those that carry significant consequences. sinai : an impossible hoax so far we have seen two types of claims \u2015 one is unverifiable and the other is inherently false. could the revelation at sinai have been a brilliant hoax, duping millions of people into believing that god spoke to them? let ' s imagine the scene. moses comes down the mountain and claims, \" we all today heard god speak, all of you heard the god ' s voice from the fire... \" assuming moses is making it up, how would the people respond to his story? \" moses! what are you talking about?! boy, you sure had us going there for awhile. we may have even believed you if you came down and claimed that god appeared to you personally. but now you blew it! now we know you ' re lying because you ' re claiming an event happened to us that we know didn ' t happen! we did not hear god speak to us from any fire! \" if the revelation at sinai did not occur, then moses is claiming an event everyone immediately knows is an outright lie, since they know that they never heard god speak. it is preposterous to think moses can get away with a claim that everyone knows is lie. revelation claimed later in history? perhaps a hoax such as this could have been attempted at a later period in history. perhaps the claim of national revelation did not originate at sinai, but began, for example, 1, 000 years after the event was said to have occurred. perhaps the leader ezra, for example, appears on the scene, introducing a book purported to be written by god and given to a people who stood at sinai a long time ago. could someone get away with this kind of hoax? for example, would you believe the following : \" i want to let you in on a very little -", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5226329530088027, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T11:31:40.460809"} {"text": "with laws, history and stories. here, take a look at it. \" very nice, ezra. where did you get this? \" \" open up the book and see what it says. this book was given thousands of years ago to your ancestors. three million of them stood at mount sinai and heard god speak! god appeared to everyone, giving his law and instruction. \" how would you respond to such a claim? the people give ezra a quizzical look and say, \" wait a second, ezra. something is a little fishy here. why haven ' t we ever heard of this before? you ' re describing one of the most momentous events that could ever happen, claiming that it happened to our ancestors \u2013 and we never heard about it? \" \" sure. it was along time ago. of course you never heard about it. \" \" c ' mon ezra! it ' s impossible that our grandparents or great - grandparents would not have passed down the most significant event in our nation ' s history to some of the people! how could it be that no one has heard about this up until now?! you ' re claiming all my ancestors, the entire nation, 3 million people heard god speak and received a set of instructions called the torah, and none of us have heard about it?! you must be lying. \" if one cannot pull off a hoax with regard to a continent sinking, so too one cannot pull off a hoax to convince an entire people that their ancestors experienced the most unique event in all of human history. everyone would know it ' s a lie. for thousands of years, sinai was accepted as central to jewish history. how else can this be explained? given that people will not fall for a hoax they know is a lie, how could national revelation have been not only accepted \u2015 but faithfully followed with great sacrifice by the vast majority of jews? the only way a people would accept such a claim is if it really happened. if sinai did not happen, everyone would know it ' s a lie and it would never have been accepted. the only way one can ever claim a nation experienced revelation and have it accepted is if it is true. sinai : the only claim of national revelation throughout history, tens of thousands of religions have been started by individuals, attempting to convince people that god spoke to him or her. all religions that base themselves on some type of revelation share essentially the same beginning : a holy person goes into solitude, comes back to his people, and announces that he has experienced a personal revelation", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.5193255686937147, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T11:31:40.463508"} {"text": "attempting to convince people that god spoke to him or her. all religions that base themselves on some type of revelation share essentially the same beginning : a holy person goes into solitude, comes back to his people, and announces that he has experienced a personal revelation where god appointed him to be his prophet. would you believe someone who claims that god appointed him a new prophet? would you believe someone who claims to have received a personal communication from god appointing him or her as god ' s new prophet? maybe he did. then again, maybe he didn ' t. one can never know. the claim is inherently unverifiable. personal revelation is an extremely weak basis for a religion since one can never know if it is indeed true. even if the individual claiming personal revelation performs miracles, there is still no verification that he is a genuine prophet. miracles do not prove anything. all they show \u2015 assuming they are genuine \u2015 is that he has certain powers. it has nothing to do with his claim of prophecy. israel did not believe in moses, our teacher, on account of the miracles he performed. for when one ' s faith is based on miracles, doubt remains in the mind that these miracles may have been done through the occult and witchcraft... what then were the grounds of believing him? the revelation on sinai which we saw with our own eyes, and heard with our own ears, not having to depend on the testimony of others... ( mishna torah - foundations of torah 8 : 1 ) a bold prediction there are 15, 000 known religions in all of recorded history. given this inherent weakness, why do all of them base their claim on personal revelation? if someone wanted their religion to be accepted, why wouldn ' t they present the strongest, most believable claim possible \u2015 i. e. national revelation! it ' s far more credible. no one has to take a leap of faith and blindly trust just one person ' s word. it is qualitatively better to claim that god came to everyone, telling the entire group that so - and - so is his prophet. why would god establish his entire relationship with a nation through one man, without any possibility of verification, and still expect this nation to obediently follow an entire system of instructions, based only on blind faith? yet, judaism is the only religion in the annals of history that makes the best of all claims \u2015 that everyone heard god speak. no other religion claims the experience of national revelation. why? furthermore, the author of the torah predicts", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5097166030711854, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T11:31:40.464598"} {"text": "a similar claim, a prediction he knows he cannot foresee, and whose outcome is likely to be the exact opposite? there is one simple answer to both questions. a national revelation \u2015 as opposed to personal revelation \u2015 is the one lie you cannot get away with. it is one event you cannot fabricate. the only way to make this claim is if it actually happened. if the claim is true, the people will believe it because they are agreeing to something they already know. either they personally witnessed it, or their ancestors collectively passed down the account as part of their nation ' s accepted history. if the claim is false, it ' s like trying to convince you that god spoke to you or your parents and somehow you never heard of it. no one would ever accept such a claim. therefore no other religion has ever made the best of all claims, because it is the one claim that can only be made if it is true. one cannot pass national revelation off as a hoax. when inventing a religion, the originator must resort to personal revelation, despite its inherent weakness, since it is a claim that is unverifiable. the originator can hope to find adherents willing to take a leap of faith and accept his or her religion. after all, no one can ever know it is a lie. [ of course, no one can know if it ' s true either. ] this simply cannot work with national revelation since it ' s the one claim that everyone will know is a lie. it ' s no wonder that all other religions are based on ' personal ' revelation. only judaism can claim national revelation since the jewish people is the only nation in the history of mankind who ever experienced it. furthermore, it is interesting to note that the other major religions of the world both accept the jewish revelation at sinai, including the five books of moses in their bible, and hold the sinai revelation as a key component of their religion. when starting their own religions, why did they build upon the jewish claim? why didn ' t they just deny the revelation ever happened? the answer is that they knew that if national revelation can never be fabricated ; so too, its validity can therefore never be denied. now it is understandable how the author of the torah can confidently predict that there will never be another claim of national revelation in history. because only god knew it would happen only once, as it did \u2015 at sinai over 3, 000 years ago. based on a segment of aish hatorah ' s discovery seminar.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5052595445310941, "token_count": 508, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 8, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T11:31:40.466820"} {"text": "animal rights articles moo - ving people toward compassionate living visit the all - creatures. org home page. write us with your comments : firstname. lastname @ example. org what ' s wrong with xenotransplantation? merriam - webster : xenotransplantation is the transplantation of an organ, tissue, or cells between two different species from campaign for responsible transplantation ( crt ) why crt is opposed to xenotransplantation the alleged chronic shortage of human organs has led some researchers and federal health officials in the us and elsewhere to consider using organs from animals such as pigs and nonhuman primates. xenotransplantation, attempted since 1905, is marred by a history of failures and intense human and animal suffering. but the prospect of commercializing the technology has created huge financial incentives for biotechnology and pharmaceutical companies who have invested hundreds of millions of dollars in xenotransplantation. the desire to gain a return on such large investments has led many companies to make exaggerated claims about the alleged merits of the technology. crt believes that these claims are baseless and that, in fact, the technology is dangerous, expensive, inhumane, and unnecessary, and should therefore be banned. - transplanting living animal organs into humans circumvents the natural barriers ( such as skin and gastrointestinal tract ) that prevent infection, thereby facilitating the transmission of infectious diseases from animals to humans. - many animal viruses have the ability to jump species barriers and kill humans. viruses that are harmless to their animal hosts, can be deadly when transmitted to humans. for example, macaque herpes is harmless to macaque monkeys, but lethal to humans. - many viruses, as innocuous as the common cold or as lethal as ebola, can be transmitted via a mere cough or sneeze. an animal virus residing in a xenograft recipient could become airborne, infecting scores of people, and causing a potentially deadly viral epidemic of global proportions akin to hiv or worse. - pigs, genetically altered to carry human genes, are being considered as the source animals of choice for xenotransplants, despite the existence of over 25 diseases in pigs that can infect humans. the influenza virus of 1918, which resembled a common swine flu, killed more people in modern history than any other epidemic including aids and the black plague. new mutations of swine influenza are being seen around the globe, and novel pig", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.5026830858488844, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T11:31:40.501705"} {"text": "the means of a majority of americans and an already overburdened health care system. - it is predicted that, by the year 2000, 48 million americans will lack basic healthcare. another 30 + million will be underinsured. the uninsured ( largely minorities, 18 to 24 - year - olds, and the working poor ) who are chronically ill are least likely to receive proper care, with the result that untreated conditions can lead to serious health consequences. can we justify spending hundreds of thousands of dollars on operations that, if they ever succeed, would at best benefit a small minority of patients, while dramatically driving up health care costs for all? animal welfare concerns - biotechnology companies are breeding pigs with human genes in the hopes of fooling the human immune system into accepting a foreign organ from another species. this disturbing genetic reconstruction of life ( the creation of animals that are, in essence, part animal and part human ) is advancing on a commercial scale with almost no informed public discussion or effective oversight. - scientific studies have demonstrated that pigs are highly intelligent and sensitive animals. pigs used in studies at the university of pennsylvania manipulated joysticks with their mouths to solve mazes and play games on a computer. pigs used in biomedical research can be subjected to painful biological and surgical manipulations at experimenters ' discretion, causing great pain and suffering before death. policy - makers in the u. s. and elsewhere have decided that it is \" ethical \" to use pigs in xenotransplants because pigs are killed for food. but two wrongs do not make a right. ironically, it is precisely because people eat too many pigs, and have unhealthy lifestyles, that pig organ transplants are being considered. a large majority of heart, liver, and kidney transplants could be prevented if people reduced their meat, ( and alcohol and tobacco consumption ). we should ask whether it is acceptable to make pigs and other nonhuman animals scapegoats for our species ' self - destructive behaviors. transgenic technology is very imprecise. previous transgenic pig research programs have produced animals with various painful physical abnormalities including arthritis, stomach ulcers, muscular weakness, defective vision, and weakened immunity. transgenic animals are destined to spend their lives confined in unnatural, sterile environments, unable to fulfill their basic behavioral needs, until death. in her book, genetic engineering : dream or nightmare ( 1998 ), british biologist mae - wan ho wrote that, \" the creation of transgenic animals for xenotranspl", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5044338994634134, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T11:31:40.512746"} {"text": "sterile environments, unable to fulfill their basic behavioral needs, until death. in her book, genetic engineering : dream or nightmare ( 1998 ), british biologist mae - wan ho wrote that, \" the creation of transgenic animals for xenotransplantation... [ is ] scientifically flawed and morally unjustifiable. [ it carries ] inherent hazards in facilitating cross - species exchange and recombination of viral pathogens. these projects ought not to be allowed to continue without full public review. \" - in crt ' s opinion, hhs failed to consider the environmental consequences of xenotransplantation as required by the national environmental policy act ( nepa ). hhs issued guidelines for xenotransplantation without complying with any of nepa ' s requirements. nepa requires that agencies \" take a ' hard look ' at the environmental consequences before taking a major action. \" hhs failed to take the required \" hard look \" at the environmental and health consequences of its actions because no environmental impact statement ( eis ) was performed. by completely ignoring the entire eis requirements, hhs has violated nepa. - crt believes that xenotransplantation is a \" significant \" action because it is highly controversial and poses unique and unknown health effects to the xenograft recipient and the general public. furthermore, xenotransplantation affects \" the quality of the human environment. \" federal regulations define \" the quality of the human environment \" to include \" the natural and physical environment and the relationship of people with that environment. \" in this case, the relationship of people to their environment is affected by the hhs ' s action because xenotransplantation may create deadly new animal viruses. due to this significant public health concern, hhs should have prepared an eis. - xenotransplantation also poses significant threats to the environment. the animals needed for xenotransplantation will increase the environmental problems caused by animal - based agriculture. u. s. farms already generate about 1. 4 billion tons of animal manure a year, 130 times the quantity of u. s. human sewage, according to a 1997 report by the senate agriculture committee entitled, animal waste pollution in america : an emerging national problem. this untreated and largely unregulated manure, contaminated with bacteria, parasites, chemicals and heavy metals, is washed off farmland by rain and discharged into streams and rivers, killing fish", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5231150898325683, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T11:31:40.514020"} {"text": "inverting the turing test the most human human : what talking with computers teaches us about what it means to be alive. brian christian. xiv + 303 pp. doubleday, 2011. $ 27. 95. in his book the most human human, brian christian extrapolates from his experiences at the 2009 loebner prize competition, a competition among chatbots ( computer programs that engage in conversation with people ) to see which is \u201c most human. \u201d in doing so, he demonstrates once again that the human being may be the only animal that overinterprets. you may not have heard of the loebner competition, and for good reason. the annual event was inspired by the turing test, proposed by alan turing in his seminal 1950 paper \u201c computing machinery and intelligence \u201d as a method for determining in principle whether a computer possesses thought. turing meant his test as a thought experiment to address a particular philosophical question, namely, how to define a sufficient condition for properly attributing intelligence, the capacity of thinking, to a computer. he proposed that a blind controlled test of verbal indistinguishability could serve that purpose. if a computer program were indistinguishable from people in a kind of open - ended typewritten back - and - forth, the program would have passed the test and, in turing \u2019 s view, would merit attribution of thinking. the loebner competition picks up on this idea ; it charges a set of judges to engage in conversation with the chatbot entrants and several human confederates, and to determine which are the humans and which the computers. at the end, a prize is awarded to the \u201c most human \u201d chatbot \u2014 that is, the chatbot that is most highly ranked as human in paired tests against the human confederates. \u201c each year, the artificial intelligence ( ai ) community convenes for the field \u2019 s most anticipated and controversial annual event, \u201d christian says. well, not so much. the ai community pretty much ignores this sideshow. it \u2019 s the chatbot community that has taken up the loebner competition. the loebner prize has done little for ai beyond spreading confusions about turing \u2019 s test, some of which unfortunately find their way into christian \u2019 s ( otherwise quite sound ) book. for instance, christian promulgates the common misunderstanding that turing \u2019 s test would be passed by a computer if it \u201c fool [ ed ] 30 percent of human judges after five minutes of conversation. \u201d ( although turing makes a", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.5766138584147846, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T11:31:40.604044"} {"text": "sound ) book. for instance, christian promulgates the common misunderstanding that turing \u2019 s test would be passed by a computer if it \u201c fool [ ed ] 30 percent of human judges after five minutes of conversation. \u201d ( although turing makes a side comment about this more limited criterion, he understood the test to have no time limit and a threshold of statistical indistinguishability, which is the only philosophically sustainable stance. ) and most important, christian conflates the turing test with the loebner competition. but the two are different in many ways. in particular, on the turing test, unlike in horseshoes and hand grenades, close doesn \u2019 t count. better performance on a turing test is not a valid basis for concluding that a machine is \u201c closer to thinking \u201d or \u201c more human. \u201d as a kind of afterthought, the promoters of the loebner competition have been naming, in addition to the \u201c most human \u201d chatbot, the \u201c most human \u201d human \u2014 the confederate who performs best according to the same criteria in the paired tests against the chatbots. the conceit of the book is that christian takes on a kind of moral charge to win this dubious distinction on behalf of humanity. of course, there \u2019 s nothing \u201c most human \u201d about the person so named. rather, the awardee is the person whose behavior is most distinguishable from the particular bag of tricks that the chatbots happen to use. if you \u2019 re interested in winning this award, it behooves you to understand how the chatbots work, and how to distinguish yourself from them. certainly christian \u2019 s book is successful in providing this guidance. he points out that the chatbots tend to deal with each turn in the conversation independently ; they have no memory. so a good confederate will tie multiple turns of dialogue together. the chatbots are light on factual knowledge, so they \u2019 ll deflect questions rather than answering them. a good confederate will answer directly. this is all useful information for the confederates, but it is even more important for the judges. in reading the transcripts, you wish that the judges had read turing \u2019 s original paper, which does a great job of exemplifying a good judge \u2019 s probing approach. under that kind of attack, the chatbots would have no hope at all, which is why the loebner competition is such thin gruel. with so little substance, can the loebner competition really shed any light on what makes us human? early", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.568099021779312, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T11:31:40.607707"} {"text": "kind of attack, the chatbots would have no hope at all, which is why the loebner competition is such thin gruel. with so little substance, can the loebner competition really shed any light on what makes us human? early on, christian talks about an only slightly tongue - in - cheek claim made by harvard psychologist daniel gilbert : gilbert says that every psychologist must, at some point in his or her career, write a version of \u201c the sentence. \u201d specifically, the sentence reads like this : \u201c the human being is the only animal that _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _. \u201d when nonhumans rival humans in some area, we learn what can \u2019 t fill that blank. but given the vast gulf in verbal performance between chatbots and people, they don \u2019 t seem to illuminate the matter. why is it, then, that even with such poor performance the chatbots still hold people \u2019 s interest? why, after rehearsing all of the limitations of chatbot performance, does christian still stick to the claim that even the primordial chatbot eliza \u2019 s performance was \u201c stunning, maybe even staggering \u201d? it comes back to the issue of overinterpretation. human cognition is geared toward finding patterns ; that \u2019 s what we do, and we do it well. as infants, we track the changing conditional probabilities of sounds in human speech, which allows us to learn where the boundaries are between words. as children we learn new words at a rate of several per day. we hear the patterns in music, see the objects in images, understand the logic of a story in a sequence of sentences. we can \u2019 t help ourselves. we even do it when it isn \u2019 t appropriate. sure, we learn to recognize the faces of our family members and our friends. but we also see faces where there aren \u2019 t any, in the moon, in clouds. we see causality where there is only coincidence \u2014 when a supplicant \u2019 s prayer is answered, or when the rain dance is followed by rain. and we hear coherent language use where there are only snippets of canned text. turing understood all this, which is why he left his turing test wide open, unconstrained by time limit or style of questioning. christian understands this too ; the book \u2019 s conceit is more honored in the breach than in the observance. in the end, who cares about distinguishing oneself from the weak performances put on by even the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.5473597471095928, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T11:31:40.610072"} {"text": "time limit or style of questioning. christian understands this too ; the book \u2019 s conceit is more honored in the breach than in the observance. in the end, who cares about distinguishing oneself from the weak performances put on by even the best chatbots? i expect not even christian, who admits the award is \u201c disappointing, anticlimactic. \u201d the book is most successful when it roams farthest from its ostensible subject. christian uses the hook of pursuing the \u201c most human human \u201d award as an opportunity to explore a wide range of matters related, more or less, to issues of language use by humans and computers, and it is here that the book is most rewarding and entertaining. he riffs from the statelessness of chatbot conversation to markov chains to information theory to text compression to morality, from phonagnosia to speed dating to the coherence of personality to the television show the office to the travails of customer service. the connections of these subjects to the hook and to one another are tangential at best, but that \u2019 s okay in a popular science book. these are fascinating topics more or less related to cognitive science and its broad connections to the humanities. the \u201c most human human \u201d bit is the macguffin. stuart m. shieber is james o. welch, jr., and virginia b. welch professor of computer science and director of the office for scholarly communication at harvard university. he is the editor of the turing test : verbal behavior as the hallmark of intelligence ( the mit press, 2004 ). \u00bb post comment", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.5453301119644537, "token_count": 322, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T11:31:40.611309"} {"text": "the chronology of the new world : two faces of one reality by n. guidon and b. arnaud the paper gives a review of archaeological work in the south - eastern part of piaui state, brazil, with particular reference to the chronology and geological history of rockshelter sites, such as toca do boqueirao da pedra furada, and toca do sitio do meio. the article analyses critiques of early dates in south america, notes a bias towards the rejection of early dates, and gives additional documentation to the early dates in piaui state. it concludes by urging that a new consensus be developed among archaeologists studying early american sites. the chronology of the earliest period, of occupation in the new world is a subject of intensive controvesy. in the endless debate one might reflect that everything seems to have been said already. the situation does not change each time there is a new discovery, unfailingly the dehate takes up again around the same arguments. this results in dogmatic positions and a climate of ideological fervour. today, it seems to us that we have no hope of writing an article ahout the chronology of pleistocene america which will not convince the convinced, and augment the suspicions of the sceptics! yet it is time for the ' cold war ' of americanist archaeology to come to an end ; the two camps - those favouring early colonization, and those setting a limit at 12, 000 - 14, 000 before present - must seek out in collaboration the evidence necessary for building up a cultural sequence which can be accepted as the only really accurate record of the peopling of the continent in this paper, as our contribution to such an exercise, we review the work of our own expedition in piaui ( brazil ), and the arguments for and against the evidence which we have revealed. a climate of scepticism first we draw attention to the climate of, cepticism attending old dates. reviewing work mried out in the old crow hasin of north - west canada, guthrie ( 1984 ) begin \" the following critique deal, only with the pleistocene archaeological interpretatio \", pertaining to the old crow osteological material and is not intended to reflect negatively on the excellent paleontological, taphonomic, paleoecological, paleoclimatic, geographic, stratigrapt, ic and holocene archaeological studies which have been and are being carried out by highly qualified old crow basin re \" arch team '. one may", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5147706711520537, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T11:31:40.651715"} {"text": "state. for the holocene, our results have never provoked controversy, even though we have discovered new aspects of culture. the unexpected age of a certain pottery type, and the ages of rock paintings covered by archaeological layers dating to 10, 500 bp have drawn no reaction - even though rock paintings and pottery have always been considered as very recent features in the prehistory of north - eastern brazil. in spite of the bias seen above, we know now that homo sapiens sapiens has an antiquity of 100, 000 to 90, 000 years in the old world, and must concede that this is sufficient to allow the possibility that humans were in america from 70, 000 to 50, 000 years ago. north - eastern brazil showing the area of sao raimundo nonato. the excavations at toca do boqueirao da pedra furada the area of sao raimundo nonato in the south - eastern part of piaui state occupies a region of broken country between the sedimentary basins of piaui - maranhao and the sao francisco river. all along the cuesta front which separates the two basins, and in the valleys inside the basins, thousands of rockshelters have formed - hundreds of which have traces of prehistoric human activity ( guidon and delibrias 1985, 1986 ; delibrias et al. 1988 ). for over twenty years we have carried out investigations in this area. we will give a rapid review of the excavations undertaken in the great rockshelter of toca do boqueirao da pedra furada ( 42o 33 ' 30 \" w, 8o 50 ' s ) between 1978 and 1988. the rockshelter is over 70 meters long. the initial area of excavation, up against the rockwall of the site, measured 7 m by 3 m. the subsequent seasons of work raised the extent up to 700 square metres, through an average depth of 4 metres. from 1978 to 1983 we encountered problems in interpreting the stratigraphy in the western part of the site. the holocene layers were well preserved, but in the east they had been eroded. in contrast, the pleistocene layers had been partly destroyed in the west, whereas to the east they were perfectly preserved, since they were protected by blocks fallen from the shelter roof. the slopes ofthe layers presented a complex picture, highly variable from place to place. it was only in 1983, after discovering a mass of fallen rocks almost directly in contact with the rocky floor, that we were able to understand how the site had", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5048621386890579, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T11:31:40.656348"} {"text": ". the slopes ofthe layers presented a complex picture, highly variable from place to place. it was only in 1983, after discovering a mass of fallen rocks almost directly in contact with the rocky floor, that we were able to understand how the site had been formed. this basic discovery allowed us the certainty that we had primary archaeological layers which had not been disturbed by erosion. let us pause for a moment over this assertion : it is effectively almost impossible to interpret a stratigraphic sequence, or the association between a charcoal sample and stone tools, if one is working in a small test - pit. unfortunately a high proportion of american excavations are carried out using the technique of test - pits, and only small areas are excavated. our experience at pedra furada is much more conclusive : we would never have been able to make interpretations with assurance or work out the details of deposition without uncovering the site almost completely. the great abri ( rockshelter ) of boqueirao da pedra furada was thus formed in the following manner, beginning with a major rockfall about 60, 000 years ago. the rockfall isolated the part of the site under the overhang from the slope down to the valley ( the shelter is situated 19 metres above a plain, and so safe from all flooding ). sands composed of material derived from the sandstone shelter walls then began to be deposited over the rockfall. the first humans arrived at the site, perhaps drawn by the presence of a water source towards the west, in the depths of a vertical crevice funneling water down from the plateau above. this water course was probably responsible for the erosion which destroyed the outer part of the pleistocene layers, but it never penetrated the area of the archaeological site. plan and section of toca do boqueirao da pedra it appears that the first inhabitants then cleared a level area, using fire to break up the largest boulders. these events were not forest fires : the boulders destroyed were only those by the shelter wall, under the overhang, and none of the boulders isolating the shelter from the valley were touched. the first campsite thus lay protected between the pile of boulders and the back wall of the shelter. as the ancient rocks of the plateau are composed of conglomerates, the violent torrents of water which occurred during wet periods were able to transport quartz and quartzite pebbles downwards. as we have already explained, these pebbles were unable to fall down into the shelter, except for the outer parts which were not protected by the overhang. under", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5221926420646097, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T11:31:40.658144"} {"text": "found in association with flint artifacts, nobody has called their anthropogenic nature into doubt. equally difficult to explain would be pottery using peoples, who are predominant in the region from about 3, 000 years before the present, and who used exclusively quartz and quartzite for making tools, although they used jade for exquisite ornaments. as a further example, the inhabitants of some shell middens on the brazilian coast were working in quartz at 5, 000 years before the present. as for the flint knappers, we would like the opportunity to show them certain specimens which have been made in these ' difficult raw materials '. experiment enables us to understand certain parts of the ' operational chain ', but we will never have the same facility as an individual who has been knapping from childhood, and who does not have other techniques at his disposal. technical competence is not acquired as easily as one might think, and the stone age knapper will use his hands and arms quite differently from a professor of archaeology. in the case of pedra furada the work being carried out by fabio parenti at present will provide more precise answers, but we can state definitely now that there are retouched pieces. we agree with butzer ( 1988 ) who suggests that, even if the pieces were naturally formed, the stone material has been carried by humans, since we have found cobbles, fragments flakes and retouched pieces in parts of the abri where they could not possibly have arrived by natural means. another alleged problem ( p. 21 ) is that we have found no wooden or bone tools. this observation could be seen to increase doubts about the human manufacture of the stone industry, since in the classical scheme for this period, one ought always to find a stone industry associated with bone or wood tools. at piaui we have never found any of these, even in the holocene levels. on this point, guidon recalls the advice of a great master of archaeology, andre leroi - gourhan : ' carry on excavating : sooner or later excavation resolves problems '. hearths and bushfires many hearths have been recorded and dated at pedra furada ( cf. guidon and delibrias 1986 ), but these have also raised doubts. lynch ( 1990 : 21 ) writes ' it seems quite possible that these resulted from natural brush fires in the surrounding semi desert caatinga '. we do not accept this, since in that case : - we should find charcoal scattered in layers, and not concentrated", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5077307405773619, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 10, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T11:31:40.670486"} {"text": "old world models. when one classifies a tool, for example a sidescraper ( racloir ), the critical judgement is based on the edge angle, and not on the fact that the piece in question can be identified as one of the types on bordes ' list, or some other old world typology. these names are not satisfactory, and are used by default because there is a need for some common language, but the typology of the new world ought to free itself completely from this influence, and be reviewed in its entirety. it would be helpful if we could rise above the present state of controversy about new world chronologies, so as to establish an entente between the different currents of thought. it is unfortunate, for example, that authors, who doubt the discoveries made at piaui have not visited the sites. working parties, meetings of specialists on site, and formal debates, should take place regularly if we are to establish an agreed basis for evaluating evidence. it would be constructive for american prehistory if we could seek out a consensus upon the value of the factual material which accumulates year by. then, on the basis of the evidence which we now possess, new theoretical propositions could be set forward. ecole des hautes etudes en sciences sociales butzer, k. w. 1988. \" a marginality ' model to explain major spatial and temporal gaps in the old and new world pleistocene settlement records. \" geoarchaeology, 3 : 193 - 203. delibrias, g., guidon, n. and parenti, f. 1988. \" the toca do boqueirao do sitio da pedro furada : stratigraphy and chronology. \" in early man in the southern hemisphere, supplement to archaeometry : australasian studies 1988. guerin, c. 1991. \" la faune de vertebres du pleistocene superieur de l ' aire archeologique de sao raimundo nonato ( piaui, bresil ). \" comptes rendus de l ' academie des sciences ( paris ), 312, series ii : 567 - 72. guidon, n. and delibrias, g. 1985. \" inventaire des sites sud - americaines anterieurs a 12, 000 ans. \" l ' anthropoloqie, 89 : 385 - 407. guidon, n. and delibrias, g. 1986. \"", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5593150344163422, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 13, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T11:31:40.682050"} {"text": "share with those who care spina bifida association of delaware po box 807 wilmington, delaware, 19899 spina bifida is a birth defect which involves damage to the spine and nervous system. spina bifida means that the vertebrae and the spinal cord did not form properly as the fetus developed in the motheris womb. there are three forms of spina bifida. the mildest form, occulta, is harmless and may never be detected. the second is called meningocele, and can cause weak muscles and poor skin. the third and most serious condition is called myelomeningocele. when this condition occurs the spinal column does not form properly leaving the spine split in two. this usually results in paralysis of the legs and no control of the bowels and bladder. spina bifida is often accompanied by hydrocephalus ( water on the brain ) which can be controlled by a surgical procedure called shunting. children with sb also have a condition called arnold chiari malformation type ii, an abnormality of the two parts of the brain. most of the children in our association and the tri - state area go to the \" dupont hospital for children \", located in wilmington, delaware for their medical care. the dupont hospital runs a spinal dysfunction clinic on tuesdays of each week, which consists of urology, orthopedics, rehab, social service workers and physical therapy evaluations. neurosurgery is also available. one out of 1, 000 babies in the u. s. have spina bifida. more than 11, 000 children are born with this defect every year. it is the second most common birth defect, the most disabling and one of the least understood. what causes spina bifida? many theories about spina bifida have been advanced but none have been substantiated. even though the cause of spina bifida still remains a mystery, most researchers believe it is a result of a combination of factors, including heredity and environment. one of the goals of the spina bifida association of delaware ( sbad ) is to discover the cause. we are a group of parents, relatives, and friends of people who have spina bifida. by acting as a source of information, we can help organizations who are conducting spina bifida research. the spina bifida association of delaware is a non - profit organization. all donations are tax deductible", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5289698183965341, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T11:31:40.694939"} {"text": "root cause is a neurological disorder. \" fifty - five percent of medical professionals believe that tourette ' s tics can ' t be controlled and 77 percent believe that if tics are suppressed, they will be even worse later, according to a 2004 survey published in cognitive and behavioral practice ( vol. 11, no. 1, pages 298 - 305 ). the survey of 78 neurologists, family practitioners, psychiatrists and clinical psychologists showed that many members of the medical community held beliefs about tourette ' s syndrome that were false or untested, says study author douglas woods, phd, a university of wisconsin - milwaukee psychology professor. \" it ' s almost freudian, this idea that you can try to repress an unwanted urge, and the more you suppress it the more it will bubble up somewhere else, \" woods notes. woods and his student himle set out to test those assumptions. in a study published in a 2005 issue of behaviour research and therapy ( vol. 43, no. 1, pages 1443 - 1451 ), they rewarded seven children, ages 8 to 11, for suppressing their tics. they told the children a \" tic detector \" would reward them with a token for every 10 seconds they did not tic. they also said the tokens were worth a few cents each, but regardless of their performance, all the participants received $ 2 at the end of the study. while the children believed the tic detector worked automatically, a behind - the - scenes experimenter actually controlled the dispensing of the tokens. the tics exhibited by the participants in the study - - which included throat clearing, nose scrunching and grunting - - were too complex and subtle to be detected by a machine, woods notes. before introducing the tic detector, the researchers recorded the frequency of the children ' s tics. afterward, they also \" turned off \" the machine for five minutes and instructed the participants to tic freely, to measure any rebound effect. they found that the children were able to suppress their tics - - they expressed a tic during 16 percent of the 10 - second intervals when they were being rewarded, as opposed to 50 percent of the intervals at the beginning of the experiment. though the children returned to a high rate of tics once they thought the machine was off, they flinched and grunted less after the suppression period than they did at the beginning of the experiment. that same year, another study - - published in behavior modification ( vol. 29, no", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.5108968638259895, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T11:31:40.717564"} {"text": "overview of content related to ' dcc ' this page provides an overview of 1 article related to ' web services '. note that filters may be applied to display a sub - set of articles in this category ( see faqs on filtering for usage tips ). select this link to remove all filters. a web service is a method of communication between two electronic devices over a network. the w3c defines a \" web service \" as \" a software system designed to support interoperable machine - to - machine interaction over a network. it has an interface described in a machine - processable format ( specifically web services description language wsdl ). other systems interact with the web service in a manner prescribed by its description using soap messages, typically conveyed using http with an xml serialization in conjunction with other web - related standards. \" the w3c also states, \" we can identify two major classes of web services, rest - compliant web services, in which the primary purpose of the service is to manipulate xml representations of web resources using a uniform set of \" stateless \" operations ; and arbitrary web services, in which the service may expose an arbitrary set of operations. ( excerpt from wikipedia article : web service ) see our ' web services ' overview for more data and comparisons with other tags. for visualisations of metadata related to timelines, bands of recency, top authors, and and overall distribution of authors using this term, see our ' web services ' usage charts. ariadne contributors most frequently referring to ' web services ' :", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5714996140518314, "token_count": 312, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T11:31:40.721283"} {"text": "accurate fires on the enemy. the squad employs m203 and hand - held ir smoke to screen the assaulting teams movement. the squad leader notifies the platoon leader of his actions. ( 2 ) the platoon leader, his rto, the platoon fo, the squad leader of the next squad, and one machine gun team move forward to link up with the squad leader of the squad in contact. ( 3 ) the squad leader of the trail squad moves to the front of his lead fire team. ( 4 ) the platoon sergeant moves forward with the second machine gun team and the weapons squad leader and links up with the platoon leader. if directed, he assumes control of the base of fire element and positions the machine guns to add suppressive fire against the enemy. the platoon sergeant uses his hand - held laser to designate the left and right limits of fires while the weapons squad leader uses the pointer to designate targets. ( 5 ) the platoon leader assesses the situation. he follows the success of the squad ' s flank attack by leading the trail squads along the covered and concealed route taken by the assaulting fire team of the squad in contact. the base of fire element uses the an / pvs - 7b to monitor the movement of the assaulting element. c. if the squad in contact cannot achieve suppressive fire, the squad leader reports to the platoon leader. ( 1 ) the squad in contact establishes a base of fire. ( a ) the squad leader deploys his squad to provide effective, sustained fires on the enemy position. the squad leader continues to designate targets using the hand - held laser pointer and an / paq - 4 while soldiers see through their an / pvs - 7b and place accurate fires on the enemy with the an / paq - 4. ( b ) the squad leader reports his final position to the platoon leader. ( 2 ) the remaining squad ( not in contact ) takes up covered and concealed positions in place and uses the an / pvs - 7b to observe the flanks and rear of the platoon. ( 3 ) the platoon leader moves forward with his rto, the platoon fo, the squad leader of the nearest squad, and one machine gun team. 2. locate the enemy. a. the squad leader of the squad in contact reports the enemy size, location, and any other information to the platoon leader. the platoon leader completes the squad leader ' s assessment of the situation. b. the squad continues to engage the enemy positions and mark the engagement area with ground ir flares", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5074248059097007, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T11:31:40.733392"} {"text": "from the art and popular culture encyclopedia a neologism ( greek \u03bd\u03b5\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03bf\u03c2 [ neologismos ], from \u03bd\u03b5\u03bf\u03c2 [ neos ] new + \u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03bf\u03c2 [ logos ] word, speech, discourse + suffix - \u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03bf\u03c2 [ - ismos ] - ism ) is a word, term, or phrase which has been recently created ( \" coined \" ) \u2014 often to apply to new concepts, to synthesize pre - existing concepts, or to make older terminology sound more contemporary. neologisms are especially useful in identifying inventions, new phenomena, or old ideas which have taken on a new cultural context. the term \" e - mail \", as used today, is an example of a neologism. neologisms are by definition \" new \", and as such are often directly attributable to a specific individual, publication, period or event. the term \" neologism \" was itself coined around 1800 ; so for some time in the early 19th century, the word \" neologism \" was itself a neologism. neologisms can also refer to an existing word or phrase which has been assigned a new meaning. in psychiatry, the term is used to describe the creation of words which only have meaning to the person who uses them. it is considered normal in children, but a symptom of thought disorder indicative of a psychotic mental illness such as schizophrenia in adults. usage of neologisms may also be related to aphasia acquired after brain damage resulting from a stroke or head injury. in theology, a neologism is a relatively new doctrine ( for example, rationalism ). in this sense, a neologist is an innovator in the area of a doctrine or belief system, and is often considered heretical or subversive by the mainstream clergy or religious institution ( s ).", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5908554952415207, "token_count": 385, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T11:31:40.741830"} {"text": "as used in this chapter, unless the context otherwise requires, the following meanings apply : ( 1 ) \u201c commission \u201d means the american samoa natural resources commission. ( 2 ) \u201c endangered species \u201d means any species of fish, plant life, or wildlife which is in danger of extinction throughout all or a significant part of its range other than a species of insects determined by the commission or the secretary of the united states department of the interior to constitute a pest whose protection under this chapter would present an overwhelming and overriding risk to man. ( 3 ) \u201c fish or wildlife \u201d means any member of the animal kingdom, including any mammal, fish, amphibian, mollusk, crustacean, arthropod, or other invertebrate, and includes any part, product, egg, or offspring, or the dead body or parts thereof. fish or wildlife includes migratory birds, nonmigratory birds, or endangered birds for which protection is afforded by treaty or other international agreement. ( 4 ) \u201c import \u201d means to bring into, or introduce into, or attempt to bring into, or introduce into, any place subject to the jurisdiction of this territory. ( 5 ) \u201c person \u201d means an individual, corporation, partnership, trust, association, or any other private entity, or any officer, agent, department, or instrumentality of the federal government, of any state or territory or political subdivision thereof, or of any foreign government. ( 6 ) \u201c plant or plant life \u201d means any member of the plant kingdom, including seeds, roots, and other parts thereof. ( 7 ) \u201c species \u201d includes any subspecies of fish, plant life, or wildlife and any other group of fish, plants, or wildlife of the same species or smaller taxa in common spatial arrangement that interbreed or cross - pollinate when mature. ( 8 ) \u201c take \u201d means, in reference to fish and wildlife, to harass, harm, pursue, hunt, shoot, wound, kill, trap, capture, collect, or attempt to engage in any such conduct. ( 9 ) \u201c take \u201d means, in reference to plants, to collect, pick, cut, dig up, or destroy in any manner. ( 10 ) \u201c threatened species \u201d means any species which is likely to become an endangered species within the foreseeable future throughout all or a significant portion of its range. history : 1982, pl 17 - 49 \u00a7 1.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5369572702920722, "token_count": 486, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T11:31:40.744408"} {"text": "2008 \u2013 2009 projects on multicultural activities bilingual performance on an object and action battery : preliminary normative data in spanish and english lisa a. edmonds university of florida the u. s. has the fifth largest spanish - speaking community in the world, with 30 million citizens ( 12 % of the population ) that speak spanish. the hispanic elderly population is expected to increase from < 4 percent of the total elderly population in 1990 to 16 percent by the middle of the next century. hispanics are 30 % more likely than non - hispanic caucasians to have a stroke, and thus are at a greater risk for aphasia. lexical retrieval impairments are the most common deficit in aphasia. as a result, a fundamental aspect of aphasia evaluation is testing naming abilities. however, there are no available naming tests developed specifically for spanish - english populations in the united states. providing bilingual normative data on available naming tests is an alternative until appropriate tests can be developed. the purpose of this study was to 1 ) examine naming performance of spanish - english bilingual adult speakers on an object and action naming battery ( druks and masterson, 2000 ), and 2 ) identify which language use / history and self - ratings factors best predicted naming performance in english and spanish. the overall goal was to generally evaluate whether this test, which was developed for monolingual english speakers, would be appropriate to use in some form with spanish / english bilinguals. the preliminary results of the classical and rasch analyses revealed a large number of noun and verb items able to distinguish between different levels of naming proficiency in english and spanish for spanish / english bilinguals. evidenced - based language screening procedures for young spanish speakers ( elysa ) university of northern colorado young children who have delayed language development are at risk for a number of concomitant developmental problems, including delays in social, behavioral, and academic development. early intervention with children with language delays is critically important ; many studies have demonstrated that early childhood is the greatest time of developmental change, and that children who receive early intervention demonstrate favorable long - term outcomes. thus, identifying children at risk for language and learning problems is of paramount importance during early childhood. as a result, early childhood programs such as head start have made screening of preschoolers a priority. twenty seven percent of children enrolled in head start programs are from homes where languages other than english are spoken ; 82 % of these children are from spanish speaking families and this percentage is expected to increase. nationwide surveys have demonstrated that most slps lack confidence when assessing spanish bilingual", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.5288555924928833, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T11:31:40.751744"} {"text": "completed their graduate degree. their dream of asha membership grows dim, as does any hope of impacting the number, diversity and cultural competence of the membership. the objectives of this project were ( 1 ) to develop an intensive, systematic intervention plan to support six csd native american graduates in passing the praxis. four participants had already graduated and were working as non - certified professionals on the navajo and hopi reservations ; the other two were currently enrolled in the csd summers only program and were working on the reservations as non - certified professionals ; and ( 2 ) on passing the praxis, to partner the current six - student cohort with reservation - employed, certified, native american slps ( also csd alumni to serve as their cfy supervisors ). the systematic, intervention plan was made up of several components : 1 ) a combination of three, 7 - hour face - to - face and video conferencing sessions ( requiring participant enrollment in 1 credit independent study ) with study sessions at 4 - weeks, 2 - weeks and one day before the praxis exam, 2 ) partnering the current cohort of native american graduates with the aforementioned native american slps who were to serve as mentors / supervisors and a current csd graduate student who was to serve as their praxis study partner, and finally ( 3 ) all project participants participated daily in the american psychological association ' s mind habits program, a tool documented to help users reduce stress and boost self confidence and esteem. the praxis lecture series was professionally videotaped \" live \" using nau ' s itv services. all csd students have access to the entire set of praxis lectures and the accompanying handouts as well. the praxis exam results revealed that none of the four participants who took the exam - using the extended time for non - native speakers of english - passed. following this outcome, two participants dropped out of the project. on a repeat attempt, one participant passed and applied for asha membership. supporting acquisition of language and literacy through school - home based activities ( salsa ) lena g. caesar the improvement of literacy outcomes among language minority students has become a significant area of concern among educators, clinicians, and lawmakers. research indicates that spanish - speaking english language learners ( ells ) are twice as likely as their monolingual english - speaking peers to demonstrate sub - average literacy skills. findings from the national literacy panel on language - minority children and youth indicate that english oral proficiency is an important prerequisite for bilingual children ' s", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5004953403493411, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T11:31:40.754137"} {"text": "rough surfaces, as in the articulation between the maxill\u00e6, or between the horizontal parts of the palatine bones. fig. 297 section through occipitosphenoid synchondrosis of an infant. ( see enlarged image ) schindylesis. schindylesis is that form of articulation in which a thin plate of bone is received into a cleft or fissure formed by the separation of two lamin\u00e6 in another bone, as in the articulation of the rostrum of the sphenoid and perpendicular plate of the ethmoid with the vomer, or in the reception of the latter in the fissure between the maxill\u00e6 and between the palatine bones. gomphosis. gomphosis is articulation by the insertion of a conical process into a socket ; this is not illustrated by any articulation between bones, properly so called, but is seen in the articulations of the roots of the teeth with the alveoli of the mandible and maxill\u00e6. synchondrosis. where the connecting medium is cartilage the joint is termed a synchondrosis ( fig. 297 ). this is a temporary form of joint, for the cartilage is converted into bone before adult life. such joints are found between the epiphyses and bodies of long bones, between the occipital and the sphenoid at, and for some years after, birth, and between the petrous portion of the temporal and the jugular process of the occipital. in these articulations the contiguous bony surfaces are either connected by broad flattened disks of fibrocartilage, of a more or less complex structure, as in the articulations between the bodies of the vertebr\u00e6 ; or are united by an interosseous ligament, as in the inferior tibiofibular articulation. the first form is termed a symphysis ( fig. 298 ), the second a syndesmosis. diarthroses ( freely movable articulations ). this class includes the greater number of the joints in the body. in a diarthrodial joint the contiguous bony surfaces are covered with articular cartilage, and connected by ligaments lined by synovial membrane ( fig. 299 ). the joint may be divided, completely or incompletely, by an articular disk or meniscus, the periphery of which is continuous with the fi", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5066658280678836, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T11:31:40.893008"} {"text": "to rotation, the joint is formed by a pivot - like process turning within a ring, or a ring on a pivot, the ring being formed partly of bone, partly of ligament. in the proximal radioulnar articulation, the ring is formed by the radial notch of the ulna and the annular ligament ; here, the head of the radius rotates within the ring. in the articulation of the odontoid process of the axis with the atlas the ring is formed in front by the anterior arch, and behind by the transverse ligament of the atlas ; here, the ring rotates around the odontoid process. condyloid articulation ( articulatio ellipsoidea ). in this form of joint, an ovoid articular surface, or condyle, is received into an elliptical cavity in such a manner as to permit of flexion, extension, adduction, abduction, and circumduction, but no axial rotation. the wrist - joint is an example of this form of articulation. articulation by reciprocal reception ( articulatio sellaris ; saddle - joint ). in this variety the opposing surfaces are reciprocally concavo - convex. the movements are the same as in the preceding form ; that is to say, flexion, extension, adduction, abduction, and circumduction are allowed ; but no axial rotation. the best example of this form is the carpometacarpal joint of the thumb. enarthrosis ( ball - and - socket joints ). enarthrosis is a joint in which the distal bone is capable of motion around an indefinite number of axes, which have one common center. it is formed by the reception of a globular head into a cup - like cavity, hence the name ball - and - socket. examples of this form of articulation are found in the hip and shoulder. arthrodia ( gliding joints ) is a joint which admits of only gliding movement ; it is formed by the apposition of plane surfaces, or one slightly concave, the other slightly convex, the amount of motion between them being limited by the ligaments or osseous processes surrounding the articulation. it is the form present in the joints between the articular processes of the vertebr\u00e6, the carpal joints, except that of the capitate with the navicular and lunate, and the tarsal joints with the exception", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5145416842255959, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T11:31:40.895253"} {"text": "all about radiant barriers learn the facts about radiant barriers and reflective insulation products to determine if they are a wise investment for achieving energy and cost savings in your home. what are radiant barriers? radiant barriers and reflective insulation products are installed in buildings to reduce radiant heat transfer, which is one of the ways buildings gain heat in the summer and lose heat in the winter. the idea is that by reducing radiant heat gain into the attic, for instance, you will use less energy to cool the house in the summer. there are three primary types of radiant barrier products on the market : foils and films usually reinforced for strength coatings such as radiant barrier paints or sprays reflective insulation such as foil - faced bubble wrap products sometimes, products combine more than one type, such as foil - faced bubble wrap installed in an open attic. this is both an insulation and a radiant barrier. do they actually reduce radiant heat transfer? in a word, yes. most of the foil and reflective insulation products reduce radiant heat transfer by about 96 percent. the performance of the paints and sprays is much more variable. some reduce radiant heat transfer by about 75 percent, some by much less. some radiant barrier foil and reflective insulation products have qualified for the energy star label, indicating they may save energy when properly installed. none of the paints and coatings has qualified for the energy star label. none of the radiant barrier products qualifies for federal energy tax credits. do they actually save me energy? studies by oak ridge national lab and florida solar energy center documented, on average, a 2 \u2013 10 percent reduction in the air conditioning bills of homes with radiant barriers ( foil ) installed in the attic, but almost no savings on heating costs during the winter. are they worth it? the answer to this question is more complicated and depends on cost. if you spend $ 200 and save $ 45 every year, that may be a worthwhile investment. but if you spend $ 1, 000, it ' s not nearly as clear. are there better ways to invest your money that would reduce your energy bills? what other factors should you consider? the more insulation you have in your attic \u2014 if it ' s properly installed without air leaks between the house and the attic \u2014 the less you will save with a radiant barrier. in many homes, it would cost less to seal all of the gaps and holes between the house and attic and add additional insulation. studies have shown that dirt and dust accumulation on radiant barriers degrades their performance fairly quickly and results in less savings over time. if the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5224726728406803, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T11:31:41.001463"} {"text": "skip to content skip to navigation menu 15 november 2011 genetic mutations that cause schizophrenia could be linked to systems in the brain responsible for learning and memory, a study suggests. researchers from cardiff university and the university of edinburgh have identified changes to genes \u2013 genetic mutations \u2013 in patients with schizophrenia who had not inherited the condition. the study, published in the journal molecular psychiatry, showed that these mutations occurred among a set of proteins that play a key role in memory function. the scientists took samples of dna from more than 650 patients with schizophrenia and compared these with dna from their parents \u2013 who did not have the condition \u2013 to identify the genetic differences. professor michael owen of cardiff university, who led the research with colleague professor michael o \u2019 donovan, said : \" by studying such a large sample we have been able to provide the first clear insights into the sorts of basic biological processes that underlie schizophrenia. \" we hope that by identifying these mutations our findings will help us understand more clearly how schizophrenia arises and ultimately identify new targets for treatments. \" the task of identifying what causes schizophrenia is difficult because the disorder does not occur as a result of a single genetic mutation, but reflects a large number of different risk genes. professor seth grant, of the university of edinburgh, whose laboratory previously discovered dozens of proteins linked to learning and memory, said : \" although it has been known for some time that dna mutations predispose individuals to the development of schizophrenia, it has remained a puzzle as to how these genes cause behavioural problems. \" the surprising finding was that dna mutations that cause schizophrenia are interfering with the same proteins in the molecular machinery that controls learning and memory. the findings will help research into new drug therapies and in developing new diagnostic tests. \" the genetic mutations disrupt the production of proteins found at synapses, which are the connections between different brain cells. the proteins are normally assembled together and process information that is passed from the environment to the memory systems in the brain. disrupting the fundamental information processing systems in synapses results in behavioural disorders. professor michael o \u2019 donovan from cardiff university added : \" the main importance of the finding is that the new mutations were not randomly occurring in genes, instead they were concentrated in a relatively small number of genes which are crucial to the way nerve cells communicate with each other at junctions called synapses. \" the study was funded by the medical research council, the wellcome trust and the european union. professor george kirov also from cardiff university and the study \u2019 s first author, said : \" we already know that", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.527029125948504, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T11:31:41.035830"} {"text": "junctions called synapses. \" the study was funded by the medical research council, the wellcome trust and the european union. professor george kirov also from cardiff university and the study \u2019 s first author, said : \" we already know that genetic factors increase the risk of schizophrenia, as well as non - genetic factors. however, we assumed that because schizophrenia sufferers are less likely than average to have children, genes with quite large effects on risk will be removed from the population by the process of natural selection. \" if this is true, this loss of disease genes must be compensated for by new mutations or the disease would no longer exist. \" rare genetic mutations that occurred either prior to or at fertilisation - do novo mutations \u2013 were found to occur among patients with schizophrenia. schizophrenia is a severe disorder affecting approximately one per cent of the population. signs can be present from childhood, but usually the disorder is diagnosed in early teens and has an impact on adult life. notes to editor a copy of de novo cnv analysis implicate specific abnormalities of postsynaptic signalling complexes in the pathogenesis of schizophrenia published in molecular psychiatry, published online before print at doi : 10. 1038 / mp. 2011. 154, is available, on request. for further information or media interviews, contact : professor mike owencardiff universitytel : 02920 687065 professor seth grant university of edinburgh tel : 01223 494908 tel : 029 20 874731 press and pr officer university of edinburgh tel : 0131 650 9836 mob : + 44 ( 0 ) 7791 3455804 this is an externally hosted beta service offered by google.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5214257131861748, "token_count": 339, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T11:31:41.036481"} {"text": "alpha - beta pruning is a search algorithm which seeks to reduce the number of nodes that are evaluated in the search tree by the minimax algorithm. in computer science, a search algorithm, broadly speaking is an algorithm that takes a problem as input and returns a solution to the problem usually if you ' re looking for game tree as it ' s used in game theory ( not combinatorial game theory please see extensive form game. minimax ( sometimes minmax ) is a decision rule used in decision theory, game theory, statistics and philosophy for mini mizing it is a search with adversary algorithm used commonly for machine playing of two - player games ( tic - tac - toe, chess, go, etc. chess is a recreational and competitive game played between two players. ). it stops completely evaluating a move when at least one possibility has been found that proves the move to be worse than a previously examined move. such moves need not be evaluated further. alpha - beta pruning is a sound optimization in that it does not change the result of the algorithm it optimizes. allen newell and herbert simon who used what john mccarthy calls an \" approximation \" in 1958 wrote that alpha - beta \" appears to have been reinvented a number of times \". allen newell ( march 19, 1927 - july 19, 1992 ) was a researcher in computer science and cognitive psychology at the herbert alexander simon ( june 15, 1916 february 9, 2001 ) was an american political scientist whose research ranged john mccarthy ( born september 4, 1927, in boston, massachusetts ) is an american computer scientist and cognitive arthur samuel had an early version and richards, hart, levine and / or edwards found alpha - beta independently in the united states. arthur l samuel ( 1901 \u2013 july 29, 1990 ) was a pioneer in the field of computer gaming and artificial intelligence the united states of america \u2014 commonly referred to as the mccarthy proposed similar ideas during the dartmouth conference in 1956 and suggested it to a group of his students including alan kotok at mit in 1961. the dartmouth summer research conference on artificial intelligence was the name of a conference now considered the seminal event for artificial intelligence as a this article is about alan kotok who was associate chair of w3c. alexander brudno independently discovered the alpha - beta algorithm, publishing his results in 1963. alexander brudno ( aleksandr l ' vovich brudno ) ( \u0430\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0441\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0440 \u043b\u044c\u0432\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447 \u0431\u0440\u0443\u0434\u043d\u043e ( born 1918 is a russian computer scientist, best known", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.548820225316416, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T11:31:41.097496"} {"text": "publishing his results in 1963. alexander brudno ( aleksandr l ' vovich brudno ) ( \u0430\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0441\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0440 \u043b\u044c\u0432\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447 \u0431\u0440\u0443\u0434\u043d\u043e ( born 1918 is a russian computer scientist, best known for donald knuth and ronald w. donald ervin knuth ( k\u0259\u02c8nu\u02d0\u03b8 ( born 10 january 1938 ) is a renowned computer scientist and professor emeritus of the art of computer moore refined the algorithm in 1975 and it continued to be advanced. the benefit of alpha - beta pruning lies in the fact that branches of the search tree can be eliminated. the search time can in this way be limited to the ' more promising ' subtree, and a deeper search can be performed in the same time. like its predecessor, it belongs to the branch and bound class of algorithms. branch and bound ( bb is a general algorithm for finding optimal solutions of various optimization problems especially in discrete and combinatorial the optimization reduces the effective depth to slightly more than half that of simple minimax if the nodes are evaluated in an optimal or near optimal order ( best choice for side on move ordered first at each node ). with an ( average or constant ) branching factor of b, and a search depth of d ply, the maximum number of leaf node positions evaluated ( when the move ordering is pessimal ) is o ( b * b *. in computing, tree data structures and game theory, the branching factor is the number of children of each node. in two - player sequential games a ply refers to one turn taken by one of the players in mathematics big o notation ( so called because it uses the symbol o ) describes the limiting behavior of a function for very small or very large arguments.. * b ) = o ( bd ) \u2013 the same as a simple minimax search. if the move ordering for the search is optimal ( meaning the best moves always searched first ), the number of positions searched is about o ( b * 1 * b * 1 *... * b ) for odd depth and o ( b * 1 * b * 1 *... * 1 ) for even depth, or. in the latter case, the effective branching factor is reduced to its square root, or, equivalently, the search can go twice as deep with the same amount of computation. in mathematics, a square root of a number x is a number r such that r 2 = x, or in words a number r whose the explanation of b * 1 *", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.560840385103472, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T11:31:41.098429"} {"text": ", the search can go twice as deep with the same amount of computation. in mathematics, a square root of a number x is a number r such that r 2 = x, or in words a number r whose the explanation of b * 1 * b * 1 *... is that all the first player ' s moves must be studied to find the best one, but for each, only the best second player ' s move is needed to refute all but the first ( and best ) first player move \u2013 alpha - beta ensures no other second player moves need be considered. if b = 40 ( as in chess ), and the search depth is 12 ply, the ratio between optimal and pessimal sorting is a factor of nearly 406 or about 4 billion times. normally during alpha - beta, the subtrees are temporarily dominated by either a first player advantage ( when many first player moves are good, and at each search depth the first move checked by the first player is adequate, but all second player responses are required to try and find a refutation ), or vice versa. this advantage can switch sides many times during the search if the move ordering is incorrect, each time leading to inefficiency. as the number of positions searched decreases exponentially each move nearer the current position, it is worth spending considerable effort on sorting early moves. an improved sort at any depth will exponentially reduce the total number of positions searched, but sorting all positions at depths near the root node is relatively cheap as there are so few of them. in practice, the move ordering is often determined by the results of earlier, smaller searches, such as through iterative deepening. iterative deepening depth - first search ( iddfs is a state space search strategy in which a depth - limited search is run repeatedly increasing the depth limit with the algorithm maintains two values, alpha and beta, which represent the minimum score that the maximizing player is assured of and the maximum score that the minimizing player is assured of respectively. initially alpha is negative infinity and beta is positive infinity. as the recursion progresses the \" window \" becomes smaller. when beta becomes less than alpha, it means that the current position cannot be the result of best play by both players and hence need not be explored further. function alphabeta ( node, depth, \u03b1, \u03b2 ) ( * \u03b2 represents previous player best choice - doesn ' t want it if \u03b1 would worsen it * ) if node is a terminal node or depth = 0 return the heuri", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5968995376099064, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T11:31:41.099615"} {"text": "further. function alphabeta ( node, depth, \u03b1, \u03b2 ) ( * \u03b2 represents previous player best choice - doesn ' t want it if \u03b1 would worsen it * ) if node is a terminal node or depth = 0 return the heuristic value of node foreach child of node \u03b1 : = max ( \u03b1, - alphabeta ( child, depth - 1, - \u03b2, - \u03b1 ) ) ( * use symmetry, - \u03b2 becomes subsequently pruned \u03b1 * ) if \u03b2\u2264\u03b1 break ( * beta cut - off * ) return \u03b1 further improvement can be achieved without sacrificing accuracy, by using ordering heuristics to search parts of the tree that are likely to force alpha - beta cutoffs early. pseudocode is a compact and informal high - level description of a computer programming algorithm that uses the structural conventions of some programming language heuristic ( hyu - \u02c8ris - tik is a method to help solve a problem commonly an informal method for example, in chess, moves that take pieces may be examined before moves that do not, or moves that have scored highly in earlier passes through the game - tree analysis may be evaluated before others. iterative deepening depth - first search ( iddfs is a state space search strategy in which a depth - limited search is run repeatedly increasing the depth limit with another common, and very cheap, heuristic is the killer heuristic, where the last move that caused a beta - cutoff at the same level in the tree search is always examined first. in competitive two - player games the killer heuristic is a technique for improving the efficiency of alpha - beta pruning, which in turn improves the efficiency of the this idea can be generalized into a set of refutation tables. alpha - beta search can be made even faster by considering only a narrow search window ( generally determined by guesswork based on experience ). this is known as aspiration search. in the extreme case, the search is performed with alpha and beta equal ; a technique known as zero - window search, null - window search, or scout search. this is particularly useful for win / loss searches near the end of a game where the extra depth gained from the narrow window and a simple win / loss evaluation function may lead to a conclusive result. if an aspiration search fails, it is straightforward to detect whether it failed high ( high edge of window was too low ) or low ( lower edge of window was too high ). this gives information about what window values", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5619053934882443, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T11:31:41.100620"} {"text": "to a conclusive result. if an aspiration search fails, it is straightforward to detect whether it failed high ( high edge of window was too low ) or low ( lower edge of window was too high ). this gives information about what window values might be useful in a re - search of the position. more advanced algorithms that are even faster while still being able to compute the exact minimax value are known, such as negascout and mtd - f. negascout or principal variation search is a negamax algorithm that can be faster than alpha - beta pruning. mtd ( f, an abbreviation of mtd ( nf ( memory - enhanced test driver with node n and value f is a minimax search algorithm better than the basic alpha - beta pruning algorithm since the minimax algorithm and its variants are inherently depth - first, a strategy such as iterative deepening is usually used in conjunction with alpha - beta so that a reasonably good move can be returned even if the algorithm is interrupted before it has finished execution. depth - first search ( dfs ) is an algorithm for traversing or searching a tree, tree structure, or graph. iterative deepening depth - first search ( iddfs is a state space search strategy in which a depth - limited search is run repeatedly increasing the depth limit with another advantage of using iterative deepening is that searches at shallower depths give move - ordering hints that can help produce cutoffs for higher depth searches much earlier than would otherwise be possible. algorithms like sss *, on the other hand, use the best - first strategy. sss * is a search algorithm, introduced by stockman in 1979 that conducts a state space search traversing a game tree in a best - first fashion best - first search is a search algorithm which explores a graph by expanding the most promising node chosen according to some rule this can potentially make them more time - efficient, but typically at a heavy cost in space - efficiency.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5235686721397944, "token_count": 404, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T11:31:41.101395"} {"text": "this year the volvo xc90, which is being heavily advertised for safety features ( \" the first suv in the world with roll stability control \" ) and freedom from guilt ( \" the first suv in the world to transform ozone into oxygen \" ). bradsher objects that consumers are using crossovers to replace cars rather than bigger suvs and that manufacturers use them to game mileage standards by bringing down fleet averages. yet the fact is that since crossovers were introduced, sales of the larger suvs have leveled off. at the beginning of 2003, sellers for the first time were offering huge rebates on the biggest models \u2014 as much as $ 8, 500 on the ford expedition and $ 6, 600 on the dodge durango. meanwhile, crossovers have become the fastest growing segment of the automotive market, with unit sales up by 78 percent in 2000, 87 percent in 2001, and 23 percent in 2002. the mileage of crossovers almost equals that of cars. to meet regulatory requirements, their manufacturers still claim that they are capable of off - road travel, but the engineering evidence for this is modest, as in skid plates that protect their engines and transmissions from rock damage or tires that can grip in mud. they could make their way up a rutted mountain road to an owner ' s second home, but not haul a horse trailer or boat. they are easier to handle and park than big suvs, and have a quieter ride. at least for the occupants of other vehicles, they are presumably safer than the higher - riding suvs built on truck frames that puncture their crash objects with steel. one wonders what american highways would look like if car - based utility vehicles had been manufactured at the beginning of the suv boom instead of ten years later. did the menacing version prevail initially because it appealed to the \" darkest shadows of human nature, \" in bradsher ' s lugubrious phrase, or because the industry ' s economics and the government ' s regulations perversely interacted to propel it to predominance? indubitably popular, it may not in the long run prove to be more so than a scaled - back, smoother riding, more sensible alternative. perhaps it is not claiming too much to interpret crossovers as consumers ' modestly qualified contribution to the current backlash against suvs. if the big ones do suffer a prolonged decline, at least relatively, it is hard to predict the extent to which bradsher ' s book will be credited. easterbrook compares bradsher to nad", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5079287539425157, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T11:31:41.117055"} {"text": "conservative dictionary project ( r ) - true conservative meaning - disparaging people or a group of people because of the color of their skin, such as when liberals claim minorities cannot succeed without affirmative action - false liberal redefinition - the idea that society is the reason minorities cannot get ahead - true conservative meaning - a reminder to god and man of god ' s promise to never flood the entire world again. - false liberal redefinition - a symbol used by the homosexuals to promote their agenda ; alternatively, a product of refraction with no spiritual significance - true conservative meaning - a liberal government system designed to by pass the free market and distribute goods and services based on bureaucratic whims. - false liberal redefinition - a way of sharing limited resources. - republican form of government - true conservative meaning - a form of government in which the powers of sovereignty are vested in the people and are exercised by the people, either directly or through representatives chosen by the people, and in which individuals retain sovereign prerogative over their person, labor, and property - false liberal redefinition - mobocracy - true conservative meaning - a just claim or title, whether legal, prescriptive, or moral - false liberal redefinition - privileges extended by government at its own pleasure, subject to revocation for the alleged collective good", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.6097566441868149, "token_count": 274, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T11:31:41.146399"} {"text": "advanced operating systems advanced systems teaching ( asyst ) labthe asyst lab is organised around 64 - bit computers ( ` ` u4600 ' ' ) based on a 100 mhz mips r4700 processor. the u4600 was developed by kevin elphinstone ( former unsw phd student ) and dave johnson. it is especially designed to allow experimentation with operating systems code. presently, these machines run the l4 microkernel. technical details : the nodes are based on a locally designed and manufactured atx form factor motherboard. the motherboard features : - the nodes are hosted on unix computers, presently pc ' s running solaris. these contain a development environment which allows you to compile code, link it with the l4 microkernel, and download it to the u4600 via ethernet. the hosts also interface to the serial port on the u4600 for console i / o. how to use : make sure that ~ cs9242 / bin is in your path, and that the environment arch is set to pc. i86. linux. the former is normally achieved by using the newclass command, the latter is set up automatically by the default shell initialisation files. also make sure that you are using gnu make ( this is also ensured by the default initialisation files ). use the makefiles supplied with the examples ( like the one in ~ cs9242 / public _ html / src / hello _ world / ). typing note : make must be done locally on the host machine connected to your u4600, or the boot image will end up in the wrong boot directory. you also need to run a terminal emulator on the host to be able to talk to the u4600. use the command turn on the u4600, you should get another greeting message and a if you do not get the prompt, some program is actually executing on the u4600. press the interrupt button ( the smaller of the two buttons on the box ) for about 1 / 2 second, and you should get a ` ` kdbg > ' ' prompt. type if you type note that you are running an operating system, which is not expected to terminate. to stop execution, hit the interrrupt key ( reset button ) on the u4600. this will get you into the l4 kernel debugger, which is unlikely to be of much help for you ( but if you want to try, it is documented in appendix c of the l4 reference manual", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5263656960795184, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T11:31:41.169605"} {"text": "archive for october 12th, 2009 most cuckoo clocks today are made in the \u201c traditional style \u201d to hang on a wall in your home or office. in the long history of clock making and time keeping, cuckoo clocks play a large role in the appreciation of art in clocks. the traditional style of the cuckoo clock is a wooden case decorated with carved leaves and animals and an automation of a bird that appears through a small door while the clock is striking. a cuckoo clock is typically pendulum driven, striking the hour and half hour, using bellows and pipes that imitate the cuckoo call. today \u2019 s cuckoo clocks are almost always driven by weights. the weights are made of cast iron in a pine cone shape. as early as 1650, the call of the cuckoo bird in a clock was being heard in parts of east germany and a region of the czech republic. it took nearly a century for the cuckoo clock to find its way to the black forest. the black forest cuckoo clock, as we know it, comes from the region in southwest germany, where a tradition of clock making started late in the 17th century. the cuckoo clock is a favorite souvenir of travelers in germany, where there are several different firms making the whole clock or parts of it. the people who make cuckoo clocks are dedicated craftsmen whose products are works of art. black forest cuckoo clocks and german cuckoo clocks command big prices and are highly sought after in antique stores, flea markets and retail shops. they are valuable because of their elaborate hand carvings and unique artistry. tomorrow, we \u2019 ll look at \u201c striking the hour \u201d", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5042613239262617, "token_count": 318, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T11:31:41.172473"} {"text": "solar power is taking off around the world. europe is planning to deploy various types of solar power to the sahara to provide for the european union ' s energy needs. meanwhile, here in the u. s., california is expanding its solar efforts as well. however, amid the progressing adoption of solar technology, one perpetual criticism that persists is that solar power is inefficient and expensive. to some extents this is true. the current generation of photovoltaic solar panels - - the type of solar power perhaps most associated with the field - - is only around 20 percent efficient and thus costs remain relatively high, like many forms of alternative energy. a new breakthrough from u. s. department of energy ' s national renewable energy laboratory ( nrel ) is looking to solve those problems. it pushes solar cells to uncharted technology with a record 40. 8 percent efficiency. the new work shatters all previous records for photovoltaic device efficiencies. the researchers first used a special type of cell, an inverted metamorphic triple - junction solar cell. the custom cell was designed, fabricated, and independently measured at nrel. the next step was to expose the solar cell to concentrated light of 326 suns, yielding the record - breaking efficiency. a sun is a common measure in the solar power industry which represents the amount of light that hits the earth on average. the new cell targets a variety of markets. one potential market is the satellite solar panel business. satellites natural absorb more intense sunlight, thanks to no atmospheric interference. another possible application is deployment in commercial concentrated pv cells. concentrated pv is a burgeoning field, with several companies currently contracted worldwide to build the first utility grade plants. the new record was welcome news, but little surprise at nrel - - they held the previous record as well. in order to beat their old design, one key was to replace the germanium wafer at the bottom junction with a composite of gallium indium phosphide and gallium indium arsenide. the mixture splits the spectrum into three parts, each of which gets absorbed by one of the junctions. both the middle and bottom junction become metamorphic in the new design. this means their crystal lattices are misaligned, trapping light in the junction and absorbing more of it. this yields an optimal efficiency. one key advantage is the new solar cell can be conveniently processed by growth on a gallium arsenide wafer. it is also both thin and light. the nrel believes", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5515164875345882, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T11:31:41.179452"} {"text": "some researchers believe that the solar cycle influences global climate changes. they attribute recent warming trends to cyclic variation. skeptics, though, argue that there ' s little hard evidence of a solar hand in recent climate changes. now, a new research report from a surprising source may help to lay this skepticism to rest. a study from nasa \u2019 s goddard space flight center in greenbelt, maryland looking at climate data over the past century has concluded that solar variation has made a significant impact on the earth ' s climate. the report concludes that evidence for climate changes based on solar radiation can be traced back as far as the industrial revolution. past research has shown that the sun goes through eleven year cycles. at the cycle ' s peak, solar activity occurring near sunspots is particularly intense, basking the earth in solar heat. according to robert cahalan, a climatologist at the goddard space flight center, \" right now, we are in between major ice ages, in a period that has been called the holocene. \" thomas woods, solar scientist at the university of colorado in boulder concludes, \" the fluctuations in the solar cycle impacts earth ' s global temperature by about 0. 1 degree celsius, slightly hotter during solar maximum and cooler during solar minimum. the sun is currently at its minimum, and the next solar maximum is expected in 2012. \" according to the study, during periods of solar quiet, 1, 361 watts per square meter of solar energy reaches earth ' s outermost atmosphere. periods of more intense activity brought 1. 4 watts per square meter ( 0. 1 percent ) more energy. while the nasa study acknowledged the sun ' s influence on warming and cooling patterns, it then went badly off the tracks. ignoring its own evidence, it returned to an argument that man had replaced the sun as the cause current warming patterns. like many studies, this conclusion was based less on hard data and more on questionable correlations and inaccurate modeling techniques. the inconvertible fact, here is that even nasa ' s own study acknowledges that solar variation has caused climate change in the past. and even the study ' s members, mostly ardent supports of agw theory, acknowledge that the sun may play a significant role in future climate changes.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5241021110953228, "token_count": 456, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T11:31:41.181771"} {"text": "it is very common to confuse cloud computing with virtualization. since they are both relatively new and since organizations are calling it the saving face of new age technology, i assumed we might want to look into what exactly the two technologies are and how diverse they are from each other. cloud is essentially a highly scalable platform where you can store data, build and run applications that can be accessed through the internet only. cloud is a mode to mobilize all applications so that you can remotely access your organization data through any device that has access to internet. data center hosts or collocation hosts who are interested in cloud technology provide software as a service packages to their clients. cloud makes it possible to have your servers in a secure environment in any part of the world and your clients still can access and modify the data if they have required security clearance. cloud makes use of virtualized resources in order to fulfill its requirements. a cloud host provides hardware and hosting facilities depending on the usage requested by the client. virtualization, on the other hand, is a technique of creating a virtual pool of servers, operating systems, storage devices and network resources. it enables a single user to access multiple physical devices at the same time. with this, one operating system can control the operation of multiple computers or vice versa. building your own data center takes a lot of capital investment ; and maintaining it is a nightmare you do not want to go through if your main aim is to focus on your business. hiring a service is a better option. unlike the cloud, in a data center, you have to note that you will merely be storing your servers on someone else \u2019 s property. so you are responsible for upgrading your servers as and when technology takes a giant leap. the drawback with data centers is the challenge you will face while scaling up as and when the need arises. your data center host must have rack space to accommodate an extra server or two and also must be equipped to handle an increase in cooling and power needs. of course, there is a problem of your resources going on standby mode when not in use, too. cloud may be an ideal solution from an economic point of view. like we have mentioned before, you only pay for the services you are using ; not for idle or standby services. virtualization is all about the control. pure, unparalleled control over multiple devices using a single point of operation. with virtualization, for instance, you can run a very large application even though your system individually cannot support it. in other words,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5205542835422525, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T11:31:41.185317"} {"text": "is all about the control. pure, unparalleled control over multiple devices using a single point of operation. with virtualization, for instance, you can run a very large application even though your system individually cannot support it. in other words, your system interacts with the other systems connected to the virtualization network, notes which system is available and uses part of the available system \u2019 s resources in addition to your own to run your application. it \u2019 s like your system has temporarily expanded its capacity to run your application successfully. through virtualization, you can install a software only once and be rest assured that everyone will have access to it. you don \u2019 t need multiple licences to make the software available to all your employees. since you are technically installing it only on one system, you are not violating any laws either. same is true with storage. this technique avoids the need for data replication, thus saving storage space. so you see, one technology has nothing to do with the other ; and they, most certainly, are not the same thing. virtualization, to an extent, makes the cloud operable. data center talk updates its resources everyday. visit us to know of the latest technology and standards from the data center world. please leave your views and comments on dct forum.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_computing", "similarity_score": 0.5621758764546099, "token_count": 261, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T11:31:41.185857"} {"text": "- - sourcetheravada means the \u2018 doctrine of the elders \u2019. the term hinayana has also been used for this form of buddhism, but it is a misnomer. this term has been used by the mahayana buddhists, who reckoned that they were followers of the \u2018 greater vehicle \u2019. the mahayanists to differentiate themselves from the theravadins called the latter hinayana, the lesser vehicle. in the pre - mahayana period there was truly a collateral sect called the hinayana, but this sect is not the theravada of today. this confusion was unfortunate, and therefore, it is better to avoid the term hinayana altogether. any attempt to label two different forms of buddhism as \u2018 greater \u2019 and \u2018 lesser \u2019 is odious. this is confusing to me. the term \" hinayana \" was used before the break - up of the sangha by theravadan practitioners? what does it mean that the \" hinayana \" of that time was different from the theravada of today? i ' ve always thought that the term hinayana was only pejorative. but i once saw retro mention that there are appropriate uses for the word. please play nice. i ' m not trying to create divisions or open the door for ridiculing mahayana. i put this in the \" discovering theravada \" section in hopes of just just getting information and clarification.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.506798498891498, "token_count": 299, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T11:31:41.199030"} {"text": "the following was written by richard dawkins to his daughter and while written more towards the discussion between religion and science, it contains much useful insight information on how we look at and evaluate health information. i would add in another comment, blind trust of authorities, who sound like they are coming with solid evidence, is not better. we really must learn not only how to evaluate evidence but those who deliver it. ps, i have no comment in regard to his view / comments on religions or mine. to my dearest daughter, now that you are ten, i want to write to you about something that is important to me. have you ever wondered how we know the things that we know? how do we know, for instance, that the stars, which look like tiny pinpricks in the sky, are really huge balls of fire like the sun and very far away? and how do we know that the earth is a smaller ball whirling round one of those stars, the sun? the answer to these questions is \u2018 evidence \u2019. sometimes evidence means actually seeing ( or hearing, feeling, smelling ) that something is true. astronauts have traveled far enough from the earth to see with their own eyes that it is round. sometimes our eyes need help. the \u2018 evening star \u2019 looks like a bright twinkle in the sky but with a telescope you can see that it is a beautiful ball \u2013 the planet we call venus. something that you learn by direct seeing ( or hearing or feeling ) is called an observation. often evidence isn \u2019 t just observation on its own, but observation always lies at the back of it. if there \u2019 s been a murder, often nobody ( except the murderer and the dead person! ) actually observed it. but detectives can gather together lots of other observations which may all point towards a particular suspect. if a person \u2019 s fingerprints match those found on a dagger, this is evidence that he touched it. it doesn \u2019 t prove that he did the murder, but it can help when it \u2019 s joined up with lots of other evidence. sometimes a detective can think about a whole lot of observations and suddenly realize that they all fall into place and make sense if so - and - so did the murder. scientists ( the specialists in discovering what is true about the world and the universe ) often work like detectives. they make a guess ( called a hypothesis ) about what might be true. they then say to themselves : if that were really true, we ought to see so - and - so. this is called a prediction", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5676745786065805, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T11:31:41.226259"} {"text": "the universe ) often work like detectives. they make a guess ( called a hypothesis ) about what might be true. they then say to themselves : if that were really true, we ought to see so - and - so. this is called a prediction. for example, if the world is really round, we can predict that a traveler, going on and on in the same direction, should eventually find himself back where he started. when a doctor says that you have measles he doesn \u2019 t take one look at you and see measles. his first look gives him a hypothesis that you may have measles. then he says to himself : if she really has measles, i ought to see _ _ then he runs through his list of predictions and tests them with his eyes ( have you got spots? ), his hands ( is your forehead hot? ), and his ears ( does your chest wheeze in a measly way? ). only then does he make his decision and say, \u2018 i diagnose that the child has measles. \u2019 sometimes doctors need to do other tests like blood tests or x - rays, which help their eyes, hands and ears to make observations. the way scientists use evidence to learn about the world is much cleverer and more complicated than i can say in a short letter. but now i want to move on from evidence, which is a good reason for believing something, and warn you against three bad reasons for believing anything. they are called \u2018 tradition \u2019, \u2018 authority \u2019, and \u2018 revelation \u2019. first, tradition. a few months ago, i went on television to have a discussion with about 50 children. these children were invited because they \u2019 d been brought up in lots of different religions. some had been brought up as christians, others as jews, muslims, hindus, sikhs. the man with the microphone went from child to child, asking them what they believed. what they said shows up exactly what i mean by \u2018 tradition \u2019. their beliefs turned out to have no connection with evidence. they just trotted out the beliefs of their parents and grandparents, which, in turn, were not based upon evidence either. they said things like, \u2018 we hindus believe so and so. \u2019 \u2018 we muslims believe such and such. \u2019 \u2018 we christians believe something else. \u2019 of course, since they all believed different things, they couldn \u2019 t all be right. the man with the microphone seemed to think this quite proper, and he didn \u2019 t even try", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5956522367816804, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T11:31:41.227199"} {"text": "such and such. \u2019 \u2018 we christians believe something else. \u2019 of course, since they all believed different things, they couldn \u2019 t all be right. the man with the microphone seemed to think this quite proper, and he didn \u2019 t even try to get them to argue out their differences with each other. but that isn \u2019 t the point i want to make. i simply want to ask where their beliefs came from. they came from tradition. tradition means beliefs handed down from grandparent to parent to child, and so on. or from books handed down through the centuries. traditional beliefs often start from almost nothing ; perhaps somebody just makes them up originally, like the stories about thor and zeus. but after they \u2019 ve been handed down over some centuries, the mere fact that they are so old makes them seem special. people believe things simply because people have believed the same thing over centuries. that \u2019 s tradition. the trouble with tradition is that, no matter how long ago a story was made up, it is still exactly as true or untrue as the original story was. if you make up a story that isn \u2019 t true, handing it down over any number of centuries doesn \u2019 t make it any truer! most people in england have been baptized into the church of england, but this is only one of many branches of the christian religion. there are other branches such as the russian orthodox, the roman catholic and the methodist churches. they all believe different things. the jewish religion and the muslim religion are a bit more different still ; and there are different kinds of jews and of muslims. people who believe even slightly different things from each other often go to war over their disagreements. so you might think that they must have some pretty good reasons \u2013 evidence \u2013 for believing what they believe. but actually their different beliefs are entirely due to different traditions. let \u2019 s talk about one particular tradition. roman catholics believe that mary, the mother of jesus, was so special that she didn \u2019 t die but was lifted bodily into heaven. other christian traditions disagree, saying that mary did die like anybody else. these other religions don \u2019 t talk about her much and, unlike roman catholics, they don \u2019 t call her the \u2018 queen of heaven \u2019. the tradition that mary \u2019 s body was lifted into heaven is not a very old one. the bible says nothing about how or when she died ; in fact the poor woman is scarcely mentioned in the bible at all. the belief that her body was lifted into heaven wasn \u2019 t invented until about six centuries", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5016541994087331, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T11:31:41.228240"} {"text": "the results could be terrible famines, diseases and wars, caused by overcrowding. of course, even in science, sometimes we haven \u2019 t seen the evidence ourselves and we have to take somebody else \u2019 s word for it. i haven \u2019 t with my own eyes, seen the evidence that light travels at a speed of 186, 000 miles per second. instead, i believe books that tell me the speed of light. this looks like \u2018 authority \u2019. but actually it is much better than authority because the people who wrote the books have seen the evidence and anyone is free to look carefully at the evidence whenever they want. that is very comforting. but not even the priests claim that there is any evidence for their story about mary \u2019 s body zooming off to heaven. the third kind of bad reason for believing anything is called \u2018 revelation \u2019. if you had asked the pope in 1950 how he knew that mary \u2019 s body disappeared into heaven, he would probably have said that it had been \u2018 revealed \u2019 to him. he shut himself in his room and prayed for guidance. he thought and thought, all by himself, and he became more and more sure inside himself. when religious people just have a feeling inside themselves that something must be true, even though there is no evidence that it is true, they call their feeling \u2018 revelation \u2019. it isn \u2019 t only popes who claim to have revelations. lots of religious people do. it is one of their main reasons for believing the things that they do believe. but is it a good reason? suppose i told you that your dog was dead. you \u2019 d be very upset, and you \u2019 d probably say, \u2018 are you sure? how do you know? how did it happen? \u2019 now suppose i answered : \u2018 i don \u2019 t actually know that pepe is dead. i have no evidence. i just have this funny feeling deep inside me that he is dead. \u2019 you \u2019 d be pretty cross with me for scaring you, because you \u2019 d know that an inside \u2018 feeling \u2019 on its own is not a good reason for believing that a whippet is dead. you need evidence. we all have inside feelings from time to time, and sometimes they turn out to be right and sometimes they don \u2019 t. anyway, different people have opposite feelings, so how are we to decide whose feeling is right? the only way to be sure that a dog is dead is to see him dead, or hear that his heart has stopped ; or be told by somebody who has seen", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5420996520438677, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T11:31:41.230339"} {"text": "different people have opposite feelings, so how are we to decide whose feeling is right? the only way to be sure that a dog is dead is to see him dead, or hear that his heart has stopped ; or be told by somebody who has seen or heard some real evidence that he is dead. people sometimes say that you must believe in feelings deep inside, otherwise you \u2019 d never be confident of things like \u2018 my wife loves me \u2019. but this is a bad argument. there can be plenty of evidence that somebody loves you. all through the day when you are with somebody who loves you, you see and hear lots of little tidbits of evidence, and they all add up. it isn \u2019 t purely inside feeling, like the feeling that priests call revelation. there are outside things to back up the inside feeling : looks in the eye, tender notes in the voice, little favors and kindnesses ; this is all real evidence. sometimes people have a strong inside feeling that somebody loves them when it is not based upon any evidence, and then they are likely to be completely wrong. there are people with a strong inside feeling that a famous film star loves them, when really the film star hasn \u2019 t even met them. people like that are ill in their minds. inside feelings must be backed up by evidence, otherwise you just can \u2019 t trust them. inside feelings are valuable in science too, but only for giving you ideas that you later test by looking for evidence. a scientist can have a \u2018 hunch \u2019 about an idea that just \u2018 feels \u2019 right. in itself, this is not a good reason for believing something. but it can be a good reason for spending some time doing a particular experiment, or looking in a particular way for evidence. scientists use inside feelings all the time to get ideas. but they are not worth anything until they are supported by evidence. i promised that i \u2019 d come back to tradition, and look at it in another way. i want to try to explain why tradition is so important to us. all animals are built ( by the process called evolution ) to survive in the normal place in which their kind live. lions are built to be good at surviving on the plains of africa. crayfish are built to be good at surviving in fresh water, while lobsters are built to be good at surviving in the salt sea. people are animals too, and we are built to be good at surviving in a world full of other people. most of us don \u2019 t hunt for our own food like lions", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.5283370870531865, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T11:31:41.231312"} {"text": "it to the next generation of children. so, once something gets itself strongly believed ( even if its completely untrue and there never was any reason to believe it in the first place ) it can go on forever. could this be what happened with religions? belief that there is a god or gods, belief in heaven, belief that mary never died, belief that jesus never had a human father, belief that prayers are answered, belief that wine turns into blood \u2013 not one of these beliefs is backed up by any good evidence. yet millions of people believe them. perhaps this is because they were told to believe them when they were young enough to believe anything. millions of other people believe quite different things, because they were told different things when they were children. muslim children are told different things from christian children, and both grow up utterly convinced that they are right and the others are wrong. even within christians, roman catholics believe different things from church of england people or episcopalians, shakers or quakers, mormons or holy rollers, and all are utterly convinced that they are right and the others are wrong. they believe different things for exactly the same kind of reason as you speak english and someone speaks german. both languages are, in their own country, the right language to speak. but it can \u2019 t be true that different religions are right in their own countries, because different religions claim that opposite things are true. mary can \u2019 t be alive in the catholic republic but dead in protestant northern ireland. what can we do about all this? it is not easy for you to do anything, because you are only ten. but you could try this. next time somebody tells you something that sounds important, think to yourself : \u2018 is this the kind of thing that people probably know because of evidence? or is it the kind of thing that people only believe because of tradition, authority or revelation? \u2019 and, next time somebody tells you that something is true, why not say to them : \u2018 what kind of evidence is there for that? \u2019 and if they can \u2019 t give you a good answer, i hope you \u2019 ll think very carefully before you believe a word they say.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5112840829084162, "token_count": 438, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T11:31:41.233338"} {"text": "iso sensitivity is the ability of a sensor to provide a defined response for a given level of lighting. photographers use this information to determine the nominal exposure conditions. if the actual iso sensitivity of a digital camera \u2019 s sensor is lower than the sensitivity set by the user, the image is underexposed ; if the sensitivity is greater, the image is overexposed. to be easily understood by photographers, the iso sensitivity of digital cameras has been defined such that it is similar to the iso sensitivity of photographic film cameras, thus lower sensitivities require longer exposure for the same luminance to produce the same result. however, just as very sensitive films are known to be very grainy, parallels can be drawn for digital cameras, since high sensitivities are related to high gain and noise amplification. while it is a common practice for camera vendors to emphasize high iso settings on their cameras, it must be said that high iso does not mean good image quality. any serious photographer knows that the lowest iso should be used to shoot a scene with a longer exposure time. only when conditions do not allow it ( as in photojournalism, low - light conditions, or sport photography ) should lower exposure time and high iso be used ( typically to limit motion blur ). with film photography, changing the iso meant having to change the film ( which was very annoying ). the intrinsic sensitivity of a digital camera is determined by the silicon structure of the sensor itself and cannot be changed, but the iso of the camera can be artificially increased to arbitrary values by applying a gain to the signal. the price to pay is a proportionate increase of noise and eventually, a decrease of snr for a given output value ( see essential characteristics of noise ). the only trick is that the gain is applied before analog / digital conversion so as to avoid quantization effects. so the fact that a camera attains iso 10000 is no guarantee of image quality ; the noise level at this iso has to be reported as well. iso sensitivity ( also known as iso speed ) is a numerical value calculated from the exposure provided at the focal plane of a digital camera to produce specific camera output signal characteristics. iso standard 12232 defines two ways to measure iso sensitivity. the first relates sensitivity to the exposure necessary to saturate the camera. the second, seldom used, compares the relative exposures to obtain different signal - to - noise ratios. the more common saturation - based method is described below. the saturation focal plane exposure is defined as the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.6014009662265982, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T11:31:41.247498"} {"text": "to saturate the camera. the second, seldom used, compares the relative exposures to obtain different signal - to - noise ratios. the more common saturation - based method is described below. the saturation focal plane exposure is defined as the exposure ( illumination multiplied by exposure time in lux. s ) necessary to reach sensor saturation. iso sensitivity is then defined by when a focal plane exposure measurement is not possible, as for a camera with non - removable optics, it is possible to compute the focal plane exposure as l is the scene luminance ( cd / m\u00b2 ), t is the exposure time ( s ), a is the lens aperture ( f - number ), with t as the transmission factor of the lens, v as the vignetting factor, and \u03b8 as the angle of the image point from the optical axis. iso 12232 considers a transmission factor t = 9 / 10, an angle \u03b8 = 10\u00b0, and a vignetting factor v = 98 / 100, which leads to q = 65 / 100. dxomark measures iso sensitivity at the image center ; thus \u03b8 = 0\u00b0 and v = 1, considering the same transmission factor t = 9 / 10, which leads to q = 71 / 100. iso sensitivity is then defined by with lsat being the minimum luminance necessary to reach sensor saturation. as tests show, the iso settings reported by camera manufacturers can differ significantly from measured iso in raw. this difference stems from design choices, in particular the choice to keep some \u201c headroom \u201d to avoid saturation in the higher exposures to make it possible to recover from blown highlights.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5687383610377761, "token_count": 333, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T11:31:41.248133"} {"text": "this session will focus on introducing the use of negotiated projects and the australian curriculum in a state school prep class. real - life examples of how anne has incorporated negotiated projects and the australian curriculum at beginning of the prep year will be discussed. anne aims to demonstrate how they can be used to fulfil requirements outlined in both the early years curriculum guidelines and the australian curriculum ( c2c ) key ideas will include : \u2022 anne ' s ongoing work with maintaining a play based pedagogy in a state school prep class. \u2022 focused teaching that compliments projects & the australian curriculum expectations. \u2022 examples of how anne has begun to implement projects and the content of c2c and australian curriculum anne pearson is currently a prep teacher at the new mango hill s. s. prior to teaching at mango hill ss anne was a demonstration teacher for qut at kelvin grove sc. anne has experience in prep and preschool settings. anne has previously presented on playing with the australian curriculum at the 2011ecta conference, and is a passionate advocate of appropriate early years pedagogy as recommended by qsa and education queensland. anne is constantly working on ways to best support her students and support the new australian curriculum. opportunities for discussion will be provided in the presentation. relevant qct standards : 2, 9, 10", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.526264133247937, "token_count": 258, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T11:31:41.262091"} {"text": "[ part 1 briefly reviews the differences between analogue and digital synthesis, and discusses voltage control - \" one of the major innovations in the development of the synthesizer. \" part 2 begins a look at subtractive synthesis with a discussion of vcos, waveforms, harmonic content, and filters. part 3 discusses envelopes - the overall ' shape ' of the volume of a sound, plotted against time. part 4 looks at amplifiers as well as other modifiers, including lfos, envelope followers, waveshapers, and modulation. part 5 shows how a subtractive analogue synthesizer can be a learning tool for exploring some of the principles of audio and acoustics. part 6 considers other methods of analogue synthesis. part 7 deals with the topology of the modules that make up a typical synthesizer and then looks at categorizing types of synthesizers. ] 3. 7 early versus modern implementations electronics is always changing. components, circuits, design techniques, standards and production processes may become obsolete over time. this means that the design and construction of electronic equipment will continuously change as these new criteria are met. the continuing trend seems to be for smaller packaging, lower power, higher performance and lower cost but at the price of increasing complexity, embedded software, difficulty of repair and rapid obsolescence. over the last 25 years, the basic technology has changed from valves and transistors towards microprocessors and custom ics. 3. 7. 1 tuning and stability the analogue synthesizers of the late 1960s and early 1970s are infamous for their tuning problems. but then so are many acoustic instruments! in fact, it was only the very earliest synthesizers that had major tuning problems. the first moog vcos were relatively simple circuits built at the limits of the available knowledge and technology \u2013 no one had ever built analogue synthesizers before. the designs were thus refined prototypes which had not been subjected to the rigorous trials of extended serious musical use. it is worth noting that the process of converting laboratory prototypes into rugged, ' road - worthy ' equipment is still very difficult ; and at the time, valve amplifiers and electromechanical devices such as tape echo machines were the dominant technology. modular synthesizers were the first ' all - electronic ' devices to become musical instruments that actually left the laboratory. the oscillators in early synthesizers were affected by temperature changes because they used diodes or transistors to generate the required exponential control law, and these change their characteristics with temperature ( diodes or transistors can be used as temperature sensors! ). once the problem was", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5484946608906772, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T11:31:41.269427"} {"text": "synthesizers were affected by temperature changes because they used diodes or transistors to generate the required exponential control law, and these change their characteristics with temperature ( diodes or transistors can be used as temperature sensors! ). once the problem was identified, it was quickly realized that there was a need for temperature compensation. a special temperature compensation resistor called a ' q81 ' was frequently used \u2013 they have a negative temperature coefficient which exactly matches the positive temperature coefficient of the transistor. eventually circuit designers devised methods of providing temperature compensation, which did not require esoteric resistors, usually based around differential pairs of matched transistors. developments of these principles into custom synthesizer chips have effectively removed the need for additional temperature compensation. unfortunately, the tuning problems had created a characteristic sound, which is one reason why the ' beating oscillator ' sounds heard on vintage analogue synthesizers are emulated in fully digital instruments that have an excellent temperature stability. tuning problems fall into four categories : - overall tuning - high - frequency tracking because of the differences in the response of components to temperature, the tuning of an analogue synthesizer can change as it warms up to the operating temperature. this can be compensated manually by adjusting the frequency cv or automatically using an ' auto - tune ' circuit ( see later ). some synthesizers used temperature - controlled chips to try and provide elevated but constant temperature conditions for the most critical components : usually the transistors or diodes in the exponential converter circuits. these ' ovens ' have been largely replaced in modern designs by careful compensation for temperature changes. tuning polyphonic synthesizers requires patience and an understanding of the way that key assignment works ( see section 6. 5. 3 ). the tuner needs to know which vco is making the sound ( sometimes indicated by a light emitting diode ( led ) or by a custom circuit addon ), as well as how to cycle through the remaining vcos \u2013 often by holding one note down with a weight or a little wedge and then pressing and holding additional notes.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5258225111237057, "token_count": 413, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T11:31:41.271484"} {"text": "definition of genu genu : the latin word for the knee. when the knee is referred to in medicine, it is just called the knee. however, the word \" genu \" is also used in medicine as in : genu recurvatum ( hyperextension of the knee ), genu valgum ( knock knee ) and genu varum ( bowleg ). the knee ( or genu, if you are into latin ) is a joint which has three parts. the thigh bone ( femur ) meets the large shin bone ( tibia ) forming the main knee joint. this joint has an inner ( medial ) and an outer ( lateral ) compartment. the kneecap ( patella ) joins the femur to form a third joint, called the patellofemoral joint. the knee joint is surrounded by a joint capsule with ligaments strapping the inside and outside of the joint ( collateral ligaments ) as well as crossing within the joint ( cruciate ligaments ). these ligaments provide stability and strength to the knee joint. the large muscles of the thigh move the knee. in the front of the thigh the quadriceps muscles extend the knee joint. in the back of the thigh, the hamstring muscles flex the knee. the knee also rotates slightly under guidance of specific muscles of the thigh. the knee functions to allow movement of the leg and is critical to normal walking. the knee flexes normally to a maximum of 135 degrees and extends to 0 degrees. the bursae, or fluid - filled sacs, serve as gliding surfaces for the tendons to reduce the force of friction as these tendons move. the knee is a weightbearing joint. each meniscus serves to evenly load the surface during weight - bearing and also adds in disbursing joint fluid for joint lubrication. source : medterms\u2122 medical dictionary last editorial review : 4 / 27 / 2011 5 : 27 : 15 pm medical dictionary definitions a - z search medical dictionary emedicinehealth top news find out what women really need. most popular topics pill identifier on rxlist - quick, easy, find a local pharmacy - including 24 hour, pharmacies", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5142809315821677, "token_count": 452, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T11:31:41.294047"} {"text": "apr 11, 2012 / energy globe award project presentation - \" solar houses for siberia \" low energy houses which do not require additional energy for heating are almost state of the art here in austria. but how is the situation in the icy regions of the russian far east, like in vadivostok, with records being minus 68 degrees, chilling winds and a soil that is always frozen? people in russia usually heat their homes with millions of tons of oil, gas, coal, and firewood, but still houses get no warmer than 14 degrees. on average, every russian uses 50 % more energy than any citizen of the eu. saving energy is an unknown concept. an innovative architectural design developed by the far eastern federal university of vladivostok is tackling these challenges and brings a new quality of live into the living rooms of people : the \" eco house \" for everyone has an overall heat insulation made of a special material not only for the roof and walls but also, and especially, for the foundations. so the house stays warm even in the most icy winter, and no longer sinks into the ground, which normally happens when too much heat softens the permafrost soil. with its windbreak architectural form and thanks to solar collectors and heat storage systems now a comfortable 22 degrees can be reached and the house needs only very little energy from external sources even in very cold conditions.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5690164150871134, "token_count": 278, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T11:31:41.295841"} {"text": "definitions, specifications, and other guidance postconsumer fiber means : - paper, paperboard, and fibrous wastes from retail stores, office buildings, homes, and so forth, after they have passed through their end - usage as a consumer item, including : used corrugated boxes ; old newspapers ; old magazines ; mixed waste paper ; tabulating cards ; and used cordage ; and - all paper, paperboard, and fibrous wastes that enter and are collected from municipal solid waste. - postconsumer fiber does not include fiber derived from printers ' over - runs, converters ' scrap, and over - issue publications. recovered fiber means : postconsumer fiber such as : manufacturing wastes such as : - paper, paperboard, and fibrous materials from retail stores, office buildings, homes, and so forth, after they have passed through their end - usage as a consumer item, including : used corrugated boxes ; old newspapers ; old magazines ; mixed waste paper ; tabulating cards ; and used cordage ; and - all paper, paperboard, and fibrous materials that enter and are collected from municipal solid waste, and manufacturing wastes such as : - dry paper and paperboard waste generated after completion of the papermaking process ( that is, those manufacturing operations up to and including the cutting and trimming of the paper machine reel into smaller rolls or rough sheets ) including : envelope cuttings, bindery trimmings, and other paper and paperboard waste resulting from printing, cutting, forming, and other converting operations ; bag, box, and carton manufacturing wastes ; and butt rolls, mill wrappers, and rejected unused stock ; and - repulped finished paper and paperboard from obsolete inventories of paper and paperboard manufacturers, merchants, wholesalers, dealers, printers, converters, or others. mill broke means any paper waste generated in a paper mill prior to completion of the papermaking process. it is usually returned directly to the pulping process. mill broke is excluded from the definition of \" recovered fiber. \" also see \" measurement \" section below. epa recommends that procuring agencies review specifications provisions pertaining to performance and aesthetics and revise provisions that can impede use of postconsumer and recovered fiber, unless such provisions are related to reasonable performance standards. agencies should determine whether performance provisions are unnecessarily stringent for a particular end use. agencies also should revise aesthetics provisions - such as brightness, dirt count, or shade matching - if", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.551377466405947, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T11:31:41.301973"} {"text": "akha in the language cloudprint this graph shows the place of this language within the cloud of all living languages. each language in the world is represented by a small dot that is placed on the grid in relation to its population ( in the vertical axis ) and its level of development or endangerment ( in the horizontal axis ), with the largest and strongest languages in the upper left and the smallest and weakest languages ( down to extinction ) in the lower right. the population value is the estimated number of first language ( l1 ) speakers ; it is plotted on a logarithmic scale ( where 100 = 1 ; 102 = 100 ; 104 = 10, 000 ; 106 = 1, 000, 000 ; 108 = 100, 000, 000 ). the value for the development versus endangerment dimension is the estimated level on the egids scale. ( see the pages on development and endangerment for a fuller explanation. ) the language in focus is represented by a large, colored dot. when the population is unknown, a color - coded question mark appears at the bottom of the grid. when there are no known l1 speakers, an x appears at the bottom of the grid. the color coding matches the color scheme used in the summary profile graphs on the navigation maps for the site. in this scheme, the egids levels are grouped as follows : - purple = institutional ( egids 0 - 4 ) \u2014 the language has been developed to the point that it is used and sustained by institutions beyond the home and community. - blue = developing ( egids 5 ) \u2014 the language is in vigorous use, with literature in a standardized form being used by some though this is not yet widespread or sustainable. - green = vigorous ( egids 6a ) \u2014 the language is unstandardized and in vigorous use among all generations. - yellow = in trouble ( egids 6b - 7 ) \u2014 intergenerational transmission is in the process of being broken, but the child - bearing generation can still use the language so it is possible that revitalization efforts could restore transmission of the language in the home. - red = dying ( egids 8a - 9 ) \u2014 the only fluent users ( if any ) are older than child - bearing age, so it is too late to restore natural intergenerational transmission through the home ; a mechanism outside the home would need to be developed. - black = extinct ( egids 10 ) \u2014 the language has fallen completely out of use and", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5385304685222082, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T11:31:41.316036"} {"text": "age, so it is too late to restore natural intergenerational transmission through the home ; a mechanism outside the home would need to be developed. - black = extinct ( egids 10 ) \u2014 the language has fallen completely out of use and no one retains a sense of ethnic identity associated with the language. the egids level indicated by the large, colored dot may be higher than the egids level reported in the main entry for the language. this is because a separate egids estimate is made for every country in which a language is used. our method for calculating the egids level for the language as a whole is not to take an average of all countries, but to report the highest level ( that is, most safe ) for any country. the logic here is that if the egids level of a language is taken as a predictor of its likely longevity, then its longevity will be determined by where it is the strongest. each dot in the cloud is gray at the level of 20 % black. as dots are superimposed on each other, the spot gets darker. thus a spot of total black indicates that at least 5 languages are at the same spot in the cloud. the population scale is continuous ; thus the placement in the vertical axis corresponds exactly to population. the egids scale, however, is discrete. rather than placing all of the dots for a given egids level exactly on the grid line for that level, the dots are \u201c jittered \u201d ( that is, the horizontal placement is random within a band around the grid line for the level ).", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5354024405587108, "token_count": 325, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T11:31:41.316746"} {"text": "populations. the researchers conclude that although most of the women in vermont were screened twice as often as the women in norway, the overall rate of cancer detection was similar. given the shorter interval between screens, geller and colleagues were surprised to find a higher interval cancer rate in the vermont women and hypothesize that \" vermont women and / or their health care providers may more readily pursue evaluation of symptoms and clinical findings than their norwegian counterparts. \" \" our results demonstrate that despite its longer screening interzval, the organized population - based screening program in norway achieved similar outcomes as the opportunistic screening in vermont, \" the authors write. contact : jennifer nachbur, email @ example. com, ( 802 ) 656 - 7875 citation : hofvind s, vacek pm, skelly j, weaver dl, geller bm. comparing screening mammography for early breast cancer detection in vermont and norway. j natl cancer inst 2008 ; 100 : 1082 - 1091 note to reporters : we have started up an e - mail list to alert reporters when papers are available on the eurekalert site. if you would be interested on being on this list, please let us know at firstname. lastname @ example. org. the content will continue to be available through eurekalert ' s e - mail system and our eurekalert page. the journal of the national cancer institute is published by oxford university press and is not affiliated with the national cancer institute. attribution to the journal of the national cancer institute is requested in all news coverage. visit the journal online at http : / / jnci. oxfordjournals. org /. aaas and eurekalert! are not responsible for the accuracy of news releases posted to eurekalert! by contributing institutions or for the use of any information through the eurekalert! system.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.5062674292427138, "token_count": 386, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T11:31:41.323927"} {"text": "a 20 percent reduction in 2010 from 2005 levels. the question of whether the 20 percent target is ambitious enough or not has two sides of a coin, and this coin embodies the chinese characteristics of a low carbon economy. on one hand, this target is pegged to gdp, which means a significant gdp growth would still permit a significant growth of energy consumption. given that china \u2019 s real gdp growth, adjusted for inflation, during 2005 - 2010 is above 60 percent, one might wonder how much energy consumption is really reduced. on the other hand, this reduction target is not an easy task, especially since china is still predominately fuelled by coal, and the transition to a less energy - intensive one will take decades. what was probably unforeseen by ndrc was the outbreak of an economic crisis that pushed the central government to adopt a basket of stimulus programs aiming to boost the nation \u2019 s economy and global competiveness \u2014 with a large part of the benefit accruing to high - energy industries such as steel and cement. in chinese, \u201c basically \u201d is understood as \u201c more or less, \u201d without referring to an accurate figure. but this is the first time in chinese history that such a clear target on energy consumption has ever been announced, considering the complexity of china energy supply as well as the country \u2019 s lack of data transparency. furthermore, the target was issued to provincial and city governors as a top - down target, a metric on which their political performances will be evaluated. so the motivation to achieve the 20 percent through real actions is strong, as much as the motivation to present a figure as close as possible or marginally higher. in february, voices of feedback were heard from all over china in the auspicious pre - spring - festival atmosphere, with regional media reporting that most provinces and cities have \u201c basically met \u201d the target, with the only exception of xinjiang, which fulfilled a 10. 2 percent reduction. to verify the target \u2019 s fulfillment, an energy saving evaluation group \u2014 consisting of experts from ndrc, the china statistics bureau and china energy bureau \u2014 was sent to various cities after the spring festival, in order to conclude with a performance score. to date, the final result is yet to be published. but what about actions so far? the ndrc director once criticized the simplistic action of cutting off or restricting electricity supply adopted in some chinese regions as \u201c improper. \u201d let \u2019 s switch to those proper actions, categorized by a ) policy levers, b )", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5041824414704996, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T11:31:41.351991"} {"text": "the future of the dollar january 01, 1974 by henry hazlitt mr. hazlitt is the well - known economist, columnist, editor, lecturer and author of numerous books, including what you should know about inflation which is available in paperback from the foundation for economic education. before we consider the future of the american dollar it may be wise to cast a glance at the glories of its past and examine the main causes that have brought it to its present humiliating state. the logical starting point in this examination is bretton woods. when the representatives of some forty nations met there in 1944, heretical monetary notions were floating in the air. lord keynes, who was there, was their chief spokesman. the most definite of these notions was that the gold standard was a barbarous relic, and neither could nor should be restored. it put every national economy in a strait jacket. it prevented full employment ; it strangled economic growth ; it tied the hands of national monetary managers. and all for no good reason except an outworn mystique. besides, there wasn \u2019 t enough gold in the world to sustain convertibility. but because some american congressmen and some parliaments were thought to have a lingering prejudice in favor of gold, it seemed prudent to compromise, and to set up something that looked almost like a gold standard \u2014 a thinly gold - plated standard. so, through an international monetary fund ( imf ), a sort of world central bank, every other currency was to be pegged at a fixed rate to the almighty dollar. each nation, after fixing an official parity for its currency unit, pledged itself to maintain that parity by buying or selling dollars. the dollar alone was to be convertible into gold, at the fixed rate of $ 35 an ounce. but unlike as in the past, not everybody who held dollars was to be allowed to convert them on demand into gold ; that privilege was reserved to national central banks or other official institutions. thus, everything seemed to be neatly taken care of. when every other currency was tied to the dollar at a fixed rate, they were all necessarily tied to each other at fixed rates. only one currency was tied to the dreadful discipline of gold, and even that in a very limited way. gold was \" economized \" as never before. it was now the servant, no longer the master. in addition, the bretton woods agreements provided that if any nation or central bank got into trouble, it was entitled to automatic credit from the fund", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5032105163436214, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T11:31:41.384252"} {"text": "\" economized \" as never before. it was now the servant, no longer the master. in addition, the bretton woods agreements provided that if any nation or central bank got into trouble, it was entitled to automatic credit from the fund, no questions asked. thus, not only released from a strict gold standard, but tempted to imprudence, individual nations felt free to expand their paper money and credit supply to meet their own so - called domestic \" needs. \" the politicians and the monetary managers in practically every country were infected with a keynesian or inflationary ideology. they rationalized budget deficits and continuous monetary and credit expansion as necessary to maintain \" full employment \" and \" economic growth. \" as a consequence, there were soon wholesale devaluations. the imf has published hundreds of thousands of statistics ; but the single figure of how many devaluations there were between the opening of the fund and august 15, 1971, when the dollar itself became officially inconvertible into gold, the imf has never published. there were certainly hundreds of devaluations. to my knowledge, practically every currency in the fund, with the exception of the dollar, was devalued at least once. the record of the british pound was much better than that, say, of the french franc, but the pound itself, which had already been devalued from $ 4. 86 to $ 4. 03 when it entered the imf, was devalued again from $ 4. 03 to $ 2. 80 in september 1949 ( an action that touched off 25 more devaluations of other currencies within a single week ), and devalued still again from $ 2. 80 to $ 2. 40 in november, 1967. devaluation, let us remember, is an act of national bankruptcy. it is a partial repudiation, a government welching on part of its domestic and foreign obligations. yet, by repetition by all the best countries, devaluation acquired a sort of respectability. it became not a swindle, but a \" monetary technique. \" until the dollar went off gold in august 1971 and was devalued in december, we heard incessantly how \" successful \" the bretton woods system had proved. during the early part of this period, however, the world suffered from what everybody called a \" shortage of dollars. \" the london economist, among others, even solemnly argued that there was now a permanent \" shortage", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5131888250849777, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T11:31:41.385311"} {"text": "and other inventories. this leads to an expansion of money and credit which soon makes other prices rise. ( often, of course, the causation is the other way round : an expansion of a country \u2019 s currency and a consequent rise of its internal price level will soon be reflected in a fall of its currency quotation in the foreign exchange market. ) in brief, internal prices soon adjust to the foreign - exchange quotation of the currency, or vice versa. we can see more clearly how this must take place if we look at a freely transportable international commodity like wheat, copper, or silver. let us say, for example, that copper is 50 cents a pound in new york when the deutsche mark in the foreign exchange market is 25 cents. then purchases, sales, and arbitrage transactions will have brought it about that the price of copper in munich is four times as high in marks as in dollars plus costs of transportation. suppose the dollar is devalued or depreciated so that the mark now exchanges for 40 cents. then, assuming that the price of copper in terms of marks does not change ( and though i have been specifically mentioning marks, dollars, and copper i intend this as a hypothetical and not a realistic illustration ), purchases, sales, and arbitrage transactions will now bring it about that the price of copper in new york will have to rise 60 per cent in terms of dollars. to bring this new adjustment about, more copper will flow from the u. s. to germany. but after this temporary stimulus to american export, the new price adjustment will bring it about that, other things being equal, the relative amount of copper exported may be no different than before the devaluation. a brief period of transition i have been speaking of international commodities, traded on the speculative exchanges, and easily and quickly transportable. in these commodities the international price adjustments will take place in a few days or weeks. the price adjustments of most other goods will, of course, take place more slowly. the main point to keep in mind is that there is a constant tendency for the internal purchasing power of a currency to adjust to its foreign - exchange value \u2014 and vice versa. in other words, there is a constant tendency for the internal prices in a country to adjust to the changing foreign - exchange value of its currency \u2014 and vice versa. though our modern monetary managers and secretaries of commerce seem to know nothing about this, the purchasing power theory of the exchanges was first explained a century and a half ago", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.545095876488844, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T11:31:41.392476"} {"text": "country to adjust to the changing foreign - exchange value of its currency \u2014 and vice versa. though our modern monetary managers and secretaries of commerce seem to know nothing about this, the purchasing power theory of the exchanges was first explained a century and a half ago by ricardo. in other words, the alleged foreign trade \" advantages \" of a devaluation last for merely a brief transitional period. depending on specific conditions, that period may stretch over more than a year or less than twenty - four hours. it tends to become shorter and shorter for any given country as depreciation of its currency continues or devaluations are repeated. internal currency depreciation usually lags behind external depreciation, but the lag tends to diminish. statistical studies have been made of the relationships of the internal and external purchasing power of a currency under extreme conditions \u2014 for instance, the german mark during the 1919 - 1923 inflation. ( see the economics of inflation, by constantino bresciani - turroni, 1937. ) it would not be too hard for any competent statistician, with the help of a copy of international financial statistics, published monthly by the imf, to put together revealing comparisons of foreign - exchange rates and internal prices for any country that publishes reasonably honest wholesale or consumers price indexes. it is instructive to recall, incidentally, that at the height of the german hyperinflation, which eventually brought the mark to one - trillionth of its former value, monthly exports, measured in tonnages, fell to less than half of what they had previously been, while the tonnage of imports doubled or tripled. in brief, the pursuit of a more \" favorable \" balance of payments, or a trade \" advantage, \" through depreciation or devaluation of one \u2019 s own currency, is the pursuit of a will - o - the - wisp. any gain of exports it brings to the devaluating nation is temporary and transient, and is paid for at an excessive cost \u2014 an internal price rise and all the economic distortions and social discontent and unrest this brings about. the usual criticism of currency devaluation is that it will provoke reprisals ; that other countries will try the same thing, and the world may be plunged into competitive devaluations and trade wars. this objection is, of course, both a valid and a major one. but what i have been trying to emphasize here is a point that few of our monetary managers have grasped \u2014 that even if", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5383147405898293, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 8, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T11:31:41.393447"} {"text": "a mania for inflation, domestic and international. they are convinced that inflation is necessary to maintain \" full employment \" and to continue \" economic growth. \" they will probably continue to \" fight \" inflation only with false remedies, like \" income policies \" and price controls. the international monetary fund is the central world factory of inflation. nearly all the national bureaucrats in charge of it are determined to continue it. having destroyed the remnants of the gold standard by printing too much paper money, they now propose to substitute special drawing rights, or sdr \u2019 s, for gold \u2014 in other words, they propose to print more international paper money to serve as the \" reserves \" behind still more issues of national paper monies. the first international step toward sound money, to repeat, would be to abolish the imf entirely. in august, 1973, the present american secretary of the treasury, george p. schultz, named fourteen men as members of a new advisory committee on reform of the international monetary system. these included three former treasury secretaries, all of whom pursued the very monetary policies that brought the united states and the world to its present crisis. the whole list of men in this committee included only two professional economists. i don \u2019 t want to attack individuals, but to my knowledge not a single man appointed to the new panel believes in the gold standard, has ever advocated its restoration, or has ever spoken out in clear and unequivocal terms even against the chronic increase in paper money issues. but the climate of opinion is now such in the united states that i must confess i would find myself hard put to it to name as many as fourteen qualified americans who could be counted on to recommend a sound international monetary reform. the truth is that everybody is afraid of a return to sound money. nobody in power wants to give up inflation altogether because he fears its abandonment would be followed by a recession. it \u2019 s true that if we stopped inflation forthwith we might have a recession, for much the same reasons as a heroin addict, deprived of his drug, might suffer agonizing withdrawal symptoms. but such a recession, even if it came, would be a very minor and transient evil compared with the catastrophe toward which the world is now plunging. this article is from a paper delivered at a regional meeting of the mont pelerin society in guatemala, september 4, 1973.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5126848620173707, "token_count": 478, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 11, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T11:31:41.396938"} {"text": "a model to base it on. one of the major denominations of restorationism is the church of jesus christ latter day saints \u2013 otherwise known as mormons. they believe that joseph smith jr. was the person chosen to restore the church back to how it was in the early days of the religion as founded by jesus rather than reform to a modern church. the church of latter day saints was first organized in 1830 and is one of the newest denominations of christianity \u2013 yet has grown rapidly since. the final type of christian church we shall look at today is the orthodox church. the orthodox church is the second largest christian church communion in the world with approximately 225 million members worldwide. the goal of the orthodox church is to draw yourself continually closer to god \u2013 right from the time of baptism as an infant. the process of becoming closer to god is called theosis \u2013 and each member of the church strives to become more \u201c christ like \u201d throughout their lifetime. they believe in the trinity and they believe that jesus christ was both god and man and that he was born, lived and died. an interesting belief of orthodox christians is that when a person dies the soul is temporarily separated from the body. they believe that after this separation it lingers for a while until it is sent either to paradise or the darkness of hades \u2013 this follows the temporary judgment. the final judgment is when the soul and the body will reunite.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5216956467776307, "token_count": 280, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T11:31:41.400877"} {"text": "the natural rights republic by michael zuckert university of notre dame press 304 pp. $ 34. 95 in the natural rights republic, michael zuckert takes up a question that has long divided american historians and political philosophers : \u201c was the american founding inspired by classical republican, christian, whig historical, scottish enlightenment, or modern liberal conceptions? \u201d zuckert unambiguously chooses the latter : america, he says, is the \u201c natural rights republic \u201d - not in the sense that liberalism was the only element present at the creation, but in the sense that it was the dominant one, and showed a power to \u201c make peace with and indeed assimilate important aspects of classical antiquity and christianity. \u201d nor is zuckert \u2019 s argument merely descriptive - he is very much an advocate of the natural rights republic. the first part of the book develops the author \u2019 s account of the natural rights philosophy of the american founding. he offers a painstaking analysis ( textual and structural ) of the declaration of independence, a detailed discussion and critique of other interpretations of the founding ( e. g., garry wills \u2019 and morton white \u2019 s ), and a close reading of jefferson \u2019 s notes on the state of virginia. the declaration is interpreted particularly in conjunction with locke \u2019 s second treatise on government and with contemporaneous expressions of the \u201c american mind, \u201d especially the virginia and massachusetts bills of rights. zuckert \u2019 s analysis of the declaration is generally convincing : he seems to me correct in his \u201c structural \u201d reading of the declaration as a fundamentally \u201c lockean \u201d or liberal document. at the same time, his tendency to minimize the importance of religion in the american political tradition as anything more than a useful prop of politics at times appears excessive, as in the quick move, in his analysis of jefferson \u2019 s handiwork, from \u201c creator \u201d to \u201c nature \u201d : \u201c jefferson himself in the declaration traced... rights to the creator, that is, nature. \u201d the very use of jefferson as the touchstone for understanding natural rights philosophy magnifies the tendency to minimize religion. it tilts the board in favor of a certain understanding of american republicanism that would not have been acceptable to a majority of the people jefferson was writing for when he penned the declaration. on the whole, however, zuckert is very persuasive in making his case for the natural rights republic. his critiques of alternative views are particularly powerful. zuckert confronts his opponents head - on, portraying them fairly, but", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5481097208200754, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T11:31:41.408201"} {"text": "on the whole, however, zuckert is very persuasive in making his case for the natural rights republic. his critiques of alternative views are particularly powerful. zuckert confronts his opponents head - on, portraying them fairly, but then going effectively ( if always politely ) for the jugular. zuckert speaks of \u201c convergences \u201d in the american political tradition. but for him this means not so much a convergence of equal strands as an assimilation by the natural rights tradition of other traditions : old whig constitutionalism, puritan political theology, and the progressive realization of democracy understood as a variant of classical republicanism. america was indeed, zuckert says, an amalgamation of these views, but \u201c the natural rights philosophy remains america \u2019 s deepest and so far most abiding commitment, and the others could enter the amalgam only so far as they were compatible, or could be made so, with natural rights. \u201d take, for example, the argument that traces american political thought to its puritan roots. zuckert surveys various versions of this position : strong continuity ( the major principles of the founding can be found in the puritans ), minimal continuity ( while accommodating themselves to a christian citizenry, the leading founders held ideas incompatible with puritan political thought ), secularized continuity ( there is continuity through a secularization of christian concepts, e. g., covenant ), and eclectic continuity ( political and social theories of puritanism are one of several major sources for the founding ). zuckert \u2019 s mode of argument here is essentially negative : his demolition of the strong, secularized, and eclectic continuity theses leaves only minimal continuity in place. the \u201c lockeanized protestantism \u201d of the eighteenth century represented a \u201c substantial break with the reigning political theology of the previous century, \u201d the god of supernature giving way to the god of nature. the protestant impulse to deny magistrates the power to serve \u201c the good of the soul, \u201d which led to a dissociation of the political realm and the spiritual realm, thereby prepared the way for the liberal focus on rights as the central category of politics. having dissected the puritan continuity thesis, zuckert goes on to the \u201c whig constitutionalism \u201d thesis of john phillip reid and the \u201c classical republican \u201d thesis of scholars such as j. g. a. pocock and gordon wood and shows them to be equally subordinated to natural rights philosophy. over time, zuckert argues, america has developed", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5336960970873552, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T11:31:41.409238"} {"text": "of john phillip reid and the \u201c classical republican \u201d thesis of scholars such as j. g. a. pocock and gordon wood and shows them to be equally subordinated to natural rights philosophy. over time, zuckert argues, america has developed a successful synthesis of jeffersonian and madisonian republicanism. the large and less strenuously republican madisonian constitutional system is the fundamental frame, but it has become more infused with a jeffersonian spirit ( by, for example, political parties, formal modification of the constitution, and the mass media ), so that it is not so far removed from the people. there are tensions, of course, between the \u201c expressive \u201d ( participatory ) and the \u201c instrumental \u201d ( rights - protecting ) elements of jefferson \u2019 s republicanism. zuckert joins madison in criticizing jefferson on two grounds : 1 ) his insufficient attention to the tension between the popular right to control government and the rights to be protected by government, and 2 ) the unlikelihood that jefferson \u2019 s localized \u201c ward republics \u201d would supply the energy, competence, and prudence necessary for effective national government. nonetheless, zuckert says, the validity of jefferson \u2019 s ideals is reinforced by our persistent concern about the quality of democratic life. we live in a tension between the expressive and instrumental dimensions of republicanism. current debates between liberals and communitarians are simply one manifestation of this tension - a tension that cannot and probably should not be resolved. a question that zuckert needs to take up more explicitly is whether one can move from careful textual analysis of the declaration and other major public documents to such a conclusive characterization of the nature of the american regime. how much do the views of those who are not leading founders, and of the citizenry at large, deserve to be weighed? how much do the premodern elements imbedded in american institutions - e. g., the common law and much state legislation ( including, in many states, religious establishments ) - count? perhaps zuckert would argue that time has told the story : it is the leading founders and the natural rights philosophy they adopted that won out, and those elements have transformed and decisively subordinated the other, nonliberal elements. but an historical argument is not entirely sufficient, since one might view that victory as unfortunate in important ways, as zuckert would think unfortunate some twentieth - century developments away from the natural rights philosophy. zuckert would, i think, argue that the natural rights philosophy is a superior form of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5363260378538018, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T11:31:41.410292"} {"text": "since one might view that victory as unfortunate in important ways, as zuckert would think unfortunate some twentieth - century developments away from the natural rights philosophy. zuckert would, i think, argue that the natural rights philosophy is a superior form of political thought and practice. but that is an argument that requires much more than this book, which is more a detailed explication of natural rights philosophy and its influence than it is a compelling argument for its superiority. some of us who harbor more serious doubts about the liberal / natural rights / republicanism synthesis, and who believe that many contemporary problems cannot find effective solutions in either contemporary liberalism or in an older liberal amalgam, will remain convinced of the need for a healthier dose of religion and of ( non - lockean ) \u201c natural law \u201d in some form. whatever one \u2019 s view of what america needs, however, it is important to understand the general character of the american founding, and zuckert \u2019 s book is a powerful exposition of the most central political principles of that founding. its elegant articulation of its own thesis, together with its insightful analysis and critique of a wide variety of alternative views, makes it an extremely important contribution to debates on our national origins, which all serious students of the founding and of liberalism will have to confront. christopher wolfe is professor of political science at marquette university.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5077726091333865, "token_count": 275, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T11:31:41.410887"} {"text": "using local airborne survey companies. in this regard, the csir and sanparks are already working with a south african company to test the viability, as sanparks is considering using lidar surveys for long - term monitoring. research milestone : sustainability of fuelwood for rural energy needs the lidar data from the 2008 flight campaign have enabled researchers to map and measure woody biomass in rural areas such as bushbuckridge, where harvesting of live wood is still the primary source of fuel for cooking and heating even when electricity is available. researchers combined the lidar data with socio - economic data collected from the area over the past 20 years by the wits rural public health and health transitions research unit, and the wits programme for sustaining natural resources in african ecosystems. this shows that at the current rate of fuelwood consumption - three to four tons per year per household - the woodland resources for some rural villages in bushbuckridge may only last another 12 years. with the help of the lidar data and fieldwork, researchers have also found evidence of illegal commercial cutting of fuelwood in the communal rangelands. \" there is great concern that the current levels of utilisation are not sustainable, with direct negative impacts on the poor, as well as for biodiversity loss and conservation. our findings to date regarding the sustainability of this ecosystem service warrant further investigation, \" says dr mathieu. in all instances, improved estimates will be instrumental to poverty alleviation. research milestones : loss of big trees in conserved areas another significant finding is that large herbivores and fires may have a bigger impact on the loss of big trees in conserved areas than in communal areas, where large trees like the marula are valued for their fruits. over five metres high, many of these trees have taken over 50 years to grow. dr mathieu, \" we have detected a 20 % loss of big trees from research sites in a private game reserve next to the knp in just two years, compared to a 10 % loss of big trees from research sites on communal land over the same time period. \" this was also the first time in his remote sensing career that he found a 100 % correlation between prediction of a remote sensing system ( the lidar ) and ground verification. but researchers are still puzzled about why and how this is happenin. \" at the moment, we think it is because of different reasons, \" explains dr mathieu : \" in the case of the private game reserve, field work shows that a combination of elephants and fire damage is involved. for instance, the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.506884314309433, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T11:31:41.441764"} {"text": "jump to the main content of this page pacific southwest research station tahoe science projects supported by snplma remote sensing of lake tahoe ' s nearshore environment erin lee hestir, university of california, davis the goal of this research is to use remotely sensed data to retrieve fine sediment, chlorophyll, and colored dissolved organic matter ( cdom ) concentrations from the water column in the near shore, and to map the distribution of periphyton ( attached algae ), aquatic macrophytes ( submerged plants ), clam beds in the nearshore of lake tahoe and variations in sediment type. high spatial resolution multispectral satellite imagery, moderate spatial resolution multispectral satellite imagery, and airborne hyperspectral imagery will be used. we will investigate both empirical and model - driven methods to map fine sediment, chlorophyll, and cdom concentration, macrophyte communities, clam beds, periphyton, and substrate type. the empirical approach will first classify the optically shallow near shore into the different bottom classes using the field data and spectral library first to train and then ( independently ) validate the classifier. this analysis allows the development of statistical correlations ( e. g., regression modeling ) whereby reflectance information can be used to predict the probability of the concentration of water quality constituents above a particular bottom type. upon successful development, the statistical model can then be used to predict water quality in each image pixel given the reflectance value of that pixel. the second approach will use a radiative transfer model that simulates remote sensing reflectance of water given inputs of different aquatic optical properties. one of the key deliverables of the project is a cost - benefit analysis of remote sensing approaches for monitoring the nearshore environment and a manual for implementing remote sensing analysis for monitoring the nearshore environment. relation to other research including snplma science projects the value of remote sensing technologies for evaluation and monitoring in the lake tahoe basin has also been widely recognized, and an increasing number of remote sensing datasets are being acquired over the basin. nasa has been operating a remote sensing validation site at lake tahoe for over a decade and recently the tahoe regional planning agency ( trpa ) and u. s. geological survey have purchased high spatial resolution satellite imagery of the tahoe basin. dr. schladow and dr. steissberg ( uc davis terc ) and dr. hook ( nasa - jpl ) have completed a snplma round 7 -", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5030854403097315, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T11:31:41.445560"} {"text": "have purchased high spatial resolution satellite imagery of the tahoe basin. dr. schladow and dr. steissberg ( uc davis terc ) and dr. hook ( nasa - jpl ) have completed a snplma round 7 - funded project, \" monitoring past, present, and future water quality using remote sensing ( rs ), \" aimed at using remote sensing to quantify changes in lake - wide distributions of secchi depth and chlorophyll distribution. the large pixel size has limited the application to areas outside the nearshore ; however, there will be considerable benefit to this project based on what was learned. several previous snplma science studies will inform this project, including : 1 ) \" predicting and managing changes in near - shore water quality, \" 2 ) \" natural and human limitations to asian clam distribution and recolonization - factors that impact the management and control in lake tahoe, \" and 3 ) \" development of a risk model to determine the expansion and potential environmental impacts of asian clams in lake tahoe, \" as well as a project funded by the us army corps of engineers that is conducting a baseline assessment of benthic species and developing recommendations for future assessments. expected date of final products : | last modified : mar 7, 2013 06 : 28 : 08 pm |", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.5022711611240616, "token_count": 266, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T11:31:41.446066"} {"text": "\" this paper has very strong implications for the united states staying ahead in magnet technology, which would bring great dividends in research and improvements in medical imaging. \" a scientific surprise greets fsu researchers at higher magnetic fields by susan ray research performed by a team at florida state university ' s national high magnetic field laboratory suggests that the benefits of building higher - field superconducting magnets likely will far outweigh the costs of building them. fsu researchers riqiang fu, ozge gunaydin - sen and naresh dalal discovered something they weren ' t expecting while trying to improve the resolution, or quality of image, in the magnet lab ' s unique 900 - megahertz, 21. 1 - tesla magnet. while experimenting with the giant magnet, the three noted an exponential increase in the ease of detecting the \" fingerprint \" of the chemical compound they were studying as they exposed it to ever - higher magnetic fields. a paper describing their research was published recently in the journal of the american chemical society, a top - tier chemistry journal. the paper can be accessed here. \" this paper has very strong implications for the united states staying ahead in magnet technology, which would bring great dividends in research and improvements in medical imaging, \" said tim cross, director of the magnet lab ' s nmr user program and a professor of chemistry and biochemistry at fsu. \" we need \u2014 and are working on \u2014 additional fundamental studies that show the benefits of going to higher fields. \" nuclear magnetic resonance, or nmr, generates a true - to - life fingerprint \u2014 a unique pattern indicating the presence of specific molecules \u2014 for a research sample that is being analyzed. as a technique, nmr is very accurate as long as one can detect the sample in the first place. the ease or difficulty of detecting a sample is known as \" sensitivity. \" low sensitivity has been one of nmr ' s biggest liabilities, because the lower the sensitivity, the longer the experiment takes. such slowness has limited nmr ' s potential applications. \" poor signal is like a faint picture in the darkness, \" said dalal, the dirac professor of chemistry and biochemistry at fsu. \" we ' ve shown that the ' 900 ' ( magnet ) increases the picture ' s brightness by a factor of about 10 relative to low - field images. think of how much more you can see in a room that is that much brighter \u2026 and imagine what you ' d see at even higher fields. \" theorists had predicted a linear increase in", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.6224672542839713, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T11:31:41.449891"} {"text": "by a factor of about 10 relative to low - field images. think of how much more you can see in a room that is that much brighter \u2026 and imagine what you ' d see at even higher fields. \" theorists had predicted a linear increase in both resolution and sensitivity at higher magnetic fields, moving from 14. 1 tesla to 21. 1 tesla, the current state of the art in superconducting magnets. in their experiment, the fsu team members observed an exponential increase \u2014 with the sensitivity increasing by a factor of three over what had been predicted. higher sensitivity in a magnet means it takes far less time \u2014 or much less of a sample \u2014 to conduct an experiment. \" the reduction in time is like going from one hour to a couple of minutes, \" said fu, an associate scholar / scientist at the magnet lab and the fsu chemistry department. \" many experiments take weeks, and such a reduction in time will allow for far more studies to be conducted on a single instrument. \" dalal said the shortening of experimental time increases scientists ' ability to fingerprint materials, opening up new areas of scientific investigation in nmr, including the study of materials useful in nanotechnology and medical imaging. the need for less of a sample \u2014 up to 18 times less \u2014 will open up high - field nmr to the study of enzymes and purified proteins, an area in which samples typically are of limited size. the national high magnetic field laboratory ( www. magnet. fsu. edu ) develops and operates state - of - the - art, high - magnetic - field facilities that faculty and visiting scientists and engineers use for interdisciplinary research. the laboratory is sponsored by the national science foundation and the state of florida and is the only facility of its kind in the united states.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.5851772877772594, "token_count": 361, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T11:31:41.450578"} {"text": "high temperature instruments for supercritical geothermal reservoir characterization and exploitation gfz part in workpackage 4 : production integrity monitoring within hiti, new surface and downhole tools and approaches for deep high - temperature boreholes are developed, built, and tested in the field. the new set of tools and methods has been chosen to provide a basic set of data needed to describe either the supercritical reservoir structure and dynamics ( measurement of temperature, pressure, natural gamma radiation, electrical resistivity, reservoir storativity, and acoustic imaging of the borehole wall ), and the evolution of the casing and cement integrity during production ( acoustic imaging ). the new tools will be tested in - situ in existing icelandic wells, including the iddp ( \u201c iceland deep drilling project \u201d ) hole. within workpackage 4 \u201c production integrity monitoring \u201d, gfz contributes its expertise in fiber - optic temperature monitoring, which is further developed for the specific demands in high - temperature geothermal wells. the current system was deployed in 4. 2 km depth at temperatures of 146 \u00b0c at the in - situ geothermal lab in gro\u00df - schonebeck ( henninges et al., 2005 ). within hiti, a dts sensor cable will be tested during a field experiment in a high - enthalpy geothermal reservoir in iceland. \u00a9 fournier ( 1999 ) - pressure - enthalpy diagram for pure h2o with selected isotherms. the conditions under which steam and water coexist is shown by the shaded area, bounded by the boiling point curve to the left and the dew point curve to the right. the arrows show various different possible cooling paths ( fournier, 1999 ). the pressure - enthalpy diagram for pure water ( figure 1 ) from fournier ( 1999 ) provides a summary of how a supercritical geothermal system might be managed to produce electricity. for more explanations see : european - projekt hiti", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5618173871210475, "token_count": 398, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T11:31:41.490271"} {"text": "yale researchers discover source of signals that trigger hair growth by darren quick september 5, 2011 in news that offers hope to millions of chrome - domes everywhere - yours truly included - yale researchers have made a discovery that could lead to new treatments for baldness. while men with male pattern baldness still have stem cells in follicle roots, they need signals from within the skin to grow hair. until now, the source of those signals that trigger hair growth has been unclear, but the yale researchers claim to have now discovered it. when hair dies, the researcher team led by valerie horsley, assistant professor of molecular, cellular and developmental biology, observed that the layer of fat in the scalp that comprises most of the skin ' s thickness shrinks. when hair growth begins, the fat layer expands in a process called adipogenesis. they identified a type of stem cell - adipose precursor cells - within the skin ' s fatty layer that is involved in the creation of new fat cells. they showed that these cells ' production of molecules called pgdf ( platelet derived growth factors ), was necessary to spur hair regrowth in mice. horsley ' s team is trying to identify other signals produced by adipose precursor stem cells that may play a role in regulating hair growth. she also wants to know whether these same signals are required for human hair growth. \" if we can get these fat cells in the skin to talk to the dormant stem cells at the base of hair follicles, we might be able to get hair to grow again, \" said horsley. just enter your friends and your email address into the form below for multiple addresses, separate each with a comma", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5044690988562088, "token_count": 340, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T11:31:41.494696"} {"text": "jan 7, 2011 new form of public involvement in french grapevine project genetic engineering experiment : from information to interaction the institut national de recherche agronomique in alsace has been trialling a new form of public involvement over recent years. a release experiment with genetically modified grapevines was monitored for six years by a local monitoring committee, which helped develop the biosafety research questions. the project ended in 2010 when the trial field was destroyed. the final report appeared in the online journal plosbiology at the end of 2010. fanleaf degeneration is a crop disease with significant financial consequences for wine - growers. one of the symptoms is spotty, yellow leaves. the inra in colmar studied transgenic grapevines that are resistant to this disease. in the past, methods of involving the public in the introduction of new technologies have usually been restricted to public information or public hearings. more recent methods place a greater emphasis on the active involvement of citizens and stakeholders. one such method was trialled at the institut national de recherche agronomique ( inra ) in colmar from 2003 to 2010. the focus was a field trial with gm grapevines that are resistant to the grapevine fanleaf virus ( gflv ). gflv is one of several viruses that cause fanleaf degeneration. it is transmitted via soil - dwelling nematodes. affected plants normally have to be completely removed and the soil treated with nematicidal substances, although these are banned in many countries. the transgenic grapevines produce a coat protein of the gflv virus, which protects them to a large extent against infection by the \u2018 real \u2019 viruses. since the virus is transmitted through the soil, only the rootstocks are genetically modified ; the scions grafted onto them do not contain any transgenes. for the field trial, soil was taken from two infected vineyards and brought to the inra site. the local monitoring committee ( lmc ), which was convened before the start of the trial, had no fixed membership, but was open to anyone interested, and members were free to pull out at any time. the members were representatives of wine - growers, consumer associations, environmental and nature conservation associations, representatives of the town council, the regional council and the regional environment agencies, as well as one independent wine - grower and a neighbour of the trial site. despite the considerable time investment involved, the composition of the committee remained stable over a period of six years. the bio", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.5039150263674574, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T11:31:41.499390"} {"text": "toilets are not clean or safe to use in the long term. in the end, poorer citizens want what they view as a simple tool with a handle that flushes. so what about one that does not discharge litres and litres of water? to that end, the city of durban has entered a partnership with the gates foundation and the swiss aquatic research institute eawag to find a solution that captures the functionality of the flush toilet without waste. according to neil macleod, head of durban ' s water and sanitation department, the holy grail for the future toilet is one that not only eliminates waste, but also generates wealth. speaking to an audience at world water week in stockholm, macleod said the technology to recover waste and energy from human waste exists, but the process requires much refinement. in a world where resources such as phosphorous are becoming limited and expensive, last night ' s dinner, multiplied by millions and even billions, could offer a wealth of materials that could provide energy, fertiliser and even recycled water. and the technologies involved could include solar, microwaves and nanotechnology. the toilet ' s future, said macleod, is analogous to what has happened with telephones over the past two decades. in the same way that mobile phones skipped a generation in the developing world, a similar story could unfold with toilets. instead of wasteful flush toilets replacing filthy pit latrines, a future commode that uses modern technology could generate economic opportunity across the globe. rather than a massive revamp of centuries - old infrastructure in cities, macleod envisions decentralised water technology systems where waste would be separated very close to its source. could such a contraption resemble a washing machine at the back of a house, where recycled water and fertiliser flow out to separate pipes? could water, which is now generally a monopoly controlled by one central authority, follow the path of computing and telephony and become managed at a more decentralised level? the shift in viewing sewage as a valuable resource rather than waste will require a massive rethink by government, business and consumers. but a nascent clean technology sector focused on the reinvention of the 150 year old toilet is already taking hold. entrepreneurs have started to cash in : the gates foundation has announced the first round winners of its \" reinvent the toilet challenge \" and durban will host the world toilet summit this december. the future commode, waterless and, for now, a wizardly concept, will bring wealth to a new", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5233029777764835, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T11:31:41.518483"} {"text": "one of the key tenets of generally accepted accounting principles ( gaap ) is the matching principle. the matching principle states that companies should report associated costs and benefits at the same time. if a company buys a $ 300 million cruise ship in 1982 and then sells tickets to passengers for the next 30 years, the company should not report a $ 300 million expense in 1982 and then ticket sales for 1982 through 2012. instead, the company should spread the purchase price of the ship ( the cost ) over the same time period it sells tickets ( the benefit ). to create income statements that meet the matching principle, accountants use an expense called depreciation. so, instead of reporting a $ 300 million purchase expense in 1982, the company might : report a $ 30 million depreciation expense in 1982, 1983, 1984... and every year after that for the 30 years the company expects to sell tickets to passengers on this cruise ship. to calculate depreciation, a company must make estimates and choices such as : the cost of the asset the useful life of the asset the salvage value of the asset at the end of its useful life and a way of spreading the cost of the asset to match the time when the asset provides benefits the range of different ways of spreading the cost under gaap accounting is too long to list. however, public companies in the united states explain their depreciation choices to shareholders in a note to their financial statements. it is critical that investors read this note. investors can find this note in the companys 10 - k. past depreciation expenses accumulate on the balance sheet. most public companies choose not to show this contra asset account on the balance sheet they present to shareholders. instead, they simply show a single item. this single asset item may be marked net. such as property, plant, and equipment - net. it is actually the asset account netted against the contra asset account. a contra asset account is an account that offsets an asset account. so, for example a company might have : property, plant, and equipment - gross : $ 150 million accumulated depreciation : $ 120 million property, plant, and equipment - net : $ 30 million in this case, the only item likely to be shown on the balance sheet is property, plant, and equipment - net. this is the cost of the companys property, plant, and equipment ( asset account ) minus the accumulated depreciation ( the contra asset account ). it means the companys assets cost $ 150 million, the company has reported", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5070630273251091, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T11:31:41.523687"} {"text": "this article was originally published in the july / august 1996 issue of home energy magazine. some formatting inconsistencies may be evident in older archive content. | back to contents page | home energy index | about home energy | home energy magazine online july / august 1996 try these on for size : the 60 - unit building in the photo above houses middle - income families. as part of a study conducted in new york city, researchers monitored the building ' s hot water consumption, which fell into the medium usage category under the 1995 ashrae guidelines. energy professionals have long been frustrated by the lack of reliable data for sizing domestic hot water ( dhw ) equipment in multifamily buildings. to be on the safe side, many designers oversize the equipment, resulting in systems with higher equipment costs, operating costs, and energy use. now ashrae has incorporated data from recent studies into new guidelines for properly sizing dhw systems. using previous ( pre - 1995 ) ashrae guidelines resulted in serious undersizing ( see figure 1 ). in practice, however, dhw systems and combined heating / dhw boilers are often oversized by 30 % - 200 %, according to the new york city department of housing preservation and development, energy conservation division. discussions with designers in other parts of the country revealed similar oversizing. what happens is that the individual responsible for installing a boiler will often size it with a what was there before, looks like..., or other rule - of - thumb method. even when they do try to calculate the loads, designers use enormous safety factors because they know the dhw demands estimated with the old methods tend to undersize ( see evolution of an oversizing rule ). the safety factors cause considerable oversizing even when the space heating portion is calculated properly, which is rarely the case. i ' ve seen factors that double the size of the boiler relative to the space heating load ( a rule of thumb that is particularly inaccurate for the new york climate ). many of these methods were initially based on the pre - 1995 ashrae approach. i once sat down with the vp of marketing and one of the design engineers for a prominent manufacturer and asked them how the data sheets in their catalog determine system size. they replied the ashrae handbook method. after running some calculations, we found that in fact their results were somewhere between two to three times greater than the results obtained using the handbook method. what probably happened was that the engineer who had written the sizing sheets ( many years ago ) started with the handbook", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5220390505135479, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T11:31:41.593511"} {"text": "some calculations, we found that in fact their results were somewhere between two to three times greater than the results obtained using the handbook method. what probably happened was that the engineer who had written the sizing sheets ( many years ago ) started with the handbook values as a base. but from his experience, he recognized that the numbers were not sufficient to meet a building ' s demand, so he added a safety factor based on that experience. subsequently, as the catalog has been revised, each engineer given the responsibility to update the sheets has said to himself or herself, well, i ' m not going to be responsible for there not being enough hot water in a building and has added another safety factor on top of the previous one. and then the chief engineer in charge of the revision says, i ' m not going to be responsible for there not being enough hot water... and adds yet another safety factor. thus over time these values have in some cases become grossly inflated. to aggravate this already bad situation, the contractor on the job may look at the data sheets and say, well i ' m not... and add another level of so - called safety factor. the job then gets sized out and a call is made to the warehouse, whose staff, feeling like all the other parties, applies the next - size - up approach before sending the heater / boiler out to the job site. the 1995 guidelines also take a new approach. rather than a single value for volume of water used per apartment, they offer a range of values for different types of users. the residents or likely residents of a building are separated by their demographic characteristics into three usage categories : low, medium, or high ( lmh ). additionally, the usage factors are provided per capita rather than per apartment. this reflects the fact that people, not apartments or square footage, use water. to help in the design process, the new ashrae tables give more detailed levels of consumption for the peak 5 minutes and the peak 15 minutes ( the old tables had only 60 - minute peak values ). these values more closely represent the instantaneous demand peak that a building will experience. using the new method the first step in calculating dhw demand is to determine the demographic profile of the project and building occupants. different types of building occupants consume hot water in fairly predictable patterns. users can be lumped into one of the three typical lmh categories of water consumers. table 1 lists a variety of occupant classifications, one or a combination of which should", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5237863835719478, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T11:31:41.595205"} {"text": "types of building occupants consume hot water in fairly predictable patterns. users can be lumped into one of the three typical lmh categories of water consumers. table 1 lists a variety of occupant classifications, one or a combination of which should describe the occupants of any particular multifamily building. for example, a luxury condominium in an area inhabited predominantly by young couples will tend to fall into the all occupants work category of low anticipated water consumption. by contrast, a low - income housing project will generally fall somewhere between the low income and no occupants work categories of high - volume water consumption. an abundance of hot - water - consuming appliances, such as clothes washers or dishwashers, will tend to increase hot - water consumption. if the condominium building example above intended, or allowed, the future installation of a clothes washer in each unit, the demographic category should be augmented from low to medium. it is up to the system ' s designer to determine this category. once this lmh factor has been determined, values for hot - water consumption can be selected from table 2. values are indicated per capita in peak or maximum flows of 5 minutes, 15 minutes, one hour, two hours, three hours and one day, as well as average daily flow. from these values, anticipated demand can be determined for the estimated maximum building population. | table 1. demographic characteristics correlation to dhw consumption | | demographic characteristics | | usage factor | no occupants work public assistance and low income ( mix ) family and single - parent households ( mix ) high percentage of children higher population density one person works, one stays home all occupants work | table 2. national dhw sizing guidelines ( low - medium - high ) | | hot water demands and use for multifamily buildings | | maximum hour | | peak 15 minutes | | maximum day | | average day | | low | | 2. 8 gal ( 10. 5 l ) / person | | 1 gal ( 4 l ) / person | | 20 gal ( 76 l ) / person | | 14 gal ( 53 l ) / person | | med | | 4. 8 gal ( 18 l ) / person | | 1. 7 gal ( 6. 4 l ) / person | | 49 gal ( 185 l ) / person | | 30 gal ( 114 l ) / person | | high | | 8. 5 gal ( 32. 5 l ) / person | | 3 gal ( 11. 5 l ) / person | | 90 gal ( 340 l )", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5453830301656322, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T11:31:41.596354"} {"text": ") / person | | 30 gal ( 114 l ) / person | | high | | 8. 5 gal ( 32. 5 l ) / person | | 3 gal ( 11. 5 l ) / person | | 90 gal ( 340 l ) / person | | 54 gal ( 205 l ) / person | | peak 5 minutes | | peak 30 minutes | | maximum 2 hours | | maximum 3 hours | | low | | 0. 4 gal ( 1. 5 l ) / person | | 1. 7 gal ( 6. 5 l ) / person | | 4. 5 gal ( 17 l ) / person | | 6. 1 gal ( 23 l ) / person | | med | | 0. 7 gal ( 2. 6 l ) / person | | 2. 9 gal ( 11 l ) / person | | 8 gal ( 31 l ) / person | | 11 gal ( 41 l ) / person | | high | | 1. 2 gal ( 4. 5 l ) / person | | 5. 1 gal ( 19. 5 l ) / person | | 14. 5 gal ( 55 l ) / person | | 19 gal ( 72 l ) / person | | note : these volumes are for dhw delivered to the tap at 120of. | | sources : data from chapter 45 : service hot water, in 1995 ashrae handbook : hvac applications, atlanta : ashrae, 1995, and goldner, f. s., and d. c. price. domestic hot water loads, system sizing and selection for multifamily buildings. in 1994 aceee summer study on energy efficiency in buildings proceedings, 2. 105 - 2. 116. berkeley : american council for an energy - efficient economy, 1994. | author fredric goldner discusses meter equipment with building superintendent john perkins. the meter he is pointing to monitors hot water recirculation, and above it is a domestic hot water consumption meter. the number of occupants per apartment should be estimated based on local standards or regulations. for example, in a given city, studios may accommodate two persons ; one - bedroom apartments, three persons ; two - bedroom apartments, three to five persons ; and so on. in buildings where corrective maintenance cannot be done, a safety factor of 20 % - 30 % may be employed to compensate for poorly maintained fixtures and distribution piping. however, this should be done only in extreme cases. the figures presented in table 2 are for centrally fired systems ; individual apartment water heater systems are likely to have", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5202592084788208, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T11:31:41.597223"} {"text": "- 30 % may be employed to compensate for poorly maintained fixtures and distribution piping. however, this should be done only in extreme cases. the figures presented in table 2 are for centrally fired systems ; individual apartment water heater systems are likely to have lower levels of consumption because the resident usually pays for fuel directly, which encourages conservation. there isn ' t a set of values for individual systems in ashrae, but a suggested rule of thumb for sizing these would be to use a low - end estimate for a single - family home load. ashrae based its 1995 guidelines ( published in the 1995 hvac applications handbook ) on new research conducted in new york city ( see collecting usage data in new york city ) as well as data from studies in seven other areas of the united states and canada. both research and practical experience in different areas of north america indicate that there are variances in dhw use among geographical locations. there is, however, no distinctive pattern that can be identified with the available data. the joint ashrae / aspe ( american society of plumbing engineers ) domestic hot water design manual, to be published this fall, will go into greater depth than the ashrae standards, including the patterns of consumption and demand derived from the new york study. becoming familiar with these patterns can help designers choose the best equipment and help auditors troubleshoot related system problems. collecting usage data in new york city the data were collected by computerized heating controllers, which monitored burner on - off times and the following temperatures : apartment air, outdoor air, boiler water ( aquastat ), and dhw. eight buildings had additional monitoring equipment installed to record stack temperature, boiler makeup water flow, dhw flow in 15 - minute increments, oil flow, and dhw temperature before and after the mixing valve and on the return line. in 1993, we equipped a subset of three of the sites to record dhw flow in 5 - minute increments and to record recirculation flows. this was done to get a more precise picture of short - term / instantaneous demand peaks and to collect the missing information necessary to create an accurate simulation of real - time operations. we collected data in these three buildings for 100 days. emra also collected building operation and tenant information from superintendents and property managers via questionnaires and interviews, and building and apartment occupancy records. we conducted energy audits to determine the type and condition of equipment and buildings. within the new york research, we tried to include a variety of building", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5501619946833817, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T11:31:41.598383"} {"text": "and property managers via questionnaires and interviews, and building and apartment occupancy records. we conducted energy audits to determine the type and condition of equipment and buildings. within the new york research, we tried to include a variety of building sizes, income levels, ethnic backgrounds, and locales. the study buildings are characteristic of the older and predominant stock of the over 120, 000 new york city multifamily buildings. the buildings range in size from 17 to 103 apartments in either five or six above - ground stories. these buildings were built before 1902 or between 1902 and 1928. all have combination steam - space - heating and dhw - generating steel tube boilers, which use primarily # 4 or # 6 oil in air - atomizing burners. dhw is generated by a tankless coil just under the surface of the boiler water. energy use analysis for further details, a copy of report no. 94 - 19, energy use and domestic hot water consumption : phase 1, is available from nyserda. tel : ( 518 ) 465 - 6251, ext. 250. figure 2. seasonal variations in weekend consumption, gallons per person ( composite of data from new york city apartment buildings ). there is generally a slightly higher daily consumption on weekends than on weekdays. this holds true in all seasons. the average weekend daily consumption is 7. 5 % greater than the average weekday daily consumption. weekday and weekend hot - water consumption patterns have distinct differences ( see figure 3 ). weekdays have little overnight usage ; a morning peak ; lower afternoon demand ; and an evening or nighttime peak. weekends have just one major peak, which begins later in the morning and continues until around 1 pm to 2 pm. the usage then tapers off fairly evenly through the rest of the day. the weekend peak is greater than any of the weekday peaks. the highest peaking level occurs during winter weekends. thus, the best tactic for an engineer who has the time and money to custom - design a retrofit system is to monitor current consumption for two or three winter weekends to determine a building ' s actual peak usage, rather than estimating it with table 2. a system designed to meet these draws should satisfy all other year - round requirements. two morning peaks occur on the weekdays, the first between 6 am and 8 am and the second between 9 : 30 am and noon. individual buildings tend to exhibit one of these two peaks. generally, the buildings with large numbers of working tenants and middle - income populations experience the early morning peak,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.543174553339581, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T11:31:41.599599"} {"text": "first between 6 am and 8 am and the second between 9 : 30 am and noon. individual buildings tend to exhibit one of these two peaks. generally, the buildings with large numbers of working tenants and middle - income populations experience the early morning peak, while buildings with many children exhibit the later morning peak ( especially during the summer period ). this knowledge of flow patterns can come in particularly handy when troubleshooting hot water complaints. for instance, a large fluctuation in water temperature at a time when the usage was extremely low recently helped me to identify a problem with a faulty hot water coil. if the fluctuation was observed only during a high usage period, the cause - perhaps an undersized coil or a problem with the mixing valve - would have been harder to determine. although recirculation pumps should be sized to meet each individual building ' s requirements, common practice is one size fits all. thus we found the same pump size at all sites. ( a methodology for proper pump size selection can be found on page 45. 5 of the 1995 ashrae hvac applications handbook. ) our monitoring showed that water consumption has an inverse relationship with recirculation flow. in the overnight period, when there is little or no consumption, the pump reaches its maximum capacity rate. designers should consider this and the flow curves in figure 3 when choosing between recirculation control strategies ( see the best boiler and water heating retrofits, he sept / oct ' 95, p. 27, and controlling recirculation loop heat losses, he jan / feb ' 93, p. 9 ). a new study investigating three very low - cost approaches to reduce recirculation system losses while maintaining resident comfort and satisfaction should be completed in early 1997. peak demands and average consumption in the new york city buildings, the average hourly consumption is only 42 % of the consumption in the peak hour. instead of sizing a system to be able to provide the peak demand, it ' s possible to generate and store hot water during the periods of average and below - average demand to meet the peak. this could be accomplished by installing a system with a heater designed to generate the average hourly load, running essentially continuously, and providing enough storage tank capacity to store unneeded hot water during the night and furnish it during periods of peak demand ( such as morning shower time ). figure 4. parts of three - hour peak and 60 - minute peak consumption. the 5 -, 15 -, 60 -, 120 -, and 180", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5522171207015729, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T11:31:41.600586"} {"text": "the night and furnish it during periods of peak demand ( such as morning shower time ). figure 4. parts of three - hour peak and 60 - minute peak consumption. the 5 -, 15 -, 60 -, 120 -, and 180 - minute peak demand times coincide with each other. these volumes should therefore be addressed as different ( time length ) measurements within the same peak dhw draw, so the system can be designed to satisfy this load. an instantaneous system designed to meet the peak 5 - minute draw will have no problem meeting the rest of the load. generation and storage systems should be designed both to provide hot water for the average load and to meet the short, sharp peaks. step 1. compute the maximum potential occupancy, based on local standards and expectations, and conversations with the building owner or manager. step 2. determine the low, medium, or high ( lmh ) usage factor of the building ' s occupants from table 1, based on knowledge of the building, conversations with the building owner or manager, and observations. consider the effect of either currently installed or potential future additions of appliances that might move a building up to a higher usage category. based on the information above, the medium usage factor was selected. step 3a. compute the system load using the 5 - minute peak demand values in table 2. 1 / boiler system load conversion temp rise combustion efficiency dhw load 1, 663 gal / hr x 8. 33 lb / gal x 90of x 1 / 0. 8 ( 80 % ce ) = 1, 558, 439 btu / h instantaneous dhw - only heater. the 1, 558, 439 btu / h should be the size of the dhw heater. ( note that a higher combustion efficiency should actually be used for sizing an instantaneous heater ; use 85 % or the efficiency specified in the equipment documentation. ) combination heat / dhw boiler. when sizing a tankless coil in a combination heat / dhw system, the 1, 663 gallons per hour is the coil size to be ordered. the 1, 558, 439 btu / h is the additional load capacity for dhw to be added to the space - heating load to size the boiler. ( in an existing steam heating distribution system, the space - heating load should be computed by the edr - equivalent direct radiation - methodology. ) generation and storage system step 3b. compute the system load using the peak 30 - minute and", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5403361650390668, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T11:31:41.601906"} {"text": "boiler. ( in an existing steam heating distribution system, the space - heating load should be computed by the edr - equivalent direct radiation - methodology. ) generation and storage system step 3b. compute the system load using the peak 30 - minute and maximum three - hour hot water values in table 2. step 4b. next, convert the load into equipment ratings. estimating consumption in existing buildings step 3c. calculate system load using the average day values in table 2. if the current practice of defensive oversizing is applied to the new guidelines, this will only exaggerate the capital and energy inefficiencies experienced in the past. it is therefore important for the designer to recognize the inherent safety nets in the new approach. the most significant of these is that the method uses the building ' s maximum potential occupancy, which may never actually occur. also, using the new guidelines, an engineer designs a system to satisfy the higher - volume but short - duration peaks ( not delineated in the old guidelines ), which occur only a few times during the year. even if the system were not able to satisfy that load, the problems would probably be minor - for instance, the occupants might experience slightly lower temperature hot water at their taps a few times per year. the main question concerning acceptance and use of the new guidelines is whether the designers and energy professionals are comfortable with their reliability and professional backing. ashrae ' s technical committee 6. 6 ( service hot water ) was the main force in the call for a new sizing tool based on the vast quantity of real - time data that has been collected. the new joint ashrae / aspe domestic hot water design manual, scheduled for publication this fall, should also provide substantial support for those who wish to size systems properly. it includes a how - to sizing guide for 17 different building types - from residential buildings to commercial, industrial, and recreational facilities. further reading chapter 45 : service hot water, in 1995 ashrae handbook : hvac applications, atlanta : ashrae, 1995. goldner, f. s. dhw system sizing criteria for multifamily buildings. ashrae transactions 100, no. 1 ( january 1994 ) : 147 - 65. goldner, f. s. energy use and dhw consumption research project, report no. 94 - 19. final report : phase 1. prepared by energy management and research associates for new york state energy research and development authority, november 1994. goldner, f. s., and d", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5228290614179494, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 8, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T11:31:41.603924"} {"text": "homeopathy is based on the observation that substances that are capable of causing disorders of the mind or body in healthy people can be used in dilute form as medicines to treat similar disorders in someone who is ill, whatever the cause of the illness. allium cepa derived from onions can be taken as an example. contact with raw onions causes lacrimation, stinging and irritation around the eyes and nose. allium cepa can therefore be prescribed to patients with hay fever with the same symptoms. the key to successful homeopathic treatment is identifying the similarity between the effects of the original substance in healthy people and the pattern of the illness in the individual who is ill. this is called the similia principle. homeopathic medicines must be customized to match the individual with that disease, a process that is called \u2018 individualisation \u2019. the very same disease in another patient will most often be cured with an entirely different medicine. thus we could have two different medicines that cure two different patients with identical conventional diagnoses. the word \u2018 individualisation \u2019 is emphasized because any particular disease or illness, although it may have a particular form of pathology, actually manifests itself differently in individual patients. the pattern of clinical symptoms and signs will differ in some details from person to person. this is true of the actual condition itself, but even more so if incidental factors like changes in mood, thirst, appetite, reaction to temperature, and other body functions are taken into account. the characteristic actions of the homeopathic medicine must match these individual characteristics of the illness if it is to have a therapeutic effect. homeopathy is based on the philosophy that the body, mind and emotions are not really separate and distinct, but are actually fully integrated. based on this perspective, a homeopathic doctor seeks a medicine that fits all of a patient \u2019 s physical and psychological symptoms. the action of homeopathic medicines is to enable the natural self - regulating mechanisms in the mind and body to function more efficiently, and to mobilize and reinforce the healing resources, which already naturally exist. actually, instead of defeating or covering up diseases, it facilitates healing. choosing the right prescription is like choosing the precise key needed to switch on this process. homeopathy does not seek to remove or suppress symptoms. its goal is to recognize and remove the underlying cause of these symptoms. this is why a homeopathic doctor will work towards understanding the whole person \u2014 including their body, mind and emotional state \u2014 before prescribing a medicine. when accurately implemented, home", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5426756745685064, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T11:31:41.612893"} {"text": "in this article i will describe a basic aspect of homeopathy \u2019 s spiritual understanding of health and disease : the view that disease arises from a fixed adaptation to a past situation that no longer exists in the present. homeopaths view health and disease as states of being that are either appropriate for the situation ( healthy ) or inappropriate for the situation ( unhealthy ). the state of being that we adopt from moment to moment can be regarded a \u2018 posture \u2019 that is either suitable or unsuitable for the present moment of existence. an unsuitable posture kept for too long manifests as chronic disease, whereas a short - lasting one causes acute symptoms or weakens the organism until it is susceptible to infectious influences. disease arises from memory of a past state that no longer exists conventional medicine is based on a materialistic view of life. health is compared to a well - functioning machine, while disease is viewed as a malfunction in some part of the machine. homeopathy is based on a spiritual view of life. health is the ability to respond freely and creatively to all situations encountered throughout life, whereas disease is any restriction on this ability. samual hahnemann, the originator of homeopathy, discovered through lifelong clinical observation that disease could often be traced to a \u2018 mistunement \u2019 created during a past stressful episode in the life of the organism or its ancestors. he concluded that the memory of this past state was the real cause the suffering that we experienced through physical and psychological symptoms. health is the flexibility to successfully adapt to all life situations rajan sankaran ( author of the spirit of homoeopathy ) describes disease as an \u201c unsuitable posture \u2026 adopted by the organism in order to survive in a perceived situation. \u201d what is a \u201c perceived situation \u201d? to answer this, let \u2019 s first look at an example he gives of a real situation : if you are lifting a heavy bag and you have to walk with that heavy weight, in order that your back does not break, you have to bend in the direction opposite to the bag. so, your body adopts a posture to survive in this situation. this posture is healthy, it is going to do you good, in this situation it is needed, and as long as the bag is heavy, the posture has to be maintained. hence, we see that posture is an adjustment. as long as this adjustment is in proportion to the existing situation, as long as it is suitable to this situation, and as long as the situation or exciting factor remains, this adjustment cannot and", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.5670300834707056, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T11:31:41.623210"} {"text": "maintained. hence, we see that posture is an adjustment. as long as this adjustment is in proportion to the existing situation, as long as it is suitable to this situation, and as long as the situation or exciting factor remains, this adjustment cannot and should not be corrected. life can be viewed as a series of adaptations : one situation flows into another, and each time a different posture is adopted to suit the new situation. health is the flexibility to correctly adapt to any situation that arises throughout our life journey. an unhealthy posture arises from adaptation to a perceived situation that is not really present. this adaptation can be either inappropriate for the situation or appropriate for the situation but of disproportionate intensity. sankaran illustrates these possibilities as follows : when a man is being chased by a lion, the posture of running fast, being afraid, etc. is appropriate since his survival depends upon it. however, if a man is in the same state without a lion chasing him, or he adopts the same posture even if a little dog chases him, or he is in such a pain that he cannot think ( a reaction far in excess of what is needed in the situation ) then this state is to be removed by treatment. the unsuitable posture is hidden behind physical and psychological symptoms so long as an unhealthy posture is held over from the past, the person is precluded from adopting an appropriate posture for the present situation. this is considered a state of disease in homeopathy, whether or not there are clear physical or psychological symptoms that warrant medical treatment. this means, on the one hand, that homeopathy is a powerful healing tool in cases where the patient feels distress yet there are no discernible medical abnormalities. on the other hand, during the clinical encounter between patient and homeopath the disease state does not automatically reveal itself as an unhealthy posture. in most clinical situations the patient will present with vague discomfort or with one or more physical and psychological complaints. during the homeopathic intake the homeopath must therefore ask many questions in order to lead the patient to reveal the unsuitable posture that he or she continuously adopts in all life situations. this posture, which most of us do not have a direct awareness of, is the underlying reason for the existence of the clinical complaint that induces people to seek homeopathic treatment in the first place. how do unsuitable postures arise? an unsuitable posture originates from an adaptation to a past situation that is maintained even though it is no longer applicable to", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.5303009639986163, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T11:31:41.624316"} {"text": "the existence of the clinical complaint that induces people to seek homeopathic treatment in the first place. how do unsuitable postures arise? an unsuitable posture originates from an adaptation to a past situation that is maintained even though it is no longer applicable to the situation. this happens when the past situation has exceeded the organism \u2019 s resilience. such situations generally fall into one of the following categories : - a past traumatic event, - childhood or cultural habits that have powerfully impressed themselves on the organism, or - inherited spiritual impressions \u2014 known in homeopathy as \u201c miasms \u201d \u2014 that long ago left their mark on one \u2019 s parents or earlier ancestors. resilience can be understood by analogy with a steel spring : just as a steel spring can be bent and absorb many small shocks and still recover its original form, a person can absorb many stresses yet maintain his underlying state of health throughout the stressful period. but beyond a certain threshold, excessive stress deforms the spring and causes it to lose its elasticity. a person exposed to excessive stress will likewise carry the spiritual impression or \u2018 deformation \u2019 due to the past stress and will no longer be fully \u2018 elastic \u2019 and responsive to the present situation. homeopathic treatment frees us from unsuitable postures we all continually adopt postures in order to survive in different life situations or in an attempt to create a reality that we imagine to be desirable. but if we remain fixed in a posture that is no longer appropriate for the situation ( for any of the reasons cited earlier ) to the point that we are unable to respond appropriately to situations that arise in the present, we may then become aware of an uncomfortable sensation at the level of our spirit. if we do not free ourselves of the fixed posture eventually we experience more obvious psychological discomfort, physical symptoms, or both. in sankaran \u2019 s words : disease is thus seen as an affection of the whole person, as a posture adopted as a survival mechanism to suit a particular situation which does not exist at the moment. this posture makes us react to the present in an unsuitable way due to our false perception of it. such an unsuitable and disproportionate reaction to the situation naturally causes a constant stress on the organism, and the stress aggravates the pathology or brings the tendency to a particular pathology into activity. health is the ability to feel ok in all situations. a posture is an adaptation for feeling ok under a specific situation. unless one is able to switch postures freely from moment to moment, a person will only", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.5297582498307055, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T11:31:41.625864"} {"text": "tendency to a particular pathology into activity. health is the ability to feel ok in all situations. a posture is an adaptation for feeling ok under a specific situation. unless one is able to switch postures freely from moment to moment, a person will only feel ok when the fixed posture happens to coincide with ( be suitable for ) the situation. in terms of the model i \u2019 ve just presented, homeopathic treatment releases the hold of the unsuitable posture that prevents free - flowing adaptation to the present moment. by raising awareness of the inappropriateness of the fixed posture to the point that a person can choose to abandon it in favour of another posture, homeopathic remedies assist in the release of inappropriate life habits that manifest physically or psychologically. once this happens, full resilience is restored and the person is able to handle life as it comes \u2014 adopting appropriate postures as needed and shifting away from them as soon as the situation is over \u2014 without undue stress. read related articles : - the 7 essential factors in forecasting the length of homeopathic treatment of chronic diseases - medical suppression of symptoms and its homeopathic cure - diving into \u201c the spirit of homoeopathy \u201d - this is why homeopaths emphasize clinical results over theory - the influence of vitalism on naturopathic medicine - the distinction between classical homeopathy and naturopathic medicine - the how and what of homeopathic remedies - the followup appointments - basics of the homeopathic prescription - basics of homeopathic case analysis", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5662318742279234, "token_count": 309, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T11:31:41.626591"} {"text": "nasa cyber attacks on the increase : report according to nasa ( the national aeronautics and space administration ), in recent years, it has become an increasingly popular target for high - tech hackers. in 2007 and 2008, china was suspected to have hacked into nasa satellites, though no formal evidence linking china to the attacks has been brought forward. the agency says its systems were hacked approximately thirteen times in 2011 alone. \" the threat to nasa ' s information security is persistent and ever - changing, \" noted congressman paul braun at a recent meeting of the house science, space and technology subcommittee. \" unless nasa is able to continuously innovate and adapt, their data systems and operations will continue to be in danger. \" ( source : usatoday. com ) nature of attacks varies widely the number of hacker infiltrations into nasa data systems continues to grow. since 2010, for example, there have been a variety of startling breaches of nasa ' s security networks. these include such issues as interference with earth observation satellites terra and landsat - 7, and the cyber theft of personal records associated with 150 nasa employees. in a separate attack, hackers gained access to the personal records of those associated with nasa ' s jet propulsion lab, located in pasadena, california. then there was the very public case of a texas man who last year plead guilty to hacking nasa computers and then preventing the agency ' s workers from accessing important oceanographic information. nasa too big for security budget? the problem with lack of security appears to be associated with nasa ' s enormous organizational size. although the space organization is popularly linked with the space shuttle program, nasa ' s scope is actually much larger : online, it manages roughly 3, 400 websites and maintains approximately 176, 000 unique email addresses. protecting these assets is a huge challenge, and many observers are starting to wonder if the $ 58 million nasa spends annually on network security is going to be enough, moving forward. \" some nasa systems house sensitive information which, if lost or stolen, could result in significant financial loss, adversely affect national security, or significantly impair our nation ' s competitive technological advantage, \" said paul martin, nasa ' s inspector general. ( source : reuters. com ) free ebook : the windows 7 guide : from newbies to pros. in this 46 page guide you will be introduced to windows 7 and what it has to offer. it will teach you about the new taskbar, how to resolve software compatibility issues, how to customize windows aero, and explain what the windows 7 libraries", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5107296278608515, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T11:31:41.684370"} {"text": "the soul of a new hand tool hand levels are one of the standard tools in the kits of house builders, plumbers, and many other tradespeople. until 1990, all levels were bubble - type spirit levels. but in that year, a california carpenter, andy butler, and some silicon valley engineers patented a new level that depended on high - tech electronics to show digitally the precise angle of the surface being checked. the \" smartlevel, \" as the new tool was named, found a market among users of traditional levels who needed precise degree measurements. butler and his colleagues, more interested in developing a new idea than amassing a fortune, sold the smartlevel line and moved onto new projects. in 1995, the lemelson center supported oral history interviews with andy butler and other key individuals involved with the development, manufacture, and marketing of this new generation of digital hand tool. additional interviews with smartlevel principles outside california are forthcoming. at the conclusion of the project, the interviews, an archive of original documents, drawings, photographs, and other records, several generations of smartlevels, hardware store display elements, and sales training videotapes will be preserved in the archives center of the national museum of american history. for more information on this collection, email the archives center. originally published in fall 1995.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.5308138999097993, "token_count": 266, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T11:31:41.698896"} {"text": "any sort can turn a kid ' s life around. recent scientific studies confirm what jerome ' s mother has noticed. a few studies stand out : - second graders who used piano keyboard training in conjunction with computer software designed to teach math scored 27 percent higher on math tests than children who used only the computer software, according to neurological research journal, march 1999. - students who were involved in instrumental music in middle school and high school had \" significantly higher levels of mathematics proficiency by grade 12, \" according to data from the u. s. department of education. moreover, this was true regardless of the students ' socioeconomic status. - students with music performance experience scored 57 points higher on the verbal and 41 points higher on the math sat tests than those who had no such experience, while students with music appreciation coursework scored 63 points higher on verbal and 44 points higher on math than those who took no such courses, according to the college entrance examination board. davis does not pretend to have a magic wand. some kids drop out of the musicalive program. many schools cannot afford it ( at the victor herbert school, in fact, davis provided the program for free, as a kind of pilot venture ). but davis and his longtime business partner, mark ingram, believe they ' re on to something. \" we began to realize that there was a problem out there in america ' s schools, and that we were subconsciously ignoring it, \" says ingram. \" whole generations of kids have been lost. kids are failing. they ' re disconnected from learning for a lot of reasons, so we needed to find a way to reconnect them to learning. and we believe we have found it by using their favorite tool - - music. \" the results, says victor herbert music teacher milton gardner, are unmistakable. \" you can see the kids changing, \" says gardner. \" i just wish more kids could get a chance to get involved. \" a different approach realistically speaking, however, struggling, inner - city schools that need jazz instruction the most are, by definition, the ones least able to afford it. which is why the jazz for young people curriculum created by jazz at lincoln center, in new york, may come as a godsend to schoolkids across the country ( including those at the chicago public schools, where it currently is being evaluated by administrators ). unlike davis ' musicalive, which was explicitly created to save at - risk kids, the lincoln center program has been conceived to increase jazz literacy among youngsters of all kinds. and while davis", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5136505906683893, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T11:31:41.733893"} {"text": "diver a is lowered 28 feet below the surface of the ocean. she swims down another 6 feet. what integer expresses her position compared to the ocean ' s surface? find the curve ' s unit tangent vector. also, find the length of the indicated portion of the curve. r ( t ) = ( t ) i + ( 2 / 3 ) t ^ ( 3 / 2 ) k, 0 less than or equal to t less than or equal to 8 how do you simplify 29 over 9 i am in 5th grade and we are to find out who invented the order of operation. i understand how to use it and found web sites, but i am unable to locate who invented it. what about this science is great fun you get to use chemicals but safety is first is this better? had to write a haiku related to science, is this ok? chemicals make boom chemicals should not be ate it makes good science thank you! i have to write a haiku related to science, not sure what i need to do. please help. are the prime factors 2, 2, 3? what are the prime factors of 12? in photosynthesis, plants form glucose and oxygen from carbon dioxide and water. 6co _ 2 + 6h _ 2o - - > c _ 6h _ 12 _ o _ 6 + 6o _ 2 a ) calculate deltah rxn at 15 degree c b ) calculate deltas rxn at 15 c ) calculate deltag rxn at 15 thanks! for further reading", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5478517469581354, "token_count": 310, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T11:31:41.758675"} {"text": ", but some say there are countries beyond, each country being a thousand years \u2019 journey. the seven earth, which are five hundred years \u2019 journey from each other, are situated one beneath the other, and each of these seven regions has its special occupants. the occupants of the first are men, genii, and animals ; the second is occupied by the suffocating wind which destroyed the infidel tribe of \u2018 ad ( surah lxix 6 ) ; the third is filled with the stones of hell, mentioned in the qur \u2019 an ( surah ii 22 ; lxvi 6 ) as \u201c the fuel of which is men and stones \u201d ; the fourth by the sulphur of hell ; the fifth by the serpents of hell ; the sixth by the scorpions of hell, which are in size and color like black melons, and have tails like spears ; and the seventh by the devil and his angels. out earth is said to be supported on the shoulders of an angel, who stands upon a rock of ruby, which rock is supported on a huge bull with four thousand eyes, and the same number of ears, noses, mouths, tongues, and feet between every one of each is a distance of five hundred years \u2019 journey. the name of this bull is kujuta, who is supported by an enormous fish, the name of which is bahamut. the above is but a brief outline of the muslim belief as regards the earth \u2019 s formation ; but the statements of muslim commentators are so wild on the subject, that it seems quite useless to quote them as authorities, for they contradict each other in endless variety. based on hughes, dictionary of islam", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.519883830522176, "token_count": 339, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T11:31:41.762576"} {"text": "given that sad is so tied to the seasons and to sunlight in particular, you might predict that people who live in places with cold, dark winters would be more likely than people living in sunny climes to experience sad. you ' d be right. for example, the rate of sad in new hampshire has been estimated at 10 %, whereas less than 2 % of people living in florida suffer with the condition. in fact, i ' ve known many patients over the years who only developed sad when they left places like florida to live further north. in this way, sad is the quintessential environmental disorder - - no winter, no sad. but that is not the whole story. like all psychiatric conditions, sad occurs at the intersection of genes and environment, of nature and nurture. this point has been brought home by several remarkable studies showing that people in iceland have remarkably low rates of sad, despite living in one of the darkest winter environments on earth. even more remarkably, people of icelandic descent living in the prairie provinces of canada have far lower rates of sad than their fellow non - icelandic canadians, which greatly strengthens the argument that icelandic people carry an as - yet - undiscovered genetic factor that protects against sad. we don ' t know what causes sad, although abnormalities in multiple brain regions have been repeatedly observed in studies. the neurotransmitter serotonin seems to be implicated, as does melatonin, one of the hormones most involved in the onset and offset of sleep. perhaps most intriguingly, several studies suggest that the eyes themselves might contribute to the risk of developing sad, given that the eyes of people with sad respond differently to light. there also seems to be a strong association between being affected by the seasons and having heightened creative abilities. i was a practicing psychiatrist before i fully admitted to myself that i suffered from mild sad. in fact, i didn ' t really believe it until i bought my first light box and turned it on one fall. the results were amazing. thirty minutes in front of a bright light ( 10, 000 lux to be exact ) and my brain and body felt like they ' d been transported back to summer. my mind knew it wasn ' t true, but that didn ' t matter ; the melancholy was gone. of course, my experience is hardly unique, and if you suffer from winter depression you really owe it to yourself to buy a light box and give it a try. you might also look into dawn simulators, which have also been shown to treat sad.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5384399978655507, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T11:31:41.780117"} {"text": "behavioural ( or \" behavioral \" ) theory in psychology is a very substantial field : follow the links to the left or right for introductions to some of its more detailed contributions impinging on how people learn in the real world. how i have the effrontery to produce a single page on it amazes even me, whatever my reservations about it! - behaviourism is dominated by the constraints of its ( naive ) attempts to emulate the physical sciences, which entails a refusal to speculate about what happens inside the organism. anything which relaxes this requirement slips into the cognitive realm. - much behaviourist experimentation is undertaken with animals and generalised. - in educational settings, behaviourism implies the dominance of the teacher, as in behaviour modification programmes. it can, however, be applied to an understanding of unintended learning. for our purposes, behaviourism is relevant mainly to : - skill development, and - the \" substrate \" ( or \" conditions \", as gagne puts it ) of learning is the process of reflex learning \u2014 investigated by pavlov \u2014 through which an unconditioned stimulus ( e. g. food ) which produces an unconditioned response ( salivation ) is presented together with a conditioned stimulus ( a bell ), such that the salivation is eventually produced on the presentation of the conditioned stimulus alone, thus becoming a conditioned response. this is a disciplined account of our common - sense experience of learning by association ( or \" contiguity \", in the jargon ), although that is often much more complex than a reflex process, and is much exploited in advertising. note that it does not depend on us doing anything. such associations can be chained and generalised ( for better of for worse ) : thus \" smell of baking \" associates with \" kitchen at home in childhood \" associates with \" love and care \". ( smell creates potent conditioning because of the way it is perceived by the brain. ) but \" sitting at a desk \" associates with \" classroom at school \" and hence perhaps with \" humiliation and failure \"... if, when an organism emits a behaviour ( does something ), the consequences of that behaviour are reinforcing, it is more likely to emit ( do ) it again. what counts as reinforcement, of course, is based on the evidence of the repeated behaviour, which makes the whole argument rather circular. learning is really about the increased probability of a behaviour based on reinforcement which has taken place in the past, so that the antecedents of the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5793418060206436, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T11:31:41.834394"} {"text": "of course, is based on the evidence of the repeated behaviour, which makes the whole argument rather circular. learning is really about the increased probability of a behaviour based on reinforcement which has taken place in the past, so that the antecedents of the new behaviour include the consequences of previous behaviour. the schedule of reinforcement of behaviour is central to the management of effective learning on this basis, and working it out is a very skilled procedure : simply reinforcing every instance of desired behaviour is just bribery, not the promotion of learning. withdrawal of reinforcement eventually leads to the extinction of the behaviour, except in some special cases such as anticipatory - avoidance learning. two points are often misunderstood in relation to behaviourism and human learning : - the scale : although later modifications of behaviourism are known as s - o - r theories ( stimulus - organism - response ), recognising that the organism ' s ( in this case, person ' s ) abilities and motivations need to be taken into account, undiluted behaviourism is concerned with conditioning and mainly with reflex behaviour. this operates on a very short time - scale \u2014 from second to second, or at most minute to minute \u2014 on very specific micro - behaviour. to say that a course is behaviourally - based because there is the reward of a qualification at the end is stretching the idea too far. - its descriptive intention : perhaps because behaviourists describe experiments in which they structure learning for their subjects, attention tends to fall on ideas such as behaviour modification and the technology of behaviourism. however, behaviourism itself is more about a description of how [ some forms of ] learning occur in the wild, as it were, than about how to make it happen, and it is when it is approached from this perspective that it gets most interesting. it accounts elegantly, for example, for ways in which attempts to discipline unruly students actually make the situation worse rather than better. ( this point is heretical! ) for human beings, reinforcement has two components, because the information may be cognitively processed : in many cases the \" reward \" element is less significant than the \" feedback \" information carried by the reinforcement. applied to the theory of teaching, behaviourism ' s main manifestation is \" instructional technology \" and its associated approaches : click below for useful guides. up - dated 26 feb 2011", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5257760812327834, "token_count": 474, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T11:31:41.835370"} {"text": "there are several problems with te modules used in waste heat recovery applications. first, the te modules themselves are not very efficient ; although some heat energy gets converted into electricity, still much of it is wasted. the next problems have to do with construction of the module itself and durability in its desired environment. inside a te module, semiconductors are soldered in series to copper pads to conduct the electricity. they are limited by temperature ; in many situations where waste heat recovery would be the most desirable, higher temperatures exist than the melting point of the solder used to hold the modules together. the modules would literally melt and fall apart. another problem has to do with the coefficient of thermal expansion ( cte ). when the module is heated, brittle intermetallics form due to the diffusion of ni ( the coating ) into the substrate ( bi2te3 ). the cte of the newly formed ni2te3 is drastically different from the cte of the surrounding materials. it is easy to see how the shear stresses at the interface generated by high or cyclic temperatures would have a tendency to crack the brittle intermetallic that forms in the modules. see project details. currently, most of the processes commonly used in bridge fabrication are fusion welding processes. the problem with fusion welding is that molten and resolidified metal in the weld deposit remains as - cast microstructure in the structure and has mechanical properties greatly dependent on chemistry / dilution and cooling rates. these processes inherently have a potential for creating weld discontinuities such as solidification cracking in the fusion zone [ figure 1 ] or gas and slag entrapment. generic concerns remain in haz grain coarsening and loss of toughness in fusion welds. see project details.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5766805121605961, "token_count": 360, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T11:31:41.839605"} {"text": "definition of indigo bird 1. noun. small deep blue north american bunting. generic synonyms : bunting group relationships : genus passerina, passerina indigo bird pictures click the following link to bring up a new window with an automated collection of images related to the term : indigo bird images lexicographical neighbors of indigo bird literary usage of indigo bird below you will find example usage of this term as found in modern and / or classical literature : 1. ornithological biography by john james audubon ( 1832 ) \" the indigo bird arrives in the southern states from the direction of mexico, along with its relative the painted finch, and is caught in trap - cages,... \" 2. the american cyclopaedia : a popular dictionary of general knowledge by charles anderson dana ( 1874 ) \" indican has occasionally been found in tho urine when no indigo has been taken. the dose is from 30 to 120 grains. indigo bird... \" 3. the new england farmer by samuel w. cole ( 1854 ) \" the beautiful and cheerful songster known to our ornithologists as the purple linen or american linnet, is now frequently seen with the indigo bird,... \" 4. the united states of america : their history from the earliest period ; their by hugh murray, james nicol ( 1844 ) \"... oriole \u2014 rice - birds \u2014 indigo - bird \u2014 nonpareil \u2014 carolina parrot \u2014 woodpecker \u2014 cuckoo \u2014 passenger pigeon \u2014 turtle - dove \u2014 turkey \u2014 quail \u2014 ruffed grouse \u2014 crane \u2014... \" 5. the review of education ( 1902 ) \"... printed the following, size 7x10, suitable for framing. two cents each ; the twelve for 20 cents. 1001 gold - finch tanager, indigo bird. 1007 red fox.... \" other resources relating to : indigo bird", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5117814186262566, "token_count": 388, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T11:31:41.843789"} {"text": "what is optometry? optometry focuses on the study of vision and eye health. an optometrist conducts eye examinations, prescribes corrective lenses, and diagnoses and prescribes treatment for eye conditions. optometrists should not be confused with ophthalmologists, who are medical doctors trained to perform corrective eye surgery, or opticians, who are trained to grind lenses but not licensed to examine or treat patients. optometry is tightly regulated by boards that vary by state. an optometrist may practice a subspecialty, such as pediatric optometry, ocular disease and noninvasive vision therapy. when should i visit an optometrist, and what conditions does an optometrist treat? visit an optometrist for annual eye examinations to ensure healthy eyes, good vision and to catch any problems early. visit the optometrist immediately if you are experiencing eye problems such as red and painful eyes, swollen or flaky eyelids, spots or floaters in your eyes, sensitivity to light, blurred vision or any other discomfort, as these may indicate a serious eye problem. common eye conditions an optometrist treats include acanthamoeba ( bacterial infection ), myopia ( nearsightedness ), hyperopia ( farsightedness ), astigmatism ( blurred vision ), computer vision syndrome, blepharitis ( inflammation of the eyelids ), cataracts, conjunctivitis ( \u201c pink eye \u201d ), diabetic retinopathy ( a sight - threatening condition brought on by diabetes ), dry eye, glaucoma, or macular degeneration ( vision loss ). optometrists also test peripheral awareness ( side vision ), eye coordination, depth perception, the ability to focus on an object, and color vision. what is considered good vision? while the term \u201c 20 / 20 \u201d is the standard by which normal vision is measured, it does not refer to perfect vision. it is a term used to express a normal level of clarity of vision, which is measured at a distance of 20 feet. if you have 20 / 20 vision, you can see clearly at 20 feet what a person with normal vision should be able to see at that distance. if you have 20 / 80 vision, you must be as close as 20 feet to see what someone with normal vision can see at 80 feet. what preventative measures can i take to", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5132626944147141, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T11:31:41.866559"} {"text": "person with normal vision should be able to see at that distance. if you have 20 / 80 vision, you must be as close as 20 feet to see what someone with normal vision can see at 80 feet. what preventative measures can i take to preserve my eyesight? certain vitamins and nutrients contribute to healthy eyes and good vision, including lutein / zeaxanthin ( green leafy vegetables ), vitamin c ( fruits and vegetables ), vitamin e ( nuts and sweet potatoes ), and zinc ( liver or zinc supplements ). these nutrients are credited with reducing the risk of certain eye diseases, including cataracts and age - related macular degeneration. on the job, be sure to wear eye protective gear if you work around dust, projectile objects, etc. if you are working at a computer all day, there is risk of developing computer vision syndrome due to eye strain. to prevent this condition, position the center of the computer screen at least 4 to 5 inches below eye level and at least 20 inches away from your face. use an anti - glare screen to minimize glare. for every 20 minutes you are on the computer, look into the distance for 20 seconds to rest your eyes, and also rest your eyes for 15 minutes after every two hours of computer use.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5017299425346307, "token_count": 260, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T11:31:41.867231"} {"text": "slot - missing class object slot - name operation & optional new - value = > result * slot - missing ( class t ) object slot - name operation & optional new - value arguments and values : class - - - the class of object. slot - name - - - a symbol ( the name of a would - be slot ). operation - - - one of the symbols setf, slot - boundp, slot - makunbound, or slot - value. the generic function slot - missing is invoked when an attempt is made to access a slot in an object whose metaclass is standard - class and the slot of the name slot - name is not a name of a slot in that class. the default method signals an error. the generic function slot - missing is not intended to be called by programmers. programmers may write methods for it. the generic function slot - missing may be called during evaluation of slot - value, ( setf slot - value ), slot - boundp, and slot - makunbound. for each of these operations the corresponding symbol for the operation argument is slot - value, setf, slot - boundp, and slot - makunbound respectively. the optional new - value argument to slot - missing is used when the operation is attempting to set the value of the slot. if slot - missing returns, its values will be treated as follows : affected by : none. the default method on slot - missing signals an error of type error. defclass, slot - exists - p, slot - value the set of arguments ( including the class of the instance ) facilitates defining methods on the metaclass for slot - missing.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.536450325751858, "token_count": 336, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T11:31:41.868984"} {"text": "| back behavioral enrichment | animals have emotions and feelings. in some respects, animals have basic physical and mental health needs which are similar to our own. they include food, shelter, and in many cases, privacy for breeding as well as general peace and quiet for just doing ' their own thing '. in the wild, much of the animal ' s mental health has to do with eating, or being eaten. in the comfortable environment of a zoo, devoid of predators and competitive pressures, animals get bored easily. and boredom is a zoo animals greatest enemy, affecting both their physical and mental health. behavioral enrichment tries to evoke the natural stresses of the wild and bring out the animals natural instincts and reflexes. these techniques aim to stimulate all of the senses, mostly through the use of food and feeding styles. one enrichment technique is to suddenly change the features of an animal ' s enclosure. this adds zest to the animal ' s life as it tries to figure out what happened, and to reclaim the enclosure as its territory. in many species, especially the mammals, play is serious business. it is vital to ensure a good state of mental health in the animals. an essential element for most wild animals is competition with other species. this is the thinking that lies behind lupazoo ' s preference for mixed exhibits, displaying more than one species together. the resulting heightened alertness leads to livelier behavior.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5019135946224571, "token_count": 282, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T11:31:41.880533"} {"text": "date uploaded : november 1, 2008, 12 : 56 pm last edited : december 11, 2012, 12 : 10 am print this article article \u00a9 mail user : inventor there are different ways to weave spheres in chainmaille. you can weave triangles and stitch them together or make reductions of increasing frequency to get something fairly spherical, or you can wrap a spherical object with maille. these techniques work well enough given the appropriate weave as the rings will relax into an approximately spherical shape. but what if we want to make really small spheres, or really spherical spheres? what if we want a sphere that is hollow yet solidly rigid instead of flexible? in that case we need to use the right weave, ring, and material combination, and we also need to know the exact number of rings per row that will create a true sphere. i once created a basket using the reduction method. it turned out nice and round, kind of hemispherical, but not exactly. the night after completing it, i dreamed and awoke with an epiphany! i had realized the math behind making a perfectly spherical chainmaille sphere, or at least as perfect as you can reasonably get. i owe my undergrad calculus teachers a debt of gratitude for teaching me how to set up calculus problems, because the sphere math is based on the way that you set up a spherical surface area calculation. actually you can understand it with only trigonometry, no calculus required ( whew ). the math that caused a light bulb to turn on above my head is illustrated in the figure below. i ' ll spare you the derivation details, but basically the four equations on the upper right are obtained from the drawing on the left, and when you solve them you get the equation in the box, which is repeated below : m = ( 2 * pi * r / ( kh * d ) ) * cos ( ( kv * d / r ) * n ) where the variables are : r is the radius of the sphere d is the inside diameter of the rings kh is the horizontal proportionality constant of the weave kv is the vertical proportionality constant of the weave n is the row index m is the number of rings to put on the nth row. the proportionality constants are a measure of how dense the weave is in each direction. well, technically they are inversely proportional to ring density so they are a measure of how loose the weave is. whatever. you find the proportionality constants for a given weave and ring combination by weaving", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5434806233148851, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T11:31:41.896887"} {"text": "how dense the weave is in each direction. well, technically they are inversely proportional to ring density so they are a measure of how loose the weave is. whatever. you find the proportionality constants for a given weave and ring combination by weaving a rectangular patch and then calculating how much of an inside diameter each ring spans. so the simplest possible weave, ordinary chain link, has a proportionality constant of exactly 1 because each ring spans one inside diameter. for a more practical explanation, let ' s say you are using 1 inch rings ( for simplicity ' s sake ) and you observe that it takes 20 rings to span 10 inches. then your proportionality constant would be ( 10 \" / 1 \" ) / ( 20 rings ) which equals 0. 5. clear as mud? good. for an example we will use kingsmaille ( european 8 in 2 ) with 14 ga 3 / 8 \" rings. because we are working with kingsmaille, which is a double weave, we will call each double ring of the kingsmaille a pair and do all our calculations in terms of pairs, not rings. otherwise it gets even more confusing than it already is, sheesh! i have experimentally determined the values of kh = 0. 74 and kv = 0. 895 for this weave. we will make a three inch diameter sphere, so r = 1. 5 \". the inside diameter of the rings, d, is 3 / 8 \". plugging these into the equation we get : m = 34 * cos ( n / 4. 5 ) we start with the equator at n = 0 and calculate m which is the number of pairs to weave into the equator. then we increment n to 1 and solve for the number of pairs to weave into the rows that are adjacent to the equator. then we do n = 2, and so on until we get either zero or a negative number at which point we stop and discard that last value of m because it is non - physical. if we were to solve for theta and plug in those values of n, we would find that m = 0 corresponds to theta equal to exactly 90 degrees, and negative values of m correspond to theta greater than 90 degrees. we are only interested in the region of theta from 0 to 90 degrees. the table for this example is shown below : 0 | 34 1 | 33 2 | 31 3 | 27 4 | 21 5 | 15 6 | 8 7 | 1 this means that we will make a sphere starting at the equator with", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5559269413851489, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T11:31:41.897937"} {"text": "to 90 degrees. the table for this example is shown below : 0 | 34 1 | 33 2 | 31 3 | 27 4 | 21 5 | 15 6 | 8 7 | 1 this means that we will make a sphere starting at the equator with 34 pairs, then weave rows above and below the equator that get smaller and smaller until we reach row 7 with 1 pair. that 7th row presents us with a problem : how is a row with only one pair going to look? it would be kinda weird to just have two rings on a row at each pole of the sphere. the solution is to adjust the radius of the sphere to a slightly smaller value than 1. 5, say 1. 45 for example. then we get six pairs on the row six and a negative value for row 7. this will leave us with a circle of rings with a small hole at the poles of the sphere, and due to the tightness of the weave the rings will hold each other in place without the need for a specially sized ring to gather them together. i find that to be kinda kewl that it works out that way. a sphere similar to the example sphere is shown below : obviously the sphere will have an odd number of rows. there is a different form of the equation for making a slight variation on the theme, spheres that have an even number of rows such that the equator actually lies on the joining boundary between two rows instead of the center of the largest row. the equation for a sphere with an even number of rows is : m = ( 2 * pi * r / ( kh * d ) ) * cos ( ( kv * d / r ) * ( 2n + 1 ) / 2 ) where you begin with n = 0 as before, but n = 0 corresponds to the two rows that surround the equator. really, though, you wouldn ' t want to make a sphere with an even number of rows unless you had a special reason to do so. that ' s because for a european weave sphere, an odd number of rows allows you to weave the first three rows all at once using the ordinary way of starting a european weave. after that it ' s pretty much going to be oraat ( one ring at a time ), unfortunately. i suppose in special cases if you got to where you were mass - producing a specific sphere design, you could slip in some closed rings at the right locations between reductions, but aside from that it ' s oraat for spheres. there are some details about the weaving technique that", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5275028078013477, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T11:31:41.899022"} {"text": "kingsmaille, it is ideal for the last row to have half of the ring pairs as the next - to - last row, and avoid spheres with very low ring count in the last row. third, with a kingsmaille sphere you make the reductions by putting a single ring in place of a pair in two adjacent pair positions, or in other words you space the reduction over two adjacent pairs. if you make your reductions by removing a whole pair then you may have trouble getting the rings in the next row to span the gap properly, or at least i did. fourth, when you get to the final row or the final few rows at the poles of a kinsmaille sphere, you can spread out the pairs into twice as many single rings. if you look closely at the photos you will see the last row is woven with individual rings instead of more sparsely positioned ring pairs. unless you have a huge sphere, there is typically a large number of reductions relative to the number of rings on the last row, so you can do that and it works out well. oh, one more trick : for a european weave such as kingsmaille, start by weaving a band with the number of pairs in the equator, then * remove * rings to form the reductions on the rows adjacent to the equator. if you don ' t do it that way you ' ll probably get a tangled mess like i did until i figured that trick out. along the same lines, you may find it easier to remove those row 1 reduction rings on one side only, add row 2 on that side, then remove the reduction rings on the other side and finally add row 2 to the second side. this way the reduction rings of row 1 help to hold the equator together while you weave row 2 and this prevents unwanted twisting of the equator at the reduction sites. also, unless you are making a hemisphere, i recommend weaving equally in both directions as you move away from the equator. that is, weave the equator and its adjacent rows as a band first, then weave row 2 on both sides of the band before moving on to row 3. this way you will have your reduction spacing fresh in memory and you can make both hemispheres precise mirror images of each other. this also helps the rings relax into the correct positions relative to each other so you get a sphere, not an egg. to further help the rings relax into position, smoosh the work around a bit after adding each row. in addition to causing the rings to equalize in position, smooshing", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.524366657799331, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T11:31:41.901053"} {"text": "to each other so you get a sphere, not an egg. to further help the rings relax into position, smoosh the work around a bit after adding each row. in addition to causing the rings to equalize in position, smooshing or rolling or squeezing the band is a nice relaxing thing to do in between all that tedious weaving - it ' s very tactile, like squeezing a stress reliever ball. wait, there ' s one more tip. you may find that using tie wraps to mark the reduction locations is very helpful. that way you only have to count once, not repeatedly count as you go along. this also reduces annoying mistakes, which minimizes the chance that you will throw the dang thing across the room in frustration! i save my bread tie - wraps for this purpose, didn ' t you always wonder what you could do with those things besides throw them away? at this time the only weave and ring combination that i have discovered to work is kingsmaille with 14 ga 3 / 8 \" rings, and i have had success with both aluminum and bronze. you can also mix aluminum and bronze on the same sphere. materials with more springback may not work. i tried 12 ga 1 / 2 \" rings but that made a loose sphere that collapsed into a pumpkin shape. an even worse mistake in a european 6 - in - 1 attempt made such a loose, flexible sphere that i just left one end off and declared it to be a small spherical bag. my suggestion for experimenting with new weave and ring size / material combinations for spherical spheres is to select combinations that produce a semi - rigid sheet. too loose and you get a bag, too rigid and your sphere will become too tight to weave at some point and you will end up with something akin to a bracelet. of course, you might actually * want * a spherical bag or a spherically shaped rigid bracelet, in which case i say go for it! if you really want to discover new spherical sphere weave / ring combinations, i suppose you could start by weaving a rectangle of the known good combination ( kingsmaille with 14 ga 3 / 8 \" rings ). then you can make rectangles of proposed choices and compare them in terms of flexibility. after all, you ' re going to need a small patch anyway to measure for the values of the horizontal and vertical proportionality constants. ( shouldn ' t you be able to base good combinations for the same weave off of the ar? that is, use the ar of your 14 ga", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.5314211275697618, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T11:31:41.902190"} {"text": "need a small patch anyway to measure for the values of the horizontal and vertical proportionality constants. ( shouldn ' t you be able to base good combinations for the same weave off of the ar? that is, use the ar of your 14 ga 3 / 8 \" rings to find other kingsmaille combos - - ed. ) in my early attempts i made just tiny patches to estimate the constants, then jumped ahead into making the spheres. this didn ' t work out all that well because the constants were not accurate since they were measured from too small a patch ( or just guesstimated, yikes! ), and also because i had no feel for the flexibility of the weave in sheet form compared to the known good weave / ring combination. so once again i suggest that you learn from my mistakes and make patches with about 50 or 100 rings first - save yourself the grief of weaving failed spheres! the spherical derivation assumes a constant radius and a row slope with a tangent that passes through the origin, but you can break those rules if you want. if you can mathematically describe another shape in spherical or cylindrical coordinates such as an egg or an ellipse, or a ming dynasty vase, then you can derive a mathematical expression that tells you exactly how many rings per row to weave in order to create that shape. in my case, college was about 20 years ago and i have forgotten most of the math that i used to know, so i will leave that exercise to the more mathematically inclined among us. also, i imagine that you may not need to describe the entire shape mathematically, just each row. for example you could draw a cross - section of a vase and measure the radius at each row height with a ruler, then calculate the rings per row from that by multiplying by 2 * pi and dividing by kh * d. for this approach to work, you would have to account for sloped rows not having the full row height because they are leaning to one side or the other. that could be done by simply breaking up the curve into equal line segments of the appropriate length for the proportionality constant that you are using. for example draw your cross - section with line segments equal to the vertical proportionality constant times the inside diameter of your rings. that way you get both the horizontal * and * the vertical measurements correct. now i really should stop there, but i ' ll go just one step further. if we abandon the cylindrical symmetry altogether, we could possibly create a way to describe just", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.533501228916659, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T11:31:41.903299"} {"text": ". that way you get both the horizontal * and * the vertical measurements correct. now i really should stop there, but i ' ll go just one step further. if we abandon the cylindrical symmetry altogether, we could possibly create a way to describe just about * any * contoured shape we want. it might be practical to do the shape of a person ' s head with nose, eyes, mouth, chin, hair, etc. all described as a very complicated set of reductions. a wide variety of sculpture could be created in rigid sheet maille using this method. in fact, i believe that someone with enough education and programming skill could turn any arbitrary mesh description of a surface into chainmaille form. i ' ll leave that epiphany to someone else though, just doing spheres was challenging enough for me! you can make really round, rigid - shell, spherical spheres with a little math and a lot of patience by following the instructions in this article. the technique works well even for small spheres that cannot be made with other techniques such as weaving triangular sections together. there are many suggested tricks and techniques for ensuring that your spheres turn out well and don ' t end up as unfinished lumps of rings. so far the trusted weave is kingsmaille with 14 ga 3 / 8 \" aluminum or bronze rings, but you should be able to utilize your personal mailling wisdom to create spheres of other weaves, ring sizes, and materials. also, it should be possible to create non - spherical objects such as eggs, ellipses, and vases by using math and / or drawing it out on paper. be creative, have fun, and don ' t weave too much or you ' ll start dreaming about the intricate dance of math and rings like i did! enjoy your sphere - weaving adventure! original url : http : / / www. mailleartisans. org / articles / articledisplay. php? key = 507", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.541603075094775, "token_count": 395, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T11:31:41.904829"} {"text": "each school system is required by the code of maryland regulations to provide school psychological services. ( comar 13a. 05. 05. 04. 04 ) the school psychology program is a comprehensive continuum of services and activities based on psychological principles. the goal of the program is to prevent or remediate educational, emotional, or behavioral problems by identifying, analyzing, and reporting psychoeducational needs through consultation, observation, or through psychological and educational assessment. comprehensive school psychological services are comprised of diverse activities in concert with the activities of teachers, administrators, school counselors, and other school staff. these activities complement each other and are most accurately viewed as being coordinated rather than as separate services. the continuum of services and activities include but are not limited to ; q consultation - - meeting with school staff and parents on issues involving psychological principles related to curriculum development, learning, and student development. q psychological counseling \u2014 providing individual or group evidence - based interventions with students or parents. q psychological assessments \u2014 the process of obtaining data about an individual student in accordance with acceptable, valid practices with the purpose of identifying factors that may impact on a student \u2019 s ability to learn or function in a school setting. q professional development \u2014 provide training for school staff and parents to enhance their capacity to implement strategies and create learning environments that maximize the ability of students to learn in school. q program development \u2014 assist school systems in implementing innovative practices such as instructional consultation and positive behavioral interventions and supports. the school psychology specialist at the maryland state department of education assists the local school systems in promoting students ' learning and mental health, and developing the skills of school psychologists across the state through technical support and consultation.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.5379704410625799, "token_count": 335, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T11:31:41.916127"} {"text": "this article is - freely available epidemiology, molecular epidemiology and evolution of bovine respiratory syncytial virus facultad de medicina veterinaria y zootecnia, universidad nacional autonoma de mexico, circuito exterior, ciudad universitaria, delegacion coyoacan, mexico d. f. 04510, mexico consejo estatal para la prevencion y control del sida - centro ambulatorio para la prevencion y atencion del sida e its ( coesida - capasits ) oaxaca, mexico instituto de diagnostico y referencia epidemiologicos, carpio 470, col. santo tomas, mexico d. f. 11340, mexico * author to whom correspondence should be addressed. received : 29 october 2012 ; in revised form : 22 november 2012 / accepted : 23 november 2012 / published : 30 november 2012 abstract : the bovine respiratory syncytial virus ( brsv ) is an enveloped, negative sense, single - stranded rna virus belonging to the pneumovirus genus within the family paramyxoviridae. brsv has been recognized as a major cause of respiratory disease in young calves since the early 1970s. the analysis of brsv infection was originally hampered by its characteristic lability and poor growth in vitro. however, the advent of numerous immunological and molecular methods has facilitated the study of brsv enormously. the knowledge gained from these studies has also provided the opportunity to develop safe, stable, attenuated virus vaccine candidates. nonetheless, many aspects of the epidemiology, molecular epidemiology and evolution of the virus are still not fully understood. the natural course of infection is rather complex and further complicates diagnosis, treatment and the implementation of preventive measures aimed to control the disease. therefore, understanding the mechanisms by which brsv is able to establish infection is needed to prevent viral and disease spread. this review discusses important information regarding the epidemiology and molecular epidemiology of brsv worldwide, and it highlights the importance of viral evolution in virus transmission. keywords : brsv ; global distribution ; genotypes ; evolution article statisticsclick here to load and display the download statistics. notes : multiple requests from the same ip address are counted as one view. cite this article mdpi and acs style sarmiento - silva, r. e. ; nakamura - lopez, y. ; vaughan,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5087734436898388, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T11:31:41.926242"} {"text": "so that is seen by the body ' s immune system as an invader ( antigen ). the immune system initiates an allergic response and cause inflammation of the skin in the sun - exposed areas. these usually resemble eczema and are generally chronic ( long - lasting ). many drugs in this family are topical drugs. this type of photosensitivity may recur after sun exposure even after the drug has cleared from the system and can sometimes spread to areas of the skin unexposed to the sun. reviewed by melissa conrad stoppler, md on 7 / 18 / 2012 medical author : melissa conrad stoppler, md k. hecht, phd most people are understandably confused when it comes to choosing a sunscreen because of the baffling array of available choices. common questions about how high should the spf be? should it block uva or uvb? does it matter whether it is a gel, cream, or spray? should it be water - resistant or waterproof? spf stands for sun protection the spf numbers on a product can range from as low as 2 to as high as 60. these numbers refer to the product ' s ability to screen or block out the sun ' s burning rays. the spf rating is calculated by comparing the amount of time needed to produce sunburnon protected skin to the amount of time needed to cause a sunburn on unprotected skin. the higher the spf, the greater the sun protection.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5150548860296613, "token_count": 300, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T11:31:41.933690"} {"text": "consider which groups of children in the uk are disproportionately affected by socio - economic disadvantage, and to consider the likely impact of government policy on children in these groups. this gives legal force to the previous government \u2019 s commitment to eradicate child poverty by 2020 and will compel successive governments to account for what they are doing to achieve that goal. breakfast clubs are just the tip of the iceberg on how current policies are affective children in poverty. sign the petition on change. org to speak up for this vulnerable group and to make changes happen for the better for these children. check out the girl effect. the girl effect is about girls. and boys. and moms and dads and villages and towns and countries. girls living in poverty are uniquely capable of creating a better future. but when a girl reaches adolescence, she comes to a cross roads. follow the campaign at girleffect. org resources to help you integrate teaching on women ' s health in a global context into your university curriculums. if you are interested in learning more, raising awareness and campaigning on maternal and child health issues such as preventing premature births, female genital mutilation, mother - to - child transmission of hiv, malnutrition and many other problems so many mothers and children face around the world, then please join the new maternal and child health national working group! contact firstname. lastname @ example. org to get involved", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5153468165856327, "token_count": 290, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T11:31:41.939315"} {"text": "mit team finds that the ratio of component atoms is vital to performance. there are many ways to define power, but manuel castells, distinguished visiting professor of technology and society, defines power as the ability to make people think the way you want them to think - - or to convince those who disagree that they can ' t do anything about it. \" the battle ( for power ) is in the people ' s minds, \" said castells, communication professor at the annenberg school for communication at the university of southern california, during a march 12 lecture on \" communication technology, media and power, \" part of the spring colloquium held by mit ' s program in science, technology and society. now, however, new information technology has shifted the battlefield, castells said. political battles have been traditionally waged in the \" public space \" of mass media - - television, newspapers and radio. the emergence of the internet and mobile informational technology \" has reshaped the public space. \" perhaps the most dramatic example of this shift is the mobile - phone video capturing sen. george allen ' s \" macaca \" remark. the video was widely distributed over the internet and allen was defeated, giving democrats a senate majority. but the internet is not just new technology, it ' s a new culture. italian prime minister silvio berlusconi misread that culture ; he sent a political text message just before an election to 30 million phones, thinking the phone was \" just like a tv, \" castells said. italians, who saw the phone as a personal device, thought otherwise, and berlusconi went down in defeat. \" throughout history, communication and information are fundamental sources of power and counterpower in our societies - - of both domination and social change, \" castells said. everything \" depends on how people think and what they believe in. \" that does not mean power is in the hands of the media. mass media is constrained by market forces ( \" they must win an audience \" ) and journalists ' own ethics. but mass media \" constitutes the space where power is decided, \" castells said. and \" what is not in the mass media does not exist. \" thus \" a political message is necessarily a media message, \" castells said. furthermore, the \" most powerful message is a simple message attached to an image. \" and that image is often a face. \" people vote for faces. \" indeed, character assassination has become a primary political tool all over the world ; with no scarcity", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.5609525710381349, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T11:31:41.956788"} {"text": ", the \" most powerful message is a simple message attached to an image. \" and that image is often a face. \" people vote for faces. \" indeed, character assassination has become a primary political tool all over the world ; with no scarcity of damaging material to dig up on opponents, media politics has become scandal politics, castells said. the result is a general mistrust of all politicians. democracy \" is at an historical low point, \" he noted. latin americans, for example, don ' t want dictatorships, but they don ' t like what they see of western democracy. the emergence of what castells calls \" mass self communication \" is changing political dynamics. instead of information passing from \" one to many, \" it may go from \" many to many \" - - whether via blogs, chat forums, wikis or places like myspace. consider some statistics : there are 60 million blogs worldwide ; one is created every second and 55 percent of new bloggers are still posting after a month. two - thirds of blog posts are in non - english languages. only 9 percent of blogs are strictly political ; still, that ' s a lot of blogging, he said. also, studies indicate an interest in the internet increases political interest and activity, he said. most importantly, the internet in - creases the belief that you have power. and the belief that you have power, in castells ' formulation, constitutes real power.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5065586219319725, "token_count": 293, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T11:31:41.958320"} {"text": "margaret atwood novelist / poet the united states has promoted individualism so much that the responsibilities of giving to a community, and vice versa, have been trampled by rampant individualism. canada hasn ' t gone in that direction of extreme individualism : my mortgage ; my bank account ; no pies when i hurt my leg, and i won ' t bring pies to you. americans tried to weld some sort of fellow feeling in all of this - - to shed their ethnic roots and be part of an american identity but, paradoxically, an individual. community as once proposed meant all americans. that was the myth. all were not included in it. richard rodriguez writer / commentator america is not based on a communal notion. it ' s a low church protestant culture whose major discovery was the individual face - to - face with god. our greatest myth is about a boy who leaves home with a runaway slave, has no mother and a drunken father. we don ' t know how to share our individualistic culture. there ' s nothing more american than for me to say i ' m better off because i ' m mexican, and i want to exclaim my distinction. if mexicans, people of mixed blood, really want to be subversive, they should say \" i ' m going to marry you, or your daughter. you ' ll eat my food, and we ' ll be friends. \" susan faludi journalist / feminist the ideal community for americans is often an escape from political engagement. europeans are so much more engaged. community here is running away to the suburbs. the media has become our pseudocommunity. people don ' t belong, but if they ' re part of a sound bite, they feel part of a larger world. it ' s the false idea of the media as a public forum, an idea encouraged by politicians. people take their intimate stories on tv talk shows, replacing political engagement and community, which would actually bind people, with psychology and therapy. e. l. doctorow novelist communities appear temporally rather than spatially. they form as circumstances demand, and when the emergency is over people go back to their semi - estranged mood. communal expressions that really matter on a day - to - day basis are probably made by people who have no thought of community. a surgeon who only wants to make money and live well and has a lousy bedside manner still contributes. the korean grocer on the corner who works hard trying to survive may feel a foreigner, but the store is a contribution to", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.506454225469425, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T11:31:41.999163"} {"text": "for community in all the wrong places. it ' s not goodwill and like - mindedness, it ' s daily experience in workplaces and neighborhoods and churches and civic groups. the sonoma county faith - based community organizing project is a prime example of concerned people coming together - - farmworkers, african - americans, whites of all classes, professionals, nuns, accountants, lawyers. they got together candidates for the school board, for example, and judged them on how well they listened to constituents ' concerns. it ' s a two - way process of public officials accepting accountability and citizens taking an active role. barbara kingsolver novelist there ' s no shame in depending on each other. there ' s heroism in ordinariness and connectedness and using relationship skills to get through difficult times, as opposed to the isolated heroism of the cowboy. look at the things in your living room or refrigerator and realize they were made by thousands of people on different continents. the lemons we buy at the grocery connect us with a food chain, with people coming up from mexico, being sprayed by pesticides. it ' s easier to see just a lemon, but only when we see the whole line can we feel connectedness and responsibility. harry edwards sociologist we need a new definition of community. we ' re a nation of nations ; we ' re not homogenous like japan. we need to look at pluralistic reality in terms of all interests, including white male, while recognizing the concerns of those in the minority opinion. it ' s good business to have everybody involved in the national life. a black community should produce students who can go to the universities equally - - without affirmative action or head start - - and it ' s in our mutual interest to see that the competence and quality are there to provide that equal opportunity. ellen goodman journalist there has always been a tension in the united states between individualism and community. the economy deals with us as individuals : you achieve success or you don ' t. we typically divided america into men as individualists and women as caretakers of the family and keepers of community - - until women had to go to work and saw themselves as individuals rather than as members. the baby boom generation broke from family ; there were so many of them it seemed like the whole country. now that they have families they have more longing for community. theodore roszak historian / author our culture builds bigger and bigger - - bigger forces, corporations, and trading alliances. the thrust toward the global in government, communications, and business goes against", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5139619471239381, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T11:31:42.001562"} {"text": "overcoming perceived gis resource limitations this module ( teaching with gis ) is designed to highlight gis concepts that may be added to many geoscience topics and exercises. in particular, we focus on using gis at the level of introductory geoscience ; however, many of the exercises and concepts may be applied in upper level courses as well. we will attempt to answer the following questions : do i need to be a gis wizard to introduce gis concepts in my courses? answer : no! there are numerous web - based mapping utilities, some of which are specifically designed for geoscience applications. in addition, consumer - grade gps devices and mapping software are both cheaper and easier to learn than the professional gis / gps tools. many students new to geoscience are unfamiliar with mapping concepts that we take for granted as professional scientists. even simple geographic and cartographic concepts can help them understand more complex gis tasks at a later stage. the introduction of hands - on map creation / interpretation exercises and the associated terminology can greatly enhance the learning experience of the students. aren ' t the hardware and software requirements of gis prohibitive at the introductory level? answer : no! there are many options that may be pursued despite resource limitations or student difficulties with computer tasks. below are some ideas on what can be accomplished with different levels of resource availability or student background. keep in mind that this site is focused on how we can introduce gis within existing introductory geoscience courses : hardware - limited options \u2014 there is little or no access to computers / internet or gps receivers by students and / or instructor within the classroom. the students often have access to computers and the internet in public labs or have personal computers. faculty usually have access to the internet on their computers and may have access to some gis software. - instructor generates maps for exercises / labs utilizing online resources - utilize traditional paper maps ( e. g. geologic maps ) to introduce concepts of data - driven maps - assign homework exercises that access online resources from student - owned or campus computer labs software - limited options \u2014 some access to computers / internet and gps receivers, but little or no gis software for student / instructor use in or out of the classroom. - instructor generates maps for exercises / labs from online sources or gis software. note that there is gis shareware available ( e. g. grass ( more info ) ). - gps use in lab exercises, particulary field labs - shareware utilities to download gps data to computer - ms excel or other software used to", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5063307004568178, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T11:31:42.019142"} {"text": "behind the buzz and beyond the hype : our nanowerk - exclusive feature articles posted : jun 28th, 2010 novel maskless e - beam technique a promising tool for engineering metallic nanostructures ( nanowerk spotlight ) the manufacture of certain types of nanostructures \u2013 nanotubes, graphene, nanoparticles, etc. \u2013 has already entered industrial - scale mass production. however, the controlled fabrication of nanostructures with arbitrary shape and defined chemical composition is still a major challenge in nanotechnology applications. it appears that electron beams from electron microscopes ( em ) \u2013 nowadays routinely focused down to the nanometer regime \u2013 are ideal candidates for versatile tools for nanotechnology ( see our recent nanowerk spotlight : \" direct - write process brings nanotechnology fabrication closer to mass production \" ). however, their usage is mostly restricted by the conditions in the corresponding electron microscopes, since most ems are housed in high vacuum chambers the unintended electron - beam - induced deposition of residual gases is a problem, as well as the maintenance of well defined sample conditions. researchers in germany have now presented a novel way to use a highly focused electron beam to lithographically fabricate clean iron nanostructures. this new technique expands the application field for focused electron beams in nanotechnology. \" we have developed a novel two - step process to locally generate iron nanostructures on a commercial 300 nm silicon oxide substrate at room temperature, \" hubertus marbach, a researcher at the universitat erlangen - nurnberg tells nanowerk. \" in the first step, the surface is locally activated by a 3 nm wide electron beam. the second step comprises the development of the activated structures by dosing an organometallic precursor, which then decomposes and grows autocatalytically to form pure iron nanocrystals until the precursor supply is stopped. \" using a more vivid picture, marbach says that one might think of the whole process as writing with invisible ink in the irradiation step, which is then made visible by the development step. \" besides the fantasy - stimulating application to write secret nanomessages in ultrahigh vacuum, the described effect might be the starting point for a whole new way to generate nanostructures. \" electrons as invisible ink. a siox surface can be locally activated with a focused electron beam ( 1 ) such that subsequently dosed [ fe ( co ) 5 ] decomposes ( 2 ) and auto", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5828100695524674, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T11:31:42.033039"} {"text": "to generate nanostructures. \" electrons as invisible ink. a siox surface can be locally activated with a focused electron beam ( 1 ) such that subsequently dosed [ fe ( co ) 5 ] decomposes ( 2 ) and autocatalytically grows to pure fe nanocrystals ( 3 ) at predefined positions until the precursor supply is stopped. a 3d representation of the sem data is in the background. ( reprinted with permission from wiley - vch verlag ) the major new aspect of this work is the local chemical activation, i. e. catalytic activation of an oxidic surface. the researchers use this process to locally dissociate adsorbed precursor molecules and then generate nanostructures with an electron beam ( a process that can be categorized as focused electron beam induced processing or febip, where the injection or removal of electrons can be used to trigger chemical processes, such as bond formation or dissociation ). the starting point of the present investigations was the so called electron beam induced deposition or ebid technique a special case of febip, where already adsorbed precursor molecules are locally dissociated with a focused electron beam, leaving a deposit of the nonvolatile dissociation products. to minimize the complications of unintended ebid of residual gases, the team followed a ' surface science approach ' where they worked under ultra high vacuum ( uhv ) conditions. this resulted in deposits with high purity. the cleanliness of the whole process, namely uhv conditions plus a well - defined surface, was identified as the key factor for the purity of the metallic nanostructures. in a previous paper, marbach and his team have described this technique ( \" electron - beam - induced deposition in ultrahigh vacuum : lithographic fabrication of clean iron nanostructures \" ) marbach explains that, in conventional applications, the high energetic primary electrons of the em beam are scattered in the sample. eventually, scattered electrons exit the surface again close to the impact of the electron beam. \" in ebid, this effectively leads to a widening of the deposit compared to the size of the beam \" he says. \" this ( proximity ) effect increases with an increase of the local electron dose. since our fabrication technique relies on catalytic and autocatalytic effects, the electron dose needed as a ' seed ' for the growth of the iron nanostructures can be minimized, thus reducing the mentioned proximity effect. in other words, our", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5802120565288769, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T11:31:42.034049"} {"text": "our fabrication technique relies on catalytic and autocatalytic effects, the electron dose needed as a ' seed ' for the growth of the iron nanostructures can be minimized, thus reducing the mentioned proximity effect. in other words, our approach might be suitable to produce smaller structures. \" ebid allows almost every combination of deposit material and substrate to be targeted since there is a large variety of precursor molecules and there are nearly no restrictions in regard to the substrate. in this specific work, the researchers ' aim was to generate clean iron nanostructures with potential applications in the field of data storage, sensor or information processing devices or as seeds for the localized growth of other nanostructures like carbon nanotubes or silicon wires. with their novel febip process they are now moving on to explore other oxide materials and precursor molecules. \" we propose our technique to pre - structure the surface by a local chemical modification as a general route to fabricate nanostructures, e. g. to locally anchor or activate functional molecules, \" says marbach. one challenge of the novel process is the rather low writing speed. marbach points out though, that there are considerable efforts underway to develop multibeam instruments which would boost the throughput of electron - beam - based techniques, e. g. at the tu delft ( mapper lithography ) and the european charpan project located in vienna.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.545724635925405, "token_count": 288, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T11:31:42.034628"} {"text": "the following html text is provided to enhance online readability. many aspects of typography translate only awkwardly to html. please use the page image as the authoritative form to ensure accuracy. learning science in informal environments : people, places, and pursuits ing in informal environments. first, the assessments should not be limited to factual recall or other narrow cognitive measures of learning, but should address the range of relevant capabilities ( depicted in the six strands ) that informal environments are designed to promote. second, the assessments used should be valid, providing authentic evidence of participants \u2019 learning and competencies. third, assessments of informal science learning should fit with the experiences that make these environments attractive and engaging ; that is, any assessment activities undertaken in informal settings should not undermine the very features that make for effective engagement, such as learner choice, voluntary participation, and pursuit of science - related interests. conclusion 14 : learning experiences across informal environments may positively influence children \u2019 s science learning inschool, their attitudes toward science, and the likelihood that theywill consider science - related occupations or engage in lifelong science learning through hobbies and other everyday pursuits. although, as discussed in conclusion 13, the committee has serious reservations about using academic measures to assess learning in informal settings, we did find evidence that these settings may support improvements in student achievement, attainment, and career choices ( see, for example, discussion of strand 2 in chapter 6 ). these outcomes reflect a degree of overlap between academic and informal settings. however, informal environments may particularly foster capacities that are unlikely to register traceable effects on conventional academic measures, notably around interest and motivation ( strand 1 ) and identity ( strand 6 ). toward a common field conclusion 15 : the literature on learning science in informal environments is vast, but the quality of the research is uneven, at leastin part due to limited publication outlets ( i. e., dedicated journalsand special editions ) and a lack of incentives to publish for manyresearchers and evaluators in nonacademic positions. although there is a tremendous body of evidence relevant to learning science in informal environments, there is a limited ( but growing ) number of peer - reviewed outlets for publication devoted to it. while many scholars publish in a variety of peer - reviewed journals in education, psychology, and museum studies, others are not in academic positions and hence receive few rewards for publication. at present, much of the literature that informs the science learning in informal environments has not undergone rigorous, systematic peer review. in fact, the committee observed enormous variety", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5617188539148203, "token_count": 509, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T11:31:42.037805"} {"text": "pulmonary hypertension ( ph ) refers to a condition in which high blood pressure exists within the vessels of the lungs. normally, venous ( low oxygen ) blood returns from the body to the right side of the heart where it is pumped to lungs via the pulmonary arteries. breathing brings oxygen to venous blood in the lungs, turning it into arterial ( high oxygen ) blood. arterial blood returns to the left side of the heart through the pulmonary veins where it is subsequently pumped to the rest of the body. healthy pulmonary arteries of the lungs are elastic, expanding and contracting with each beat of the heart. in ph, arteries stiffen and thicken, leading to increased resistance to blood passing through the vessel thereby increasing pressure. higher pulmonary pressure can lead to shortness of breath, low oxygen levels, chest pain, near - fainting / fainting, heart rhythm problems, and in its more advanced form, heart failure. pulmonary hypertension was previously classified as primary ( without obvious cause, or idiopathic ) or secondary ( occurring as a result of another disease ). although this terminology is still referenced in medical text, the revised world health organization classification system does away with these definitions and instead divides ph into 5 different categories based upon mechanism of disease. ph can occur in isolation or, more commonly, with diseases of the lungs and heart. ph in the absence of other diseases is very rare and generally idiopathic or familial in nature. this kind of ph is referred as pulmonary arterial hypertension ( pah ). ph is commonly associated with a variety of lung conditions characterized by low oxygen levels. these include emphysema, asthma, interstitial lung disease, chronic pulmonary blood clots or sleep apnea. when pulmonary hypertension arises from cardiac conditions such as heart failure, heart valve disease, or congenital heart disease, it is referred to a pulmonary venous hypertension. other important disease states associated with ph include connective tissue diseases ( scleroderma, lupus, rheumatoid arthritis ), sarcoidosis, hyperthyroidism, liver disease, sickle cell disease and bone marrow disorders. amphetamine use such as meth or the diet drug fen - phen has been linked to the development of ph. oftentimes multiple causes of ph are present.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5084268220451444, "token_count": 467, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T11:31:42.052444"} {"text": "a spell of poverty, about 83 percent of white children living in two - parent households headed by someone with at least a high school education will escape long - term poverty. in contrast, only 10 percent of poor black children in a household headed by a single woman without a high school diploma will avoid it. to explore the determinants of trends in poverty, the authors use data on state poverty rates over the period 1967 - 2003. possible explanations for changes in poverty include : changes in labor market opportunities, female labor force participation, family structure, and government assistance for the poor, and immigration. hoynes and her co - authors show that labor market opportunities are the major determinant of poverty. specifically, they find that the unemployment rate, median wages, and wage inequality in the lower half of the wage distribution all are significant determinants of poverty rates. overall, increasing the unemployment rate by 1 percentage point increases the poverty rate by 0. 4 to 0. 7 percentage points. increasing the median wage by 10 percent decreases the poverty rate by about 2 percentage points. increasing the ratio of the median wage to the average weekly wage in the 20 percentile of the wage distribution ( a measure of inequality ) by 10 percent increases the poverty rate by roughly 2. 5 percentage points. the strength of the relationship between these business cycle and labor market indicators and the poverty rate has declined in the past two decades, though. after 1980, the effects of unemployment, median wages, and wage inequality were about half their pre - 1980 magnitudes, the authors estimate. predicted poverty rates based on coefficients estimated with data from the entire period ( 1967 through 2003 ) are significantly higher than the actual poverty rate. in contrast, actual poverty rates are very close to the predictions for the post - 1980 period. this close correspondence between the actual poverty rate after 1980 and the poverty rates predicted by unemployment, median wages, and wage inequality in part solves the mystery of why poverty rates have not declined by more. the \" answer \" is familiar to those acquainted with trends in inequality over this period : poverty has not fallen despite robust economic growth because this growth did not result in rising wages at the median and below. missing from this analysis of labor market opportunities and poverty, though, is the dramatic increase in female labor force participation over this period ( a rise from 57 percent in 1970 to 76 percent in 2000 ). once the authors incorporate female labor supply into their poverty rate models, the puzzle returns. specifically, after 1980 actual poverty rates are substantially higher than predicted poverty rates. the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5198734245195314, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T11:31:42.072759"} {"text": "the ecliptic is the geometric plane that contains the orbit of the earth. the orbits of most planets in the solar system lie very close to it. seen from the earth, this is a bisecting great circle, superimposed upon the celestial sphere, which contains the different points of the sun ' s path, relative to the background stars, over the course of a year. the zodiac also lies along the ecliptic plane. the ecliptic plane is inclined by ~ 23. 5\u00b0, with respect to the celestial equator ; a result of axial tilt. the orbital plane of luna is inclined by ~ 5\u00b0, with respect to the ecliptic. the plane of the ecliptic is well seen in this picture from the 1994 lunar prospecting clementine spacecraft. clementine ' s camera reveals ( from right to left ) the moon lit by earthshine, the sun ' s glare rising over the moon ' s dark limb, and the planets saturn, mars and mercury ( the three dots at lower left ). because there are ~ 365. 25 days in a year and 360 degrees in a circle, the sun appears to move along the ecliptic at a rate of about 1\u00b0 per day. this motion is from west to east, in opposition to the apparent east - west movement of the celestial sphere. the ecliptic and the celestial equator intersect at two points, directly opposite one another. these are the equinoxes and when the sun appears at these points, day and night are each about 12 hours long at all locations on earth. the point on the ecliptic that is farthest north of the celestial equator is called the summer solstice in the northern hemisphere, and the winter solstice in the southern hemisphere. when the sun is farthest south of the celestial equator the reverse is true.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5540382841705589, "token_count": 374, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T11:31:42.077284"} {"text": "involves lots of movement and silliness. afterwards, all students and teachers return to vc. location : other side of vc parking lot, rim rock trail ( or switch locations with station 2 ) leader : 1 ranger activity : plant scopes the ranger will lead a short discussion about plants, encouraging students to name some different types of plants ( trees, bushes, flowers, mosses, show examples or pictures of each ). ask students why plants are useful, and let them discuss this question for a couple of minutes. ( take notice if they mention human uses or animal uses. ) ranger will hold up various objects for the students to see ( pg 36 plt ) like a small branch, pencil, wooden toy, paper, etc. and ask where each one comes from ( trees! ). talk a little bit more about how humans use trees and other plants. ask the students if they think that animals use plants, too. discuss the uses / benefits of plants that the students mention, and show pictures of animals using plants - beaver dam, beaver chewing branch, butterfly on flower, deer scraping antlers, bird nest in tree, bird or squirrel in hollow tree / log, etc. after the discussion, have the students make a tree telescope ( pg. 71 plt ) using a toilet paper roll and decorating it with markers, double sided tape, leaves, twigs, and their creativity. next, have the students kneel down in their own space and use their scopes to look for examples of animals using plants ( insect galls, chewed leaf, scat, etc. ) gather briefly and allow a time for students to share their discoveries ( either through words or by showing the actual discovery ). ranger should conclude by emphasizing the importance of plants for both people and animals, and that plants and animals are interdependent. flowers depend on insects for pollination, trees depend on animals to eat their seeds and deposit them elsewhere, animals rely on plants as a source of food, etc. location : south rim vc leader : vc personnel or a classroom teacher activity : in the vc theater, show an educational video which ties together wildlife, plants, and habitats. leader should have each student sit in a chair, keep their hands to themselves, and quietly watch the movie. introduce the movie briefly and encourage the students to pay attention to the ways that the plants and animals interact. after the movie, have the students remain seated and ask some review questions to determine what the students learned. have the students line up and quietly exit the vc,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.5040699133408755, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T11:31:42.243519"} {"text": "- the u. s. is committed to working together with china to tackle current energy challenges the world faces, including cultivating sufficient investment, the development and deployment of new energy technologies, and addressing greenhouse gas emissions from producing and using energy. - our cooperation spans power generation, efficient buildings, sustainable transportation, emissions - free nuclear power, and clean fossil fuels. - the u. s. and china are the world ' s largest energy consumers and are expected to remain the top two oil consumers in the world for the foreseeable future. china is likely to experience very large growth rates for both its economy and energy consumption over the next two decades. the u. s. continues working with china to increase energy efficiency and renewable energy use. - the actions of the u. s. and china matter for global energy demand, for global environmental quality, and for the challenge of global climate change. - our governments need to take positive action to reduce uncertainty in the market and encourage investment. only by providing clear signals to the energy industry can we secure our future energy needs. our governments should work together to increase energy security through : - fostering transparent and efficient energy markets ; - lowering trade barriers, particularly for clean energy and other environmental goods and services ; - supporting measures to increase energy efficiency ; and, - providing consistent policies for investment in oil, gas, coal, and renewables. the u. s. and china ' s strategic economic dialogue ( sed ) action plans : - the u. s. and china ' s five action plans - developed under the sed ten year energy and environment cooperation framework - are critically important. doe took the lead in working with china to develop the two energy - related action plans under the ten year framework, one on clean, efficient and secure electricity production and transmission and the other on clean and efficient transportation. - under these action plans, the u. s. and china will build on past cooperation, such as our work in promoting biofuels production and its use in transportation and in improving energy efficiency through industrial efficiency assessments. - the action plans also take us in important new directions, such as helping china to achieve low sulfur fuels for both gasoline and diesel engines and the introduction of more stringent emission standards in china for the transportation sector. - the u. s. continues to work with china through the strategic economic dialogue, energy policy dialogue, asia pacific partnership on clean development and climate and other bilateral and multilateral forums towards confronting our global energy challenges, including building efficiency, transportation, electricity, renewable and alternative energy", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.509633723744223, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T11:31:42.259288"} {"text": ". continues to work with china through the strategic economic dialogue, energy policy dialogue, asia pacific partnership on clean development and climate and other bilateral and multilateral forums towards confronting our global energy challenges, including building efficiency, transportation, electricity, renewable and alternative energy sources and energy diversification, in a collaborative, environmentally effective, and economically sustainable approach. examples include conducting on - site industrial energy assessments, energy training at the mayors training center, building codes, and sustainable reconstruction in earthquake zones. past, current and future u. s. - china energy efficiency collaboration : - u. s. doe and the beijing municipality worked closely to promote use of clean energy technologies at the 2008 summer olympic games. doe provided expert technical and policy assistance. - the olympic village was approximately 50 percent more energy efficient than similar buildings in beijing. doe worked with the developer and the us green building council ( gbc ) to submit the entire olympic village as a usgbc leadership in energy and environmental design ( leed ) building under its leadership in energy and environmental design rating system, receiving a gold leed certification. this is the first olympic village to receive such recognition. in addition, the olympic welcome center is a near zero energy building, also called a micro - energy building. - doe technical support provided a variety of energy efficiency technologies to reduce the heating and cooling loads, improve lighting efficiency, save water and serve as models of what the next generation of housing could be in china. - doe continues to work with its chinese counterparts to conduct energy efficiency assessments of buildings and industry factories, among others, to improve energy use and cut greenhouse gas emissions ; to expand cooperation on biofuels production and use ; and to promote large - scale deployment of electric - drive and fuel cell technologies for transportation. - doe is now working with chinese officials to prepare an action plan on energy efficiency in the latest development under the sed ten year framework. - through u. s. - china partnerships and discussions, the two countries will continue to make progress in all of these areas while sustaining economic growth. the path forward : - the world needs more energy supplies of all types. we need more hydrocarbons now and in the near future. over time, the role of renewable energy will continue to grow. diversity of supplies, suppliers and supply routes is a key component to enhancing global energy security. - u. s. - china partnerships and bilateral discussions will drive progress toward reducing energy consumption and cutting greenhouse gas emissions and promoting more efficient energy markets. healy baumgardner, ( 202 ) 586 -", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5421548830163473, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T11:31:42.261610"} {"text": "he is sad, he will not put them on ; but if going to a dance, to a picnic, or to promenade, if he has money in his pocket, or gaiety in his heart, he must bloom. over one ear, or both, in the hair, on the head, around the neck, both sexes were passionately fond of this age - old sign of kinship with nature. the lei in hawaii around the hat or the neck spells the same meaning, but the flood of outsiders has lost hawaii all but the merest remnant of its ancient ways, while here still persisted customs which a century of european difference and indifference has not crushed out. here, as there, more lasting wreaths for the hat were woven of shells or beads in various colors. as i strolled past the houses, every one greeted me pleasantly. \" la ora na, \" they said, or \" bon jour! \" i replied in kind. i had not been a day in tahiti before i felt kindled in me an affection for its dark people which i had never known for any other race. it was an admixture of friendship, admiration, and pity \u2014 of affection for their beautiful natures, of appreciation of the magnificence of their physical equipment, and of sympathy for them in their decline and inevitable passing under the changed conditions of environment made by the sudden smothering of their instinctive needs in the sepia of commercial civilization. i saw that those natives remaining, laughing and full of the desire for pleasure as they were, must perish because unfit to survive in the morass of modernism in which they were sinking, victims of a system of life in which material profits were the sole goal and standard of the rulers. the tahitians are tall, vigorous, and superbly rounded. the men, often more than six feet or even six and a half feet in height, have a mien of natural majesty and bodily grace. they convey an impression of giant strength, reserve power, and unconscious poise beyond that made by any other race. american indians i have known had much of this quality when resident far from towns, but they lacked the curving, padded muscles, the ease of movement, and, most of all, the smiling faces, the ingratiating manner, of these children of the sun. the tahitians ' noses are fairly flat and large ; the nostrils dilated ; their lips full and sensual ; their teeth perfectly shaped and very white and sound ; their chins strong, though", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5155109294225755, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 10, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T11:31:42.299790"} {"text": "get flash to fully experience pearltrees photo : meddygarnet happiness is, by nature, a subjective quality with a definition like a moving target. there is scant evidence \u2014 qualitative or quantitative \u2014 to lend convincing support to those life variables most critical in determining individual happiness, which is likely why past researchers committed to the scientific method rarely tried to tackle the subject. this is changing. psychological ( \" personality \" ) types according to jung ' s theory of psychological types we are all different in fundamental ways. one ' s ability to process different information is limited by their particular type. these types are sixteen. you ' ve likely heard that body language accounts for up to 55 % of how we communicate, but reading non - verbal cues isn ' t just about broad strokes. the same gesture can indicate a number of different things depending on context. in this post, we ' re going to take a look at three common situations in which non - verbal cues are especially important \u2014 detecting lies, going on a date, and interviewing for a job \u2014 then explain how to interpret body language more accurately so that you can read between the lines when a person ' s words aren ' t necessarily conveying the way that they honestly feel. we lie a lot. when having a conversation with a stranger, chances are we ' ll lie in the first ten minutes. by david johnson like death and taxes, there is no escaping color. it is ubiquitous. yet what does it all mean? interesting info - > lying index - > how to detect lies become a human lie detector ( part 1 ) warning : sometimes ignorance is bliss.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5582443330130119, "token_count": 325, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T11:31:42.328306"} {"text": "deeper, inward helping. so the god who created us, and who when we lost our way took the step to come after us in jesus christ in order to open the way to eternal life, now takes a further step. he invades our inmost central being by the power of his love, enabling us to see that all that he has done and is doing in christ is for us, out of love and compassion for us. even barth finally said, \" the being and activity of jesus christ has essentially and necessarily the form... in which he turns precisely to the single human being, to you and to me,... in which he makes common cause with a particular one precisely in that one ' s loneliness, in which his holy spirit speaks just to that one ' s spirit. \" and only by the power of this divine love are we enabled, freely, to respond in love, to accept the fact that we are accepted. 3. how does such an experience come to each of us? in a blinding, overwhelming, mystical sense of being caught up into oneness with god? not in the reformed tradition. god ' s love does not obliterate our own free struggle. god honors too much \" the dignity, truth and actuality which belong to the individual christian subject as such \" ( barth ). every major expression of the reformed tradition agrees that the shape or form that this experience of god as holy spirit takes is faith, a relationship in which god takes the initiative to make it possible and the person accepts and responds with the heart. it is faith that saves us, not because of our response but because it unites us with jesus christ, from whom new life flows into us. as calvin says, christ remains an object of \" cold speculation... at a great distance from us \" unless and until we are united with him. and \" it is only in the spirit that he unites himself with us... only through faith does he lead us into the light of the gospel. \" 4. the reformed tradition clearly asserts that this event of faith is a profoundly mysterious, even mystical, one. but it also asserts that it cannot be known or seen directly, consciously. it happens, but it is invisible, unanalyzable, indescribable. the truth of this event therefore comes to us in its effects. the concrete shape of faith - union with christ, of the coming of god as holy spirit, is twofold. it is the experience of forgiveness, the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.521837751258145, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T11:31:42.365232"} {"text": "indescribable. the truth of this event therefore comes to us in its effects. the concrete shape of faith - union with christ, of the coming of god as holy spirit, is twofold. it is the experience of forgiveness, the qualitative change in our relation with god ( justification, reconciliation ). it is also the experience of the newness of life, the gradual permeation of our entire life and being by the spirit of christ ( sanctification, but not perfection ). 5. the coming of god as holy spirit into our lives is always and simultaneously both individual and corporate. there is no such thing as a lone christian, living in his or her own relation with god in splendid isolation. the holy spirit always comes to us and works within us through and with the scriptures, the sacraments, and the communal worship and work of the christian koinonia ( church ). and individual christians find the fulfillment of faith in that work as it carries them beyond the church in order to shed the love of god abroad into the lives of god ' s children who are lost and lonely, hungry and oppressed, naked and in prison \u2014 the rev. arnold b. come, formerly president of san francisco theological seminary, now retired and living in greenbrae, calif. \" the spirit could turn us around \" by cecilio arrastia for many followers of john calvin, the trinity has been reduced to two persons. we have some definitions of the function and the character of god as father, we have some clarity when it comes to the role of the son, but we are very imprecise when we talk about the reality of the holy spirit and his function in the christian equation. the book of confessions provides some answers to the question, what do \u2014 or should \u2014 presbyterians believe about the holy spirit? the work of the spirit of god is characterized both in relation to the individual christian and to the church as a community : the scots confession says, \" we confess that the holy ghost does sanctify and regenerate us, without respect to any merit proceeding from us, be it before or be it after our regeneration \" ( 3 : 12 ). the westminster confession of faith is more detailed and specific. first of all, it tells us what the spirit deserves and expects from believers : the spirit is \" to be believed in, loved, obeyed and worshiped, throughout all ages. \" this means that the spirit is on the same level of dignity and majesty as that of the father and the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5396500749943127, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T11:31:42.366347"} {"text": "of dispersed hebrews. it brought about unity in diversity, community without any interference, and it was the total reverse of babel. on pentecost there were many languages but a clear process of communication. the second incident, described in acts 10, is also very revealing. we read that \" while peter was still saying this, the holy spirit fell on all who heard the word. \" the traditional, orthodox jewish believers were \" amazed, because the gift of the holy spirit had been poured out even on the gentiles. \" here we have the breaking of frontiers, the widening of the horizon of the christian mission. baptism becomes a privilege also of those who are \" gentiles. \" the universality of the gospel is dramatized. the second israel is according to god ' s grace, not according to genes or history or culture or tradition. again the spirit unites those god intends to bring together. it is a breaking down of classes within the christian family. the third vignette comes from the very corrupt and paganized city of ephesus. paul is explaining the difference between the baptism of john, by water, and the baptism of jesus, by the spirit ( acts 19 ). \" on hearing this, they were baptized in the name of the lord jesus. and when paul had laid his hands upon them, the holy spirit came on them. \" the spirit is given to evangelize another family of gentiles, the greeks. the entire city of ephesus is impacted by the proclamation of the gospel. its economic, religious, cultural and emotional life is touched in a dramatic way. there is turmoil - - riot and revolution. and there is the destruction of some old myths and the acceptance of a new way of life - - \" the way \" of the lord. in each instance, the spirit is given for the fulfillment of a missionary task, to preach to the diaspora community, to the romans and to the greeks. the giving of the spirit is positive, and he is personal but social too. the spirit consolidates the christian family, and then sends its members out to proclaim and share the gospel, the good things that god has done in them, for them, with them. if the presbyterian church, with its decreasing membership and number of overseas fraternal workers, could grasp this perception of the spirit and this experience of his transforming, sending power, the spirit could turn around our denomination ad majorem dei gloriam ( \" for the greater glory of god \" ). church growth would", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5100772564138301, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T11:31:42.368484"} {"text": "it is not always clear what being a confessional church means in practice. the task force is seeking answers to such questions as : what were the issues that prompted the earlier confessions? what issues are crucial today? how did writers in times past confess their faith in response to the holy spirit ' s guidance, and what lessons can we learn from their witness? how did scripture inform and reform the church ' s doctrine and teaching, and what faithful response are we to make in our day? 2. the work of the special assembly committee to write a brief statement of reformed faith will provide opportunities for presbyterians to look afresh at their own faith and practice as well as that of the church catholic and ecumenical. the committee will seek to learn from the word of god what presbyterians are to think, say and do in this particular time, situation and place in which god calls them to confession. it will explore concretely and specifically the theological, personal, economic and social issues the word of god is calling the pcusa to address as it shapes its mission efforts. 3. the directory for the service of god will provide opportunities to translate confessional heritage into the common work of praising and worshiping god. the directory will be guided by that heritage that frees us to resist imposed forms but constrains us to obey god ' s word in matters of worship, to be informed by our reformed confessions, to be catholic rather than sectarian in scope and orientation, to be open to the richness of traditional and cultural ways of responding to god ' s grace, to assure an openness to the holy spirit ' s creativity, which is spontaneous and yet orderly, and to recognize that as we faithfully worship god, the holy spirit sends us to bear witness to jesus christ in the world. 4. in relation to the design for a reformed and presbyterian educational ministry familiar themes emerge : it will be reformed by the word of god, biblically grounded, historically informed, ecumenically involved, socially engaged, and communally nurtured. to be reformed by the word of god is to study both scripture and the contemporary world for the sake of authentic worship and responsible mission. to be historically informed is to approach with appreciation the historic faith as evident in the confessions, linking us with the communion of saints through the ages. to be ecumenically involved is to be led by the holy spirit into becoming more aware of the oneness of the church, and to participating in mission with other denominations and in other countries. to be socially engaged is to follow obediently as", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5134526672782123, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 8, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T11:31:42.373487"} {"text": "friday, may 24, 2013 melissa healy / los angeles times don \u2019 t be fooled by some of the jargon of biomedical research : people who respond strongly to placebo medications are not dummies. a new study finds they tend to be people you would describe in much more favorable terms : straightforward, tough in the face of difficulty, and willing to lend others a hand. maybe the people who don \u2019 t respond well to placebos are the dummies : angry, hostile and prone to negativity, these people seem far less capable of harnessing their minds to the task of healing their bodies, says the new research. in clinical trials, a placebo is a \u201c dummy \u201d therapy, a sham version of the real thing. it helps give researchers a basis for comparison. if an experimental drug or treatment works far better than the placebo, its effect is presumed to be \u201c real. \u201d the \u201c placebo effect \u201d was long dismissed as an improvement that is \u201c all in your head \u201d : imagined, ephemeral, the response of the gullibly hopeful. the problem is that the placebo effect is often very real, a powerful testament to the mind \u2019 s influence over physical pain, infection and disease. the belief that a treatment will work can help mobilize the immune system, blunt pain and promote healing. for doctors, knowing who is most, and least, responsive to the placebo effect can be a useful clue to which patients are primed to heal and which may need more aggressive therapy. and for researchers trying to disentangle a treatment \u2019 s direct effects from those supplied by the study participant, it would be helpful to know which subjects would probably respond irrespective of whether they get the real thing or the sham. now, both have their answer, published this month in the journal neuropsychopharmacology. about 50 volunteers at the university of michigan completed assessments that nail down personality traits known to stay stable across most people \u2019 s life spans. in addition to gauges of altruism and empathy, they completed measures of neuroticism, extroversion, openness to experience, agreeableness and conscientiousness. the volunteers then had infusions of two forms of saline solution into their jaw muscles : one that was expected to cause pain and another that should not. they sometimes got a real pain reliever, and at others got a placebo, never knowing what combination of conditions they were getting. not only did participants rate their pain and their", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5240996695896903, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T11:31:42.376647"} {"text": ": one that was expected to cause pain and another that should not. they sometimes got a real pain reliever, and at others got a placebo, never knowing what combination of conditions they were getting. not only did participants rate their pain and their pain relief regularly ; their levels of the stress hormone cortisol \u2014 a good gauge of discomfort \u2014 were tested and the activity levels of their body \u2019 s own painkilling response in the brain were measured. those who experienced pain relief from the fake analgesic didn \u2019 t just report it ; their brain showed that their body \u2019 s pain suppression mechanisms \u2014 the natural release of opioid - like chemicals in the brain \u2014 snapped into high gear. and when researchers looked to see which subjects responded most strongly to the placebos, they saw people who rated highly on measures of altruism and the capacity to withstand and overcome stressors. they also tended to be highly straightforward : more direct and frank in their approach to others, less guarded and not manipulative. \u201c people with those factors had the greatest ability to take environmental information \u2014 the placebo \u2014 and convert it to a change in biology, \u201d said university of michigan psychiatrist dr. jon - kar zubieta, the paper \u2019 s senior author and an expert on the placebo effect.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.5345470190664416, "token_count": 263, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T11:31:42.377246"} {"text": "a plan is typically any diagram or list of steps with timing and resources, used to achieve an objective. see also strategy. it is commonly understood as a temporal set of intended actions through which one expects to achieve a goal. for spatial or planar topologic or topographic sets see map. plans can be formal or informal : - structured and formal plans, used by multiple people, are more likely to occur in projects, diplomacy, careers, economic development, military campaigns, combat, or in the conduct of other business. in most cases, the absence of a well - laid plan can have adverse effects : for example, a non - robust project plan can cost the organization time and money. - informal or ad - hoc plans are created by individuals in all of their pursuits. the most popular ways to describe plans are by their breadth, time frame, and specificity ; however, these planning classifications are not independent of one another. for instance, there is a close relationship between the short - and long - term categories and the strategic and operational categories. it is common for less formal plans to be created as abstract ideas, and remain in that form as they are maintained and put to use. more formal plans as used for business and military purposes, while initially created with and as an abstract thought, are likely to be written down, drawn up or otherwise stored in a form that is accessible to multiple people across time and space. this allows more reliable collaboration in the execution of the plan. other articles related to \" formal \" :... formal methods, mathematically - based techniques for the specification, development and verification of software and hardware systems formal...... formal theory can refer to another name for a theory which is expressed in formal language... by symbols and its operators formal theory from political science, the theoretical modeling of social systems based on game theory, dynamical systems theory, among...... students are not required to wear gowns at formal halls, with exception of at certain college feasts... in special formal meals such as matriculation dinner or scholars ' feast the master usually raises a toast, first to the queen and then to \u201c sir winston \"... in other formal halls this is usually made by a senior student once the fellows have left...... individuals are deemed undesirable in urban space because they do not fit into social norms, which causes unease for many residents of certain neighborhoods... this fear has been deepened by the broken windows theory and", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.6064575768290732, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T11:31:42.380709"} {"text": "have left...... individuals are deemed undesirable in urban space because they do not fit into social norms, which causes unease for many residents of certain neighborhoods... this fear has been deepened by the broken windows theory and exploited in policies seeking to remove undesirables from visible areas of society...... solely to the final year, it may be described as a ball, school formal, or simply formal... a dinner - dance, leavers ' dinner or debutante ball but is also commonly called a school formal or \" formal \"... have a valedictory dinner, which is like the formal but has students, parents and teachers instead of students and dates... famous quotes containing the words plans and / or formal : \u201c a father... knows exactly what those boys at the mall have in their depraved little minds because he once owned such a depraved little mind himself. in fact, if he thinks enough about the plans that he used to have for young girls, the father not only will support his wife in keeping their daughter home but he might even run over to the mall and have a few of those boys arrested. \u201d \u2014 bill cosby ( 20th century ) \u201c that anger can be expressed through words and non - destructive activities ; that promises are intended to be kept ; that cleanliness and good eating habits are aspects of self - esteem ; that compassion is an attribute to be prizedall these lessons are ones children can learn far more readily through the living example of their parents than they ever can through formal instruction. \u201d \u2014 fred rogers ( 20th century )", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.541476531684034, "token_count": 334, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T11:31:42.381389"} {"text": "science - june 11, 2004 \" with clarity and precision, marcus, a developmental psychologist at new york university, lays to rest the rumors of a gene shortage and also rebuts the argument that minds are too complex to have been designed over evolutionary time by the process of natural selection \" - - clark barrett department of anthropology metapsychology - april 30, 2004 \" a wonderful book which i heartily recommend to any interested readers who want to explore either genomics or the workings of the mind / brain \" - - lloyd wells, md, phd about half of the estimated 30, 000 - odd genes in the human genome are expressed in the brain. among these genes is hidden the explanation for our unique human cognitive abilities, and for many of the differences between individual people. developmental neurobiology is the essential bridge for connecting genome to behavior, but despite its obvious importance, there has not yet been a popular book devoted to this subject. the birth of the mind is an ambitious attempt to fill this gap... a concise and very readable introduction to the field... as clear an account as i have ever seen of the nature versus nurture \" debate \"... einstein famously advised that everything should be made as simple as possible, but no simpler. marcus takes this to heart...... i have no hesitation recommending it to students, scientists from other disciplines, or lay readers wanting to learn something about this fascinating and fast - developing field. executive editor of the nature research journals. - - anthony monaco director of the wellcome trust centre for human genetics university of oxford - - therese littleton \" [ written ] in a down - to - earth style about an out - of - this - world subject matter... this awe - inspiring book shows the intricate relationship between our genes and our thinking patterns and learning styles. \" \" the birth of the mind [ is ] totally mind - boggling... a page - turner that is all nonfiction \" \" interesting and accessible... progress in genomics means that we are now ready to learn about the mind by understanding how genes build the brain. \" \" a lucid, pleasing chronicle of how genes construct the human mind. \" \" marcus ' upbeat, friendly writing style... makes even the most arcane genetics principles a joy to read. \" \" a rare and delicate balance of scientific detail and layperson accessibility \"", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5762159128330289, "token_count": 488, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T11:31:42.383868"} {"text": "familiarity plays an important role in face processing. the importance of familiarity is increased when facial form cues are degraded, so that a person must rely primarily on movement ( dynamic ) information to identify someone. it is, however, unclear which dynamic cues are used for face recognition of both familiar and unfamiliar faces. furthermore, little work has been done on dynamic self - face recognition, and none has focused on the type of movement that facilitates this process. the current study used motion capture cameras to record and isolate facial movements in order to test recognition of self, familiar and unfamiliar faces. participants completed a 2afc same / different face - matching task involving point - light displays of natural motion ( i. e. both rigid and non - rigid motion ), rigid motion only ( e. g. nodding / shaking ), non - rigid motion only ( e. g. mouth / eyebrow motion ) and still images to determine whether differences in familiarity resulted in the use of different movement cues. the manner ( style ) in which someone is speaking may also impact on whether they can be easily identified from dynamic cues. consequently, speech style was either matched or mismatched between video clips. we found that matching performance was more accurate overall when speech style was matched than mismatched. familiar face matching appears to use rigid, non - rigid and natural movement cues equally, but unfamiliar and self - face matching are more accurate for rigid than natural motion when speech style differs between clips. these results are discussed in relation to previous research on dynamic face recognition, and possible implications for current face processing models. copyright 2009 by the australasian society for cognitive science. publisher version archived with the permission of the editor, ascs09 : proceedings of the 9th conference of the australasian society for cognitive science. this copy is available for individual, non - commercial use. permission to reprint / republish this version for other uses must be obtained from the publisher.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.5356972747697446, "token_count": 387, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T11:31:42.415780"} {"text": "if you are able to impress the examiner you are likely to improve your grades. this app contains simple and powerful tips to get the examiner onside and boost your grades during the all important exams. you need to know your numbers really well - you can be certain that numbers will come up more than once in your exams. in the following exercise, read the speech bubble and then click on the winning sequence in the strip above : you need to be able to talk about yourself, say where you come from and what nationality you are. this exercise will help you to see whether you are confident in the basic phrases you need to talk about yourself. look at the dialogue below. some words have been missed out. click and drag on the correct word and place it in the correct place in the dialogue. watch out - there are some extra words! there is a lot of vocabulary in this topic - family members, description, characteristics, colours, nationalities... we all like talking about other people, so this is a really useful topic to know when you talk to german - speaking people - it will also gain you loads of marks in the exams! you may need to write about yourself - your family, pets. how much do you know? this letter contains lots of essential words and structures. click on the correct words and drag them into the correct space. watch out - three of the words won ' t be used! in german, it is a little different. when you look up a word in a dictionary, you will see the plural in brackets next to the word, so you know what todo. for example, if you look up the word for ' dog ' you will find ' der hund ( - e ) '. the \" - e \" in brackets means that you add an \" e \" to the word hund if you want to say you have more than one dog. for example : ' i have two dogs ' = ' ich habe zwei hunde '. there are other plurals in german. look at the list below. make sure you know what to do when you use a dictionary : | der hund ( - e ) | | dog | | hunde | | der vogel ( \" ) | | bird | | vogel | | das meerschweinchen ( - ) | | guinea pig | | meerschweinchen | | der hamster ( - ) | | hamster | | hamster | in this exercise, complete the sentence by typing in the correct plural word. mark", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.5293624286359087, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T11:31:42.438958"} {"text": "science of breath, by yogi ramacharaka, pseud. william atkinson,, at sacred - texts. com the science of breath, like many other teachings, has its esoteric or inner phase, as well as its exoteric or external. the physiological phase may be termed the outer or exoteric side of the subject, and the phase which we will now consider may be termed its esoteric or inner side. occultists, in all ages and lands, have always taught, usually secretly to a few followers, that there was to be found in the air a substance or principle from which all activity, vitality and life was derived. they differed in their terms and names for this force, as well as in the details of the theory, but the main principle is to be found in all occult teachings and philosophies, and has for centuries formed a portion of the teachings of the oriental yogis. in order to avoid misconceptions arising from the various theories regarding this great principle, which theories are usually attached to some name given the principle, we, in this work, will speak of the principle as \" prana, \" this word being the sancrit term meaning \" absolute energy. \" many occult authorities teach that the principle which the hindus term \" prana \" is the universal principle of energy or force, and that all energy or force is derived from that principle, or, rather, is a particular form of manifestation of that principle. these theories do not concern us in the consideration of the subject matter of this work, and we will therefore confine ourselves to an understanding of prana as the principle of energy exhibited in all living things, which distinguishes them from a lifeless thing. we may consider it as the active principle of lifevital force, if you please. it is found in all forms of life, from the amoeba to manfrom the most elementary form of plant life to the highest form of animal life. prana is all pervading. it is found in all things having life, and as the occult philosophy teaches that life is in all thingsin every atomthe apparent lifelessness of some things being only a lesser degree of manifestation, we may understand their teachings that prana is everywhere, in everything. prana must not be confounded with the egothat bit of divine spirit in every soul, around which clusters matter and energy. prana is merely a form of energy used by the ego in its material manifestation. when the ego leaves the body, the pr", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.6190443371386436, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T11:31:42.447075"} {"text": "not be confounded with the egothat bit of divine spirit in every soul, around which clusters matter and energy. prana is merely a form of energy used by the ego in its material manifestation. when the ego leaves the body, the prana, being no longer under its control, responds only to the orders of the individual atoms, or groups of atoms, forming the body, and as the body disintegrates and is resolved to its original elements, each atom takes with it sufficient prana to enable it to form new combinations, the unused prana returning to the great universal storehouse from which it came. with the ego in control, cohesion exists and the atoms are held together by the will of the ego. prana is the name by which we designate a universal principle, which principle is the essence of all motion, force or energy, whether manifested in gravitation, electricity, the revolution of the planets, and all forms of life, from the highest to the lowest. it may be called the soul of force and energy in all their forms, and that principle which, operating in a certain way, causes that form of activity which accompanies life. this great principle is in all forms of matter, and yet it is not matter. it is in the air, but it is not the air nor one of its chemical constituents. animal and plant life breathe it in with the air, and yet if the air contained it not they would die even though they might be filled with air. it is taken up by the system along with the oxygen, and yet is not the oxygen. the hebrew writer of the book of genesis knew the difference between the atmospheric air and the mysterious and potent principle contained within it. he speaks of neshemet ruach chayim, which, translated, means \" the breath of the spirit of life. \" in the hebrew neshemet means the ordinary breath of air, and chayim means life or lives, while the word ruach means the \" spirit of life, \" which occultists claim is the same principle which we speak of as prana. prana is in the atmospheric air, but it is also elsewhere, and it penetrates where the air cannot reach. the oxygen in the air plays an important part in sustaining animal life, and the carbon plays a similar part with plant life, but prana has its own distinct part to play in the manifestation of life, aside from the physiological functions. we are constantly inhaling the air charged with prana,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5839517826085254, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T11:31:42.448154"} {"text": "in sustaining animal life, and the carbon plays a similar part with plant life, but prana has its own distinct part to play in the manifestation of life, aside from the physiological functions. we are constantly inhaling the air charged with prana, and are as constantly extracting the latter from the air and appropriating it to our uses. prana is found in its freest state in the atmospheric air, which when fresh is fairly charged with it, and we draw it to us more easily from the air than from any other source. in ordinary breathing we absorb and extract a normal supply of prana, but by controlled and regulated breathing ( generally known as yogi breathing ) we are enabled to extract a greater supply, which is stored away in the brain and nerve centers, to be used when necessary. we may store away prana, just as the storage battery stores away electricity. the many powers attributed to advanced occultists is due largely to their knowledge of this fact and their intelligent use of this stored - up energy. the yogis know that by certain forms of breathing they establish certain relations with the supply of prana and may draw on the same for what they require. not only do they strengthen all parts of their body in this way, but the brain itself may receive increased energy from the same source, and latent faculties be developed and psychic powers attained. one who has mastered the science of storing away prana, either consciously or unconsciously, often radiates vitality and strength which is felt by those coming in contact with him, and such a person may impart this strength to others, and give them increased vitality and health. what is called \" magnetic healing \" is performed in this way, although many practitioners are not aware of the source of their power. western scientists have been dimly aware of this great principle with which the air is charged, but finding that they could find no chemical trace of it, or make it register on any of their instruments, they have generally treated the oriental theory with disdain. they could not explain this principle, and so denied it. they seem, however, to recognize that the air in certain places possesses a greater amount of \" something \" and sick people are directed by their physicians to seek such places in hopes of regaining lost health. the oxygen in the air is appropriated by the blood and is made use of by the circulatory system. the prana in the air is appropriated by the nervous system and is used in its work. and as the oxygenated blood is", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5524760300395871, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T11:31:42.449111"} {"text": ". the oxygen in the air is appropriated by the blood and is made use of by the circulatory system. the prana in the air is appropriated by the nervous system and is used in its work. and as the oxygenated blood is carried to all parts of the system, building up and replenishing, so is the prana carried to all parts of the nervous system, adding strength and vitality. if we think of prana as being the active principle of what we call \" vitality, \" we will be able to form a much clearer idea of what an important part it plays in our lives. just as in the oxygen in the blood used up by the wants of the system, so the supply of prana taken up by the nervous system is exhausted by our thinking, willing, acting, etc., and in consequence constant replenishing is necessary. every thought, every act, every effort of the will, every motion of a muscle, uses up a certain amount of what we call nerve force, which is really a form of prana. to move a muscle the brain sends out an impulse over the nerves, and the muscle contracts, and so much prana is expended. when it is remembered that the greater portion of prana acquired by man comes to him from the air inhaled, the importance of proper breathing is readily understood.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5336991716174202, "token_count": 277, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T11:31:42.449695"} {"text": "side, now lie on his hack, wrapped like a dead man ; and thus would he pass ten consecutive days, more or less, neither eating nor drinking nor speaking nor stirring. \" his style and diction resemble the choicest and finest jewel - work of a fastidious artist rather than the first - fruits of divine inspiration. yet i am not inclined to doubt the statement that his poetry was composed in an abnormal manner 2. the history of mysticism records numerous instances of the kind. blake said that he was drunk with intellectual vision whenever he took a pencil or graver in his hand. \" st catherine of siena, \" we are told, \" dictated her great dialogue to her secretaries whilst in the state of ecstasy 3. \" \" when jalaluddin rumi was drowned in the ocean of love he used to take hold of a pillar in his house and set himself turning round it. meanwhile he versified and dictated, and people wrote down the verses 4. \" since the form of such automatic composition will largely depend on materials stored within the mystic ' s brain, and on the literary models with which he is familiar, we need not be surprised if his visions and revelations sometimes find spontaneous utterance in an elaborately artificial style. the intense passion and glowing rapture of ibnu l - farid ' s poetry are in keeping with this account of the way in which it was produced 1. that he may have written it while not under the influence of ecstasy, i can conceive 2 ; but that he wrote it in cold blood, for the sake of those who might enjoy sharpening their wits upon it, seems to me incredible. the double character of islamic mystical poetry makes it attractive to many who are out of touch with pure mysticism. ibnu l - farid would not be so popular in the east if he were understood entirely in a spiritual sense. the fact that parts of the diwan cannot be reasonably understood in any other sense would not, perhaps, compel us to regard the whole as spiritual, unless that view of its meaning were supported by the poet ' s life, the verdict of his biographers and commentators, and the agreement of moslem critical opinion ; but as things are, we can declare, with nabulusi, that \" in every erotic description, whether the subject thereof be male or female, and in all imagery of gardens, flowers, rivers, birds and the like he refers to the divine reality manifested in phenomena, and not to those phenomena themselves 3. \" this reality,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.5114071919176804, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T11:31:42.495385"} {"text": "every erotic description, whether the subject thereof be male or female, and in all imagery of gardens, flowers, rivers, birds and the like he refers to the divine reality manifested in phenomena, and not to those phenomena themselves 3. \" this reality, i. e. god ( or, in some places, mohammed conceived as the logos ) is the beloved whom the poet addresses and celebrates under many namesnow as one of the heroines of arabian minnesong, now as a gazelle or a driver of camels or an archer shooting deadly glances from his eye ; most frequently as plain he or she. the odes retain the form, conventions, topics, and images of ordinary love - poetry : their inner meaning hardly ever obtrudes itself, although its presence is everywhere suggested by a strange exaltation of feeling, fine - drawn phantasies in which ( as the same french critic remarks ) the poet is rapt \" au - dela des bornes de la droite raison, \" mysterious obscurities of diction and subtle harmonies of sound. if ibnu l - farid had followed the example of ibnu l - arabi and written a commentary on his own poems, it might have added considerably to our knowledge of his mystical beliefs, but i am not sure that it would have had much greater interpretative value than the work of his commentators, who profess to explain the esoteric meaning of every verse in the odes. while such analysis may be useful within certain limits, we should recognise how little it is capable of revealing. an eminent scholar came to ibnu l - farid and asked permission to write a commentary on his masterpiece, the nazmu l - suluk. \" in how many volumes? \" \" two. \" the poet smiled. \" had i wished, \" said he, \" i could have written two volumes of commentary on every verse of it 1. \" the more interpreters, the more interpretations, as those who have given time and labour to the study of mysticism well know. poetry of this kind suggests more than it says, and means all that it may suggest. we cannot do without the commentators, however, and they will help us a good deal if we learn to use them discreetly. when they handle their text like philologists and try to fasten precise mystical significations upon individual words and phrases, the process is as fatal to poetry as the result is likely to be far from truth. against this, they have the immense advantage of being", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5302212092222085, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T11:31:42.496370"} {"text": "fancy - free, for love ' s joy is sorrow : its beginning a sickness and its end a slaying ; yet, methinks, death owing to love - desire is a life that my loved one bestows upon me as a boon 3. if separation be my guerdon from you, and if there be no ( real ) distance between us, i regard that separation as union. repulse is nothing but love, so long as it is not hate ; and the hardest thing, excepting only your aversion, is easy to bear. delicious to me is the torment which ye inflict ; and the injustice which love ordains that ye do unto me is justice. and my patience, a patience both without you and with you 4its bitterness seems to me everlastingly sweet 5. besides the two protagonists, arabian love - poetry introduces several minor figures, who play a helping or hindering part in the idyll. ibnu l - farid, of course, uses them allegorically. one of them is the \" watcher \" ( raqib ), who prevents the lover from approaching. the \" slanderer \" ( washi ) represents the logical and intellectual faculty, which cannot pierce beyond the outward forms of things. more important than either of these ( to judge by the frequent passages of description and dialogue in which he appears ), and more dangerous, because of his greater plausibility, is the \" blamer \" ( laim ) or \" railer \" ( lahi ), a type of the devil, suggesting evil and inspiring doubt, of sensual passion, and of all that lures the soul away from divine contemplation. it is a favourite paradox of ibnu l - farid that reproof bears a message of love, and that the \" railer \" deserves to be thanked and praised. but i found thee in one way my benefactor, albeit thou wouldst have hurt me by the scorch of thy rebuke, had i obeyed thee. thou didst me a kindness unawares, and if thou wroughtest ill, yet art thou the most righteous of wrong - doers. the phantom that visits me in the hour of blame 2 brings the beloved, though he dwell afar, close to the eye of my waking ear. and thy reproof is, as it were, my loved one ' s camels which came to me when my hearing was my sight 3. thou tiredst thyself and i was", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5029251634657408, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 9, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T11:31:42.499529"} {"text": "love had borne half the burden thereof, they would have tired. my bones were hewn by a desire twice as great as that of my eyelids for my sleep or of my weakness for my strength 4. any one of the odes will furnish examples of this arabian eloquence which has its roots deep in the structure of the language and defies all attempts to transplant it. in his famous wine ode ( khamriyya ) ibnu l - farid develops a symbolism which elsewhere he only uses incidentally. his sparing use of it may perhaps be attributed to his respect for the mohammedan religious law, just as the antinomian bias of some persian mystics seems to express itself in the freedom of their bacchanalian imagery. according to ibnu l - farid ' s custom, the symbolism is precise and circumstantial, so that its interpretation is far more baffling than in persian odes of the same kind, where large and simple ideas carry the reader easily along. i hope that the literal translation given below, together with the notes accompanying it, will make the meaning tolerably clear, though we may doubt whether the poet would always have accepted the interpretation given by his commentator, abdu l - ghani al - nabulusi, who not only explains too much but brings in philosophical theories that belong to ibnu l - arabi rather than to ibnu l - farid. into this question, however, i need not enter now. ( 1 ) in memory of the beloved we quaffed a vintage that made us drunk before the creation of the vine 2. ( 2 ) its cup the full - moon ; itself a sun which a new moon causes to circle. when it is mingled ( with water ), how many stars appear 3! ( 3 ) but for its perfume, i should not have found the way to its taverns ; and but for its resplendence, the imagination would not have pictured it 4. ( 4 ) time hath preserved of it but a breath : it is unseen as a thing hidden in the bosom of the mind 1. ( 5 ) if it be mentioned amongst the tribe, the tribesmen become intoxicated without incurring disgrace or committing sin 2. ( 6 ) it oozed up from the inmost depths of the jars ( and vanished ), and in reality nothing was left of it but a name 3. ( 7 ) if it ever come into the mind of a man, joy will", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5215586214536344, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 11, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T11:31:42.501492"} {"text": "farid more often reminds us of dante than of lucretius, but these verses may be compared with a passage in the de rerum natura ( 2, 323 foll. ) where the author illustrates \" the perpetual motion of the atoms going on beneath an appearance of absolute rest \" by a picture \" taken from the pomp of human affairs and the gay pageantry of armies \" : \" the truth and fulness of life in this passage are immediately perceived, but the element of sublimity is added by the thought in the two lines with which the passage concludes, which reduces the whole of this moving and sounding pageant to stillness and silence a similar and perhaps even more striking effect is produced when ibnu l - farid, after having brought before his readers the spectacle of restless life and strife which fills the world, at once transforms it into a vision of eternal order and harmony all thou beholdest is the act of one. in reading the taiyya it is a rare pleasure to meet with. even ten or twenty consecutive lines like these, which require no commentary to interpret them. yet the poem, as a whole, is not unduly cryptic in expression. those who blame a writer for obscurity ought to ask themselves whether his meaning could have been given more clearly ; and if so, whether he can allege good and sufficient reasons for his default. on these counts i think ibnu l - farid will secure an acquittal, if we remember that he was bound by the poetic forms and fashions of his day. the obscurity does not lie in his style so much as in the nature of his subject. while his symbolism may have served him at times as a mask when plain speaking would have been dangerous 1, he generally uses it as the only possible means of imparting mystical truth ; and in his own circle, no doubt, it was understood readily enough. we, on the other hand, must begin by learning it and end with recognising that no intellectual effort will bring us to the stage whence an initiated mohammedan sets out. what makes the interpretation of the poem especially uncertain is that the author ' s account of his religious and mystical experience is psychological in character and throws but a faint light on his theological position. was he really a pantheist, or was he an orthodox mystic whose feeling of oneness with god expressed itself in the language of pantheism? does the taiyya reflect the doctrines of ibnu l - arabi, as its commentators believe? although", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5292423186697464, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 16, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T11:31:42.507456"} {"text": "really a pantheist, or was he an orthodox mystic whose feeling of oneness with god expressed itself in the language of pantheism? does the taiyya reflect the doctrines of ibnu l - arabi, as its commentators believe? although such questions cannot be ignored by any one who attempts to translate or explain the poem, they are not easy to answer definitely. i have followed kashani in the main ; nevertheless i regard his interpretation as representing a point of view which is alien to ibnu l - farid. logically, the mystical doctrine of ittihad ( einswerden ) leads to the pantheistic monism of ibnu l - arabi ; but those who find in the taiyya a poetical version of that system are confusing mysticism with philosophy. in some passages, however, we meet with philosophical ideas 2 and may draw inferences from them. while they do not appear to me to support the view that ibnu l - farid was a follower of ibnu l - arabi, they imply pantheism and monism on the plane of speculative thought, where commentators and theologians [ paragraph continues ] ( not poets and mystics ) are accustomed to dwell. i consider, therefore, that k. ' s interpretation, false as it is to the spirit of the poem, places it in a medium intelligible to us and conveys its meaning in a relatively adequate form. and my readers will see at once how the mystical content of the taiyya as well as its philosophical implications are illustrated by the foregoing essay on the insanu l - kamil. was ibnu l - farid consciously a pantheist? i do not think so. but in the permanent unitive state which he describes himself as having attained, he cannot speak otherwise than pantheistically : he is so merged in the oneness that he identifies himself now with mohammed ( the islamic logos ), now with god, whose attributes he assumes and makes his own. many of these passages are such as no medieval religion but islam would have tolerated, and we cannot wonder that he was charged with heresy. his opponents accused him of holding the doctrine of incarnation ( hulul ) and of pretending to be the qutb. he disavows hula l and shows how it differs from his own doctrine ( vv. 277 foll. ). as regards the qutb, the most explicit reference occurs in vv. 500 - 1 : here is another suspected verse ( 313 ) :", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5075527631488348, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 17, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T11:31:42.508447"} {"text": "spiritual and sensible forms in which it veils itself. as the bedouin poet brags about himself in order to assert the dignity of his tribe, so when the mohammedan saints boast of the unique endowments which god has bestowed upon them, it is not self - glorification, but thanksgiving to him \" from whom all blessings flow. \" 173 : 3 real being is manifested in phenomena, just as the light of the sun is reflected by the moon. 173 : 4 see kor. 6, 76 foll. \" and when the night overshadowed him, he saw a p. 174 star, and he said, this is my lord ; but when it set, he said, i like not gods which set. and when he saw the moon rising, he said, this is my lord ; but when he saw it set, he said, verily, if my lord direct me not, i shall become one of the people who go astray \" ( sale ' s translation ). 174 : 1 in this verse there is an untranslatable play on the double meaning of badr, which signifies ( i ) a place between mecca and medina where the prophet won his memorable victory over the meccan idolaters in a. d. 624 ; ( 2 ) a full moon. thus the ahlu badr are to moslems more than what of \u03bf\u03b9 \u03bc\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03b8\u03c9\u03bd\u03bf\u03bc\u03b1\u03c7\u03b1\u03b9 were to the greeks of plato ' s time, while the phrase also suggests the perfect illumination reserved for adepts in mysticism. irish politics of forty years ago would provide an exact parallel, if the moonlighters were regarded as national heroes and saints. the poet says that the men of badr, i. e., the noble company of mystics, journey not so much in the light which phenomena derive from reality as in the light of reality itself. 174 : 2 material beauty is not worthy to be loved except in so far as it is one of the ideas ( attributes and manifestations ) of absolute beauty. 174 : 3 when god withdraws himself ( from the inward eye of the mystic ), he still lays his commands on the soul, so that it performs its predestined good and evil works. 174 : 4 divine love sweeps away the conventional standards of truth and right and honour. 176 : 1 diwan, p. 331 foll. 176 : 2 ibid. p. 347, 1. 6 foll. cf. shelley, epip", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.565841945459508, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 22, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T11:31:42.514113"} {"text": "pronounced by the \" blamer. \" 180 : 3 as camels bring the beloved to the lover ' s eye, so reproof brings him to the lover ' s ear. 180 : 4 diwan, p. 275 foll. cf. p. 346, l. 5, and p. 429, l. 27p. 420, l. 6. 181 : 1 ibid. p. 370, 1. 22. 181 : 2 the arabic word for rocks ( safa ) is also the name of a peak near mecca, and this may be its meaning here. 182 : 1 reading with the commentator haya instead of hiba. 182 : 2 diwan, p. 297 foll. 182 : 3 this is quite different, of course, from the pictorial treatment of desert life and scenery which we find in the pre - islamic odes. 182 : 4 reading. 183 : 1 diwan, pp. 429 - 441. 183 : 2 ibid. p. 6. 183 : 3 ibid. p. 70. \" the two least parts \" are the heart and the tongue. 183 : 4 ibid. p. 160, l. 24 foll. 184 : 1 diwan, p. 472 foll. 184 : 2. the soul was intoxicated with the wine of divine love ( i. e. was rapt in contemplation of god ) during its pre - existence in the eternal knowledge of god before the body was created. 184 : 3 the full - moon is the perfect man, i. e. the gnostic or saint in whom god reveals himself completely and who is, as it were, filled with divine love. the new moon is the gnostic veiled by his individuality, so that he manifests only a part of the divine light, not the whole ; he causes the wine of love to circle, i. e. he displays and makes known to others the names and attributes of god. when the wine is watered, i. e. when pure contemplation is blended with the element of religion, the seeker of god obtains spiritual direction and is like a traveller guided by the stars in his night - journey. 184 : 4 n. ' s commentary on this verse is characteristically recondite. he interprets \" its perfume \" as the sphere of the primal intelligence, whence emanate all created things ; \" its taverns \" as the divine names and attributes ; \" its resplendence", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5072891268106638, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 24, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T11:31:42.516152"} {"text": "verse is characteristically recondite. he interprets \" its perfume \" as the sphere of the primal intelligence, whence emanate all created things ; \" its taverns \" as the divine names and attributes ; \" its resplendence \" as the human intellect, which is a flash of the primal intelligence. divine love, being of the essence of god, has no form except in the imagination. 185 : 1 \" time, \" i. e. the world of change. the second hemistich may be rendered literally : \" tis as though its occultation were a concealment in the breasts of ( human ) minds. \" 185 : 2 \" the tribesmen, \" i. e. mystics capable of receiving illumination. 185 : 3 this verse describes the gradual fading of ecstasy from the heart of the mystic. 185 : 4 i need not trouble my readers with the detailed allegorical analysis to which the commentator subjects this and the next nine verses. they explain themselves, if taken as a fanciful description of the miracles wrought by divine love. 186 : 1 the fidam is a strainer placed over the mouth of the bottle, so that the wine may run clear. 186 : 2 vv. 23 - 30 are wanting in the commentary of burini and may have been inserted in the poem by a copyist. see nallino, op. cit. p. 31, note i. divine love, as the eternal source of all created things, is logically prior to them, although it does not precede them in time, which itself is created. 186 : 3 inasmuch as real being belongs to god alone, mystical union cannot be likened to the permeation of one body by another, as when water is absorbed by a sponge. 186 : 4 this enigmatic verse refers to being under its two aspects. wine signifies pure being, vine phenomenal being. in so far as man is related to the divine spirit ( here identified with adam, whom god \" created in his own p. 187 image \" ), he is pure reality ; but in so far as he belongs to nature, he is unreal. \" its mother \" is the mother of wine, i. e. the vine, which is a symbol for the material world. 187 : 1 the \" vessels \" are the phenomenal forms by which real being is manifested. they are \" subtle, \" i. e. spiritual, because every such form is the veil of a reality. these realities \" increase, \" i.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5353811173037833, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 25, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T11:31:42.517878"} {"text": "187 : 1 the \" vessels \" are the phenomenal forms by which real being is manifested. they are \" subtle, \" i. e. spiritual, because every such form is the veil of a reality. these realities \" increase, \" i. e. appear as the many, by means of the forms which our senses perceive. 187 : 2 absolute being or god or divine loveall these terms are the same in essenceis not conditioned by time. 187 : 3 i. e. it was an orphan before the beginning of fatherhood. this, i think, is merely a paradox indicating the timeless nature of reality. the word \" orphanhood \" ( yutm ) may allude to mohammed ( cf. note on the taiyya, vv. 288 - 9 ). in this case the meaning will be that mohammed ( as the logos ) existed before the creation of adam. according to n., absolute being is made an \" orphan \" by the passing - away ( fana ) of the spirit in man. universal spirit or reason, the first emanation, may be said to \" die \" when its essence ( the human spirit ) is mystically re - united with the absolute ; and its \" death \" leaves the absolute, i. e. the phenomenal world regarded as the other self of the absolute, \" an orphan in the bosom of its mother nature. \" 187 : 4 moslems associate with christianity the beverage forbidden by their own religion. when their poets describe a wine - party, the scene is often laid in the neighbourhood of a christian monastery ( dayr ). ibnu l - farid says that the christians became intoxicated without having drunk, i. e. their doctrine that god reveals himself in christ is only a glimpse of the truth, p. 188 which is fully realised by moslem saints, that god reveals himself in every atom of existence. cf. the taiyya, v. 730 foll. and p. 140 supra. 188 : 1 i. e. seek to contemplate the divine essence alone, or if you must seek anything besides, let it be the first and highest manifestation of that essence, namely, the spirit or light of mohammed, which is figuratively called \" the water of the beloved ' s teeth. \" 188 : 2 the sufis have always known the value of music as a means of inducing ecstasy. cf. the mystics of islam, p. 63 foll. ; d. b. macdonald, emotional religion in islam", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5861341596234075, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 26, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T11:31:42.518995"} {"text": "' s teeth. \" 188 : 2 the sufis have always known the value of music as a means of inducing ecstasy. cf. the mystics of islam, p. 63 foll. ; d. b. macdonald, emotional religion in islam as affected by music and singing in the journal of the royal asiatic society, 1901, pp. 195 foll. and 748 foll., and 1902, p. 1 foll. 188 : 3 p. 165, note 2. 189 : 1 see v. 679 of the prose translation infra. 190 : 1 \" the forms of things, \" i. e. the puppets, typify phenomena, which in themselves are lifeless and passive : all their life and activity is the effect of the manifestation in them of the actions and attributes of reality. 190 : 2 the greek fire to which von hammer finds an allusion here is, i think, an ignis fatuus. 190 : 3 the genies ( jinn ) are described as ethereal creatures, endowed with speech, transparent ( so that they are normally invisible ), and capable of assuming various shapes. 191 : 1 taiyya, vv. 680 - 706. 192 : 1 w. y. sellar, the roman poets of the republic, p. 403. i give munro ' s translation : \" again when mighty legions fill with their movements all parts of the plains, waging the mimicry of war, the glitter then lifts itself up to the sky, and the whole earth round gleams with brass, and beneath a noise is raised by the mighty trampling of men, and the mountains stricken by the shouting re - echo the voices to the stars of heaven, and horsemen fly about and suddenly wheeling scour across the middle of the plains, shaking them with the vehemence of their charge. and yet there is some place on the high hills, seen from which they appear to stand still and to rest on the plains as a bright spot. \" 192 : 2 taiyya, v. 489. 193 : 1 taiyya, vv. 395 - 6. 193 : 2 e. g. emanation ( fayd ) in vv. 403 - 5. the spiritual and sensible worlds derive their life from universal spirit and universal soul ( v. 405 ; cf. v. 492 ). in v. 455 the hallajian terms, lahut ( divinity ) and nasut ( humanity ) are used in the same way as by ibnu l", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5486730789641168, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 27, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T11:31:42.521581"} {"text": "june 8, 2007 concerned that current methods for making computer chips might become stymied as components keep shrinking, many engineers are looking for circuit building blocks with improved electrical properties. among the most promising are stringy carbon nanotubes that capably form transistors to switch current on and off. but the nanotubes tend to grow with unpredictable kinks and bends that could cause bad wiring connections. this week at the design automation conference in san diego, a group of stanford engineers will present a way to design circuits that should work even when many of the nanotubes in them are twisted and misaligned. \" the question is what ' s next in chip technologies, \" says subhasish mitra, an assistant professor of electrical engineering and computer science. \" that ' s why nanotechnology is important. but you want to make sure that you are not in a lab making something that chip designers cannot actually use. \" to prevent that, he and electrical engineering professor h. - s. philip wong, working with chemistry professor chongwu zhou at the university of southern california, have been looking closely at how nanotubes end up resting on the surfaces of experimental chips. \" it ' s not as bad as a plate of noodles, \" mitra says. \" you want to create transistors out of these things, and hook up these transistors and make them turn on and off independently. but if twisted carbon nanotubes, for example, short out the circuit, you lose the opportunity to do that. \" making messy workable what mitra, wong and graduate students nishant patil and jie deng have realized is that if nanotubes are always going to be somewhat askew, engineers will have to design circuits that can work regardless of where and how the tubes lie. they started by coming up with a single circuit element, a nand gate, that was immune from the vagaries of its underlying nanotube layout. from that single element that could function despite misalignments, they abstracted and generalized the math to come up with an algorithm that can guarantee a working design for any circuit element, mitra says, even when a large number of nanotubes are misaligned. using simulations developed by wong and deng, the group has been able to show that not only do the algorithm ' s designs work, but they also don ' t appear to exact a significant financial, speed or energy price compared to traditional designs, mitra says. the key to determining whether a circuit", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_computing", "similarity_score": 0.5942968089022702, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T11:31:42.538856"} {"text": "group has been able to show that not only do the algorithm ' s designs work, but they also don ' t appear to exact a significant financial, speed or energy price compared to traditional designs, mitra says. the key to determining whether a circuit element is immune to nanotube misalignment is breaking up each circuit element into a fine grid that can be analyzed mathematically. doing this in the abstract with models allows engineers to determine which grid squares nanotubes must pass through and which they shouldn ' t traverse to make a design work correctly. to eliminate unwanted connections, nanotubes in so - called \" illegal \" regions can then be either chemically etched away or rendered electrically irrelevant in other ways. the stanford algorithm takes this all several steps further, applying sophisticated mathematics to automatically determine where the legal and illegal regions should be in the design of a circuit element with a particular function. \" you not only determine whether something is immune or not, but can automatically generate circuit designs that are guaranteed to be immune, \" mitra says. while the algorithm can overcome all the bad connections that errant nanotubes make, it cannot guarantee that a nanotube will always make a desired connection. nanotubes also have other problems that remain unsolved, mitra points out. some, for example, always conduct electricity instead of switching on and off like a semiconductor should. the group ' s next step is to move beyond simulation to build and test real circuit elements according to the algorithm ' s output. while more work is necessary to deliver the promise of nanotube technology, solving the misalignment problem would be a significant step. \" carbon nanotube transistors show great promise as extensions to silicon transistors due to their fast speed, small size and lower energy consumption, \" patil says. \" using this technique, we can make larger and more complex circuit blocks with them. \" wong speculates that the advance could eventually spill over from chips to assist engineers facing analogous challenges. \" a similar methodology can be applied to many emerging technologies, \" he says. \" the concept of not having to define everything with high precision is germane to engineering robust systems. \" the microelectronics advanced research corporation supported the research. other social bookmarking and sharing tools : the above story is reprinted from materials provided by stanford university. the original article was written by david orenstein, communications and public relations manager at the stanford school of engineering.. note : materials may be edited for content and length. for", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_computing", "similarity_score": 0.5909228142550511, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T11:31:42.540286"} {"text": "june 10, 2008 researchers in sweden and japan report development of a new type of paper that resists breaking when pulled almost as well as cast iron. the new material, called \" cellulose nanopaper, \" is made of sub - microscopic particles of cellulose and may open the way for expanded use of paper as a construction material and in other applications, they suggest. in the new study, lars a. berglund and colleagues note that cellulose - - a tough, widely available substance obtained from plants - - has potential as a strong, lightweight ingredient in composites and other materials in a wide range of products. although cellulose - based composites have high strength, existing materials are brittle and snap easily when pulled. the study described a solution to this problem. it involves exposing wood pulp to certain chemicals to produce cellulose nanopaper. their study found that its tensile strength - - a material ' s ability to resist pull before snapping - - exceeded that of cast iron. they also were able to adjust the paper ' s strength by changing its internal structure. other social bookmarking and sharing tools : note : materials may be edited for content and length. for further information, please contact the source cited above. - henriksson et al. cellulose nanopaper structures of high toughness. biomacromolecules, 2008 ; 9 ( 6 ) : 1579 doi : 10. 1021 / bm800038n note : if no author is given, the source is cited instead.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5606125203983557, "token_count": 310, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T11:31:42.541856"} {"text": "june 9, 2010 three - dimensional imaging is dramatically expanding the ability of researchers to examine biological specimens, enabling a peek into their internal structures. and recent advances in x - ray diffraction methods have helped extend the limit of this approach. while significant progress has been made in optical microscopy to break the diffraction barrier, such techniques rely on fluorescent labeling technologies, which prohibit the quantitative 3 - d imaging of the entire contents of cells. cryo - electron microscopy can image structures at a resolution of 3 to 5 nanometers, but this only works with thin or sectioned specimens. and although x - ray protein crystallography is currently the primary method used for determining the 3 - d structure of protein molecules, many biological specimens - - such as whole cells, cellular organelles, some viruses and many important protein molecules - - are difficult or impossible to crystallize, making their structures inaccessible. overcoming these limitations requires the employment of different techniques. now, in a paper published may 31 in proceedings of national academy of sciences, ucla researchers and their collaborators demonstrate the use of a unique x - ray diffraction microscope that enabled them to reveal the internal structure of yeast spores. the team reports the quantitative 3 - d imaging of a whole, unstained cell at a resolution of 50 to 60 nanometers using x - ray diffraction microscopy, also known as lensless imaging. researchers identified the 3 - d morphology and structure of cellular organelles, including the cell wall, vacuole, endoplasmic reticulum, mitrochondria, granules and nucleolus. the work may open a door to identifying the individual protein molecules inside whole cells using labeling technologies. the lead authors on the paper are huaidong jiang, a ucla assistant researcher in physics and astronomy, and john miao, a ucla professor of physics and astronomy. the work is a culmination of a collaboration started three years ago with fuyu tamanoi, ucla professor of microbiology, immunology and molecular genetics. miao and tamanoi are both researchers at ucla ' s california nanosystems institute. other collaborators include teams at riken spring 8 in japan and the institute of physics, academia sinica, in taiwan. \" this is the first time that people have been able to peek into the 3 - d internal structure of a biological specimen, without cutting it into sections, using x - ray diffraction microscopy, \" miao said. \" by avoiding use of x - ray lenses, the resolution of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.5901992511489347, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T11:31:42.547475"} {"text": "have been able to peek into the 3 - d internal structure of a biological specimen, without cutting it into sections, using x - ray diffraction microscopy, \" miao said. \" by avoiding use of x - ray lenses, the resolution of x - ray diffraction microscopy is ultimately limited by radiation damage to biological specimens. using cryogenic technologies, 3 - d imaging of whole biological cells at a resolution of 5 to 10 nanometers should be achievable, \" miao said. \" our work hence paves a way for quantitative 3 - d imaging of a wide range of biological specimens at nanometer - scale resolutions that are too thick for electron microscopy. \" tamanoi prepared the yeast spore samples analyzed in this study. spores are specialized cells that are formed when they are placed under nutrient - starved conditions. cells use this survival strategy to cope with harsh conditions. \" biologists wanted to examine internal structures of the spore, but previous microscopic studies provided information on only the surface features. we are very excited to be able to view the spore in 3 - d, \" tamanoi said. \" we can now look into the structure of other spores, such as anthrax spores and many other fungal spores. it is also important to point out that yeast spores are of similar size to many intracellular organelles in human cells. these can be examined in the future. \" since its first experimental demonstration by miao and collaborators in 1999, coherent diffraction microscopy has been applied to imaging a wide range of materials science and biological specimens, such as nanoparticles, nanocrystals, biomaterials, cells, cellular organelles, viruses and carbon nanotubes using x - ray, electron and laser facilities worldwide. until now, however, the radiation - damage problem and the difficulty of acquiring high - quality 3 - d diffraction patterns from individual whole cells have prevented the successful high - resolution 3 - d imaging of biological cells by x - ray diffraction. other social bookmarking and sharing tools : - h. jiang, c. song, c. - c. chen, r. xu, k. s. raines, b. p. fahimian, c. - h. lu, t. - k. lee, a. nakashima, j. urano, t. ishikawa, f. tamanoi, j. miao. quantitative 3d imaging of whole, unstained cells by using x - ray diff", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.5684876237861123, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T11:31:42.548463"} {"text": "caused by methylmercury requires global - scale cooperation on policies and source reductions. negotiations by the united nations environment program are currently underway to address mercury emission levels. \" other social bookmarking and sharing tools : - martine bellanger, celine pichery, dominique aerts, marika berglund, argelia castano, maja cejchanova, pierre crettaz, fred davidson, marta esteban, karen exley, marc e fischer, anca elena gurzau, katarina halzlova, andromachi katsonouri, lisbeth e knudsen, marike kolossa - gehring, gudrun koppen, danuta ligocka, ana miklavcic, m fatima reis, peter rudnai, janja snoj tratnik, pal weihe, esben budtz - j\u00f8rgensen, philippe grandjean. economic benefits of methylmercury exposure control in europe : monetary value of neurotoxicity prevention. environmental health, 2013 ; 12 ( 1 ) : 3 doi : 10. 1186 / 1476 - 069x - 12 - 3 - elsie m sunderland, noelle e selin. future trends in environmental mercury concentrations : implications for prevention strategies. environmental health, 2013 ; 12 ( 1 ) : 2 doi : 10. 1186 / 1476 - 069x - 12 - 2 note : if no author is given, the source is cited instead.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5219474615991919, "token_count": 304, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T11:31:42.552335"} {"text": "web edition : may 27, 2011 it took no time in december for critics to cast doubt on the remarkable claim that a bacterium force - fed with arsenic incorporated some of the poison into its cells and even its dna. as soon as the science paper by felisa wolfe - simon and colleagues was published, critics took to the airwaves and the blogosphere ; there was even coverage of the coverage. the debate over whether an organism could substitute a normally toxic substance, arsenic, for phosphorus, one of life \u2019 s six elemental building blocks \u2014 and whether wolfe - simon and her colleagues demonstrated an instance that substitution \u2014 continues with a formal octet of criticisms published online today in science. and you can take a look for yourself at the whole thing, because the journal has made the papers freely available. some of the objections are with the science done ( or not done ) by the research team. the growth medium for example, in which the microbes known as strain gfaj - 1 were cultured, contained some phosphorous, one researcher notes. others take issue with the math with which the data was analyzed. other scientists cast doubt on the claims not because of the nitty - gritty of the lab work, but because the report challenges a lot of known science, such as the chemical reactions that go into building a dna molecule and how that might work \u2014 or not work \u2014 if arsenic were swapped for phosphorous. science also published a response by wolfe - simon and her colleagues, in which they address the presented critiques. and so this scientific version of clue continues : was it gfaj - 1, in the lab, with the arsenic? that still isn \u2019 t clear, but as science notes in its introduction to the debate, science is proceeding as it should.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5422617715917886, "token_count": 362, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T11:31:42.558370"} {"text": "what is scientology? scientology definiton : scio ( latin ) \u201c knowing, in the fullest sense of the word, \u201d logos ( greek ) \u201c study of. \u201d thus scientology means \u201c knowing how to know. \u201d developed by l. ron hubbard, scientology is a religion that offers a precise path leading to a complete and certain understanding of one \u2019 s true spiritual nature and one \u2019 s relationship to self, family, groups, mankind, all life forms, the material universe, the spiritual universe and the supreme being. scientology addresses the spirit \u2014 not the body or mind \u2014 and believes that man is far more than a product of his environment, or his genes. scientology comprises a body of knowledge which extends from certain fundamental truths. prime among these are : man is an immortal spiritual being. his experience extends well beyond a single lifetime. his capabilities are unlimited, even if not presently realized. the creed of the church of scientology the creed of the church of scientology was written by l. ron hubbard shortly after the church was formed in los angeles on february 18, 1954. after mr. hubbard issued this creed from his office in phoenix, arizona, the church of scientology adopted it as its creed because it succinctly states what scientologists believe. within the vast amount of data which makes up scientology \u2019 s religious beliefs and practices there are many principles which, when learned, give one a new and broader view of life. knowing the tone scale, for instance, a person can see how best to deal with a grumpy child, mollify an upset friend or get an idea across to a staid employer. these principles amount to a huge area of observation in the humanities. it is a body of knowledge there for the learning. there is nothing authoritarian in it. it is valuable purely as a body of knowledge. who was l. ron hubbard? l. ron hubbard was an author, philosopher, humanitarian and founder of the scientology religion. he was born march 13, 1911, in tilden, nebraska, and passed away january 24, 1986. his long and adventurous road to discovery began at an early age. under the tutelage of his mother, a thoroughly educated woman, he was reading well beyond his years : shakespeare, greek philosophy and an array of later classics. yet his early years were far from bookish and with his family \u2019 s move to helena, montana, he was soon breaking broncos with the best of the local wranglers. as an inquisitive youth in what was then still a rough", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5307175425282504, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T11:31:42.564070"} {"text": "latest news about stars and galaxies stars are giant, luminous spheres of plasma. galaxies consist of stars, stellar remnants, dust, gas, and dark matter, bound together by gravity. learn more about stars and galaxies. nasa ' s nustar mission will peer through the dust and gas to see what what lies in the centers of other galaxies. nasa ' s kepler mission, a space - based telescopic camera, has discovered planets orbiting stars beyond our sun. though an earth - like planet in the \" goldilocks zone \" hasn ' t yet been positively identified, astronomers believe it ' s just a matter of time. the new photo captures perhaps 1 percent of our galaxy ' s stars. nasa ' s spitzer space telescope is designed to study objects in infrared light. the new image shows more than 200, 000 galaxies that each contains billions of stars. the globular cluster at the center of our galaxy contains stars twice as old as the sun. new observations support the idea that galaxies expel gas and then suck it back in to create baby stars. a new survey of distant galaxies provides new clues about how these cosmic objects evolved. this cool space wallpaper shows a massive, young stellar grouping, called r136, is only a few million years old and resides in the 30 doradus nebula, a turbulent star - birth region in the large magellanic cloud, a satellite galaxy of the milky way. the hercules cluster is unlike many other neighboring galaxy groups. this stunning space wallpaper reveals the natural - color image of the galaxies was taken with nasa ' s hubble space telescope and with the canada - france - hawaii telescope in hawaii. infrared observations of the orion nebula show young stars as they mature into adulthood. these outflows could shape the growth of black holes and dictate star formation in their host galaxies. this mind - bending look at our day and night sky \u2013 including some auroras \u2013 was cut together by randy halverson ( dakotalapse. com ). the score was composed by bear mccreary ( battlestar galactica, the walking dead, eureka, etc. ). the galaxies are said to be in a smooth, curved line making them appear to be connected in a chain. the extremely bright x - ray source in the andromeda galaxy was first detected in late 2009. the carina nebula is home to several of the brightest and most massive known stars.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5465638783894098, "token_count": 486, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T11:31:42.581989"} {"text": "hope for spinal - injury victims canterbury university research is aimed at giving people with spinal - cord injuries improved movement and stability. phd student cindy allison plans to draw on the work of israeli physicist moshe feldenkrais to develop a group programme for disabled people that would be accessible and affordable. the feldenkrais method aims to restore the sensory system through specific movements and attention to sensory feedback, with research showing it could reduce pain, fatigue, stress and medical costs, while improving mobility, stability, co - ordination and breathing. allison said kevin hitchcock, a former director of news at channel ten in sydney, was told he would be paralysed from the neck down for the rest of his life after a diving accident, but had made an almost full recovery using the feldenkrais method. american molly hale broke her neck in 1995 and was told she would be paralysed from the shoulders down, but this year was able to walk unassisted for the first time since her accident. irene lober, of germany, was able to ski, despite being told she would need a wheelchair for the rest of her life. most disabled people who used the method did so individually. \" working in a group setting, you get the added benefit of inspiration and frequent humour from others in the group, she said. \" they also get a bit of an understanding of the method so they can do things on their own during the week. \" - \u00a9 fairfax nz news would you like to see a bike - share scheme in christchurch? related story : free bikes plan for christchurch", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5136137293233941, "token_count": 314, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T11:31:42.601157"} {"text": "short - chain fructo - oligosaccharides are obtained from sugar beet, by means of an enzyme produced by aspergillus niger, a microscopic fungus widely used in the food industry. the effects of short - chain oligosaccharides have been demonstrated in over 150 scientific and medical studies, which have investigated the effects of daily consumption of 2. 5 g. \u00a4 fructo - oligosaccharides selectively nourish the bifidobacteria that benefit intestinal flora. a notable positive effect on the proliferation of these bacteria was observed at a dose of 2. 5 g fructo - oligosaccharides a day, an effect which increased with doses up to 10 g a day. the bifidogenic effect is apparent after only four days of taking fructo - oligosaccharides. \u00a4 fructo - oligosaccharides : - improve digestive health : - promote a healthy colon and digestive system. taking fructo - oligosaccharides stimulates production of short - chain fatty acids, particularly butyrate, the fuel ' of the colon. by increasing butyrate levels from intestinal fermentation, fructo - oligosaccharides help maintain a healthy intestinal mucous membrane. they also have a tendency to reduce the colon ' s ph, linked to the production of short chain fatty acids. this decrease in ph helps maintain the colon in a healthy state ; - after 6 weeks ' consumption, abdominal pain was reported to have decreased significantly. 96 % of subjects observed a noticeable improvement in their digestion and 83 % reported an improvement in their general well - being, - taking 5 g fructo - oligosaccharides a day over six week reduced the intensity and occurrence of digestive problems, improving the digestion and quality of life of 105 volunteers with mild intestinal problems ; - a dose of 8 g a day has a beneficial effect on the lipid profile ; - 10 g a day boosts magnesium and calcium absorption ; several studies have shown that it increases the absorption of isoflavones in food and improves bone mineral density. \u00a4 a number of studies have demonstrated a beneficial effect on the immune system, with a strengthening effect on the intestinal barrier and a reduction in potentially pathogenic bacteria in the intestinal system. by modulating intestinal flora and fermentation, they have a major effect on resistance to diseases such as cancer or", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5031572941982683, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T11:31:42.625846"} {"text": "today \u2019 s market demands require the balancing of many competing priorities. specifically, in dealing with the interior furnishings of both residential and commercial projects, there are many factors to consider when selecting the most appropriate decorative panel, including price - point, durability, cutting edge design and overall sustainability. the selection of surface materials is one key to making all of this happen. this continuing education course will guide you through the evolution of decorative surface materials to help you navigate and select the best engineered overlay for any commercial and residential application. part 1 : a revolutionary evolution no introduction to decorative surface materials would be complete without paying homage to the technological history of plastic laminates and the stage that has been set for future advances. the machine age [ roughly 1905 - 1945 ] during the machine age scientists around the world were working to develop synthetic plastics. they came to understand that plastic is an amorphous solid consisting of long - chain molecules known as polymers, which do not break apart when flexed and are usually made from artificial resins. plastics were defined as thermosets and thermoplastics, and both would be used to engineer decorative surface materials. in the early 1900 \u2019 s the first plastic laminate material was made by impregnating kraft paper ( similar to brown bag paper ) with phenolic resin and compressing it under high temperatures and pressure in a process called thermosetting that irreversibly cured the resin. the resulting material was resistant to heat, water, chemicals and electrical current. originally it was used as an insulator for industrial products, but designers soon recognized the material \u2019 s uniform character and durability and started using it for other applications such as radio exteriors. the machine age also saw the emergence of high - speed printing presses and large - scale roduction machinery. in the 1920 \u2019 s, decor papers ( printed with solid colors, woodgrains, natural and abstract designs ) were added on top of kraft paper before thermosetting to give the finished plastic laminate product different visual effects. phenolic resins are known for their hardness, durability and resistance to moisture, but they are also dark in color. so in the 1930 \u2019 s a resin called melamine, which produces a clear surface, was developed. in contemporary manufacturing of plastic laminate ( commonly referred to as high - pressure laminate or hpl ), the top two layers, typically a transparent wear layer and decor paper design, are impregnated with melamine resin, and the bottom kraft layers", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.503799753331321, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T11:31:42.633671"} {"text": "manufacturing of plastic laminate ( commonly referred to as high - pressure laminate or hpl ), the top two layers, typically a transparent wear layer and decor paper design, are impregnated with melamine resin, and the bottom kraft layers use phenolic resins. during this same period industrial chemists were also developing thermoplastic plastics. these turn into a liquid when heated, and solidify when sufficiently cooled. they include polyethylene polymers such as vinyl ( pvc ), which is flame, water and corrosion resistant \u2013 characteristics that made it an excellent insulating material for the wires on u. s. military ships. despite vinyl \u2019 s practical beginnings, one of its most remarkable characteristics has proven to be its versatility, making it the second largest selling plastic in the world today. for the production of thermoplastic decorative surface materials, a thin sheetof pvc film is membrane vacuum pressed or profi le wrapped to a substrate. pvc films can be solid color or carry printed designs such as wood grains and abstracts. the atomic age [ roughly 1945 - 1985 ] from their inception, decorative surface materials derived from plastics offered designers excellent performance. as the visual design offerings improved so did the markets for these materials. by the 1950 \u2019 s, hpl plastic laminate was a popular decorative surface material for everything from cruise ships and soda fountains to high - end kitchens and furniture. vinyl products, with their characteristic low - cost versatility, were specified for tabletops, seating upholstery and wall coverings, as well as carpets, textiles, plastic wrap and pipes. the early part of this period reflects the end of wartime and the promise of a brighter future built on mankind \u2019 s ingenuity and collective work. this philosophy, combined with the ever - evolving palette of available building materials and decorative surfaces, gave architects and designers more room to dream. one result of this was googie architecture. though the space age motifs and giant tiki \u2019 s of googie faded away by the mid - 1960 \u2019 s, the movement itself stretched the imagination of design professionals and consumers alike. around the same time that googie lost its luster, advances in printing technology brought a new standard of consistency and realism to decor printing. rotogravure printing is the historical printing process of choice for fine art and photography reproduction due to its remarkable color density light to dark gradient. it is also the industry standard for decor printing. one of the advantages of using decorative surface materials is the infinite design possibilities of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5193438902964216, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T11:31:42.634767"} {"text": "printing is the historical printing process of choice for fine art and photography reproduction due to its remarkable color density light to dark gradient. it is also the industry standard for decor printing. one of the advantages of using decorative surface materials is the infinite design possibilities of decor printing, which can be done on paper of varying thickness ( typically with water - based pigments ) or on plastic films ( typically with solvent - based inks ). the photorealistic quality of gravure printing allows designers to replicate natural designs with great fidelity. at the same time, the process makes it possible to create decor papers and films with patterns and dimensionality that do not exist in nature. rotogravure printing involves engraving the design image onto an image carrier, which in the case of rotary printing is a cylinder. the development of electro - mechanical cylinder engraving in 1968 greatly increased the fidelity of the engraved designs. during the gravure process, the engraved cylinder is partially submerged into an ink fountain, which then fills the recessed cells with ink. the rotational motion of the cylinder draws the ink out of the fountain, and a doctor blade scrapes the excess color from the non - printing areas of the cylinder before it makes contact with the paper, which is generally fed through the press from large rolls rather than sheets. the paper ( or plastic film ) is sandwiched between the gravure cylinder and an impression roller, which applies the force that transfers the ink to the paper. this method ensures maximum saturation of ink. each color in a design requires its own printing unit ( engraved cylinder ). the paper goes through a dryer to make sure it is completely dry between color units. in addition to its aesthetic appeal, the performance of laminated surfaces was getting more attention during this period. hpl countertops offered consumers a viable option to solid wood ( which was said to crack, warp and hold bacteria ) and stone ( which was said to be heavy, costly and porous ). kitchens decked out in hpl and vinyl furniture, cabinets and counter tops were the height of fashion. often these materials were intended to look like what they were, which is to say plastic. while this was initially considered futuristic and cutting edge, it soon would appear dated. the information age [ roughly 1985 until early 2000 \u2019 s ] this early part of this time frame might be characterized as the pre - pubescence of laminated decorative surface materials. it was a time of great growth and opportunity, as well as some awkwardness and misunderstanding. new techniques were developed to expand", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5070284431191092, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T11:31:42.636607"} {"text": "s ] this early part of this time frame might be characterized as the pre - pubescence of laminated decorative surface materials. it was a time of great growth and opportunity, as well as some awkwardness and misunderstanding. new techniques were developed to expand the usage of decorative surface materials. some of them improved the performance of plastic laminates, such as the 20 - fold increase of durability that evolved with the introduction of laminate flooring products. a classic example is vertical surfaces. hpl is an extremely high performance product. it is perfect for usage in horizontal work surface and high - traffic areas. \u201c value - engineered \u201d new products were designed and introduced to meet the needs of similar applications with lower manufacturing costs. a good example of this is thermally fused melamine ( tfm ), which is essentially the top layers of hpl ( decor paper impregnated with melamine resins ), thermally fused to particleboard or mdf forming a stand - alone decorative panel. as these derivative products emerged they were not always specified based on the value of their performance, but often purely on cost. this had a negative effect on the perception of laminated decorative surfaces and the term \u201c laminate \u201d took on the connotation of a low quality imitation product, an unfortunate misconception. in a sense, engineered products were victims of their own genius, particularly considering how quickly technology advanced in the information age. but all was not lost, and savvy professionals knew that to maximize the use of any material it was important to understand its strengths and limitations. this explains the resurgence of design interest in the potential of laminated decorative surface materials. in addition to specialized performance, decorative surfaces were undergoing a paradigm shift in visual realism during this period. computers and digital scanning technology now allow decor designers to replicate any material with unprecedented fidelity and dimensionality. imaging software has made it possible to bring any design that can be imagined into being. laser engraving of rotogravure cylinders enables sharper contrast and more subtle tonal gradients than was previously possible. it has also expedited the process of decor development and sampling. new digital ink - jet printing technologies are driving decor development to move beyond commodity designs and into experimental boutique fashions and customized surfaces such as logos and murals. advanced surface treatments and overlay technologies also play important roles in the development of decorative surface materials, enhancing both the visual and tactile qualities of the products. one technique uses engineered press plates to create embossed texture \u201c in register \u201d with the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5754680910867532, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T11:31:42.638060"} {"text": "advanced surface treatments and overlay technologies also play important roles in the development of decorative surface materials, enhancing both the visual and tactile qualities of the products. one technique uses engineered press plates to create embossed texture \u201c in register \u201d with the decor paper design. this can include ticking that matches wood grain, or variations in gloss levels to enhance geometric or stone designs. another method for adding interest to decorative surfaces is the addition of a transparent overlay called an \u201c inclusion \u201d that is embedded with fibers or particles. inclusions of metal filings, organic materials ( such as banana fibers and coffee beans ) and textiles are all used to add an extra layer of interest on top of solid or printed decor papers. the connected age [ early 2000 \u2019 s to present ] according to web technologist anna zelenka, \u201c the defining characteristic of the information age is the creation and management of information to produce knowledge goods. the subtle shift into the connected age is the use of web - based communication tools to create and manage relationships across knowledge goods, hardware and people. \u201d this seemingly subtle shift in technology is manifested in one of the most important developments in decorative surface material manufacturing : cross product matching programs. after a quick and revolutionary history over the past 100 years, we \u2019 re now seeing decorative designs available across a broad range of surface materials and manufacturers thanks to these matching programs. this allows designers to value - engineer end products based on the specific performance demands of each component, ensuring the highest quality in design, value and durability. for example, matched materials can be used to construct a desk that incorporates printed papers in drawer and cabinet interiors, tfm or printed paper for the vertical exterior panels, hpl on the high - wear horizontal work surface and 3dl for contoured drawer fronts. despite each of these materials \u2019 unique performance characteristics, they share the same visual. matching programs make it easier for design professionals to maximize performance and cost without sacrificing design integrity. the next age is hard to predict, but it starts with a better understanding of the basic materials in use today. complete a questionnaire to receive a complimentary 1 - year subscription to surface & panel, the only magazine focused exclusively on the design, manufacture and marketing of panel - based furniture and casegoods. fill out the questionnaire", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.518304733746191, "token_count": 465, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T11:31:42.639094"} {"text": "s official profession was that of a surgeon to the duke of orleans. that afforded him a laboratory, some spare time, and a reasonable supply of money \u2013 enough to indulge his interest in chemistry and crystallisation. when the french academy of sciences in 1783 offered a prize of 2400 livres to whoever might develop an economically viable process for the production of soda ash ( sodium carbonate ) from sea salt, leblanc could not resist. leblanc, like other researchers looking to solve the challenge, began by heating sea salt in the presence of a source of sulpur ( in this case, sulphuric acid ) to produce sodium sulphate. his breakthrough was mixing the sodium sulphate with charcoal and adding calcium carbonate, at a temperature of 1000\u00b0c. this reaction yields sodium carbonate and sodium sulphate, which are fairly easy to separate. the king was delighted. the neighbours less so : leblanc had not just created one of the earliest industrial chemical processes but also one of the first major pollution problems. per ton of soda ash, the process produces 7 t of calcium sulphate waste and 5. 5 t of hydrogen chloride, which was released straight to the atmosphere, killing trees and blighting the landscape for miles around. in the uk, where leblanc \u2019 s process saw widespread use, this resulted in one of the earliest pieces of air pollution regulation \u2013 the alkali act of 1863. leblanc, alas, did not get to enjoy the fruits of his labour. the french revolution intervened, and leblanc had to reveal the details of his process, which was used to set up competing factories. his own sole soda factory was seized, his paymaster, the duke of orleans, executed, and leblanc and his family evicted from their home. of the 2400 livres for developing the process he only ever saw 60. leblanc eventually committed suicide in 1806. his legacy lives on though : leblanc soda plants laid the foundation to chemical sites near glasgow and liverpool, and the production of soda ash was the key driver of the nascent chemical industry in the mid - 19th century. getting to the bottom of it what do you do when your employer, a big consumer goods company, has just acquired several paper mills and now has more paper than it knows what to do with? well, obviously, you dream up a new and revolutionary product that just so happens to use huge quantities of paper. for victor mills, head of the exploratory products division of procter", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5011675572339456, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T11:31:42.710688"} {"text": "- innovators \u2013 specifically, the father - and - son team bill and bob gore. wilbert \u2018 bill \u2019 gore had spent 16 years working for dupont, during which time he \u2019 d become involved with the company \u2019 s fluorochemicals business, where he was working on ptfe \u2013 commonly known as teflon. bill was convinced that teflon had potential beyond non - stick frying pans. ptfe has outstanding electrical properties and can withstand extreme temperatures without getting brittle, so bill, working after hours in his basement, developed it as an electrical wire insulator. the product worked, bill quit his job, and the resulting multi - tet cable was so useful in the early computer industry it even made it to the moon landings. ptfe \u2019 s transformation from spacefaring insulator to fisherman \u2019 s friend came courtesy of bill \u2019 s son bob, who was trying to stretch extruded polymer to create a material fit for the aforementioned plumbing tape. the material refused to cooperate, no matter how carefully bob tried to stretch it. the breakthrough came when bob gave it a fast, hard yank \u2013 perhaps out of frustration \u2013 and much to his surprise found it had stretched by a factor of 1, 000. quite accidentally, he had created microporous ptfe, a honeycomb - like material which, because it contains 70 % air, is a first - rate insulator. not only that but its fine pores created a fabric that was wind - and waterproof and yet remained breathable. once the inevitable teething troubles were straightened out, gore - tex was set to become the ubitquitous outdoor material it is today, found in everything from all - weather clothing for skiing, golfing or dogwalking to surgical implants and even dental floss and guitar strings. full article published in : tce 840, june 2011 driving units and progress arthur d little if chemical engineering is the application of science to industry, then one of its most influential pioneers was arthur d little. founder of the international consultancy that bears his name, little \u2019 s achievements stretch much further : he developed the concept of unit operations \u2013 still a cornerstone of the profession \u2013 and used it to define the role of chemical engineering in industrial chemistry. he was also one of six founding members of the american institute of chemical engineers and the driving force behind the creation of the chemical engineering practice school at the massachusetts institute of technology in 1920. little was far ahead of his time in recognising the importance of long - term industrial research", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5077745733278246, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T11:31:42.717197"} {"text": "on average it cost one slave life per two tons of sugar. juice was extracted from the cut cane by crushing it in a three - roller mill, initially driven by mules and later by steam engines. a wooden gutter would transport the juice into the boiling house, where it entered a series of flat - bottomed copper kettles of decreasing size ( the so - called jamaica train ), in which the juice was repeatedly boiled to produce a thick syrup. milk of lime and ox blood were added to clarify the solution, and slaves would skim off the impurities, before the syrup was poured into pots to set into semi - refined sugar. howard \u2019 s contribution was to replace the open jamaica train with a vacuum pan and filter units. reducing the pressure meant that the sugar juice could be boiled at much lower temperatures, cutting the risk of burns and reducing caramelisation and allowing the evaporation step to continue till the sugar crystallised, resulting in much better, purer sugar. rillieux improved howard \u2019 s vacuum pans further by using the hot steam from the first evaporator to heat the second and so on. this improved the energy of the process so drastically that the installation of rillieux \u2019 improved multi - effect evaporator paid for itself within a year. both howard and rillieux saw the success of their innovations during their lifetime though rillieux, because of his colour ( he was one quarter black ), occasionally found it difficult to enjoy the fruits of his labour. as for slaves, the improvement in their lot was only temporary : while the improved evaporators made processing sugar safer and less arduous, the increased capacity of the processing plants meant that ever - more sugar had to be planted and harvested \u2013 equally backbreaking and dangerous work. but vacuum evaporation and multiple - effect evaporators are still very much with us today. from calculator to flat - screen tv we owe a greater debt to pocket calculators than we might think \u2013 for every flat - screen lcd ( liquid crystal display ), be it the tv at home, the mobile phone in your pocket or the computer monitor in the office, is essentially the grandchild of a pocket calculator launched by japan \u2019 s sharp corporation in 1973. the el - 805 calculator ( no prizes for a catchy name ) was the first commercial electronic device to use an lcd screen. the 1960s and 70s saw the so - called \u2018 calculator wars \u2019 \u2013 a period of fierce price competition between", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5193776707824111, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T11:31:42.724254"} {"text": "norm. such a low octane rating makes a fuel very likely to combust prematurely, causing serious engine knock \u2013 which in turn makes it impossible to use efficient high - compression engines. haensel was looking for a suitable catalyst for the cracking process and was convinced that platinum would be perfect for the job. except, of course, that platinum was extremely rare and prohibitively expensive \u2013 \u201c it cannot be done \u201d was the received wisdom. but what, thought haensel, if he could make do with a vanishingly small quantity of platinum? what if on top of that he could regenerate any fouled catalyst in situ, allowing him to \u2013 in theory at least \u2013 run the process indefinitely? his refusal to accept conventional wisdom led to the creation of a heterogeneous alumina - supported platinum catalyst that would very effectively dehydrogenate the hydrocarbons in the c6 \u2013 c10 paraffins and transform the resulting unsaturated hydrocarbons into nice aromatic rings. by working with a highly - dispersed catalyst with extremely small platinum particles, haensel managed to reduce the platinum content in the catalyst to as little as 0. 01 %. the so - called \u2018 platforming \u2019 ( platinum reforming ) process was born. the first platforming unit started up in 1949 and is still very much with us \u2013 some minor improvements aside. today the vast majority of our fuels are produced through a platforming process. without haensel \u2019 s determination, we could say goodbye to today \u2019 s supercars and hello to the backfiring smoke - belching cars of the 1930s. reginald gibson, eric fawcett, michael perrin and dermot manning polyethylene ( pe ) is everywhere. from shopping bags to tupperware boxes, from plastic toys to water pipes and even hip replacements, it \u2019 s pe \u2019 s versatility that makes it the world \u2019 s most common plastic. its commercial success came courtesy of two ici chemists, reginald gibson and eric fawcett, who in 1933 experimented with ethylene and benzaldehyde at high pressure. the reaction yielded a mysterious waxy solid but the reaction was fickle \u2013 attempts to reproduce it would as often as not result in a very loud bang and a mixture of hydrogen and carbon. nobody could work out initially why the experiment would result in these quite spectacular failures, and ici eventually decided to stop the research before someone came to serious grief. it later transpired that the key to making the experiment work was oxygen : if", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5060603005202005, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T11:31:42.729879"} {"text": "carbon. nobody could work out initially why the experiment would result in these quite spectacular failures, and ici eventually decided to stop the research before someone came to serious grief. it later transpired that the key to making the experiment work was oxygen : if there \u2019 s too little, nothing happens, too much and the mixture explodes. it had been pure luck that some of the ethylene bottles used in the early experiments had been contaminated with just the right amount of oxygen. with high - pressure chemistry still in its infancy, there was little off - the - shelf equipment, and it fell to the team \u2019 s resident engineer, dermot manning, to design and build most of the reaction vessels. a key problem was sealing the vessels, as the standard lens ring would not hold gas at pressures above 300 atm \u2013 and ici wase working at well over 1, 000 atm here. manning devised a self - sealing wave ring, which used the rising internal pressure to seal the wavy circumference of the ring into its seat, which overcame the problem. full - scale production of pe started the very day germany invaded poland, and a polymer that had been destined for telecommunications cable was used to insulate airborne radar instead. this proved to be an important advantage, as it enabled the british forces to create a radar system that was light enough to place on fighter planes, which helped their supply ships avoid german submarines. vote now for your favourite on https : / / www. surveymonkey. com / s / changedtheworld2011. votes close 9 january 2012. pfizer \u2019 s penicillin pioneers jasper kane and john mckeen sometimes it \u2019 s not the innovation itself that matters \u2013 it \u2019 s making it available in quantity and at the right time. scale - up, in other words. ensuring that there was sufficient penicillin to treat the hundreds of thousands of soldiers that took part in the d - day landings during world war ii was not the work of alexander fleming ; it was chemical engineers who made that happen. while many worked on scaling up production of penicillin, it was pfizer chemist jasper kane and chemical engineer john mckeen who arguably made the biggest contribution. the two cracked the problem of production via deep - tank fermentation. since penicillin requires air to grow, the biggest problem was designing an aerated, stirred tank that would reliably and efficiently produce quantities of the notoriously fickle drug. war - time materials shortages forced pfizer to take a huge commercial gamble", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.5210716811787928, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 8, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T11:31:42.732816"} {"text": "midgley \u2019 s innovation, freon \u2013 were the workhorse of the refrigeration industry and the propellant of choice in just about any hairspray, deodorant or insecticide spray. unlike the available alternatives, freon was neither toxic, flammable nor explosive. at the time of midgley \u2019 s untimely death at the age of 55, he was highly celebrated and decorated, holder of numerous awards and prestigious offices. his legacy stayed with us for many years more, though perhaps not in the way he and his contemporaries might have anticipated. full article published in tce 829 / 30, july / august 2010 carl von linde and william hampson the liquefaction and separation of air is one of those processes that many engineers worked on over the years, but only one \u2013 or rather two \u2013 would succeed at. two very similar processes for the liquefaction of air were independently developed in germany and the uk and patented within weeks of each other ; the first by the mechanical engineer carl von linde, the second by a hitherto unknown, classics graduate and barrister william hampson. both used air itself as a refrigerant, exploiting the joule thompson effect, which describes how gas gets colder as it expands. the effect is even more pronounced if the gas was previously compressed and chilled. harnessing the effect in a virtuous cycle, by allowing compressed cooled air to expand in a counter - current heat exchanger so it cools the incoming compressed air to ever - lower temperatures, both inventors eventually cooled the air to - 190\u00bac : the point at which it turns liquid. it might have taken von linde three days of running increasingly cold air through an incredibly long steel tube which he \u2019 d packed in wool for insulation, but on 29 may 1895, he eventually got there : \u201c with clouds rising all around it, the pretty bluish liquid was poured into a large metal bucket, \u201d he writes in his autobiography. \u201c the hourly yield was about three litres. for the first time on such a scale air had been liquefied, and using tools of amazing simplicity compared to what had been used before. \u201d where von linde was an engineer, industrialist and already an expert in refrigeration before he started, hampson was a complete unknown, with no relevant training and no record of what might have perked his interest in sciences and engineering. nevertheless, his process was both simpler and more efficient than von linde \u2019 s, liquefying air in", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5711675657080786, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 14, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T11:31:42.755557"} {"text": "started, hampson was a complete unknown, with no relevant training and no record of what might have perked his interest in sciences and engineering. nevertheless, his process was both simpler and more efficient than von linde \u2019 s, liquefying air in a mere 20 minutes compared with the three days of von linde \u2019 s early attempts. the hampson - linde cycle gave rise to the modern industrial gases industry, provided pure gases for countless industrial processes and paved the way for the discovery of several rare gases. full article published in tce 831, september 2010 degrees of separation there are those who have hailed chromatography as one of the most significant developments of the 20th century, and yet few people outside a chemistry lab would have any understanding of what chromatography is, or what it is used for. a classic \u2018 behind the scenes \u2019 technology, chromatography is the workhorse of analytical chemistry, and finds extensive use in healthcare, quality control, and drug discovery to name but a few fields. pharmaceutical companies use it to isolate active ingredients and ensure accurate dosing, hospitals use it to identify poisons or drugs in patients \u2019 blood ; environmental laboratories rely on it to check for contaminants ; forensic scientists apply it to analyse samples from a crime scene ; industrial chemists rely on it to determine the composition of petroleum oil, check the level of additives in foods, monitor pesticide contamination, and so on. key to making the process widely applicable was the adaptation of gas chromatography to liquids. this opened up its use for the separation of organic and biological molecules, many of which are involatile and too fragile for vaporization. that achievement goes to the hungarian born chemical engineer, csaba horvath, the father of modern high performance liquid chromatography. horwath took an early interest in separation sciences and \u2013 unusually for a chemical engineer during the 1960s \u2013 in biochemical engineering. adapting recent advances in gas chromatography to the nascent science of liquid chromatography, horvath dramatically speeded up throughput and ramped up sensitivity while reducing the size of the equipment. today, hplc is so sensitive that the characteristic patterns of peaks not only identify different molecules in a sample, but \u2013 thanks to very subtle differences in production processes and batch chemistry that give chemicals a very unique \u201c fingerprint \u201d also the production plant they came from. csaba horvath may not be a household name, but without him, the world would be a", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5541394033831176, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 15, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T11:31:42.758477"} {"text": ", physical, and spiritual survival. the idea that the world should pay in some way for the essential utility services provided by the rainforests ( after all, we already pay for our water, gas, and electricity ) is not a new one. but there does, at last, appear to be agreement that this is one way we can quickly begin to reduce emissions and, thus, buy urgently needed time in the battle against catastrophic climate change. through a constructive process, countries have been able to find a mutually agreeable approach that i hope, in the months ahead, will lead to the kind of international cooperation that could make a decisive difference. while initiatives like this will need to be a part of the solution, they are not, i believe, the whole answer. in some ways the climate challenge is not first and foremost due to an absence of sound policy ideas or technology, but more a crisis of perception. as we have become progressively more separate from nature, and more reliant on technological inventiveness to solve our problems, we have become less able to see our predicament for what it really is \u2014 namely as being utterly out of balance, having lost any sense of harmony with the earth ' s natural rhythms, cycles, and finite systems. the fact that we generally regard economics as being separate from nature is just one, albeit quite fundamental, sign of this imbalance. forging a reconnection with nature and reintegrating our societies and economies with her capacities is, as far as i can see, the real challenge to which we must rise. the copenhagen summit will, i hope, contribute to a shift at this deeper level, as well as set out the plan for transition to a low - carbon economy based on official targets, policies, and technologies. as things stand, the world is not short of all these \u2014 what it does lack, however, is a mindset fit for the situation we face. while time may not be on our side, our ability to cooperate and innovate to find solutions appears to be with us still. we have in the past faced huge challenges and prevailed. this time the challenge seems greater than ever before, but i hope with all my heart that in copenhagen we will be able to exploit these very human attributes to the full. it is the very least we can do for future generations.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5531825224500471, "token_count": 473, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T11:31:42.823826"} {"text": "the city ' s 1. 1 million students have suffered from post - traumatic stress disorder post - traumatic stress disorder ( ptsd ), mental disorder that follows an occurrence of extreme psychological stress, such as that encountered in war or resulting from violence, childhood abuse, sexual abuse, or serious accident.. the study, \" effects of the world trade center attacks on nyc nyc new york city nyc new york city public school students, \" suggests that districts expand existing mental health services health services managed care the benefits covered under a health contract within schools, and develop a citywide system for routine screening and referral for major mental health problems. san francisco state university \u2022 \u2022 [ created a professional development program, called understanding the world after september 11, for teachers. and brown university created a five - day curriculum on terrorism, which more than 1, 000 high schools say they will follow, according to according to 1. as stated or indicated by ; on the authority of : according to historians. 2. in keeping with : according to instructions. 3. a report in the new york new york, state, united states new york, middle atlantic state of the united states. it is bordered by vermont, massachusetts, connecticut, and the atlantic ocean ( e ), new jersey and pennsylvania ( s ), lakes erie and ontario and the canadian province of times. what follows are the thoughts of educators around the country on the fallout from that day, how it has impacted their lives and school district policies. shelley harwayne superintendent, community school district no. 2, new york city collector of works for messages to ground zero : children respond to september 11th ( heinemann, 2002 ) in any district you have trauma and tragedy... the loss of a parent, a teacher getting ill. to have a situation with such big numbers swept us off our feet.... i think it has caused us to reexamine re \u00b7 ex \u00b7 am \u00b7 ine also re - ex \u00b7 am \u00b7 ine tr. v. re \u00b7 ex \u00b7 am \u00b7 ined, re \u00b7 ex \u00b7 am \u00b7 in \u00b7 ing, re \u00b7 ex \u00b7 am \u00b7 ines 1. to examine again or anew ; review. 2. law to question ( a witness ) again after cross - examination. all our safety plans, our crisis teams, our environmental issues. district 2 is a district where instructional issues are on our front burner noun 1. front burner - top priority ; \" the work was moved to the front burner in order to meet deadlines \"", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5052628599026234, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T11:31:42.839337"} {"text": ", our crisis teams, our environmental issues. district 2 is a district where instructional issues are on our front burner noun 1. front burner - top priority ; \" the work was moved to the front burner in order to meet deadlines \" precedence, precedency, priority - status established in order of importance or urgency ; \".... this has been a year where we ' ve had to add other things to our agenda. we had to get very good at taking care of all aspects of children ' s lives.... [ we realized ] how important it is to have smart people at the helm of every school. i have smart principals who are not only brilliant but brave. i think [ the messages to ground zero book ] will be a powerful closure. the section on hope is important. it would be a lovely book to read aloud on september 11 - - to tell kids what the children close to ground zero were thinking. people all over the country have asked me to talk about what i ' ve learned. kids need art more than ever. we can ' t ever eliminate the arts from our schools. so many children couldn ' t talk about their reactions, but they could [ express through art and words ] what they were feeling. when i looked at the [ messages sent to new york city children ] from all over the country, kids were using writing for so many more reasons than we thought possible. clearly our new york city kids were writing to bear witness. i think it was incredible to see that children could write to lift others ' spirits. these were not fill - in - the - blank stories. kids had important things to say, and they had the voice to say it. joanne mcdaniel director for the center for prevention of school violence raleigh, n. c. in some ways, the terrorism of september 11 was less of a shock to school districts across the country than it was to others. with columbine columbine, in botany columbine ( kol ` \u0259mbin ), any plant of the genus aquilegia, temperate - zone perennials of the family ranunculaceae ( buttercup family ), popular both as wildflowers and as garden flowers. and other violent incidents prompting districts to pay attention to physical security prior to september 11, the new national emphasis on such security required districts to revisit and update security plans rather than create new ones. importantly, many districts tried to balance physical security with the provision of learning environments that communicated a sense of normal", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5233928563377266, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T11:31:42.840454"} {"text": "security prior to september 11, the new national emphasis on such security required districts to revisit and update security plans rather than create new ones. importantly, many districts tried to balance physical security with the provision of learning environments that communicated a sense of normalcy nor \u00b7 mal \u00b7 cy noun 1. normalcy - being within certain limits that define the range of normal functioning normality and safety. many districts did take actions to ready themselves to handle bioterrorism and similar types of threats. christie winkelmann kyrene district spokeswoman kyrene elementary school elementary school : see school. district 28 phoenix, ariz. area after 9 / 11, a subsequent bomb threat affected several of our schools simultaneously. kyrene took several more steps to ensure the safety of its schools. these additional efforts involved a parent working committee, two safety audits and a written agreement for how schools and police departments will work together in the event of a crisis. first, the kyrene safety committee - - a group of parents that assisted district schools in developing more comprehensive emergency communication plans - - was created. parents on this committee provided feedback about how they would like to be kept informed in a crisis. the committee recommended district - wide emergency communication parameters that were later accepted and implemented in all schools as well as in the district ' s athletic and on - site childcare programs. david weiss there are several individuals of note named david weiss, including : obviously the events of 9 / 11 have created a new focus in the classroom. we find that students are very interested in learning more about the mideast and arab world \u201c arab states \u201d redirects here. for the political alliance, see arab league. the arab world ( arabic : \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a ; transliteration : al - ` alam al - ` arabi ) stretches from the atlantic ocean in the. as a department, [ we may ] develop an elective for students that would deal with the influence of the muslim or the arab world.... of the 31 workshops scheduled [ at nsssa ' s convention in november ], at least five of them are going to deal directly with the aftermath of 9 / 11. [ the terrorist attacks have also ] provided social studies teachers with the vehicle to [ teach ] tolerance. our country was ready for rejuvenation rejuvenation in extreme old age, restored to youth by medea. [ rom. myth. : llei, i : 322 ] apples of perpetual youth by tasting the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.539011521252551, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T11:31:42.841469"} {"text": "[ teach ] tolerance. our country was ready for rejuvenation rejuvenation in extreme old age, restored to youth by medea. [ rom. myth. : llei, i : 322 ] apples of perpetual youth by tasting the golden apples kept by idhunn, the gods preserved their youth. [ scand. myth. in that area. we ' d become a very cynical nation, into our own world and not the greater world and the greater good. [ in u. s. history, ] the focus has not been on the influence of the arab world in our country. now it will. when the curriculum gets to the period immediately following world war ii, we can take a look at the me of israel. the students can see how that one event has implications 50 years later. i started teaching in the late ' 60s - - those were tough times.... it wasn ' t cool [ for students ] to be patriotic. i am a vietnam veteran this article is about veterans of the vietnam war. for the french psychedelic musical group, see vietnam veterans. vietnam veteran is a phrase used to describe someone who served in the armed forces of participating countries during the vietnam war.. students now have a clear focus. they understand why our country has done things in the past. why was there a vietnam? why did our country get involved? they can see [ that ] through terrorism, our country has now become vulnerable. they see it ' s imperative that our country unites again - - to understand that we are a country of many. from many come one, e pluribus unum e pluribus unum ( e plr ` ib\u0259s y ` n\u0259m ) [ lat.. mary minner former school counselor a school counselor is a counselor and educator who works in schools, and have historically been referred to as \" guidance counselors \" or \" educational counselors, \" although \" professional school counselor \" is now the preferred term. rosemary hills primary school, silver spring, md. in my experience of being with children who have felt stressed in a variety of circumstances, including 9 / 11, i ' ve seen how important it is to teach them how to be \" quiet on the inside. \" [ this ] is a feeling of calmness no matter what is going on.... fear can become an emotion that overcomes and overwhelms us. crisis can be an opportunity to see what we ' re thinking about. what we think about grows. and we", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5069702676913559, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T11:31:42.842577"} {"text": "of calmness no matter what is going on.... fear can become an emotion that overcomes and overwhelms us. crisis can be an opportunity to see what we ' re thinking about. what we think about grows. and we become what we think about. \" genie stowers associate dean, college of behavioral and social sciences, san francisco state university organizer of \" understanding the world after september 11, \" a summer academy for k - 12 teachers terrorism ] certainly is a current event, but i think it ' s going to go beyond that. students want to understand what they ' re hearing in the media everyday. [ it ' s ] really pointing out the importance of understanding social studies. the approach we took [ with the academy ] was interdisciplinary. we [ had ] people from a variety of different disciplines come and speak. this cannot really be understood from the point of view within one discipline. kenneth roy director of science and safety, glastonbury ( conn. ) public schools several years ago, districts fell victim to their own form of domestic - type terrorism - - columbine. with this event, we developed terrorist action and workplace violence protocols. after the tragedy of 9 / 11, workplace safety / security was again addressed and upgraded ; e. g., security audits to determine weaknesses in facilities, employee security training, security drills in the form of lockdowns and evacuations, and id badges for all employees and students, to name a few. safety / security of the four walls with the future inside is our mission. gregory thomas executive director of the student and safety prevention services division new york city ' s board of education. as the events unfolded on the morning of sept. 11, 2001, students and staff in schools across new york city were forced to make split - second decisions to ensure their safety. that we were successful in safely evacuating over 9, 000 students and hundreds of staff from eight schools in the vicinity of the world trade center complex and were able to reunite re \u00b7 u \u00b7 nite tr. & intr. v. re \u00b7 u \u00b7 nit \u00b7 ed, re \u00b7 u \u00b7 nit \u00b7 ing, re \u00b7 u \u00b7 nites to bring or come together again. [ - niting, - nited the other students in new york city to their families, is a credit to all of the administrators and students and to proper planning at the school level. while no school district can ever imagine or plan for a disaster of this magnitude, a very important lesson was", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5265259317547519, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T11:31:42.843705"} {"text": "other students in new york city to their families, is a credit to all of the administrators and students and to proper planning at the school level. while no school district can ever imagine or plan for a disaster of this magnitude, a very important lesson was learned in the midst adv. 1. in the midst - the middle or central part or point ; \" in the midst of the forest \" ; \" could he walk out in the midst of his piece? \" midmost of going through this experience ; proactive planning and creativity are essential elements in ensuring the safety of staff and students during an emergency. stanley teitel principal, stuyvesant high school stuyvesant high school, commonly referred to as stuy, is a new york city public high school that specializes in mathematics and science. the school opened in 1904 on manhattan ' s east side and moved to a new building in battery park city in 1992. ( located three blocks from ground zero ) our south windows faced the twin towers. many of the students witnessed things on the morning of 9 / 11 that weren ' t pleasant. we evacuated just before the second tower collapsed. after that, we had to vacate to annul, set aside, or render void ; to surrender possession or occupancy. the term vacate has two common usages in the law. with respect to real property, to vacate the premises means to give up possession of the property and leave the area totally devoid of contents. the building for four weeks. the result is that some students have had difficulty coping with day - to - day living. the same is true for some of the staff. for example, a fire alarm went off late in the spring, and three students ended up in the guidance office very upset. it was a false alarm, but they were shaken. we ' ve had counselors come in and meet with individual students and talk to groups. we ' ve also established new security measures noun 1. security measures - measures taken as a precaution against theft or espionage or sabotage etc. ; \" military security has been stepped up since the recent uprising \" security. now all students must present a photo id to enter the building in the morning. we ' ve put security cameras on every door to monitor the comings and goings of every one in the building.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.5324658521458012, "token_count": 471, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T11:31:42.844746"} {"text": "p. summerhayes vice - president geological society of london and emeritus associate scott polar research institute, cambridge. 8 february 2013 professor robert carter and professor vincent courtillot respond : dear dr peiser, thank you for your invitation on behalf of the foundation to reply to dr summerhayes \u2019 letter about geological evidence in relation to the hypothesis of dangerous anthropogenic global warming ( dagw ) that is favoured by the intergovernmental panel on climate change ( ipcc ). we are in agreement with many of dr summerhayes \u2019 preliminary remarks about the geological context of climate change. this reflects that a large measure of scientific agreement and shared interpretation exists amongst most scientists who consider the global warming issue. points of commonality in the climate discussion include : * that climate has always changed and always will, * that earth has often been warmer than it is today, and that its present climatic condition is that of a warm interglacial during a punctuated icehouse world, * that carbon dioxide is a greenhouse gas and warms the lower atmosphere ( though debate remains as to the magnitude and timescale of the warming ), * that a portion of human emissions are accumulating in the atmosphere, * that a global warming of around 0. 5\u00b0c occurred in the 20th century, but that there has been no global temperature rise over the last 16 years. the first two points are rooted in geological evidence ( as discussed in more detail by dr summerhayes ), the third is based upon physical principle and the last three are mostly matters of instrumental measurement ( i. e. observation ). despite the disparate scientific disciplines involved, all these points are relevant to achieving a quantitative understanding of climate change, together with several other disputed scientific matters such as those that we discuss below. one of the disputed scientific matters is represented by dr summerhayes \u2019 assertion that cooling over the last 34 million years \u201c was directly associated with a decline in the amount of co2 in the atmosphere \u201d. the word \u201c associated \u201d is ambiguous. it may simply mean that temperature and co2 were correlated, in the sense that their trends were parallel. but as everyone knows correlation is not causality and whether one drives the other, or the two are driven by a third forcing factor, or the correlation is the result of chance, requires careful analysis and argument. though it may be true that a broad correlation exists between atmospheric co2 content and global temperature, at least on some timescales, it remains unclear whether the primary effect is one of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5308862812354525, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T11:31:42.864832"} {"text": "correlation is the result of chance, requires careful analysis and argument. though it may be true that a broad correlation exists between atmospheric co2 content and global temperature, at least on some timescales, it remains unclear whether the primary effect is one of increasing co2 causing warming ( via the greenhouse effect ) or of warming causing co2 increase ( via outgassing from the ocean ). we are familiar with the argument that the currently decreasing carbon isotope ratio in the atmosphere is consistent with a fossil fuel source for incremental co2 increases, and therefore with the first of these two possibilities, but do not find it compelling because other natural sources ( soil carbon, vegetation ) also contribute isotopically negative carbon to the atmosphere. a second area of uncertainty, related to the point just discussed, is the rate, scope and direction of the various feedbacks that apply during a natural glacial - interglacial climatic cycle. dr summerhayes provides a confident, and perhaps plausible, account as to how changing insolation ( controlled by orbital change ), melting sea - ice and increasing co2 and ch4 jointly drive the asymmetrical glacial - interglacial cycles that have characterised recent planetary history. however, our knowledge of the climate system and its history currently remains incomplete ; some of the forcing mechanisms and feedbacks may not be known accurately, or even at all. for example, we do not yet know whether clouds exert a net warming or cooling effect on the climate. similarly, variations in ultraviolet radiation and high - energy particle emission from the sun, in atmospheric electricity and in galactic cosmic rays may all play larger roles in controlling climate change than is currently assumed, yet these effects are absent from most of the current generation of deterministic computer models of the future climate. the temperature projections made by these models may well be affected by our ignorance of the magnitude, the sign, or even the existence of some of the forcings and feedbacks that are actually involved. thirdly, dr summerhayes also briefly discusses the issue of sea level change. he quotes an estimated increase of 15 m in sea level associated with a temperature increase of 6 \u2013 10\u00b0c 55 million years ago. he then quotes a range of 10 \u2013 25 m rise for a 2 \u2013 3\u00b0c warming 3 million years ago. to this we might add the further examples of the 125 m sea level rise that has accompanied the 6\u00b0c temperature rise since the last glacial maximum, and the 0. 2 - m rise associated with the ~ 0. 5", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5496024859048847, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T11:31:42.866455"} {"text": "3 million years ago. to this we might add the further examples of the 125 m sea level rise that has accompanied the 6\u00b0c temperature rise since the last glacial maximum, and the 0. 2 - m rise associated with the ~ 0. 5\u00b0c 20th century warming. it appears from these examples that a 1\u00b0c temperature rise can be associated with a sea level rise of as little as 0. 4 m or as much as 8 m, and all values in between! this indicates an uncertainty in our understanding of the temperature / co2 / sea - level connection that surely lessens its value for contributing to policy formulation. figure 1. temperature curve reconstructed from oxygen isotope measurements in a greenland ice core over the last 10, 000 years ( lappi 2010 after alley, 2000 ). fourth, and last, dr summerhayes says that because orbitally - forced climate periodicity is currently in a cooling phase \u201c the earth should be cooling slightly. evidently it is not \u201d. the statement is tendentious, because whether earth is seen to be cooling or warming depends upon the length of climate record that is considered. trends over 1, 10, 100 or 1000 years are not the same thing, and their differences must be taken into account carefully. we reproduce two figures that may be used to demonstrate that earth is currently not warming on either the longer - term millennial timescale ( figure 1 ) or the short - term decadal / meteorological timescale ( figure 2 ). we note also that on the intermediate centennial timescale ( 1850 \u2013 2010 ) the temperature trend has been one of a slight ( 0. 5\u00b0c ) rise. in assessing which of these timescales is the \u201c proper \u201d one to consider in formulating climate policy, we observe that the results conveyed in figure 2 have little scientific ( and therefore policy ) meaning unless they are assessed in the context of the data in figure 1. figure 2. mean temperature of lower atmosphere : hadcrut4 annual means 1997 - 2011 we acknowledge that the data in figure 1, which are drawn from a greenland ice core, represent regional rather than global climate. but a similar pattern of holocene long - term cooling is seen in many other records from around the world, including from antarctic ice cores. also, evidence for a millenial solar cycle has been accumulating over the past years, and, representing that rhythm, the medieval warming ( also called medieval climatic optimum ) appears to have been both global and also warmer than today \u2019 s climate", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5244313232381071, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T11:31:42.867503"} {"text": ", evidence for a millenial solar cycle has been accumulating over the past years, and, representing that rhythm, the medieval warming ( also called medieval climatic optimum ) appears to have been both global and also warmer than today \u2019 s climate. regarding figure 2, the data demonstrate that no warming has occurred since 1997. in response, some leading ipcc scientists have already acknowledged that should the temperature plateau continue, or turn into a statistically significant cooling trend, then the mainstream ipcc view will need revision. it is noteworthy, too, that over the 16 years during which global temperature has remained unchanged ( 1997 - 2012 ), atmospheric carbon dioxide levels have increased by 8 %, from 364 ppm to c. 394 ppm. given a mixing time for the atmosphere of about 1 year, these data would invalidate the hypothesis that human - related carbon dioxide emissions are causing dangerous global warming. in any case, observed global temperatures are currently more remote than ever from the most recent predictions set out in ipcc ar4. the areas of uncertainty in the prevailing argument over dagw are therefore not only geological but also instrumental and physical. current debate, which needs to be resolved before climate policy is set, centres on the following three issues : * whether any definite evidence exists for dangerous warming of human causation over the last 50 years, * the amount of net warming that is, or will be, produced by human - related emissions ( the climate sensitivity issue ), and * whether the ipcc \u2019 s computer models can provide accurate climate predictions 100 years into the future. in assessing these issues, our null hypothesis is that the global climate changes that have occurred over the last 150 years ( and continue to occur today ) are mainly natural in origin. as summarised in the reports of the nongovernmental international panel on climate change ( nipcc ), literally thousands of papers published in refereed journals contain facts or writings consistent with this null hypothesis, and plausible natural explanations exist for all the post - 1850 global climatic changes that have been described so far. in contrast, no direct evidence exists, and nor does the geological society point to any, that a measurable part of the mild late 20th century warming was definitely caused by human - related carbon dioxide emissions. the possibility of human - caused global warming nonetheless remains, because carbon dioxide is indubitably a greenhouse gas. the major unknown is the actual value of climate sensitivity, i. e. the amount of temperature increase that would result from doubling the atmospheric concentration of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5133596237028247, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T11:31:42.870465"} {"text": "of human - caused global warming nonetheless remains, because carbon dioxide is indubitably a greenhouse gas. the major unknown is the actual value of climate sensitivity, i. e. the amount of temperature increase that would result from doubling the atmospheric concentration of co2 compared to pre - industrial levels. ipcc models estimate that water vapour increases the 1\u00b0c effect that would be seen in a dry atmosphere to 2. 5 - 4. 5\u00b0c, whereas widely cited papers by lindzen & choi ( 2011 ) and spencer & braswell ( 2010 ) both describe empirical data that is consistent with negative feedback, i. e. sensitivity less than 1\u00b0c. the conclusion that climate sensitivity is significantly less than argued by the ipcc is also supported by a range of other empirical or semi - empirical studies ( e. g., forster & gregory, 2006 ; aldrin et al., 2012 ; ring et al., 2012 ). gathering these various thoughts together, we conclude that the risk of occurrence of damaging human - caused global warming is but a small one within the much greater and proven risks of dangerous natural climate - related events ( not to mention earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, tsunamis and landslides, since we are dealing here with geological topics ). moreover, the property damage and loss of life that occurred in the floods in the uk in 2007 ; in the 2005 katrina and 2012 sandy storms in the usa ; and in deadly bushfires in australia in 2009 and 2013 all attest that even wealthy and technologically sophisticated nations are often inadequately prepared to deal with climate - related hazard. the appropriate response to climate hazard is to treat it in the same way as other geological hazards. which is to say that national policies are needed that are based on preparing for and adapting to all climate events as and when they happen, and irrespective of their presumed cause. every country needs to develop its own understanding of, and plans to cope with, the unique combination of climate hazards that apply within its own boundaries. the planned responses should be based upon adaptation, with mitigation where appropriate to cushion citizens who are affected in an undesirable way. the idea that there can be a one - size - fits - all global solution to deal with just one possible aspect of future climate hazard, as recommended by the ipcc, and apparently supported by dr summerhayes on behalf of the geological society, fails to deal with the real climate and climate - related hazards to which all parts of the world are episodically exposed", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5131582144362661, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T11:31:42.871654"} {"text": "software developer google has open sourced its zopfli data compression algorithm. google encourages its engineers to work on personal projects as part of their \" 20 percent time \" and occasionally some of those are made public and open sourced for third party developers. that ' s why the firm has open sourced its zopfli data compression algorithm, claiming it produces three to eight percent smaller files compared to zlib. google ' s zopfli algorithm is based on the deflate algorithm but has been optimised to produce smaller file sizes at the expense of compression speed. the firm said the compression library, written in c, is based on iterative entropy modelling and a shortest path algorithm, adding that it is bit - stream compatible, meaning that it can be used with gzip, zip and most importantly http requests. lode vandevenne, a software engineer on google ' s compression team who implemented the zopfli algorithm said, \" due to the amount of cpu time required - two to three orders of magnitude more than zlib at maximum quality - zopfli is best suited for applications where data is compressed once and sent over a network many times. \" ultimately vandevenne ' s algorithm might be costly when it comes to cpu cycles for compression - he claims there is no performance hit in decompression - but the fact is that cpu cycles are significantly cheaper than network bandwidth. developers such as opera have worked hard on web compression to speed up webpage rendering in markets where 3g connectivity is patchy or non - existent. source code for the zopfli data compression library is available here. \u00b5 companies need to rate limit posts based on keywords, warns trend micro uses 20 percent less power than traditional systems sign up for inqbot \u2013 a weekly roundup of the best from the inq", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5417836780656652, "token_count": 369, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T11:31:42.874386"} {"text": "using short, self - assembling bio - degradable protein nanofibres impregnated with a blood - vessel growth factor, scientists have been able to prevent some of the negative changes that occur in the heart following a heart attack and boost cardiac recovery. writing in science translational medicine, yi - dong lin and his colleagues at the academica sinica in taiwan made a biochemical cocktail containing the growth factor vegf ( vascular endothelial growth factor ), which promotes the growth of new vessels, and some artificial protein sequences called oligopeptides which plait themselves into short, biocompatible nanofibres when exposed to the salt solution found in body fluids. the idea was to inject this mix into regions of the heart injured by a heart attack. these fibres would then behave like a slowly - squeezed sponge, steadily releasing the vegf to boost the blood supply to the damaged area while also providing structural support. a group of heart - attack afflicted rats were injected with the nanofibre - growth factor mixture at the injury sites in their hearts. a second group of control rats received just vegf or saline injections without any protein nanofibres. a month later, the nanofibre - vegf - treated animals had significantly better cardiac function, showing fewer signs of heart failure, smaller injury sites and less pathological deposition of fibrous tissue compared with the controls. repeated on pigs, a much closer correlate to humans, the results were the same. the sustained release of vegf, the team found, was promoting the formation of nourishing arteries, while the nanofibre structures themselves were encouraging stem cells, both from the blood and from elsewhere in the heart, to migrate into and persist within the heart attack site, helping to promote vessel formation, enact repair and prevent the deposition of harmful fibrous tissue. according to the team, the nanofibres create a three - dimensional vascular niche that captures circulating cells capable of promoting repair and also provides a scaffold, stabilising the development of new small arteries, to nourish the site. the nanofibres themselves, the team found, breakdown slowly as the heart repairs itself. about 70 % of the injected material still remained one month after injection. \" in conclusion, \" they say, \" nfs are able to create an in - vivo microenvironment for cardiovascular regeneration and also provide positive therapeutic effects after mi in both small and large animals...", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.512739510938422, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T11:31:42.877014"} {"text": "the age of reason, as it was called, was spreading rapidly across europe. in the late 17th century, scientists like isaac newton and writers like john locke were challenging the old order. newton ' s laws of gravity and motion described the world in terms of natural laws beyond any spiritual force. in the wake of political turmoil in england, locke asserted the right of a people to change a government that did not protect natural rights of life, liberty and property. people were beginning to doubt the existence of a god who could predestine human beings to eternal damnation and empower a tyrant for a king. europe would be forever changed by these ideas. in america, intellectuals were reading these ideas as well. on their side of the atlantic, enlightened ideas of liberty and progress had a chance to flourish without the shackles of old europe. religious leaders began to change their old dogmatic positions. they began to emphasize the similarities between the anglican church and the puritan congregationalists rather than the differences. even cotton mather, the massachusetts minister who wrote and spoke so convincingly about the existence of witches advocated science to immunize citizens against smallpox. harvard ministers became so liberal that yale college was founded in new haven in 1707 in an attempt to retain old calvinist ideas. this attempt failed and the entire faculty except one converted to the church of england in 1722. by the end of the century, many new england ministers would become unitarians, doubting even the divinity of christ. new ideas shaped political attitudes as well. john locke defended the displacement of a monarch who would not protect the lives, liberties, and property of the english people. jean - jacques rousseau stated that society should be ruled by the \" general will \" of the people. baron de montesquieu declared that power should not be concentrated in the hands of any one individual. he recommended separating power among executive, legislative, judicial branches of government. american intellectuals began to absorb these ideas. the delegates who declared independence from britain used many of these arguments. the entire opening of the declaration of independence is thomas jefferson ' s application of john locke ' s ideas. the constitutions of our first states and the united states constitution reflect enlightenment principles. the writings of benjamin franklin made many enlightenment ideas accessible to the general public. the old way of life was represented by superstition, an angry god, and absolute submission to authority. the thinkers of the age of reason ushered in a new way of thinking. this new way championed the accomplishments of humankind. individuals did not have to accept despair", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5655022123542695, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T11:31:42.905206"} {"text": "interesting article by carolyn handler miller, about the origins of digital storytelling. excerpt : on the vast timetable of human achievements, computer - based interactive storytelling is a mere infant, only coming into being in the mid - twentieth century with the development of modern electronic computer technology. these narratives are also characterized by attributes rarely found in other forms of storytelling : they are interactive ; they are immersive ; they are nonlinear ; and they are participatory, meaning that the audience not only takes part in them but can make choices that directly impact the story. furthermore, the fictional characters in these stories commonly breach the fourth wall \u2013 the invisible barrier that separates the story world on one side and the real world on the other. in interactive narratives, it is extremely common for the fictional characters and the audience to communicate with each other and even for audience members to step into the story and play a direct role in it. given the fact that these narratives are so new and that they differ in so many important regards from other forms of storytelling, one might wonder if they are an entirely modern invention. did they enter the world like the greek goddess athena, who sprung into the world from the head of her father, zeus, fully formed, dressed and armed? in other words, are these unique types of works that came into existence only because the development of the electronic computer made them possible? or do the characteristics that make them so different from other forms of narrative possibly have roots in earlier types of storytelling and other human activities?", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5272570628259725, "token_count": 301, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T11:31:42.926065"} {"text": "the array object is used to store multiple values in a single variable. create an array, and assign values to it : you will find more examples at the bottom of this page. an array is a special variable, which can hold more than one value at a time. if you have a list of items ( a list of car names, for example ), storing the cars in single variables could look like this : however, what if you want to loop through the cars and find a specific one? and what if you had not 3 cars, but 300? the solution is an array! an array can hold many values under a single name, and you can access the values by referring to an index number. an array can be created in three ways. the following code creates an array object called mycars : you refer to an element in an array by referring to the index number. this statement access the value of the first element in mycars : this statement modifies the first element in mycars : | is the first element in an array. is the second..... ( indexes start with 0 ) | because of this, you can have variables of different types in the same array. you can have objects in an array. you can have functions in an array. you can have arrays in an array : the array object has predefined properties and methods : for a complete reference of all properties and methods, go to our complete array object reference. the reference contains a description ( and more examples ) of all array properties and methods. the example above makes a new array method that transforms array values into upper case. your message has been sent to w3schools.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5488807506213136, "token_count": 341, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T11:31:42.943150"} {"text": "seniors. a vehicle that switches modes nereus ( rhymes with \u201c serious \u201d ) keeps with a tradition in the whoi deep submergence laboratory of naming vehicles for mythical greek figures. among others in the whoi - operated fleet of vehicles are jason ( a fabled adventurer and ocean explorer ), argo ( a ship used by jason ), and medea ( the mythical wife of jason ). several teams proposed names for the new vehicle taken from mythology, including the japanese dragon god ryujin, the greek god of wind aiolos, and the greek god of the sea poseidon. ultimately, bowen said nereus was selected because \u201c the name most appropriately represented the vehicle \u2019 s ability to switch modes as needed by scientists. \u201d the $ 5 - million, battery - operated vehicle will be the first ever designed to transform from a guided, tethered robot to a free - swimming vehicle. each capability offers advantages to deep - sea researchers. in its autonomous mode, the vehicle will be able to fly on pre - programmed missions over swaths of ocean bottom to map the seafloor, to gather remote data, or to search for scientific targets such as hydrothermal vents. in its tethered mode, it will remain connected via a hair - thin, 25 - mile long cable that will enable scientists on the surface ship to send instant commands to the mechanical arm, used for gathering samples of interesting undersea rocks and organisms. scheduled for launch in 2007 sea trials will take place offshore woods hole in early 2007, and scientists will plan to use it for research later that year at challenger deep, a trench in the pacific ocean southwest of guam. it is the deepest area of any ocean, deeper than mount everest is high, extending almost 11, 000 meters ( 36, 000 feet ) beneath the sea surface. the panel of judges involved in the name selection included engineers from whoi as well as engineering consultants working on the vehicle at the johns hopkins university in baltimore and the space and naval warfare systems center in san diego. several teams suggested names inspired by wildlife, including the color - switching lizard chameleon, the aquatic salamander siren, the hawaiian owl pueo, and the scientific name for lobster, homarus. others proposed people names. a newfoundland team suggested jacques, after famed underwater explorer jacques cousteau. harvey, proposed by a florida team, acknowledged marine artist guy harvey. audrey, the only female name, came from a california team honoring the late audrey mestre, who died in 2002 attempting to set a", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5287940541215237, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T11:31:42.993663"} {"text": "contemporary industrial organization : a quantitative approach december 2010, \u00a92011 part i microeconomic foundations. 1 industrial organization and imperfect competition : what, how, and why? 1. 1 what is industrial organization? 1. 2 how we analyze imperfect competition. 1. 3 why : antitrust policy and industrial organization theory. appendix \u2013 excerpts from key antitrust statutes. 2 basic microeconomics. 2. 1 competition versus monopoly : the poles of market performance. 2. 2 intertemporal considerations and constraints on monopoly power. 3 technology and cost relationships. 3. 1 production technology and cost function for single - product firms. 3. 2 cost relations for multiproduct firms. 3. 3 non - cost determinants of market structure. 3. 4 empirical application : cost function estimation, scale and scope economies. 4 market structure and market power. 4. 1 measuring market structure. 4. 2 measuring market power \u2014 the lerner index again. 4. 3 empirical application : monopoly power : how bad is it? part ii price and nonprice tactics for firms with market power. 5 price discrimination and monopoly. 5. 1 the feasibility of price discrimination. 5. 2 first - degree price discrimination. 5. 3 price discrimination with less information. 5. 4 second - degree price discrimination : menu pricing. 6 price discrimination, product variety, bundling & tying. 6. 1 price discrimination and product quality. 6. 2 price discrimination and product variety. 6. 3 bundling and tying. 6. 4 empirical application : price discrimination, product variety, and monopoly versus competition. part iii oligopoly and strategic interaction. 7 static games and quantity versus price competition. 7. 1 a brief introduction to game theory. 7. 2 dominant and dominated strategies. 7. 3 the static cournot model. 7. 4 the bertrand model. 7. 5 strategic substitutes and complements. 7. 6 empirical application : brand competition and consumer preferences \u2014 evidence from the california retail gasoline market. 8 dynamic games and first and second movers. 8. 1 the stackelberg model of quantity competition. 8. 2 sequential price competition 8. 3 sequential quality choice. 8. 4 commitment and credibility in dynamic games. 8. 5 the chain - store paradox. 9 entry deterrence and predation. 9. 1 market structure over time ; random process & stylized facts. 9. 2 deterring entry. 9. 3 predation and asymmetric information. 9. 4 long - term contracts as a barrier to entry. 9.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.535929413604201, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T11:31:43.009665"} {"text": "predation. 9. 1 market structure over time ; random process & stylized facts. 9. 2 deterring entry. 9. 3 predation and asymmetric information. 9. 4 long - term contracts as a barrier to entry. 9. 5 predatory conduct and public policy. 9. 6 empirical application : entry deterrence in the pharmaceutical industry. 10 price fixing and repeated games. 10. 1 the cartel ' s dilemma. 10. 2 repeated games. 10. 3 empirical application 1 : estimating the effects of price - fixing. 10. 4 cartels in practice : facilitating factors and practices. 10. 5 antitrust policy toward cartels ; deterrence and detection. 10. 6 empirical application : an experimental investigation of leniency programs. part iv contractual relationships between firms. 11 horizontal mergers. 11. 1 horizontal mergers and the merger paradox. 11. 2 mergers and cost synergies. 11. 3 merged firms as stackelberg leaders. 11. 4 sequential mergers. 11. 5 horizontal mergers and product differentiation. 11. 6 public policy and horizontal mergers. 11. 7 application : evaluating the impact of mergers with computer simulation. 12 vertical and conglomerate mergers. 12. 1 procompetitive vertical mergers. 12. 2 vertical mergers, price discrimination, and competition. 12. 3 vertical mergers, oligopoly, and foreclosure. 12. 4 a reappraisal : the ge - honeywell merger once more. 12. 5 a note on conglomerate mergers. 12. 6 empirical application : vertical integration in the ready - mixed concrete industry. 13 vertical restraints. 13. 1 vertical price restraints and antitrust policy : a brief history. 13. 2 vertical price restraints and suppressed competition. 13. 3 arguments in support of vertical price restraints. 13. 4 retail price maintenance and uncertain demand. 13. 5 nonprice vertical restraints. 13. 7 empirical application : exclusive dealing in the u. s. beer industry. part v topics in nonprice competition : advertising and research and development. 14 advertising, market power, and information. 14. 1 advertising and monopoly power : the dorfman - steiner condition. 14. 2 advertising as consumer information. 14. 3 advertising, information, and competition. 14. 4 complements, advertising, and brand names. 14. 5 empirical application : advertising, information, and prestige. 15 research and development. 15. 1 a taxonomy of innovations. 15. 2 market structure and the incentive to innovate. 15. 3 a more complete model", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5256609772262697, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T11:31:43.010771"} {"text": "and brand names. 14. 5 empirical application : advertising, information, and prestige. 15 research and development. 15. 1 a taxonomy of innovations. 15. 2 market structure and the incentive to innovate. 15. 3 a more complete model of competition and innovation. 15. 4 evidence on the schumpeterian hypothesis. 15. 5 product and process innovation : cournot versus bertrand. 15. 6 r & d cooperation between firms. 15. 7 empirical application : r & d spillovers in practice. 16 patents and patent policy. 16. 1 optimal patent length. 16. 2 optimal patent breadth. 16. 3 patent races. 16. 4 monopoly power and \u201c sleeping patents. \u201d 16. 5 patent licensing. 16. 6 recent patent policy developments. 16. 7 empirical application : patent law and patent practice in the semiconductor industry. part vi special topics : networks and strategic trade policy. 17 network markets. 17. 1 market provision of a network service. 17. 2 networks, competition, and complementary services. 17. 3 systems competition and the battle over industry standards. 17. 4 application : network externalities in computer software \u2014 spreadsheets. 18 strategic commitments : confronting potential entrants and international rivalry. 18. 1 the strategic value of commitment. 18. 2 strategic complements and substitutes : cats, dogs, and the lean and hungry look. 18. 3 strategic commitments in international markets. 18. 4 trade agreements and commitment devices. answers to selected problems. - concise, calculus - based introduction to industrial organization in the imperfect market conditions of the real world. - 14 optional empirical real - world applications plus significant coverage on econometric studies. - robust integration of calculus, game theory, information economics, econometric studies, contracting issues, useful derivations and reality checkpoints. - clear writing by a successful and established author team conveys the vitality and relevance of industrial organization theory and practice. - current research on real business behavior and public policy. - regulation and antitrust issues, including coverage of european enforcement of american firms. - - james dana, northeastern university \u201c the authors have implemented their vision quite successfully, in my opinion. calculus - based arguments and formal models are employed throughout the text. i think that the authors do a good job of describing the issue / problem of interest and then proceed to how one might think of this problem in the context of a formal model. \u201d - - jennifer f. reinganum, vanderbilt university \u201c it is very concise, yet the explanations and applications", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5566314475445443, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T11:31:43.011836"} {"text": "dictionary of wisconsin history search results for : the letter ' n ' term : north freedom [ origin of place name ] definition : village located in the northern part of the town of freedom, hence north freedom. where the roads meet in the center of the section was originally called hackett ' s corners from the families residing there. when the railroad was built two plats were made, one called bloom for george w. bloom and one called north freedom. afterwards, bloom station was changed to north freedom. iron ore used for paint was later discovered and the name became bessemer in honor of sir henry bessemer, who invented the process of reducing iron ore. the name of north freedom was later decided upon. [ source : cole. baraboo and other place names of sauk county. ] 340 records found nabob [ origin of place name ] nabob, washington co. nagawicka lake, waukesha co. nagawicka [ origin of place name ] nager, edward 1927 naleid, roy e. 1901 namakagon [ origin of place name ] namakagon, town of, bayfield co. namekagon ( town and river ) [ origin of place name ] namekagon river ( historic marker erected 1967 ) namekagon, bayfield co. namekagon, town of, bayfield co. namekagon - court oreilles portage ( historic marker namur, door co. nancy, town of, washburn co. naples, town of, buffalo co. narrow gauge ( railroads ) narrows creek, sauk co. nasbro, dodge co. nasewaupee [ origin of place name ] nasewaupee, town of, door co. nash, charles dennis 1819 - 1897 nash, charles w. 1864 - 1948 nash, philleo 1909 nash, william francis 1847 - 1916 nashotah ( town ) [ origin of place name ] nashotah lakes, waukesha co. nashotah mission ( historic marker erected 1968 ) nashotah, village of, waukesha co. nashotah, waukesha co. nashville, forest co. nashville, town of, forest co. nasonville [ origin of place name ] nasonville, wood co. nass, stephen l. 1952 nation ' s first cooperative generating station ( his nation ' s first watershed project ( historic marker national soldiers ' home ( historic marker erected 1 national soldiers ' home ( milwaukee ) national women ' s party nattestad, ole knudsen", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5148221328002195, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T11:31:43.033570"} {"text": "| life depends on an essentially continuous exchange of mass and energy between living organisms and their environment. human impact on this vital exchange has occurred on a global or macroclimate scale. understanding the physical principles involved in heat transfer and absorption in the atmosphere is critical to understanding how these physical factors affect living organisms. the specific objectives of this section are to explain the properties of heat transfer, and to describe laboratory activities that can be used at a variety of academic levels with only slight described below are three series of experiments performed in the laboratory to address questions that emphasize the underlying principles of heat transfer. these hands - on experiments focused on principles that relate to conduction and convection. the object was to identify the method of heat transfer through solids, liquids, gases, and between boundaries. understanding these concepts gave us a better understanding of how heat is transferred between our environment and living organisms. these experiments were used as an integral part of the workshop, which consisted of reflections on redesigning or modifying lab exercises to fit personal needs of workshop teachers. these exercises could be adapted for middle school, high school, and college level courses. the methods utilized for the three experiments involved increasing or decreasing the temperature of a solid or liquid, and where applicable, observing the motion of a dye caused by the changes in temperature and density of the medium. | modes of heat transfer : - conduction : heat transfer resulting from direct contact between substances of different temperatures ; heat is transferred from the high - temperature substance to the low by direct molecular - convection : heat transport by a moving fluid ( gas of liquid ). the heat is first transferred to the fluid by conduction, but the fluid motion carries the heat away. - radiative exchange : heat transfer via electromagnetic waves, the amount of radiant energy emitted, transmitted, or ( figure from microsoft encarta ) return to top laboratory apparatus for labs 1 - 3 | lab 1 : heating from below : convection in this experiment, water was heated from below to produce convection. although the atmosphere is composed of air, this experiment was relevant to atmospheric motion as well. the lower atmosphere ( troposphere ) is mostly heated from below because the oceans and continents absorb radiation from the sun and then transfer some of the resulting heat energy to the lower atmosphere. in lab 1, a beaker was heated ( see figure below ). thermometers were placed in 1 / 2 cm below water surface and 1 / 2 cm above the bottom of the beaker. the temperature was recorded at 30 second intervals. drops of dye were added to the bottom", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.6150301436732724, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T11:31:43.057109"} {"text": "( see figure below ). thermometers were placed in 1 / 2 cm below water surface and 1 / 2 cm above the bottom of the beaker. the temperature was recorded at 30 second intervals. drops of dye were added to the bottom of the beaker between intervals. after three minutes the beaker was removed from the hot plate and temperature reading recorded for another five minutes. convection was visualized by observing the motion of the the motion of the dye was circular from bottom to top and returning to the bottom of the beaker. the energy from heating created a less dense liquid at the bottom, thus causing the upward motion of the dye. upon reaching the surface, the dye was now in the denser medium and therefore returned to the bottom. this motion is an example of convection. this phenomenon is evident in the motion of wind. the difference in densities and kinetic movement of the water molecules driven by temperature change resulted in the movement of air molecules. this lab can be used at lower levels to demonstrate simple properties of heat transfer and convection. at higher levels, this lab illustrates these basic principles, and could be extended to address more complex applications related to convection such as the coriolis 1. explain the process by which the water is heated. 2. describe the motion of the water as made visible by the 3. why does convection occur? 4. did convection cease? when? why? environmental applications of principles of radiative exchange, conduction and convection ( figure from e. zerba, princeton university ; email @ example. com ) return to top | lab 2 : conduction comparison of this experiment with the first illustrated the difference between the rate of heat transfer by conduction and that of convection. it also illustrated the difference in heat capacities between water and the solid materials of the lab 2 was configured similarly to lab 1, but looked at the effect of heating and cooling temperature difference using sand of equal weight as water used in experiment 1. no dye was used in this experiment, as convection was not a the temperature difference between the top and bottom layers of sand indicated that sand heats and cools at a faster rate compared to water. when the beaker was removed from the heat, the temperature continued to increase via conduction from the bottom of the beaker. this lab exercise is useful for demonstrating the concept of conduction to lower level students. upper level students can use this lab to make the connections between conduction and heat capacity of various substances related to heat transfer that occurs between the earth ' s surfaces and the surface", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.608877292964601, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T11:31:43.058246"} {"text": "exercise is useful for demonstrating the concept of conduction to lower level students. upper level students can use this lab to make the connections between conduction and heat capacity of various substances related to heat transfer that occurs between the earth ' s surfaces and the surface of living organisms. 1. is there any convection in the sand? explain. 2. why did the temperature recorded by the lower thermometer continue to rise dramatically after the heating ceased? 3. on the basis of heat capacity, explain why the temperature changes for the sand and water were different. 4. using what you have observed in the two experiments, predict whether a cold front will lower temperatures more at inland locations or on the coast. explain your answer. return to top | lab 3 : cooling from above in lakes and oceans, convection is generally the result of cooling from above rather than heating from below. this was demonstrated by adding ice to the water. using an experimental setup that allowed measurement of temperature at the top and the bottom of a beaker of water, ice was added to the top of the beaker. this experiment illustrated the concept that at 4 \u00b0c, water has higher density and sinks. convection was visualized by the movement of dye added to the bottom of the beaker which was displaced by the cooler more dense water. this lab demonstrates several physical principles associated with heat transfer, including density, kinetic molecular theory, and convection. on a larger scale, this laboratory exercise demonstrates the process by which seasonal turnovers occur in ponds and lakes. at lower levels, teachers may choose to discuss physical principles of heat transfer only, while at upper levels, teachers may choose to integrate this small - scale investigation with the study of climate processes and lake nutrient stratification and mixing. 1. why does ice float? 2. is there any evidence of convection? why does or does it not occur? 3. draw a diagram to explain how seasonal turnover occurs in a return to top to the passerine birds home", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.6049775834064096, "token_count": 395, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T11:31:43.059143"} {"text": "american heritage\u00ae dictionary of the english language, fourth edition - v. to affect with great wonder ; astonish. see synonyms at surprise. - v. obsolete to bewilder ; perplex. - v. to cause great wonder or astonishment : a sight that amazes. - n. amazement ; wonder. century dictionary and cyclopedia - to confound with fear, sudden surprise, or wonder ; confuse ; perplex. - to strike with astonishment, surprise, or wonder ; astonish ; surprise : as, you amaze me ; i was amazed to find him there. - synonyms surprise, astonish, etc. ( see surprise ) ; to confound, stagger, stupefy, dumfound. - to wonder ; he amazed. - n. astonishment ; confusion ; perplexity arising from fear, surprise, or wonder ; amazement : used chiefly in poetry. gnu webster ' s 1913 - v. obsolete to bewilder ; to stupefy ; to bring into a maze. - v. to confound, as by fear, wonder, extreme surprise ; to overwhelm with wonder ; to astound ; to astonish greatly. - v. archaic to be astounded. - v. chiefly poetic bewilderment, arising from fear, surprise, or wonder ; amazement. - v. be a mystery or bewildering to - v. affect with wonder - from middle english amasen ( \" to bewilder, perplex \" ), from old english amasian ( \" to confuse, astonish \" ), from a - ( perfective prefix ) + * masian ( \" to confound \" ) from * m\u00e6s ( \" delusion, bewilderment \" ), from proto - germanic * mas -, * masonan ( \u201c to confound, be weary, dream \u201d ), from proto - indo - european * ma - ( \u201c to stupefy \u201d ). akin to old norse masa ( \" to struggle, be confused \" ), ancient greek \u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b7 ( mate, \" folly \" ), \u03bc\u03b5\u03bc\u03b1\u03b1 ( memaa, \" i was eager \" ). more at automatic. ( wiktionary ) - from middle english masen, to bewilder, and from amased, bewildered ( from old english amasod ), both from old english amasian, to bewilder : a -, intensive pref. + *", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5929511124404792, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T11:31:43.065503"} {"text": "this from eurekalert : you may think that with faster internet connectivity, internet phone calls and ipods, that we ' re living in a technological nirvana. but according to a new analysis we are fast approaching a new dark age. the results show that the number of technological breakthroughs and patents peaked a century ago and have been falling steadily ever since. but this is a controversial view not held by most futurologists. the reason why an observation like this is controversial is that futurologists take a determinedly optimistic view of the future. i suspect this is a survey of american patent applications. there is a subjective increase in the wealth and comfort of americans that leads them to think that they must be in a golden age. but wasn ' t rome similar prior to its collapse? the romans had become decadent, they suffered from an internal rot and cultural decline. they embarked on fruitless foreign adventures as a means of distracting an overlarge, and underused military. the recent resource wars in the middle east seem aimed at distracting the world with a sleight of hand allowing america to parasitize iraq without feeling morally inferior. if we truly are in a worldwide decline in creativity, what does that mean? victorian scientists used to predict that all of the major discoveries had been made and the future was going to be a period of filling the gaps and creating a prosperous age of automation. were they right? our explanations of the fine detail of what goes on is a little more precise, but really we have just been adding decimal points to the accuracy of our picture. the whole of twentieth century physics has involved creating pictures of the world that even their inventors didn ' t understand or trust! einstein made significant advances in quantum physics in an attempt to falsify it on aesthetic grounds! maybe the lull is exemplified by the history of artificial intelligence? artificial intelligence grew out of the availability of computing hardware in postwar america ( called giant brains at the time ) and the theoretical advances that had been made prewar by the likes of turing, and von neumann et al. von neumann and turing both took a mechanistic view of the brain, that it was to all intents and purposes a \" computer made of meat \". there was great optimism that the algorithms of the brain would be quickly understood, and a means to emulate the brain would be found in \" 10 or 20 years \". minsky and others were finding ways to simulate neurons in hardware. all in all it seemed that ai would flourish in the 70s providing added impetus to the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5680013613537369, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T11:31:43.124526"} {"text": "moisture and nutrients. the depth and spread of the roots is dependent on the inherent growth characteristics of the plant and the texture and structure of the soil. roots will penetrate much deeper in a loose, well - drained soil than in a heavy, poorly - drained soil. a dense, compacted layer in the soil will restrict or stop root growth. during early development, a seedling plant nutrients and moisture from the few inches of soil surrounding it. therefore, the early growth of most horticultural crops which are seeded in rows benefits from band applications of fertilizer, placed several inches to each side and slightly below the seeds. as plants become well - established, the root system develops laterally and usually extends far beyond the spread of the branches. for most cultivated crops roots meet and overlap between the rows. the greatest concentration of fibrous roots occurs in the top foot of soil but significant numbers of laterals may grow downward from these roots to provide an effective absorption system a couple of feet deep. parts of a root internally, there are three major parts of a root. the meristem is at the tip and manufactures new cells. it is an area of cell division and growth. behind it is the zone of elongation, in which cells increase in size through food and water absorption. these cells by increasing in size, push the root through the soil. the third major root part is the maturation zone, in which cells undergo changes in order to become specific tissues such as epidermis, cortex, or vascular tissue. the epidermis is the outermost layer of cells surrounding the root. these cells are responsible for the absorption of water and minerals dissolved in water. cortex cells are involved in the movement of water from the epidermis and in food storage. a layer of suberized ( a fatty material in some cells ), known as the casparian strips, has regulatory effect on the types of minerals absorbed and transported by the roots to stems and leaves. vascular tissues conduct food and water and are located in the center of the root. however, some monocots have the vascular system of their roots distributed around the root center. externally there are two areas of importance. root hairs are found along the main root and perform much of the actual work of water and nutrient absorption. the root cap is the outermost tip of the root, and consists of cells that are sloughed off as the root grows through the soil. the root cap covers and protects the meristem and also senses gravity and directs in what direction the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5111466619001204, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T11:31:43.137699"} {"text": "19 october 2004. inhibiting acat, a cholesterol - modifying enzyme, may prove a viable therapy for preventing or slowing the progression of alzheimer disease, according to a report in the october 14 neuron. a multi - institution collaboration led by dora kovacs at massachusetts general hospital, boston, shows that inhibiting the enzyme limits production of amyloid - \u03b2 ( a\u03b2 ), reduces plaque load, and prevents learning and memory losses in a mouse model of the disease. acat ( acyl coenzyme a : cholesterol transferase ) catalyzes the esterification of cholesterol, redistributing the lipid from the plasma membrane into cytoplasmic droplets. kovacs and colleagues have previously reported that blocking the enzyme attenuates production of a\u03b2 in primary neurons ( see arf related news story ). now, joint first authors birgit hutter - paier at jsw - research forschungslabor gmbh, graz, austria, and henri huttunen at mgh, along with other researchers from these institutions and the mayo clinic, jacksonville, florida, extend those observations to transgenic animals. they tested cp 113, 818, an acat inhibitor developed by pfizer, in mice expressing human amyloid precursor protein harboring two different kinds of mutation \u2014 the london mutation, which results in an isoleucine instead of a valine at amino acid number 717, and the swedish double mutation, methionine and leucine for lysine and asparagine at positions 670 and 671, respectively. these animals develop amyloid plaques in the brain, and by six months old show signs of cognitive decline. because cp 113, 818 is so poorly absorbed, the authors administered it in slow - release capsules, surgically implanting a two - month supply into four and a half - month - old mice. when the authors checked brain pathology at six and a half months, they found a considerable reduction in plaque load, as judged by both thioflavin s and antibody ( 6e10 antibody ) staining. treated animals had only about 26 plaques per square micrometer of cortex, while placebo - treated animals had over 200. the benefit was greatest in the hippocampuses of female animals, where the plaque load was only one percent of that found in sham - treated animals. in addition, when the authors measured soluble a\u03b2 by elisa, they found that levels of soluble a\u03b21", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5102450352081144, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T11:31:43.153684"} {"text": "karst diagram courtesy of vancouver island university. although the cowling arboretum does not exhibit any karst topography, much of southern minnesota does. karst is a geological feature formed by the dissolution of soluble bedrock such as carbonates like limestone and dolostone. karst formations lead to the formations of caves, disappearing streams, underground streams, sinkholes and other landforms in southern minnesota. the longest cave system in the world, the mammoth - flint ridge cave system in kentucky was formed through the dissolution of carbonate rocks in its karst area. karst country in southern minnesota coincides with the driftless area that covers southeastern minnesota, northwestern iowa and western wisconsin. glacial drift no younger than 500, 000 years old has been discovered in southern minnesota driftless area, meaning it has not been glaciated in that time. other geologists believe that the driftless area has not been glaciated in at least 2 million years. however, the driftless area has been subject to glacial lake outburst floods when titanic lakes like proglacial lake duluth began to cataclysmically drain about 9, 500 years ago. karst forms when slightly acidic water meets a weakly soluble carbonate rock. rainwater acidifies ever so slightly as it passes through the atmosphere and takes up co2. as rainwater travels through the soil it picks up more co2 and forms a weak carbonic acid solution, which readily dissolves carbonate rocks over time. limestone is removed from the site in the form of calcium and bicarbonate. a good way to spot a karst sinkhole in southern minnesota is to look for a tree covered area in the middle of a farmer \u2019 s field that she is wise not to plow. - callum mcculloch ' 15, for the cole student naturalists", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5320534196893627, "token_count": 361, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T11:31:43.166298"} {"text": "hydrology of the bow river there \u2019 s a word beneath the water, and the bow river belongs to god. have you been listening? a scientific commentary on genesis 7 : 11 although committed to the principle of sola scriptura, calvin recognized that the bible would have been written in terms its original recipients would have understood. calvin inherited the medieval cosmology of his time, a way of viewing the world heavily influenced by greek thought and one which was about to receive shocks from astronomers such as copernicus and galileo. but not just yet. off with their heads the queen had only one way of settling all difficulties, great or small. \u201c off with his head! \u201d she said, without even looking round surprised by jack, part 3 : mere depravity \u201c man is now a horror to god and to himself and a creature ill - adapted to the universe not because god made him so but because he has made himself so by the abuse of his free will. to my mind this is the sole function of the doctrine [ of the fall ]. \u201d \u2014 c. s. lewis scientists tell their stories : george murphy during his seminary education, dr. murphy also gained a deeper understanding of luther \u2019 s theology of the cross, and he realized that it \u2019 s really the best way to approach the science and theology dialogue. series : it ' s an old world after all in our sixth biologos videocast, we take a look at the age of the earth. we explain four methods scientists have used to determine that age : tree ring, lake varve, radiometric, and seafloor spread dating, and also offer some theological insight on how an old earth can fit with the first chapters of genesis. series : from the dust in this series, ryan pettey offers several clips from his powerful documentary \" from the dust \". this feature - length film is divided up into various sections, each of which wrestles with the difficult problems that arise when reconciling scripture with the theory of evolution. a light of hope dawns on the science - faith conversation, however, as scientists and theologians engage in honest dialogue about tough issues such as the interpretation of genesis, the nature of the fall, and the idea of random design. their profound insights are sure to enlighten all minds, raise deeper questions, and provoke new thought. shaping the human soul, part 5 we need to have an account of sin in terms of habit. a lot of christians today think of \u201c sins \u201d and discreet choices, but historically christians", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5448599862965674, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T11:31:43.244741"} {"text": "suggest that this argument is in significant ways misplaced. the lyrics begin by painting a picture of the fall as something in which each person has participated : \u201c the fruit ( of the fall of man ) is seen in every eye and every hand. \u201d mystery and faith in today \u2019 s video, michael ramsden discusses the importance and meaning of mystery in the bible. saturday sermon : the failure of religion in the last verses of romans 2, the apostle paul relates the \u201c failure of religion because of the terrible beauty of the law \u201d to the need for a regenerate heart. \" centered \" : the language of science and faith in a recent interview with the sirius xm radio show centered, karl giberson sat down with host don belanus to discuss the book the language of science and faith. life and death if you go back into the genesis account, it says \u201c now do not eat this or you will surely die \u201d. there is a whole chain of events that happens when adam and eve decide they want to walk away from god. confidence and slippery slopes in today \u2019 s video, pastor brian mcclaren notes that the metaphor \" slippery slopes \" is problematic, because we often assume that we are on the top of the slope to begin with, when in fact changing our views may help us ascend the slope, or to reach a new peak of understanding on the other side.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5340333080195154, "token_count": 280, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T11:31:43.247137"} {"text": "in journey into the cell, we looked at the structure of the two major types of cells : prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. now we turn our attention to the \" power houses \" of a eukaryotic cell, the mitochondria. mitochondria are the cell ' s power producers. they convert energy into forms that are usable by the cell. located in the cytoplasm, they are the sites of cellular respiration which ultimately generates fuel for the cell ' s activities. mitochondria are also involved in other cell processes such as cell division and growth, as well as cell death. mitochondria : distinguishing characteristics mitochondria are bounded by a double membrane. each of these membranes is a phospholipid bilayer with embedded proteins. the outermost membrane is smooth while the inner membrane has many folds. these folds are called cristae. the folds enhance the \" productivity \" of cellular respiration by increasing the available surface area. the double membranes divide the mitochondrion into two distinct parts : the intermembrane space and the mitochondrial matrix. the intermembrane space is the narrow part between the two membranes while the mitochondrial matrix is the part enclosed by the innermost membrane. several of the steps in cellular respiration occur in the matrix due to its high concentration of enzymes. mitochondria are semi - autonomous in that they are only partially dependent on the cell to replicate and grow. they have their own dna, ribosomes and can make their own proteins. similar to bacteria, mitochondria have circular dna and replicate by a reproductive process called fission. journey into the cell : to learn more about cells, visit :", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5624628473422045, "token_count": 350, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T11:31:43.249172"} {"text": "the portrait of a fly ( part 1 ) : come fly with me for more than a hundred years, scientists have used the fruit fly ( drosophila melanogaster ) to study the fundamentals of developmental biology and genetics. but as biological understanding and techniques have improved, we are now able to do sophisticated genetic experiments in animals further along the evolutionary scale, such as mice. what role, then, for the fly today? at the entrance to the fly facility at the university of manchester, there is a poster on the wall. it proudly proclaims that drosophila ( a genus of fruit flies ) has won six nobel prizes. all were won in conjunction with human collaborators, of course, who took the glory ( not to mention the cash ). the fly facility, which is funded by the university and the wellcome trust, brings together the university \u2019 s collective expertise in fly husbandry and research techniques. it supports a community of 13 research groups who consider the potential of the fly stronger than ever for informing us not just about basic biology but about human diseases as well. i suspect they dream of one day adding a seventh nobel to drosophila \u2018 s trophy cabinet. dr andreas prokop, the head of a laboratory in the faculty of life sciences and an unashamed proselytiser for fruit flies in research, is keen to show them off. he takes me around the fly facility \u2019 s specialist microscopes and the breeding rooms where the flies are grown. one room is kept at the scientific standard temperature of 25\u00b0c, while the other is at 18\u00b0c for experiments in which researchers want to slow down drosophila \u2018 s usual development cycle ( this works both ways : some experiments are done at 29\u00b0c to speed up development ). inside each breeding room, the shelves are full of trays and incubators with different fly stocks. the flies live in plastic vials \u2013 one genetic stock per vial \u2013 with food and a cotton wool plug to stop them flying away. these are no house flies : each adult fly is only a couple of millimetres long, their bodies are pale with black markings and they have bright red eyes. fertilised female flies can lay hundreds of eggs over several days. embryonic development takes 21 hours ( at 25\u00b0c ), at which point each egg hatches to release a drosophila larva. after a few heady days of continuous feeding at the bottom of its vial, the larva wanders up the side of the vial, away", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5024229821845395, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T11:31:43.305182"} {"text": "25\u00b0c ), at which point each egg hatches to release a drosophila larva. after a few heady days of continuous feeding at the bottom of its vial, the larva wanders up the side of the vial, away from its food source, and forms a hard shell called a pupa. at this stage, all of its organs are broken down and restructured in their adult forms. eventually, a mere ten days after the egg was laid, an adult fly emerges from the pupal case. pretty fly with a white eye the first of the drosophila nobels was awarded in 1933 to thomas hunt morgan, whose \u2018 fly room \u2019 at columbia university laid the groundwork for pretty much all drosophila research that has followed. morgan was interested in problems of development and how heredity might help him understand them. he spent two years searching for drosophila with clear, heritable variations in characteristics so that he could start to unpick how the differences had been inherited. at last, in 1909, he found white - eyed male flies among his normally red - eyed stock. crucially, eye colour was a sex - linked variation, which meant the gene responsible had to be on the drosophila sex chromosome ( drosophila have four pairs of chromosomes, whereas humans have 23 ; in both species, the sex chromosomes are either xx for females or xy for males ). it was the first unambiguous link between a chromosome and a characteristic. morgan \u2019 s style in the lab was democratic. it spawned a school of pupils and collaborators who spread the techniques he developed around the world, training the next generation to do the experiments that would connect characteristics to chromosomes and, in time, to specific genes. one of morgan \u2019 s proteges was hermann muller. in the 1920s, muller began looking for ways to change genes artificially rather than relying on spontaneous mutations. his research showed that x - rays caused widespread genetic mutation and chromosomal damage. it won him drosophila \u2018 s second nobel, in 1946. it was some time before drosophila \u2018 s next nobel, but then it won three in the same year. innovations in the 1970s and 1980s meant that dna could now be manipulated directly. using such techniques, ed lewis discovered genes that controlled the fly \u2019 s \u2018 body plan \u2019, whereas christiane nusslein - volhard and eric wieschaus identified and classified genes that were crucial for early development. at around the same time, studies in other species showed that", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5091025791263054, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T11:31:43.308341"} {"text": "done in as highly evolved a species as possible. however, prokop thinks there is more to be gained by combining these new molecular and cell biology techniques with genetics in the fly. mice, and indeed humans, tend to have multiple genes with overlapping functions, so when you \u2018 knock out \u2019 a gene to see the effect on the organism of not having it, the results can be ambiguous. drosophila has little or no such redundancy in its genes, plus the added advantages of having a rapid reproduction cycle and being relatively cheap to maintain. return of the fly prokop \u2019 s own research focuses on the cytoskeleton : the architecture of actin filaments and microtubules woven into structural networks inside all our cells. far from being static scaffolding, however, these networks are dynamic, constantly rearranging and interacting with other proteins. \u201c the cytoskeleton is involved in every aspect of every single cellular function you can think of, \u201d he says. many of its components have been studied for decades but many fundamental questions remain. \u201c we know what these components do biochemically, but in the cellular context, we are not sure why those interactions are necessary. for example, the protein tau was discovered in 1975. today, we know it has a role in alzheimer \u2019 s disease, but we still don \u2019 t really know what tau is doing in the cell in the first place. \u201c one thing that blocks a lot of this type of research is that we do not have a proper understanding of the cell biology. \u201d numerous proteins are known to bind to actin and microtubules, which implies some degree of regulation. but how do all these different functions and regulators combine in one coordinated system of cytoskeletal function? prokop \u2019 s approach to finding an answer is to narrow down the question. he is studying the cytoskeleton in one specific context and, from that, aims to work up a general conceptual understanding that can be tested in other contexts and other species. \u201c i made three decisions, \u201d he explains. \u201c first, study axonal growth. this is the best context for understanding what the cytoskeleton does because we know the principal roles of actin and microtubules, and there are drugs we can use to manipulate axonal growth \u2013 there aren \u2019 t many other places where we can get such meaningful results. \u201d axons are the wires and cables of the nervous system. they connect neurons, the most important cells in the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5454948554491627, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T11:31:43.313605"} {"text": "there are drugs we can use to manipulate axonal growth \u2013 there aren \u2019 t many other places where we can get such meaningful results. \u201d axons are the wires and cables of the nervous system. they connect neurons, the most important cells in the nervous system, and carry electrical signals between cells. problems with axonal development lead to impaired cognition ; damage later in life, from strokes or dementia for example, can cause sustained paralysis, permanent loss of basic brain functions such as coordination, or changes in personality. axons grow out of neuron cell bodies, led from the front by specialist structures called growth cones. chemical gradients \u2013 varying concentrations of substances that attract or repel the growth cone \u2013 determine the direction of growth and help each axon find its target. how these external cues are translated into changes in the behaviour of the growth cone remains unclear. what we do know is that the actin and microtubule structures of the cytoskeleton are constantly rearranging at the axon tip and that they must be regulated in response to certain signals. \u201c there are probably hundreds of genes that regulate the cytoskeleton, \u201d prokop says. \u201c but the really essential ones are relatively few. those genes, and the targets they regulate, present us with a common mechanism dependent on a limited number of factors. focusing our research on these genes and proteins within the context of axon growth is a good strategy for learning about their function in general. it is simpler than trying to tackle the entire cellular machinery. \u201d laud of the flies his second decision was to work on drosophila, for the usual reasons : \u201c efficient genetics, low redundancy. if you knock out one gene, there is less opportunity for compensation than there would be in higher species. plus you can take out combinations of classes of genes simultaneously and it would be extremely challenging, even impossible, to do that in the mouse. in flies, it takes between a couple of weeks and a few months, so you can create and generate possibilities, test hypotheses. \u201d prokop stresses that this is no longer the simple fly genetics of years gone by, when a gene would be knocked out and the gross effects observed. moreover, combined with modern drosophila genetics are other sophisticated techniques, developed and well established in mice, for studying what is going on inside cells. many of these techniques, which have now been adapted for use in fly neurons, visually label specific proteins within cells so that researchers can watch the dynamics of microtub", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.505084851010861, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T11:31:43.315819"} {"text": "techniques, developed and well established in mice, for studying what is going on inside cells. many of these techniques, which have now been adapted for use in fly neurons, visually label specific proteins within cells so that researchers can watch the dynamics of microtubules, actin and other proteins as they operate. i see this for myself when dr natalia sanchez - soriano, a postdoctoral researcher in the prokop laboratory, shows me around. as well as looking at neurons in developing fly embryos, they grow drosophila neurons in culture. \u201c it takes around 30 fly brains to make four cultures, \u201d she explains, holding out one of many round agar plates, a few centimetres in diameter. \u201c within six hours, the neurons have grown enough to start analysing them. \u201d cultured neurons lack the external signals that would normally direct their growth in the fly but their cell machinery is intact and axons grow, although in a less organised way. sanchez - soriano puts a plate under a microscope and focuses on a small area in the middle. at 10x magnification, i can see clusters of neurons on the screen. \u201c these are young cultures, \u201d she says, showing me the cell body of a neuron and the axon growing from it. we zoom in. the neurons have been marked with fluorescent markers. \u201c looking in green light, you see the microtubules. if we look in red, you can see the actin. \u201c i always find it amazing to look at one of these cultures where they have formed a network, a mature network. it looks very messy because they are cultures but you can see how they connect. now you have this complex neural network with lots of synapses, which are the contacts between the neurons. \u201d microtubules are found in abundance at synapses, so the fluorescence also reveals the neurons \u2019 connections. i can see synapses all the way along the axons, not just at the tip, which is how i remember having seen them portrayed in simplified textbook diagrams. we are supposed to be going to lunch with other scientists from the lab. they hover at the doorway, but sanchez - soriano waves them away \u2013 she wants to show me one more slide. \u201c this is a drosophila embryo. it \u2019 s completely different to the cultured cells \u2013 the axons of the neurons are all organised. these axons connect to the muscles ; their cell bodies are in the spinal cord. we can see where these ax", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5186759341312792, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T11:31:43.318240"} {"text": "a drosophila embryo. it \u2019 s completely different to the cultured cells \u2013 the axons of the neurons are all organised. these axons connect to the muscles ; their cell bodies are in the spinal cord. we can see where these axons are growing, and we can be very specific about developmental time. we can look at embryos after 21 hours of development and the axons are always in these positions, so we can detect tiny changes in axonal growth. \u201c the beauty of this system is that we can go back and forward all the time between neurons in the organism and in culture, and that \u2019 s what makes it very attractive for me. and it \u2019 s easy to have expertise in both. that makes it a really nice model. \u201d prokop \u2019 s third decision was which component of cytoskeleton regulation to focus on. he chose a protein called shot, which, he explains, \u201c sits at the heart of the machine \u201d. shot is one of a family of proteins called spectraplakins, which have so many different functions that they are sometimes also called \u2018 the swiss army knives of the cell \u2019. in this context, shot regulates microtubules during axonal growth. in a normal growing axon, microtubules are constantly joining together, elongating and pushing against the cell membrane in the direction of growth. actin networks provide some control over microtubules by blocking microtubule extension in the wrong direction. proteins like shot that bind actin and microtubules are therefore likely to be involved in regulating that interaction and, indeed, without shot, microtubules become disorganised and axons are severely shortened ( and when they do grow, it is often in the wrong direction ). the very model of a research model organism having shown that axon growth cone behaviour, cytoskeletal dynamics and the underlying functions of actin and microtubule regulators in drosophila are well conserved with higher animals, prokop \u2019 s group is using the shot system to discover the mechanisms by which it all hangs together. they work mostly in the fly but regularly do analogous experiments in mice to confirm the general relevance of their findings. they have already begun to show how shot performs its role in cytoskeletal regulation during axon growth. in research published this summer, prokop and his team showed that shot links the tips of microtubules to actin networks, providing a physical connection that points the microtubules in the right direction. it", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5337292581680169, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T11:31:43.320441"} {"text": "s intellectual descendants, eager to celebrate the fruit fly \u2019 s contribution to science and persuade you that it is the pre - eminent model organism. prokop sums up the philosophy : \u201c the task of drosophila is to produce ideas that can then stimulate research in mammalian systems. that \u2019 s what it has been doing for a hundred years, and that \u2019 s what our system can do too. \u201d in part 2, \u2018 fly on the wall \u2019, i visit a second drosophila lab at the university of manchester to see how the fly is actually used in experiments, and how relevant they can be for understanding human diseases. alves - silva j et al. spectraplakins promote microtubule - mediated axonal growth by functioning as structural microtubule - associated proteins and eb1 - dependent + tips ( tip interacting proteins ). j neurosci 2012 ; 32 ( 27 ) : 9143. bier e. drosophila, the golden bug, emerges as a tool for human genetics. nat rev genet 2005 ; 6 : 9. green m. a century of drosophila genetics through the prism of the white gene. genetics 2010 ; 184 : 3 - 7. \u201c the nobel prize in physiology or medicine 1933 \u201c. nobelprize. org. 13 nov 2012 \u201c the nobel prize in physiology or medicine 1946 \u201c. nobelprize. org. 13 nov 2012 \u201c the nobel prize in physiology or medicine 1995 \u201c. nobelprize. org. 13 nov 2012 \u201c jules a. hoffmann \u2013 biographical \u201c. nobelprize. org. 13 nov 2012", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5566192351369667, "token_count": 322, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 8, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T11:31:43.322666"} {"text": "for all who make decisions that affect the mathematics education of students in pre - kindergarten through grade 12 \u201d ( p. ix ). nctm is an organization of over 110, 000 mathematics educators concerned with pre - k \u2013 12 mathematics education. this update of the nctm ' s three previously developed sets of standards for curriculum, teaching, and assessment is intended to establish a curriculum framework to bring focus and coherence to k \u2013 12 mathematics. the document was developed through an extensive and inclusive process that engaged a wide spectrum of experts on issues concerning mathematics education. as such, principles and standards represents a negotiated position about appropriate content for school mathematics to which educators should give careful consideration. the developers offer the standards as a guide for ensuring quality, developing goals, and promoting change by suggesting common language, examples, and recommendations to engage people at state, provincial and local levels in conversations about mathematics education. the document is intended to ( p. 6 ) : set forth a comprehensive and coherent set of goals for mathematics for all students that will orient curricular, teaching, and assessment efforts. serve as a resource for teachers, education leaders, and policymakers to use in examining and improving the quality of mathematics instructional programs. guide the development of curricular frameworks, assessments, and instructional materials. stimulate ideas and ongoing conversations about how best to help students gain a deep understanding of important mathematics. principles and standards is built on the following vision ( p. 5 ) : in this changing world, those who understand and can do mathematics will have significantly enhanced opportunities and options for shaping their futures. mathematical competence opens doors to productive futures. a lack of mathematical competence keeps those doors closed. nctm challenges the assumption that mathematics is only for the select few. on the contrary, everyone needs to understand mathematics. all students should have the opportunity and the support necessary to learn significant mathematics with depth and understanding. there is no conflict between equity and excellence. to fulfill this vision, the document describes what mathematics in pre - k \u2013 12 school programs should look like including how mathematical ideas should be developed across five content areas and five process domains. the standards present a deeper look at the mathematics within each of four grade - level bands, pre - k \u2013 2, 3 \u2013 5, 6 \u2013 8, and 9 \u2013 12 ; they also suggest how mathematics should grow", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5682234496997851, "token_count": 466, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T11:31:43.362065"} {"text": "is also a vast number of books and journal articles on different aspects of sustainable agriculture and the relationships between agriculture and rural areas. here only a few examples can be mentioned. oecd has paid increasing attention to agricultural policy reform during the last two decades. ministers of agriculture of the oecd member countries adopted a set of policy principles in march 1998 including the need of governments \" to take actions to ensure the protection of the environment and sustainable management of natural resources in agriculture \u201d ( oecd, 2001 ). this most recent report concludes that agricultural policies have not changed enough and calls for integrating the different, sometimes contradictory policies ( i. e. agricultural, environmental and other policies ). the situation is similar in the european union, however the need for policy integration and for a radical reform of the cap is well recognized. the often cited cork declaration in point 2 calls for an integrated approach to rural development. it would be too long to overview the great number of statements and declarations of eu leaders and politicians which all call for more reform of the cap in order to move agriculture towards sustainability and to ensure a greater contribution of it to rural development. franz fischler ( 2001 ), the commissioner responsible for agriculture and rural development, declared : \u201c common agricultural policy has also changed, but not enough \u201d, and : \u201c we must ensure that the much - touted sustainability is translated into practice \u201d. molterer ( 1998 ) for example emphasizes that the european modell of agriculture is a sustainable and multifunctional agriculture in which the different functions must not be separated but have to form a whole ( i. e. should be integrated ). the committee on agriculture and rural development of the parliamentary assembly of the council of europe has also been intensively working on the problems of sustainable agricultural and rural development and has produced a major document, the \u201c european charter for rural areas \u201d ( council of europe, ( 1996 ) ). in spite of all these works and declarations no real progress has been achieved yet. the carpe ( common agricultural and rural policy for europe ) concept presented by a group of experts during the discussions on the agenda 2000 document ( european commission, 1997 ) in which the removal of all the subsidies coupled with production was finally rejected by the european council ( berlin, march 1998 ). willis and bryden ( 1999 ) in their analysis of agenda 2000 drew the same conclusion : \u201c when compared to the vision expressed in the cork declaration on living countryside, what is called rural development in agenda 2000 seems better described as agricultural policy paying lip", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5047662473738298, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T11:31:43.708066"} {"text": "among the other branches of industrial activities, and farms have to be organised and operated as business enterprises. as a result of this so called \u201c development \u201d or \u201c modernisation \u201d, agriculture and rural areas have become just mere receptacles or absorbing markets for industries located in towns. the only function of agriculture and rural areas is to take up the maximal possible amount of industrial products for consumption or to transform them into agricultural products even if there is an overproduction of these products and the natural environment and rural areas are deteriorated or destroyed. we call this concept of agriculture \u201c industrial input transformer agriculture \u201d. this kind of agriculture and the rural areas housing it are just auxiliary to towns and industries and they are clearly not sustainable. the eu is still following this \u201c modernisation \u201d concept and try to help and force the candidate countries to follow the same direction in spite of the nice talks about rural development and agricultural environmental programs. the internal relations among the element of this \u201c non - sustainable \u201d concept of agriculture and rural areas can be summarized as it is show by figure 1. this system is not sustainable because sooner or later it would completely exhaust its rural base. this is very vaguely recognised in the concern about the maintenance and development of rural areas. but still there is not strong enough political will to break up this system in which subsidies intended to help farmers are in fact supporting the industries located in towns and causing further decline of rural areas. agricultural policies which keep up this mechanism including the cap of eu are deemed as typical cases of \u201c government failure \u201d by some authors in environmental economics. ( see for example : turner et al., 1994. ) 3. the concept of sustainable resource utilising agriculture to achieve any real progress towards sustainability we have to depart from the above described concept of agriculture and modernisation. an integrated and multifunctional agriculture has to be developed. the main function of this type of agriculture is to utilise the human, natural and other local resources available in rural areas to produce a diverse mix of products and services in order to supply the highest amount of added value for the maintenance of rural areas. this means that the disintegrated parts of agriculture have to be reintegrated, agriculture has to be reintegrated with its rural and environmental base, and its dependency on external input and output markets has to be decreased. farming has to be based on the creation, modernisation and efficient utilisation of local resources. industrial means of production and inputs are to be used only as auxiliary factor to such extent", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5003055216850885, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T11:31:43.717194"} {"text": "its dependency on external input and output markets has to be decreased. farming has to be based on the creation, modernisation and efficient utilisation of local resources. industrial means of production and inputs are to be used only as auxiliary factor to such extent necessary to increase the productivity of local resources, but not for the sake of substituting them. in short, the traditional exogenous way of \u201c modernisation \u201d which is forced on agriculture from outside has to be changed into endogenous type of development. this concept of agriculture can be termed as \u201c resources utilising agriculture \u201d which is sustainable because it is built on the maintenance and development of its own local resource base. the system of this resource utilising agriculture is summarized in figure 2. this \u201c new concept \u201d of agriculture is really very old and the one which had existed before \u201c industrialised \u201d agriculture became dominant. it can be realised only if radical changes in agricultural policies can be achieved. first of all, farmers have to understand that present agricultural policies ( including the cap ) in fact are not supporting them but subsidies finally go to industries. secondly, the politicians forming agricultural policies have to be persuaded that agricultural policy supporting \u201c resource utilising agriculture \u201d is much cheaper than the present system in which first industrial input intensive agricultural production is subsidized, then a great amount of money is spent on repairing environmental damage caused and on rural development. subsidizing agriculture to produce more value added from its local resource base simultaneously help to maintain viable farms, to protect the environment and to develop rural areas in one coherent supporting system. in this way, integration of different policies called for in agenda 21 can be realized. besides, taxpayers \u2019 money could be saved and the agricultural policy would be more efficient. we can just regret that the basic problem of the concept or the definition of agriculture and rural areas is given very little attention in discussion on sustainable agriculture and on agricultural policy reforms. still, it has been encouraging to find a similar approach in a recent presentation of van der plough and rooij ( 2001 ). they use the term \u201c capitalist commodity production \u201d for the type of non - sustainable agriculture in which even labour is used as a commodity, and \u201c petty commodity production \u201d for the \u201c resource utilizing agriculture \u201d outlined here. they contrast industrialization with repeasantization as alternatives of agricultural development. but \u201c repeasantization \u201d might easily be rejected as being old fashioned and regress. while the concept of integrated, multifunctional and resource utilisating agriculture is a", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5152135918800846, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T11:31:43.721080"} {"text": "applied mathematics department secretary : tel : 01 69 33 46 01. fax : 01 69 33 46 46. scientific computing is the art of the engineer devoted to producing numerical simulations based on a scientific analysis and with computers. most of problems that can be formalised with mathematical equations lead to problems too complicated to be solved with elementary methods or with methods of formal calculus. the objective of scientific computing is to propose approximate numerical solutions for problems that can be modelised with a mathematical equation. the development of scientific computing is related to the increasing of computer power. it is an applied science in continuous evolution. the industries that use and develop scientific computing are first the main partners of state technical administrations in charge of the conception and development of complex systems : space and aeronautics, nuclear, automotive industry, petroleum industry, civil engineering. reduced to amount development and the certification of complex systems only few years ago, the numerical simulation allows the reduction of important development times on conception cycles and the production of more sophisticated products. the option \" scientific computing \" is devoted to students needing training in scientific computing, either for the analysis of an industrial problem, or the initiation to scientific research, whatever can be the future choice in terms of career orientation. for those who wish to enter the master program \" mathematical modeling \" in applied mathematics of the ecole polytechnique ( co - organised with paris 6 university ), the training period can be an important first step. examples of subjects studied in recent years - adaptive and multi - scales methods. assessment and design of optical fiber systems. inverse problem in electromagnetism. requirements : some knowledge of numerical analysis and / or optimization. evaluation mechanism : written report and oral defense last modification : monday 8 april 2013", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_computing", "similarity_score": 0.5909548506586588, "token_count": 343, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T11:31:43.727992"} {"text": ", e. g. in senile plaques that litter the alzheimer \u2019 s brain around nerve cells. small clumps of abeta can gum up the connections between nerve cells known as synapses. billions of nerve cells in the brain form trillions of synapses making up our neural network. the neural network, in all its complexity, is needed for all brain function, including memory and learning. excessive abeta disrupts synaptic communication between nerve cells leading to loss of memory and learning and eventually dementia. dementia is defined as global and catastrophic cognitive failure ; alzheimer \u2019 s disease is the most common form of dementia in the elderly. beyond the original four alzheimer \u2019 s genes most drug discovery for alzheimer \u2019 s today is based on studies of the four original alzheimer \u2019 s genes. but, we know that there are many more alzheimer \u2019 s genes yet to be identified. since 2005, the cure alzheimer \u2019 s fund has supported a project called the alzheimer \u2019 s genome project ( agp ), carried out in my laboratory at massachusetts general hospital. the goal of this project is to study 5000 families with multiple members who are affected with the common late - onset form of alzheimer \u2019 s disease in an effort to identify all of the other alzheimer \u2019 s genes. in addition to the alzheimer \u2019 s genome project, the international genomics of alzheimer ' s project ( igap a consortium of dozens of research institutions in europe and the u. s., in which we are members ), uses tens of thousands of individual alzheimer \u2019 s cases from the general population in the u. s. and europe, to find common dna variants that influence risk for alzheimer \u2019 s. the family - based method of our alzheimer \u2019 s genome project and the population - based method of igap have identified some of the same alzheimer \u2019 s genes, but also find different ones with different effects on risk. in the family - based studies of the alzheimer \u2019 s genome project, we are able to find not only common dna variants that influence one \u2019 s risk for alzheimer \u2019 s, but also rare mutations that profoundly affect risk or for the disease or directly cause it. the alzheimer \u2019 s genome project places a high priority on finding these rare but very potent gene mutations because historically, amongst the four known alzheimer \u2019 s genes, it has been the rare early - onset familial alzheimer \u2019 s gene mutations that have been most effectively guiding drug discovery efforts. this is mainly because hard - hitting mutations have clear - cut adverse effects on biological systems, which can be elegant", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.56677617764708, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T11:31:43.885328"} {"text": ", it has been the rare early - onset familial alzheimer \u2019 s gene mutations that have been most effectively guiding drug discovery efforts. this is mainly because hard - hitting mutations have clear - cut adverse effects on biological systems, which can be elegantly recapitulated in animal models. this then allows for more effective drug discovery and development. along these lines, one of the first new alzheimer \u2019 s genes to be identified in the alzheimer \u2019 s genome project was adam10. this gene was specifically chosen for testing as a potential alzheimer \u2019 s gene because like the four original alzheimer \u2019 s genes, it affects the production of abeta in the brain. we identified two rare mutations in this gene that strongly predispose carriers to alzheimer \u2019 s disease at around 70 years old. these two mutations were found in only 7 ( of 1000 ad families tested ). thus, they are very rare. we have recently demonstrated these two mutations dramatically impair the activity of adam10. adam10 normally blocks the production of abeta. accordingly, we have found that these two rare mutations greatly enhance alzheimer \u2019 s amyloid pathology in animal - based models of the disease. with the validation of these mutations to be \u201c pathogenic \u201d, or disease causing, the alzheimer \u2019 s genome project considers adam10 to be the fifth alzheimer \u2019 s gene. we published the original findings showing adam10 to carry rare mutations causing alzheimer \u2019 s disease in 2008 in the prestigious scientific journal, human molecular genetics. the publication of the validation data from transgenic mouse models is planned for the coming year in 2011. also beginning in 2005, with cure alzheimer \u2019 s fund support, as part of the alzheimer \u2019 s genome project, we carried out the first family - based \u201c genome - wide association study \u201d for new alzheimer \u2019 s genes. this entailed a screen of the entire human genome in patients and their relatives in thousands of alzheimer \u2019 s families. the first phase of this study was completed in 2008 and led to the identification of over 100 new alzheimer \u2019 s candidate genes. we reported the top four alzheimer \u2019 s candidate genes from this study in 2008 ; it was named by time / cnn to be one of the ten top medical research breakthroughs of 2008. the cure alzheimer \u2019 s fund alzheimer \u2019 s genome project was the first large - scale study of the human genome performed in the world on the world \u2019 s largest collection of families affected by alzheimer \u2019 s disease. it was also the first genome - wide study for alzheimer \u2019 s in the world to discover novel alzheimer \u2019 s", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5348807522751915, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T11:31:43.886337"} {"text": "large - scale study of the human genome performed in the world on the world \u2019 s largest collection of families affected by alzheimer \u2019 s disease. it was also the first genome - wide study for alzheimer \u2019 s in the world to discover novel alzheimer \u2019 s gene candidates with statistically significant results and confirmation in thousands of subject from families with a high incidence of alzheimer \u2019 s disease. the four new alzheimer \u2019 s genes reported by the alzheimer \u2019 s genome project in 2008 in the american journal of human genetics included : atxn1, cd33, gwa14q34, and dlgap1. atxn1 is known to carry mutations that cause another neurodegenerative disease called spinal cerebellar ataxia, a movement disorder. we found that when this gene is inactive, abeta levels increase dramatically leading to cognitive decline in mouse models. another gene, cd33, is perhaps the most interesting since it controls the brain \u2019 s innate immune system and inflammation in the brain. in a related study funded by the cure alzheimer \u2019 s fund, abeta was found to play a role in the brain \u2019 s innate immunity system. cd33 regulates the brain \u2019 s immune system and concurrently, levels of abeta. we are now developing cd33 as a drug target for alzheimer \u2019 s based on the genetic findings of the alzheimer \u2019 s genome project. it should be emphasized that without the cure alzheimer \u2019 s fund alzheimer \u2019 s genome project we would probably have never guessed that genes like atxn1 and cd33 might be involved with alzheimer \u2019 s. as part of the current activities of the alzheimer \u2019 s genome project, we are now testing these as well as over one hundred other new alzheimer \u2019 s candidate genes, coming out of our genome screen, to identify all of the dna variants and mutations that influence risk for alzheimer \u2019 s in the five thousand alzheimer \u2019 s families under study in the alzheimer \u2019 s genome project. we are specifically searching for dna mutations and variants in these genes that very strongly affect risk for onset of alzheimer \u2019 s. as new defects are found in these genes, we will not only increase our ability to reliably predict risk for alzheimer \u2019 s, but more importantly, garner new clues regarding the causes of alzheimer \u2019 s, and in doing so, gather new ideas and biological targets for novel drug discovery aimed at preventing, stopping and reversing alzheimer \u2019 s disease. in the parallel screen for new alzheimer \u2019 s genes conducted by the igap, the dna from tens of thousands of individual alzheimer \u2019", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5279573964289057, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T11:31:43.887340"} {"text": "new ideas and biological targets for novel drug discovery aimed at preventing, stopping and reversing alzheimer \u2019 s disease. in the parallel screen for new alzheimer \u2019 s genes conducted by the igap, the dna from tens of thousands of individual alzheimer \u2019 s patients was compared to the dna of elderly subjects without alzheimer \u2019 s to find common variants that influence risk for alzheimer \u2019 s. in 2009, this led to the identification of four new alzheimer \u2019 s gene candidates called picalm, clu, cr1, and bin1. more recently in april 2011, igap found four more alzheimer \u2019 s genes called cd2ap, ms4a, epha1, and abca7. in addition, they found alzheimer \u2019 s risk to be influenced by the gene cd33, which was first reported by our alzheimer \u2019 s genome project in 2008. it should be noted for the sake of clarity that the igap had stated in their reports and press releases that they had increased the number of known late - onset genes from \u201c five to ten \u201d. however, these numbers only pertained to studies of individual alzheimer \u2019 s patients in the general population screened in igap, and not the family - based alzheimer \u2019 s genes reported by the alzheimer \u2019 s genome project. the igap considered the original five late - onset alzheimer \u2019 s genes to be apoe ( discovered as mentioned earlier at duke u. in the early 1990 \u2019 s ), picalm, clu, cr1, and bin1. they then considered the next five to be cd2ap, ms4a, epha1, abca7, and cd33. however, as mentioned above, cd33 had been already identified earlier in our alzheimer \u2019 s genome project in 2008, which was reported in the major scientific journal, the american journal of human genetics. in the igap announcement, they also overlooked the other three late onset genes, which had been discovered three years earlier in our alzheimer \u2019 s genome project. so, in fact, with the 8 new genes reported by igap and the 5 new genes reported by the agp, there have been 13 new late onset alzheimer \u2019 s genes discovered in the last 5 years, which, when added to the discovery of apoe yields 14 total late onset genes now reported in the scientific literature. to that total would be added the 3 early onset genes co - discovered by dr. tanzi and colleagues to reach a total of alzheimer \u2019 s genes discovered of 17. in addition, dr", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5031754415255609, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T11:31:43.888390"} {"text": "14 total late onset genes now reported in the scientific literature. to that total would be added the 3 early onset genes co - discovered by dr. tanzi and colleagues to reach a total of alzheimer \u2019 s genes discovered of 17. in addition, dr. tanzi and agp have also identified over 100 unpublished alzheimer \u2019 s candidate genes that are currently being confirmed and validated for publication over the coming year. with regard to effects on risk, all of the new alzheimer \u2019 s gene candidates reported by the igap carry common dna variants that confer only tiny effects on risk. specifically, according to igap, the new genes contain common dna variants that are present in a large proportion ( 30 - 70 % ) of the general population, but only increase or decrease risk for a given individual by a mere 10 - 20 %. in contrast, the epsilon 4 variant in apoe, which is present in 20 % of the population, increases risk by 400 \u2013 1200 %! and the adam gene just discovered by the agp increases risk for the individuals who have it by about 500 % with regard to the cd33 gene, which was identified as an alzheimer \u2019 s gene in both our alzheimer \u2019 s genome project in 2008 and the igap in 2011, each project actually discovered different alzheimer \u2019 s - associated dna variants in this gene. in our family - based alzheimer \u2019 s gene study, we originally reported a relatively uncommon variant in cd33 that increases risk for alzheimer \u2019 s in a subset ( < 100 ) of the 5000 alzheimer \u2019 s families we studied. in contrast, the igap discovered a very common variant in cd33, present in about 50 % of the population that conferred only marginal protection against alzheimer \u2019 s ( decreasing risk by only 11 % ). the fact that we now know of two different alzheimer \u2019 s - associated dna variants in the cd33 gene from multiple alzheimer \u2019 s samples increases the odds that cd33, is a bona fide alzheimer \u2019 s gene. as with all of the new genes found in the genome - wide association screens of the alzheimer \u2019 s genome project and igap, the next critical step is to identify all of the dna variants and mutations in these genes that increase or decrease risk for late - onset alzheimer \u2019 s disease. the cure alzheimer \u2019 s fund continues to support these efforts. we are currently screening over a 100 new alzheimer \u2019 s candidate genes found in the alzheimer \u2019 s genome project along with those found in the igap, to identify the all of dna variants and mutations in", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5103543928845788, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T11:31:43.889702"} {"text": "\u2019 s fund continues to support these efforts. we are currently screening over a 100 new alzheimer \u2019 s candidate genes found in the alzheimer \u2019 s genome project along with those found in the igap, to identify the all of dna variants and mutations in these genes that influence risk for alzheimer \u2019 s disease. elucidating the full deck of alzheimer \u2019 s - associated gene variants and mutations and understanding the interrelationships among them is is necessary to fully understand all of the biological processes that are affected in alzheimer \u2019 s disease. this will give us the best odds of reliably predicting the disease early in life ( with appropriate counseling and legal protection ). but, most importantly, the full set of alzheimer \u2019 s genes and the knowledge of how they biologically influence risk for disease will continue to provide the most critical information needed to guide the development of new and effective therapies aimed at preventing, stopping or reversing alzheimer \u2019 s disease. finally, it should be noted that whether a dna mutation in an alzheimer \u2019 s gene is rare and restricted to a small subset of families or more broadly observed in the general population, most believe that new drugs or therapies for alzheimer \u2019 s based on what is learned from that mutation will be useful in preventing and treating all cases of alzheimer \u2019 s. as noted above, in the alzheimer \u2019 s genome project, we place a high priority on family - based gene studies of alzheimer \u2019 s since there we have the highest odds of finding dna mutations with very strong effects on risk for alzheimer \u2019 s, akin to those of the early - onset familial alzheimer \u2019 s disease gene mutations discussed above. these mutations are most useful for driving successful drug discovery since their biological effects on the disease process are of much greater impact and more clear - cut in terms of mechanism by which they cause disease. they also lend themselves to more useful animal models for drug testing. ultimately, the full list of alzheimer \u2019 s genes emerging from the family - based genetic studies of the alzheimer \u2019 s genome project and the population - based studies of igap getting us closer and closer to someday being able to eradicate alzheimer \u2019 s disease using a strategy of early prediction and early intervention. alzheimer \u2019 s genes identified to date ( total of 17 ) : early - onset familial alzheimer \u2019 s disease genes ( onset < age 60 ) : late onset genes ( onset > age 60 ) : adam 10 ( 2008 ) * * * co - discovered in tanzi laboratory * * discovered by the cure alzheimer \u2019 fund alzheimer", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5259368288675299, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 8, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T11:31:43.892076"} {"text": "salaam and greetings of peace : \u201c i was a hidden treasure and wanted to be known. \u201d this is the beginning of probably the most famous hadith qudsi, or extra - qur \u2019 anic word of god, hadits - e kanz - e makf. its more correct translation might be as follows : \u201c i was a treasure unknown then i desired to be known so i created a creation to which i made myself known ; then they knew me. \u201d tradition says that it is the divine response to the prophet david \u2019 s query, when he asked about the purpose of creation. these are not the words of the prophet muhammad ( saw ), and no chain of transmission is known for this hadith, whether sound or weak, as ibn taymiyya and others state. but the meaning is true and is inferred from q51 : 56 : \u201c i created the jinn and humankind only that they may worship me! \u201d meaning \u201c that they may know me \u201d as the prophet \u2019 s ( saw ) cousin ibn abbas explained it. since human beings were created in his image ( as self - aware consciousnesses evolved in a physical body ), all human beings are also hidden treasures to each other. and all have this deep desire to be known. so, all of us create our own little worlds, each according to his or her capabilities of love, talents, and gifts. of course it is a limited and ephemeral world, not comparable with almighty allah \u2019 s creation, but part of our nature nonetheless : ) - edited and adapted from a post on br. fahad \u2019 s freelance blog.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5557342871645274, "token_count": 333, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T11:31:43.897295"} {"text": "word origin & history c. 1300, from o. fr. as \" one at dice, \" from l. as ( gen. assis ) \" a unit, \" from the name of a small roman coin, perhaps originally etruscan and related to gk. eis \" one. \" it meant the side of the die with only one mark before it meant the playing card. since this was the lowest roll at dice, ace was used metaphorically in m. e. for \" bad luck ; \" but as the ace is often the highest playing card, the extended senses based on \" excellence, good quality \" arose 18c. as card - playing became popular. meaning \" outstanding pilot \" dates from 1917 ( technically, in wwi aviators ' jargon, one who has brought down 10 enemy planes, though originally in ref. to 5 shot down ), from fr. l ' ace ( 1915 ), which, according to bruce robertson ( ed. ) \" air aces of the 1914 - 1918 war \" was used in prewar fr. sporting publications for \" top of the deck \" boxers, cyclists, etc. sports meaning of \" point scored \" ( 1819 ) led to that of \" unreturnable serve \" ( 1889 ). the verb meaning \" to score \" ( in sports ) is first attested 1923, and led to the extended student slang sense of \" get high marks \" ( 1959 ). ace in the hole \" concealed advantage \" is attested from 1915.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5252911590094669, "token_count": 301, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T11:31:43.919304"} {"text": "the most common biomechanical explanation for the chin is that it acts as a buttress against masticatory stress. however, recent evidence suggests that this hypothesis is unlikely [... ] more recently ichim et al. ( 2007 ) have suggested that speech production is associated with mechanical stresses acting on the mandibular symphysis due to tongue and orofacial muscle activity. thus, they argue that the chin is an adaptive response to resist stresses caused by oblique contractions of the genioglossus muscles during speech. computer simulations provide results that are consistent with the orofacial stress hypothesis ( ichim et al., 2007 ), but this hypothesis has yet to be fully tested. a less well - established adaptive hypothesis, but one worth considering, is that chin shape variation is a consequence of sexual selection ( e. g., hershkovitz, 1970 ). psychological studies of facial attractiveness suggest that a \u2018 \u2018 broad chin \u2019 \u2019 in males is correlated with social dominance, which some females may prefer in a potential mate our study provides the first quantitative evidence of sexual dimorphism in chin shape among a geographically diverse sample of modern humans. the presence of sexual dimorphism appears to refute mechanical explanations of the chin that preclude sexual dimorphism, such as the masticatory and orofacial stress hypotheses ( e. g. daegling, 1993 ; ichim et al., 2007 ). while the presence of sexual dimorphism is consistent with the hypothesis that sexual selection influences variation in chin shape, the degree of overlap between males and females requires further explanation. it is safe to say that the male chin pales in comparison to the more exaggerated ornaments found in other animals, such as the large and colorful tail of the peacock ( pavo cristatus ) ( petrie, 1991 ). the modest contrasts in male and female chin shape indicated by our data ( see fig. 4 ) do not seem to fit a runaway process of selection driven by female choice ( fisher, 1958 ). we suggest there are at least two possible explanations for this pattern. one hypothesis for why male chin shape is not more exaggerated is that some females may avoid mating with extremely aggressive males second, the large amount of overlap in male and female chin shape may be due to regional differences inchin shape dimorphism ( see fig. 6 ). regional differencesin the level of dimorphism would tend to inflate within - sex variance in the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5240545763237099, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T11:31:43.923052"} {"text": "of overlap in male and female chin shape may be due to regional differences inchin shape dimorphism ( see fig. 6 ). regional differencesin the level of dimorphism would tend to inflate within - sex variance in the pooled human sample, thereby reducingthe probability of finding between - sex differences. sexual dimorphism in chin shape : implications for adaptive hypotheses zaneta m. thayer, seth d. dobson the chin, or mentum osseum, is one of the most distinctive anatomical traits of modern humans. a variety of hypotheses for the adaptive value of the chin have been proposed, ranging from mechanical stress resistance to sexual selection via mate choice. while the sexual selection hypothesis predicts dimorphism in chin shape, most biomechanical hypotheses preclude it. therefore determining the presence or absence of significant sexual dimorphism in chin shape provides a useful method for differentiating between various adaptive hypotheses ; however, this has yet to be done due to a lack of quantitative data on chin shape. the goals of this study are therefore : ( 1 ) to introduce a new method for quantifying chin shape and ( 2 ) to determine the presence or absence of sexual dimorphism in chin shape in a diverse sample of modern humans. samples were drawn from recent human skeletal collections representing nine geographic regions. outlines of mentum osseum contours were quantified using elliptical fourier function analysis ( effa ). fourier coefficients were analyzed using principal components analysis ( pca ). sexual dimorphism in chin shape was assessed using pc loadings in the pooled geographic sample, and statistically significant differences were found. these findings provide the first quantitative, morphologically based evidence in support of adaptive hypotheses that predict dimorphism in chin shape, including the sexual selection hypothesis.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5269598216883041, "token_count": 386, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T11:31:43.924247"} {"text": "has long alarmed critics on two counts. its methods seem outlandish \u2014 taking genes from spiders and putting them in goats, or borrowing insect resistance from soil bacteria and transferring it into corn \u2014 and it has also seemed to benefit a handful of agribusiness giants armed with patents, at the expense of public interest. by contrast, molecular breeding is merely a much faster and more efficient way of doing what nature and farmers have always done, by natural selection and artificial selection respectively : it takes existing genes that happen to be advantageous in a given situation and increases their frequency in a population. in the past, farmers and breeders did it by walking around their fields and looking at individual plants or animals that seemed to have desirable traits, like greater productivity, or resistance to a particular disease. then they went to work cross - breeding to see if they could tease out that trait and get it to appear reliably in subsequent generations. it could take decades, and success at breeding in one trait often meant bringing along some deleterious fellow traveler, or inadvertently breeding out some other essential trait. cornell university photography photo / lindsay france. a cornell researcher bags rice plant panicles to prevent cross pollination. molecular breeding enables growers to get the improvements they want far more precisely, by zeroing in on the genes responsible for a given trait. if genetic engineering is a tool for \u201c bludgeoning the genome, \u201d as cornell university researcher susan mccouch puts it, what molecular breeding does instead is to \u201c open a window \u201d into how the genome works, enabling researchers to collaborate with it. sequencing the entire genome of a species is the first step, and this process, which cost millions of dollars a decade ago, is down now to the low thousands. next, researchers sort out which genes are responsible for a given function, the bottleneck in the process so far, though mccouch says it becomes faster and cheaper with each new species that gets sequenced, because nature tends to employ the same mechanisms from one species to another. finally, researchers map out markers \u2014 bits of genetic material that are linked to those genes, to flag whether or not the desired genes are present in a given individual. \u201c it \u2019 s not uncommon for a company to want to combine 10 or 20 traits in a variety, \u201d says harry klee, a specialist in tomato breeding at the university of florida in gainesville. in the past, to get the perfect combination of traits using conventional methods, \u201c you would have to put out millions of plants in the field. \u201d", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.5334451706687643, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T11:31:43.956331"} {"text": "laboratory in a developing country \u201c is on the order of $ 100, 000 instead of millions. \u201d thus genetic methods have the potential to make breeding more local, more democratic, and aimed at enhancing biological and agricultural diversity, instead of stripping it away. the green revolution of the 1960s largely achieved its huge leap in productivity by streamlining plants and farming methods to work across hundreds of millions of hectares, regardless of local tastes or environments. it re - designed plants for high - input industrial agriculture, so they could respond to an intensive regimen of fertilizers, water, and pesticides, regardless of the environment. but the molecular green revolution will work, says mccouch, by fine - tuning crops to perform in a particular environment, minus additional input. farmers are backing off growing rice in water, for instance, \u201c because they can \u2019 t afford the water, there isn \u2019 t enough water in the world. \u201d molecular breeding will also build crops, mccouch says, to \u201c respond constructively to changes in the environment that we cannot predict, \u201d like flooding and drought. \u201c a really big challenge in discovery genetics right now, \u201d she says, \u201c is to understand how plants sense environments : how do they count number of days? how do they count the number hours of daylight? how do they know when to grow and when to hold their breath if they \u2019 re underwater? once we make the discovery of which genes allow the more from yale e360 can \u2018 climate - smart \u2019 agriculture help africa and the planet? an idea promoted at the recent durban talks is \u201c climate - smart agriculture, \u201d which could make crops less vulnerable to heat and drought and turn depleted soils into carbon sinks. the world bank and african leaders back this approach, fred pearce writes, but some critics are skeptical that it will benefit small - scale african farmers. read more plants to sense these things, then we can do marker - assisted selection \u201d and move those genes into local varieties that already have the other traits farmers want. the potential for molecular breeding to help farmers adapt to a rapidly changing world became evident last month when nature biotechnology published an article about rice breeding in japan. geneticists at the iwate biotechnology research center 130 miles north of fukushima were already using molecular breeding to improve the cold - tolerant rice variety preferred by farmers there, when last year \u2019 s earthquake hit. the subsequent tsunami left a huge swath of rice paddies \u2014 58, 000 acres, representing almost a fifth of the nation \u2019 s rice supply \u2014 contaminated with too much salt", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.5370754277978127, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T11:31:43.962432"} {"text": "teachers replaced by holograms. sounds like something from a science fiction movie or t. v show. what would happen if holographic teachers could be sent into you? the reality is, the technology exists right now to bring live holograms from one location and beam it into any location in the world. thanks to teaching college math blog for sharing. musion describes it as, \u201c a high definition holographic video projection system allowing spectacular three - dimensional moving images to appear within a live stage setting. live or virtual stage presenters can appear alongside and interact with virtual images of humans or animated characters \u2026 \u201d \u201c the musion\u00ae eyeliner\u2122 system utilises the current generation of high - definition technology and integrates it into a visual ecosystem that enables hd media to fully realise its potential within the blossoming digital ecosystem. eyeliner\u2122 requires only a single camera shoot, single projector playback and does not require any special audience props, such as the use of 3d glasses. yet, the audience viewing eyeliner\u2122 are always left awestruck by the startling realism of our 3d virtual shows. when using musion\u00ae eyeliner\u2122, your imagination is the only limit. \u201d awestruck is right. so, what are the implications and applications of this technology for education? teachers can now teach from any location on the globe and beam themselves into any other location on the globe with this technology. experts on different subject matter could be made available for lectures right in the classroom, interacting live with the students. teachers would be able to enter a classroom and interact with students, teachers, and administrators from across, campus, across town, or across the globe. distance is dead! tear down these four walls! what are the applications for this technology in education? in what ways could / will this technology impact education in the future? how might we begin to prepare our schools and districts for such a change? what changes in thinking might have to occur for this technology to be utilized effectively? in what ways will the technology impact the infrastructure of the school? ( i. e. ; telepresence labs, classroom, boardrooms, etc. ) how can this technology be leveraged to provide greater learning opportunities for our students? in what ways might parents and community react to such technology being utilized in education? what sorts of systems, vendors, and educational business might arise out the use of such a technology? at what point would this technology become a \u201c must have \u201d rather than a novel idea?", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5541223170948111, "token_count": 503, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T11:31:44.078499"} {"text": "energy efficiency and renewable energy projects win 12 r & d 100 awards for 2012 researchers funded by the energy department ' s office of energy efficiency and renewable energy ( eere ) have won 12 of the 100 awards given out this year by r & d magazine for the most outstanding technology developments with promising commercial potential. the energy department announced last week that it received a total of 36 awards across all of its research and development programs, including eere. the coveted awards \u2014 now in their 50th year \u2014 are presented annually in recognition of exceptional new products, processes, materials, or software that were developed throughout the world and introduced into the market the previous year. the r & d 100 awards highlight some of the successes achieved by the department ' s national laboratories in technology transfer, moving basic research results into commercial products. since 1962, when r & d magazine ' s annual competition began, the department ' s national laboratories have been the recipient of over 800 r & d 100 awards in areas such as energy, national security, and basic scientific applications. r & d 100 awards are selected by an independent panel of judges based on the technical significance, uniqueness, and usefulness of projects and technologies from across industry, government and academia. view the complete list of r & d 100 awards. a list of eere ' s winning program areas, technologies, and national laboratory partners is below : ultra - fast and large - scale boriding ( argonne national laboratory ) : this green, efficient industrial - scale boriding process can drastically reduce costs, increase productivity, and improve the performance and reliability of machine components, such as engine tappets, agricultural knife guards, pump seals, and valves. this new process increases surface hardness of these components by factors of three to ten. low - cost, lightweight robotic hand based on additive manufacturing ( oak ridge national laboratory ) : this technology costs approximately 10 times less than similar devices while commanding 10 times more power than other electric systems. composed of only 46 parts, this simplified, lightweight robotic hand can be manufactured and assembled within 40 hours. it has robotics, prosthetics, remote handling and biomedical and surgical applications. asymmetric rolling mill, co - developed with fata hunter inc. ( oak ridge national laboratory ) : the asymmetric rolling mill provides a way to efficiently process sheet and plate materials, accelerating the production and availability of low - cost magnesium a lightweight metal. commercial use of magnesium has been limited because of the high cost associated with its multistep production process. this technology is likely to reduce processing steps,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5264827738982352, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T11:31:44.128205"} {"text": "process sheet and plate materials, accelerating the production and availability of low - cost magnesium a lightweight metal. commercial use of magnesium has been limited because of the high cost associated with its multistep production process. this technology is likely to reduce processing steps, thereby reducing the cost of finished magnesium components and allowing for the replacement of aluminum with magnesium in many commercial goods. the widespread use of magnesium instead of aluminum in cars would reduce vehicle weight and lead to improvements in transportation by improving fuel economy. low frequency rf plasma source ( lfrf - 501 ), co - developed with structured materials industries, inc. ( oak ridge national laboratory ) : lfrf - 501 is a low - cost plasma generator for research, development and production of nanometer scale materials at lower temperatures, faster rates and with enhanced properties. these materials are enabling new developments in many technologies, including microelectronics, renewable energy, sensors and leds. advanced manufacturing and geothermal : nanoshield coatings ( oak ridge national laboratory ) : nanoshield is a protective coating that can extend the life of costly cutting and manufacturing tools by more than 20 %, potentially saving millions of dollars over the course of a project. it is created by laser fusing a unique iron - based powder to any type of steel, which forms a strong metallurgical bond that provides wear resistance between two and 10 times greater than conventional coatings. nanoshield was designed to protect high - wear tools used for tunnel boring and construction, but its potential for navy applications and geothermal drilling tools also is being explored. desiccant - enhanced evaporative air - conditioning ( national renewable energy laboratory ) : developed with ail research and synapse product development llc : devap systems cool commercial buildings at a small fraction of the energy use of a traditional cooler, provides superior comfort in any climate, releases far less carbon dioxide, and could cut costly peak electricity demand by 80 %. the sandia cooler ( sandia national laboratories ) : also known as the \" air bearing heat exchanger, \" this technology will significantly reduce the energy needed to cool the processor chips in data centers and large - scale computing environments. the sandia cooler also offers benefits in other applications where thermal management and energy efficiency are important, particularly heating, ventilation and air - conditioning ( hvac ). hydrogen and fuel platinum monolayer electrocatalysts for fuel cell cathodes ( brookhaven national laboratory ) : platinum is the most efficient electrocatalyst for fuel cells, but platinum - based catalysts", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5959224837896124, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T11:31:44.133903"} {"text": "air - conditioning ( hvac ). hydrogen and fuel platinum monolayer electrocatalysts for fuel cell cathodes ( brookhaven national laboratory ) : platinum is the most efficient electrocatalyst for fuel cells, but platinum - based catalysts are expensive, unstable, and have low durability. the new electrocatalysts have high activity, stability, and durability, while containing only about one - tenth the platinum of conventional catalysts used in fuel cells, significantly reducing overall costs. sj3 solar cell ( national renewable energy laboratory ) : co - developed with solar junction, the cell achieves a world - record conversion efficiency of 43. 5 % with potential to reach 50 %. like a three - blade safety razor that uses all its blades for a closer shave, the three - layered sj3 cell captures different light frequencies, ensuring the best conversion of photons to electrons. the 43. 5 % efficiency occurs under lens - focused light having 418 times the intensity of the sun. microsystems enabled photovoltaics ( sandia national laboratories ) : tiny, glitter - sized pv cells are created using microdesign and microfabrication techniques, released into a solution and \" printed \" onto a low - cost substrate. the technology has potential applications in buildings, houses, clothing, portable electronics, vehicles and other contoured structures. high - energy concentration - gradient cathode material for plug - in hybrids and all - electric vehicles ( argonne national laboratory ) : argonne and several partners have developed a novel high - energy and high - power cathode material for use in lithium ion ( li - ion ) batteries especially suited for plug - in hybrids and all - electric vehicles. it provides much higher energy and longer life than any other li - ion cathode material, and as such is also ideal for batteries in hybrid vehicles and a wide range of consumer electronics applications. graphene nanostructures for lithium batteries, co - developed with vorbeck materials corp. of jessup md. and princeton university ( pacific northwest national laboratory ) : small quantities of graphene \u2014 ultra - thin sheets of carbon atoms \u2014 can dramatically improve the performance and power of lithium - ion batteries. graphene nanostructures could lead to the development of batteries that last longer and recharge quickly, drastically reducing the time it takes to charge a smartphone to as little as ten minutes and charging an electric vehicle in just a few hours. the energy department ' s office of energy efficiency and", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5702521145095096, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T11:31:44.139557"} {"text": "center pivot irrigation | | this article includes a list of references, but its sources remain unclear because it has insufficient inline citations. ( june 2012 ) | center - pivot irrigation ( sometimes called central pivot irrigation ), also called circle irrigation, is a method of crop irrigation in which equipment rotates around a pivot and crops are watered with sprinklers. a circular area centered on the pivot is irrigated, often creating a circular pattern in crops when viewed from above ( sometimes referred to as crop circles ). most center pivots were initially water - powered, and today most are propelled by electric motors. center pivot irrigation is a form of overhead sprinkler irrigation consisting of several segments of pipe ( usually galvanized steel or aluminum ) joined together and supported by trusses, mounted on wheeled towers with sprinklers positioned along its length. the machine moves in a circular pattern and is fed with water from the pivot point at the center of the circle. the outside set of wheels sets the master pace for the rotation ( typically once every three days ). the inner sets of wheels are mounted at hubs between two segments and use angle sensors to detect when the bend at the joint exceeds a certain threshold, and thus, the wheels should be rotated to keep the segments aligned. center pivots are typically less than 1600 feet ( 500 meters ) in length ( circle radius ) with the most common size being the standard 1 / 4 mile ( 400 m ) machine. to achieve uniform application, center pivots require an even emitter flow rate across the radius of the machine. since the outer - most spans ( or towers ) travel farther in a given time period than the innermost spans, nozzle sizes are smallest at the inner spans and increase with distance from the pivot point. aerial views show fields of circles created by the watery tracings of \" quarter - or half - mile of the center - pivot irrigation pipe, \" created by centor pivot irrigators which use \" hundreds and sometimes thousands of gallons a minute. \" most center pivot systems now have drops hanging from a u - shaped pipe called a gooseneck attached at the top of the pipe [ clarification needed ] with sprinkler heads that are positioned a few feet ( at most ) above the crop, thus limiting evaporative losses and wind drift. there are many different nozzle configurations available including static plate, moving plate and part circle. pressure regulators are typically installed upstream of each no", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5209224894637962, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T11:31:44.308617"} {"text": "are positioned a few feet ( at most ) above the crop, thus limiting evaporative losses and wind drift. there are many different nozzle configurations available including static plate, moving plate and part circle. pressure regulators are typically installed upstream of each nozzle to ensure each is operating at the correct design pressure. drops can also be used with drag hoses or bubblers that deposit the water directly on the ground between crops. this type of system is known as lepa ( low energy precision application ) and is often associated with the construction of small dams along the furrow length ( termed furrow diking / dyking ). crops may be planted in straight rows or are sometimes planted in circles to conform to the travel of the irrigation system originally, most center pivots were water - powered. these were replaced by hydraulic systems and electric motor - driven systems. most systems today are driven by an electric motor mounted at each tower. for a center pivot to be used, the terrain needs to be reasonably flat ; but one major advantage of center pivots over alternative systems is the ability to function in undulating country. this advantage has resulted in increased irrigated acreage and water use in some areas. the system is in use, for example, in parts of the united states, australia, new zealand, brazil and also in desert areas such as the sahara and the middle east. the center - pivot irrigation system is considered to be a highly efficient system which helps conserve water. it is used by arrowhead mills, the largest natural foods wholesaler in the united states, founded by organic farmer and activist frank ford from the texas panhandle, for example. however, by 2013 it was shown that as the water consumption efficiency of the center - pivot irrigator improved over the years, farmers planted more intensively, irrigated more land, and grew thirstier crops. using treated, recycled sources of water in agriculture is one approach to safeguarding the future of the aquifer. another method of reducing the amount of water use is changing to crops that require less water, such as sunflowers. center pivot irrigation typically uses less water compared to many surface irrigation and furrow irrigation techniques, which reduces the expenditure of and conserves water. it also helps to reduce labor costs compared to some ground irrigation techniques, which are often more labor intensive. some ground irrigation techniques involve the digging of channels on the land for the water to flow, whereas the use of center - pivot irrigation can reduce the amount", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.5039986664115731, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T11:31:44.309784"} {"text": "system modification to provide variable water application depths. - gray, ellen ( may 3, 2012 ). \" texas crop circles from space \". nasa. retrieved june 6, 2012. - morgan, robert ( 1993 ). water and the land. cathedral city, ca : adams publishing corp. pp. 35 \u2013 36. isbn 0935030026. - alfred, randy ( july 22, 2008 ). \" july 22, 1952 : genuine crop - circle maker patented \". wired magazine. retrieved june 6, 2012. - \" growing rice where it has never grown before : a missouri research program may help better feed an increasingly hungry world \". college of agriculture, food and natural resources, university of missouri. july 3, 2008. retrieved june 6, 2012. - wines, michael ( 19 may 2013 ). \" wells dry, fertile plains turn to dust \". new york times. - \" about arrowhead mills \". arrowhead mills. - jeremy p. meyer, \" farmers ' tower of power \", denver post, 2 october 2006. last accessed october 24, 2006 - \" shrinking aquifer looms as big problem for farms \". nancy cole, arkansas democrat - gazette. september 24, 2006. last accessed october 24, 2006. - column - mansel phillips : \" too many thirsty industries, not nearly enough water \". mansel phillips, amarillo globe news. october 4, 2006. last accessed october 24, 2006. - \" another sign of long - term water worries \", lincoln star journal, october 8, 2006. last accessed november 20, 2012 - daily telegraph ( uk ) saturday magazine issue no 48, 446 ( dated 5 march 2011 ) pp 26 - 32 \" high and dry \" report by charles lawrence - morris, john miller ( 2003 ). sherry l. smith, ed. the future of the southern plains. norman, oklahoma : university of oklahoma press. p. 275. isbn 0806137355. - rainwater, ken ( 1 january 2004 ). \" book review : the future of the southern plains \". great plains quarterly great plains studies ( lincoln, nebraska : center for great plains quarterly great plains studies, university of nebraska ). - darton, n. h. 1898. preliminary report on the geology and water resources of nebraska west of the one hundred and third meridian. in : walcott, c. d. ( ed ), nineteenth annual report of the united states geological survey, 1897 - 1898, part iv, pp. 719 - 78", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.5171603625606661, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T11:31:44.330343"} {"text": "estuaries form a transition zone between river environments and maritime environments and are subject to both marine influences, such as tides, waves, and the influx of saline water ; and riverine influences, such as flows of fresh water and sediment. the inflows of both sea water and fresh water provide high levels of nutrients in both the water column and sediment, making estuaries among the most productive natural habitats in the world. most existing estuaries were formed during the holocene epoch by the flooding of river - eroded or glacially scoured valleys when the sea level began to rise about 10, 000 - 12, 000 years ago. estuaries are typically classified by their geomorphological features or by water circulation patterns and can be referred to by many different names, such as bays, harbors, lagoons, inlets, or sounds, although some of these water bodies do not strictly meet the above definition of an estuary and may be fully saline. the banks of many estuaries are amongst the most heavily populated areas of the world, with about 60 % of the world ' s population living along estuaries and the coast. as a result, many estuaries are suffering degradation by many factors, including sedimentation from soil erosion from deforestation, overgrazing, and other poor farming practices ; overfishing ; drainage and filling of wetlands ; eutrophication due to excessive nutrients from sewage and animal wastes ; pollutants including heavy metals, polychlorinated biphenyls, radionuclides and hydrocarbons from sewage inputs ; and diking or damming for flood control or water diversion. the word \" estuary \" is derived from the latin word aestuarium meaning tidal inlet of the sea, which in itself is derived from the term aestus, meaning tide. there have been many definitions proposed to describe an estuary. the most widely accepted definition is : \" a semi - enclosed coastal body of water, which has a free connection with the open sea, and within sea water is measurably diluted with freshwater derived from land drainage \". however, this definition excludes a number of coastal water bodies such as coastal lagoons and brackish seas. a more comprehensive definition of an estuary is \" a semi - enclosed body of water connected to the sea as far as the tidal limit or the salt intrusion limit and receiving freshwater runoff ; however the freshwater inflow may not be perennial, the connection to the sea may be closed for part of the year and tidal influence may be negli", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5343786695355353, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T11:31:44.386957"} {"text": "san andreas fault system causing the inundation of the lower reaches of the sacramento and san joaquin rivers. classification based on water circulation in this type of estuary, river output greatly exceeds marine input and tidal effects have a minor importance. fresh water floats on top of the seawater in a layer that gradually thins as it moves seaward. the denser seawater moves landward along the bottom of the estuary, forming a wedge - shaped layer that is thinner as it approaches land. as a velocity difference develops between the two layers, shear forces generate internal waves at the interface, mixing the seawater upward with the freshwater. an example of a salt wedge estuary is the mississippi river. as tidal forcing increases, river output becomes less than the marine input. here, current induced turbulence causes mixing of the whole water column such that salinity varies more longitudinally rather than vertically, leading to a moderately stratified condition. examples include the chesapeake bay and narragansett bay. tidal mixing forces exceed river output, resulting in a well mixed water column and the disappearance of the vertical salinity gradient. the freshwater - seawater boundary is eliminated due to the intense turbulent mixing and eddy effects. the lower reaches of the delaware bay and the raritan river in new jersey are examples of vertically homogenous estuaries. inverse estuaries occur in dry climates where evaporation greatly exceeds the inflow of fresh water. a salinity maximum zone is formed, and both riverine and oceanic water flow close to the surface towards this zone. this water is pushed downward and spreads along the bottom in both the seaward and landward direction. an example of an inverse estuary is spencer gulf, south australia. ( see also estuarine water circulation ) the most important variable characteristics of estuary water are the concentration of dissolved oxygen, salinity and sediment load. there is extreme spatial variability in salinity, with a range of near zero at the tidal limit of the tributary river ( s ) to 3. 4 % at the estuary mouth. at any one point the salinity will vary considerably over time and seasons, making it a harsh environment for organisms. sediment often settles in intertidal mudflats which are extremely difficult to colonize. no points of attachment exist for algae, so vegetation based habitat is not established [ clarification needed ]. sediment can also clog feeding and respiratory structures of species, and special adaptations exist within mudflat species to cope with this problem. lastly, dissolved oxygen variation can cause problems for life", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5272438390272713, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T11:31:44.543680"} {"text": "iso 838, this 3 - hole system appears to have no well - established exact specification. it can only be applied to paper formats that are at least 240 mm high. another standard also occasionally used in the united states is a filebinder system. its two holes are positioned symmetrically, with the centres 70 mm ( 2 - 3 / 4 inch ) apart. in sweden, a four - hole national standard is almost exclusively used. the centres of the holes are 21mm, 70mm and 21 mm apart. the guides help keep the paper in a straight line. the official name of this four - hole system is triohalning since it was adapted to the \" trio binder \" which was awarded swedish patent in 1890. the binder ' s inventor andreas tengwall supposedly named it after a consortium consisting of himself and two companions, i. e., a trio. according to shaugho punchers inc., the ideal 1 hole punch places the centre of the hole punched at 1. 0 cm in from the left of a page and 4. 0 cm down from the top of a page. according to killeen co., the punched hole should between 0. 9 cm and 1. 1 cm from the left hand side of a page and between 3. 9 cm and 4. 1 cm from the top of a page. uses of hole punches single hole punches single hole punches are often used to punch tickets, which indicates its credit has been used, and to make confetti when creating scrapbooks and other paper crafts. for applications needing a variety of hole shapes, a ticket punch may be used. a single hole punch differs from a ticket punch in having a shorter reach and no choice of hole shape. in the united states, single hole punches are often used to punch holes through playing cards, rendering them \" used. \" this helps cut down on cheating by eliminating any cards that may have been tainted by players. paper drilling is also popular for this purpose. a related office tool is the eyelet punch. this is a single - hole punch which also presses a metal fastening loop around the hole. it is used to permanently secure a few sheets of paper together which must not be separated or modified. multiple hole punches multiple hole punches typically make between one and eight holes at one time, the placement of which matches the spacing of the rings in a binder. for example the filofax system uses six holes in two groups of three. with a few exceptions, two - hole and four - hole punches", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5097842553726704, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T11:31:44.569237"} {"text": "master data management | | this article needs additional citations for verification. ( april 2012 ) | in computing, master data management ( mdm ) comprises a set of processes, governance, policies, standards and tools that consistently defines and manages the master data ( i. e. non - transactional data entities ) of an organization ( which may include reference data ). an mdm tool can be used to support master data management by removing duplicates, standardizing data ( mass maintaining ), incorporating rules to eliminate incorrect data from entering the system in order to create an authoritative source of master data. master data are the products, accounts and parties for which the business transactions are completed. the root cause problem stems from business unit and product line segmentation, in which the same customer will be serviced by different product lines, with redundant data being entered about the customer ( aka party in the role of customer ) and account in order to process the transaction. the redundancy of party and account data is compounded in the front to back office life cycle, where the authoritative single source for the party, account and product data is needed but is often once again redundantly entered or augmented. mdm has the objective of providing processes for collecting, aggregating, matching, consolidating, quality - assuring, persisting and distributing such data throughout an organization to ensure consistency and control in the ongoing maintenance and application use of this information. the term recalls the concept of a master file from an earlier computing era. at a basic level, mdm seeks to ensure that an organization does not use multiple ( potentially inconsistent ) versions of the same master data in different parts of its operations, which can occur in large organizations. a common example of poor mdm is the scenario of a bank at which a customer has taken out a mortgage and the bank begins to send mortgage solicitations to that customer, ignoring the fact that the person already has a mortgage account relationship with the bank. this happens because the customer information used by the marketing section within the bank lacks integration with the customer information used by the customer services section of the bank. thus the two groups remain unaware that an existing customer is also considered a sales lead. the process of record linkage is used to associate different records that correspond to the same entity, in this case the same person. other problems include ( for example ) issues with the quality of data, consistent classification and identification of data, and data - reconciliation issues. master data management of disparate data systems requires data transformations as the data extracted", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5435401671243019, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T11:31:44.579655"} {"text": "in this case the same person. other problems include ( for example ) issues with the quality of data, consistent classification and identification of data, and data - reconciliation issues. master data management of disparate data systems requires data transformations as the data extracted from the disparate source data system is transformed and loaded into the master data management hub. to synchronize the disparate source master data, the managed master data extracted from the master data management hub is again transformed and loaded into the disparate source data system as the master data is updated. as with other extract, transform, load - based data movement, these processes are expensive and inefficient to develop and to maintain which greatly reduces the return on investment for the master data management product. one of the most common reasons some large corporations experience massive issues with mdm is growth through mergers or acquisitions. two organizations which merge will typically create an entity with duplicate master data ( since each likely had at least one master database of its own prior to the merger ). ideally, database administrators resolve this problem through deduplication of the master data as part of the merger. in practice, however, reconciling several master data systems can present difficulties because of the dependencies that existing applications have on the master databases. as a result, more often than not the two systems do not fully merge, but remain separate, with a special reconciliation process defined that ensures consistency between the data stored in the two systems. over time, however, as further mergers and acquisitions occur, the problem multiplies, more and more master databases appear, and data - reconciliation processes become extremely complex, and consequently unmanageable and unreliable. because of this trend, one can find organizations with 10, 15, or even as many as 100 separate, poorly integrated master databases, which can cause serious operational problems in the areas of customer satisfaction, operational efficiency, decision - support, and regulatory compliance. processes commonly seen in mdm solutions include source identification, data collection, data transformation, normalization, rule administration, error detection and correction, data consolidation, data storage, data distribution, data classification, taxonomy services, item master creation, schema mapping, product codification, data enrichment and data governance the tools include data networks, file systems, a data warehouse, data marts, an operational data store, data mining, data analysis, data virtualization, data federation and data visualization. one of the newest tools, virtual master data management ( also called virtual mdm ) utilizes data virtualization", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5529210917636372, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T11:31:44.586125"} {"text": "data warehouse, data marts, an operational data store, data mining, data analysis, data virtualization, data federation and data visualization. one of the newest tools, virtual master data management ( also called virtual mdm ) utilizes data virtualization and a persistent metadata server to implement a multi - level automated mdm hierarchy. the selection of entities considered for mdm depends somewhat on the nature of an organization. in the common case of commercial enterprises, mdm may apply to such entities as customer ( customer data integration ), product ( product information management ), employee, and vendor. mdm processes identify the sources from which to collect descriptions of these entities. in the course of transformation and normalization, administrators adapt descriptions to conform to standard formats and data domains, making it possible to remove duplicate instances of any entity. such processes generally result in an organizational mdm repository, from which all requests for a certain entity instance produce the same description, irrespective of the originating sources and the requesting destination. criticism of mdm solutions the value and current approaches to mdm have come under criticism due to some parties claiming large costs and low return on investment from major mdm solution providers. - reference data - master data - record linkage - data steward - data visualization - customer data integration - data integration - information as a service - product information management - identity resolution - enterprise information integration - linked data - semantic web - data governance - operational data store - form, fit and function - single customer view - master data management at the open directory project - microsoft : the what, why, and how of master data management - microsoft : master data management ( mdm ) hub architecture - polarlake : reference data management ( rdm ) and governance - open methodology for master data management - semarchy : why do i need mdm? ( video ) - mdm community - mdm landscape", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5710894015797221, "token_count": 380, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T11:31:44.588758"} {"text": "easier to estimate development effort. - require close customer contact throughout the project so that the most valued parts of the software get implemented. story maps a story map is the graphical, two - dimensional product backlog. at the top of the map are big user stories, which can sometimes be considered \" epics \u201d as mike cohn describes them and other times correspond to \" themes \" or \" activities \". these grouping units are created by orienting at the user \u2019 s workflow or \" the order you ' d explain the behavior of the system \". vertically, below the epics, the actual story cards are allocated and ordered by priority. the first horizontal row is a \" walking skeleton \" and below that represents increasing sophistication. in this way it becomes possible to describe even big systems without losing the big picture. some of the limitations of user stories in agile methodologies : - they can be difficult to scale to large projects. - they are regarded as conversation starters. user stories and use cases while both user stories and use cases serve the purpose to capture specific user requirements in terms of interactions between the user and the system, there are major differences between them. | user stories | | use cases | see also - acceptance testing - extreme programming - use case - kanban board - agile software development - invest mnemonic - daniel h. steinberg and daniel w. palmer : extreme software engineering, pearson education, inc., isbn 0 - 13 - 047381 - 2 - mike cohn, \" user stories applied \", 2004, addison wesley, isbn 0 - 321 - 20568 - 5 - mike cohn : agile estimating and planning, 2006, prentice hall, isbn 0 - 13 - 147941 - 5 - davies, rachel. \" non - functional requirements : do user stories really help? \". retrieved 12 may 2011. - patton, jeff. \" the new user story backlog is a map \". retrieved 4 march 2013. - cockburn, alistair. \" walking skeleton \". retrieved 4 march 2013. - \" story mapping \". agile alliance. retrieved 4 march 2013. - advantages of user stories for requirements", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5287458825235537, "token_count": 435, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T11:31:44.729433"} {"text": "some time, because they were further removed from the physical problem. the poor passengers still unfortunately suffered the highest fatality rates, because the wealthy benefitted from having privileged access to the lifeboats. we see the same phenomenon on display today, on a much larger scale. having islamophobia in europe today is just as rational as having icebergophobia on board the titanic in 1912. uhrskov jensen in 2012 published another book, indvandringens pris ( \" the price of immigration \u201d ) about how much money non - european mass immigration costs his native denmark. his conclusion is that this cost is great in terms of welfare payments and rising crime combined with declining efficiency and technological innovation. he shows through carefully researched statistics that only certain asian immigrants are able to keep up with northern europeans in the educational system. a few skilled immigrants from india or elsewhere can compete, but mainly those from east asia : japanese, koreans, chinese, and to some extent vietnamese. all other non - western immigrants show lower levels of skill and competence than europeans, many of them a lot lower. it should be mentioned here that these numbers correlate quite well with average iq, where a few other asians can compete with europeans, but primarily east asians. other ethnic groups cannot do so. although it has become taboo to say this in the modern western world, it is well - documented fact that iq correlates well with economic level, for individuals as well as for nations. the scholar charles murray has written much about this. former professor helmuth nyborg at aarhus university in denmark has conducted controversial research on the subject of the genetic inheritance of intelligence. his conclusion is that today \u2019 s mass immigration of non - europeans will lead to an overall marked decline in the average intelligence of the population, and by extension a significant decline in social and economic competence, scientific progress, as well as technological innovation. for decades westerners have been told that immigration from less developed third world countries is \" good for the economy \u201d and will \" pay for future pensions. \u201d morten uhrskov jensen proves conclusively that this claim is fundamentally wrong, not just regarding denmark or scandinavia but for other western countries, too. certain private companies may enjoy short - term benefits by having access to cheap labor and borderless export markets. socialist parties can cynically import a reliable voter base of backward peoples who overwhelmingly vote for left - wing parties so they can receive generous welfare payments from the high tax payments extracted from the majority population, essentially forcing the white natives to fund", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5374712795845615, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T11:31:44.741811"} {"text": "how strong is the strong force? i bet you think you asked a simple question. the simple answer is that the strength depends on the range over which it is acting. at short distances the strong force is weak and at long distances it is strong. that is completely different from the other three forces and arises because the forces transmitters, called gluons, are massless and carry strong force charge. i hope that you are still interested in the more complicated answer given below in which i try to explain how this can be so. the strong force attraction between two protons has a complicated shape which depends on the distance between the protons. the strong force between two protons is partially offset by the repelling electromagnetic forces. the strong force binds the protons with about 25 mev of energy. the electromagnetic forces repel it with slightly less. the result is that about 1 mev of energy would be required to split the two protons apart. in the rest of this reply i discuss the fundamental forces in more detail so you can get an idea why the strong force is different from the others. the four forces of nature are the strong force, the electromagnetic force, the weak force, and the gravitational force. we study the first three ( and experience the last ) at fermilab. we are most familiar with gravity and second - most familiar with the electromagnetic force in our daily routine. so i will start by comparing the strength of them and then show how they compare to the weak and strong forces. first of all, the strength of a force depends on the distance over which it is acting. for gravity, the force exerted by one object on another drops according to the square of the distance between the two objects. the equation for the force exerted by gravity is : where g is a small constant, and m and m are the masses of the two objects. the minus sign merely indicates the force is attractive. we say the \" range \" of the gravitional force is \" unlimited \" because it is exertible over an arbitrarily large distance. it just gets smaller the further the two objects are from each other. the electromagnetic force has a similar formula. the replusive force between two electrons is : where c is a big constant, and e ( typed in once for each of the two charges ) is the charge of the electron. notice the strength of the force drops with the distance between the charges in a way identical to gravity. also, if we were talking about an electron and an anti - electron", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.6152063299865289, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T11:31:44.762424"} {"text": "in once for each of the two charges ) is the charge of the electron. notice the strength of the force drops with the distance between the charges in a way identical to gravity. also, if we were talking about an electron and an anti - electron ( which has the opposite charge ), then there would be a minus sign indicating the force between opposite charges is attractive. we can compare the strength of the gravitational force to the electromagnetic force on two electrons by taking the ratio between the two forces. the distance - squared cancels out and we are left with : f ( gravity ) / f ( em ) = gmm / cee. i intentionally dropped the minus sign ; i will simply remember that the gravitional force between the electrons is attractive and the electromagnetic force between the two electrons is replusive. anyway, when i plug in the values for g, m, c, and e, the ratio is 2. 4x10 ^ ( - 43 ). in words that is pronounced two - point - four times ten to the minus forty - three. that is a very small number. in other words, the gravitational force between two electrons is feeble compared to the electromagnetic force. the reason that you feel the force of gravity, even though it is so weak, is that every atom in the earth is attracting every one of your atoms and there are a lot of atoms in both you and the earth. the reason you aren ' t buffeted around by electromagnetic forces is that you have almost the same number of positive charges as negative ones, so you are ( essentially ) electrically neutral. the weak force is misnamed. it ' s thought to be just as strong as the em force but, unlike the em force, it ' s a short - ranged force. in fact, the range is only about 1 / 100 the size of an atomic nucleus. the weak force is outside the realm of our everyday experience. we study it at fermilab by using the accelerator to produce the particles which transmit the force. these are real particles called the w - boson and the z - boson. because they are very massive, we need a high - energy accelerator to produce them. the large mass of the w - boson and the z - boson is also the reason the force has a short range. incidentally, the particle which carries the em force is called the photon ( yes, light ). because photons are massless, the em force has a long range as i described above. the weak force and", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.6351612190023117, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T11:31:44.764801"} {"text": "the force has a short range. incidentally, the particle which carries the em force is called the photon ( yes, light ). because photons are massless, the em force has a long range as i described above. the weak force and the em force have been found to be linked at high - energy or, equivalently, short range. they both can be described by one set of equations which we call the \" electro - weak \" theory. this was discovered in 1967 - 1971 by steven weinberg, sheldon glashow, and abdus salam. they got the nobel prize in physics for unifying those forces. finally i am ready to talk about the strong force. this is way out of the experience we get in everyday life ( not that it doesn ' t have everyday life consequences ), so i will be a little more long - winded in describing it. remember that a proton or neutron is composed of three quarks? these quarks have strong charge and are bound together by the strong force. unlike the case of the em force, where there is one electric charge and one anti - charge ( plus and minus charges ) there are three strong force charges and three anti - charges. we call the strong force charges \" red \", \" blue \", and \" yellow \" and the anti - charges are called \" anti - red \" and so forth. the particles which transmit the force are called gluons. gluons are massless, like the photon. but unlike the photon, which is electrically neutral, the gluons carry strong charge and a different strong anti - charge. a gluon could be \" red - anti - blue \", for example, and there are eight kinds of gluons. we call the three charges \" colors \" even though they have nothing to do with how we see. because the gluon is massless, at first you might think the range of the strong force is infinite, like the em force. but if you study the behavior of the strong force, you find that the three quarks in a proton or neutron behave almost as if they were bouncing around freely in a relaxed, elastic spherical container. none of the quarks can escape the container because when the quark reaches the boundary of the proton or neutron, the force begins to act and gets stronger and stronger the further away the that quark gets from the others. that is very different from the other forces which get weaker at longer distances and it occurs because the gluons", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.6411926102388924, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T11:31:44.766958"} {"text": "of the proton or neutron, the force begins to act and gets stronger and stronger the further away the that quark gets from the others. that is very different from the other forces which get weaker at longer distances and it occurs because the gluons have the color and anti - color charge. the strong force also acts between protons and neutrons in an atomic nucleus much in the same way that simple chemicals are held together by the electric force. a nucleus such as helium, which has two ( positively em - charged ) protons, is stable because the strong force overcomes the electromagnetic forces. the strong force binds the two protons with about 25 - 35 mev of energy. the electromagnetic forces try to push the protons apart. the net result is that approximately 1 million electron - volts of energy are needed to separate the two protons. in contrast, an electron is bound to a proton in a hydrogen atom by only a few electron - volts. by now you know enough to consider the size of the nucleus in comparison to the size of an atom to judge if this is truly a fair comparison! the strong force is, indeed, strong. we think that if we could study the electroweak and strong forces at high enough energy we would find out they were linked together somehow, like electricity and magnetism are to form em, and like em and the weak force are to form electro - weak. such a theory would be called a grand - unified theory. and we also think that it may be possibe to include gravity with the other three. such a theory would be called a super - grand - unified theory and there is a candidate for that called \" superstrings \". so you asked a simple question : \" how strong is the strong force? \". the answer is that it depends on the range. at short distances it is weak and at long distances it is strong. that effect is completely different from the other three forces and arises because the forces transmitters, called gluons, are massless and have strong - charge and different strong anti - charge. if you want to learn more about particle physics and the work we do at fermilab, the book \" the god particle \" by leon lederman and dick teresi gives a very good and readable explanation. | last modified 1 / 11 / 1999 firstname. lastname @ example. org |", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.6350287995604034, "token_count": 485, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T11:31:44.768796"} {"text": "you hold in your hands the definitive version of writings of halfard. it is one of the most famous books in history, and with good reason, being chronicle of a period of time in the fourth fused universe, 1419 - 1819. this was, of course, the time of puff. this version of the book holds all materials ever incorporated into it. this means it will be quite thicker than most university editions, which are non - definitive. halfard was puffs elfish secretary. he lived from about 40, 000, 000 bc to 2487 ad. it is unclear of the circumstances in which he wrote this, but it may be assumed that most of it was written off his notes, and the rest was gradually fitted in between his writing and the posthumous publication in 2493 ad. halfard was an interesting person, in that he wrote such an important book, but was barely mentioned in other writings, or even in this. we shall, sadly, know very little about him, but what we do is sufficient for now. since halfard was an elf, we do fortunately have that odd elfish style which is a sure sign of anyone \u2019 s origin. this is mainly how we know certain things were added after the original writing. if halfard is interesting, puff is more so. he was born in the dark depths of russia, and his family emigrated to england in the yaga - gnomic war of the 800 \u2019 s. st. george then promptly killed his family. this leads to an interesting thought. puff is known for being a great lover of freedom and equality of peoples. but he intensely hated knights, and, during his government, launched wars for their destruction. these contradictions are interesting, but i should not deign to address everything in the introduction. good reading. john kivvers, editor. all material in this book, except that written by myself, was originally written in a foreign language. i have attempted to translate it as literally as possible without making it unintelligible. if a line has been left in its original language, that is because it is a foreign language to the author, and intentionally written in that language. any of these will be translated in the appendix.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5211592803238637, "token_count": 449, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T11:31:44.771660"} {"text": "are developed and delivered in creative, participatory methods that are based on living projects in self - directed ways. it is believed that the students not only learn advanced knowledge in these relevant industries but that they develop actual skills sets needed to become valued employees. the students learn business world and college world \u201c people skills \u201d, project management skills, leadership, teamwork, time management and problem solving. each target student groups can be inspired accelerate their educational productivity. the \u201c at risk \u201d students find that there are reasons for learning traditional subjects in school and the advanced students are allowed to enhance their gifts and dreams. what we do funds and support would help increase capacity of our after school programs including the kahuku sustainability and film clubs and building living sustainability projects. we will continue to develop new advance curriculum and film the student projects as a \u201c students teaching students \u201d educational video series a portion of the funds would be used to hold contests around renewable energy issues that would inspire students to learn using a camera as a fun learning tool. our intended participants the goal is to bring these educational experiences to at least 100 per year in the sustainability programs and 100 students in the film - digital media programs. the students will be selected from those attending khis, while 100 more students will be offered program experiences from kahuku elementary school.. outcomes we you expect the outcomes would be measured in terms of the number of students in the programs, learning projects, and learning contests. we will continue to build a platform in kahuku that will become a major pipeline for innovative learning programs, mentors, internships, and courses in 21st century careers skills and knowledge. benefits to students will include a decrease in drop out students, improvement of grades, and more gifted students entering the competitive smart technological fields that add to the quality of life in the islands. how we will measure the expected outcomes the success of our program can be measured by the number of students taking the sustainability and renewable energy classes and the digital media courses. we will also measure the number of students that have received certifications and have participated in our learning experience projects, contests, and field trips. motivation of the students in our programs can be measured by attendance, improvement in grades, and placement in colleges. these accumulated certifications, interactions with mentors, new letters of recommendations, sustainability and digital media contests won will go far to improve the chances of students being accepted in colleges and receiving scholarships. how funds are spent the aquaponic projects will require the purchase of all materials to build the working model including pumps,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.517955664085078, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T11:31:44.848903"} {"text": "cloud computing is either a revolutionary it management tool or a nebulous puff of marketing hype, depending on whom you ask. for now, we \u2019 re thinking it \u2019 s puffery \u2014 but intriguing developments are under way. a cloudy concept rather than house your own it servers or rent the maximum processing and storage capacity you \u2019 ll ever need, why not pay only for what you use, when you use it? that \u2019 s the basic idea behind cloud computing \u2014 and it \u2019 s an alluring possibility for many reasons, not least the desire to contain costs and reduce energy consumption. but it turns out that much of the appeal is based on a murky understanding of the concept. according to research by gartner group vice president mark mcdonald, the percentage of cios interested in cloud computing has grown considerably, from 5 % in 2009 to 37 % earlier this year. and the bigger the company, the more likely management is to say that cloud computing is a top - five it priority. interest in cloud computing but three out of four respondents who profess interest in cloud computing report little to none in three of the key technologies it entails : server virtualization, service - oriented architecture, and software as a service. further, nearly half the respondents equate cloud computing with virtualization alone, which shows that many executives have an incomplete view of it. cloud computing has rapidly risen to what mcdonald calls \u201c the peak of inflated expectations. \u201d and where is it headed next? the \u201c trough of disillusionment, \u201d he says. that \u2019 s because few people can even seem to agree on what cloud computing is, never mind how on earth it should work. the national institute of standards and technology ( nist ) it laboratory \u2019 s definition, version 15, is more than 760 words long and includes five characteristics, three service models, four deployment models, and a disclaimer saying, in essence, that the definition will change again soon. is the cloud greener? despite all the confusion about cloud computing, the it laboratory at nist lays out some figures that make a compelling environmental case for it. according to one nist presentation, the number of servers in traditional data centers in the u. s. doubled from 2001 to 2006. power consumption per server quadrupled in the same time period, even though servers typically operate at only 15 % of capacity.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5635400995964754, "token_count": 479, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T11:31:44.852915"} {"text": "despite our best efforts to replicate hormones, slow the ageing process and map the human brain, our bodies are smarter than we ' ll likely ever understand. but not everything is so complex. when we ' re feeling tired, stressed or rundown, our bodies let us know with some very basic signals. ignore them at your peril writes rosalind scutt. in a perfect world we ' d live long, healthy lives, free from illness and disease. although developments in medical science are bringing us closer to that point, there is still much we do not understand about our own physiology how it works, and why it breaks down. while we ' re waiting for research to unlock the secrets to infinitely good health, it ' s reassuring to know that very often, before our bodies do malfunction, we ' re likely to see some obvious warning signs associated with a weakening immune system. some common physical symptoms include sweating, headaches, cold sores, thrush and other skin inflammation such as eczema, while emotional symptoms include feelings of irritability, anxiety, aggression or fatigue. these indicators should serve as a serious warning that we require additional rest and care, but many of us are inclined to take a cold and flu tablet and solider on. valiant though this may seem, a growing body of research suggests that this approach may jeopardise our health in the long term with potentially fatal consequences. earlier this year a study titled chronic stress, glucocorticoid receptor resistance, inflammation, and disease risk found that stress affects the body ' s ability to protect against illness by directly impacting the immune system. in particular, the study, which was published in the proceedings of the national academy of sciences, found that cortisol ( a hormone produced during times of stress ) temporarily suppresses the immune system and reduces the body ' s natural inflammatory response to viruses and bacteria. \" the immune system ' s ability to regulate inflammation predicts who will develop a cold, but more importantly it provides an explanation of how stress can promote disease, \" lead researcher, sheldon cohen, of carnegie mellon university in pittsburgh said. \" when under stress, cells of the immune system are unable to respond to hormonal control, and consequently, produce levels of inflammation that promote disease. because inflammation plays a role in many diseases such as cardiovascular, asthma and autoimmune disorders, this model suggests why stress impacts them as well. \" dr mark smyth of the peter maccallum cancer centre in melbourne, australia ' s only public hospital", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5349573966535195, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T11:31:44.857053"} {"text": "( source : washington university school of medicine in st. louis, news release, aug. 30, 2012 ) tuesday, sept. 4 ( healthday news ) - - at least seven antibiotic - resistant genes have recently passed between soil bacteria and bacteria that cause human disease, according to a new study. further research is needed to determine how widespread this sharing is, and to what extent it could make disease - causing bacteria harder to control, said the researchers at washington university school of medicine in st. louis. \" it is commonplace for antibiotics to make their way into the environment. our results suggest that this may enhance drug resistance in soil bacteria in ways that could one day be shared with bacteria that cause human disease, \" first author and graduate student kevin forsberg said in a university news release. for this study, the researchers analyzed the dna of bacteria in soil samples collected at various locations in the united states. the findings were published recently in the journal science. the researchers said it ' s important to find the answers to many questions, such as : did the genes pass from soil bacteria to human pathogens or vice versa? are the genes just the tip of a vast reservoir of shared resistance? did some combination of luck and a new technique for studying genes across entire bacterial communities lead to the discovery of the shared resistance genes? while humans only mix their genes when they have children, bacteria regularly exchange genes throughout their lifecycles. that means that when a strain of bacteria develops resistance to antibiotics, it can share this ability not only with its descendants but also with other bacteria, the researchers explained. \" i suspect the soil is not a teeming reservoir of resistance genes. but if factory farms or medical clinics continue to release antibiotics into the environment, it may enrich that reservoir, potentially making resistance genes more accessible to infectious bacteria, \" study senior author gautam dantas, an assistant professor of pathology and immunology, said in the news release. the u. s. food and drug administration has more about antibiotic resistance. copyright \u00a9 2013 scoutnews, llc. all rights reserved. healthdaynews articles are derived from various sources and do not reflect federal policy. healthfinder. gov does not endorse opinions, products, or services that may appear in news stories. for more information on health topics in the news, visit health news on healthfinder. gov.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5196206056782433, "token_count": 479, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T11:31:44.860521"} {"text": "nothing! optional ; cards of the letters you want to practice. students are divided into teams. the target sounds are written on the blackboard as letters. the first student from each group stands up in front of the blackboard with a fan. the teacher says a word which uses a target sound, and the students have to hit the letter which makes that sound. the first student to hit the correct letter is the winner. have the students stand in lines to save time while taking turns. vowel sound variationedit this variation of the game distinguishes between different vowel sounds. instead of using letters, use picture cards to represent the particular sounds. the teacher will say a word, and the students have to hit the picture with the same vowel sound. this variation concentrates on the ' y ' sound. write the kanji for ' year ' ( \u5e74 ( \u306d\u3093 - nen? ) ) and ' ear ' ( \u8033 ( \u307f\u307f mimi? ) ) on the blackboard. say the word ' year ' or ' ear ', and students have to hit the correct kanji. this variation concentrates on only two words. write two similar words on the blackboard, such as ' right ' and ' light ' and the students have to hit the correct word. see pronunciation problems for a comprehensive list. in a similar fashion to how karuta is played, students in a group have the cards in front of them and try to be the first to hit them. this variation enables a higher level of student involvement. this lesson plan was taken from the sixth edition of team taught pizza.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5022037320245171, "token_count": 320, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T11:31:44.876254"} {"text": "in preparation for the fifth centenary of the reformation in 2017, the vatican and the world lutheran federation are preparing a joint document on the course of events in the early sixteenth century. the humboldt university in berlin is also building up to the centenary with lectures and discussions. i was honored to take part in a disputatio with professor notger slencka, a foremost connoisseur of luther \u2019 s work, under the auspices of the romano guardini foundation, on may 7, 2012, in which i took the side of erasmus as we re - argued the famous discussion on free will between the humanist and the reformer. the epoch of the renaissance and the reformation sought to overcome scholastic metaphysics by a return to the sources, a purification of language, and a new encounter with the realities of human experience and biblical revelation. overcoming metaphysics in theology means protecting the biblical language and the biblical phenomena against the insidious falsification brought about by metaphysical habits of thought. the late scholasticism that both luther and erasmus resisted lives on today in the usa among analytical philosophers of religion who believe that it is the sole business of theology of puzzles over metaphysical riddles such as a the apparent incompatibility between divine simplicity and the multiplicity of divine attributes and actions, or between divine omnipotence and the existence of evil, or between divine foreknowledge and predestination and the reality of free will. these philosophers think that modern theology has lost its intellectual grip through its strategy of avoiding these hard problems. thanks to the reformation and to historical biblical scholarship, theology today is more richly based in scripture than was the case in the middle ages. before getting caught up in metaphysical conundrums, theologians test them against the biblical vision of god and the world. they discern that the god of analytical neoscholastic philosophy is very remote from the god of abraham, isaac, and jacob, the living, saving god presented in church preaching. the analytical debate about god is a factory for producing refined philosophical concepts and arguments, but its value for christian theology remains slight. in his ratio verae theologiae ( 1519 ), erasmus taught that scripture contains all christian doctrine and dogmas. he influenced his fellow humanist and luther \u2019 s comrade in arms, philip melanchthon, who in his loci communes ( 1521 ) sought to draw all the essential theological truths from an exegesis of the epistle to the romans. erasmus felt he stood on solid ground, then, when he challenged luther", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5075206569895105, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T11:31:44.906687"} {"text": "). \u2018 when i say that free will does some good, i link it with grace ; as long as it obeys grace it is happily acted on and acts ; when it resists, it merits to be deserted by grace, and when deserted it does only evil acts \u2019 ( aw iv, 414 - 16 ). here he presents not a neutral, independent will, which decides sovereignly by itself whether to obey grace or its own vices, addictions, obsessions, and bad habits. the unfreedom of the will lies deeper than these, in the fundamental option by which one \u2019 s life is directed. erasmus does not preach a will that always remains free to choose between the proud, self - centered motivation and the orientation to god \u2019 s will and his kingdom. he sees that the will can be freed from self - bondage only through grace, though he lacks luther \u2019 s concrete feeling for this tragic servitude and for how little we have the power of choice in our own hands. luther was shocked that erasmus referred to the question of the role played by free will in the process of salvation as a matter of superfluous speculation. the genre of the diatribe gave the impression that he wanted to treat the role of free will as a quaestio disputata, in which the pelagians also were given a respectful hearing. his defense of free will sounds as if it is merely a question of correct, approved opinion, rather than a matter of ultimate concern. luther found this detachment intolerable. this was not because the bible had given a clear and unambiguous answer, as luther wanted to believe, but more because augustine and the church had detected and denounced the pelagian error of giving the primary role in salvation to our free will. luther \u2019 s years as an augustinian monk and theologian shaped his reception of scripture. erasmus must also claim, like luther, that the bible gives a clear answer, since the holy spirit \u2018 cannot fight with itself \u2019 ( aw iv, 156 ), and he, too, underestimates the plurality and contradictoriness of the biblical statements. luther shows that the sinner is totally enslaved, and he gives to the righteous only a freedom that comes from outside, the freedom of passive obedience, not that of creative cooperation with divine grace. a synergy between human freedom and divine grace in the event of justification is what he most vigilantly excludes, and perhaps there is no real contradiction on this particular issue between", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.50158912454157, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T11:31:44.912492"} {"text": "freedom of passive obedience, not that of creative cooperation with divine grace. a synergy between human freedom and divine grace in the event of justification is what he most vigilantly excludes, and perhaps there is no real contradiction on this particular issue between him and erasmus, trent, and modern catholic theology. but that grace works in and through creative human freedom is the best insight of christian humanism, which luther, at least in de servo arbitrio, holds at a distance. it is true that the text does refer occasionally to cooperation between god and human freedom, but only in a muted and concessive way, emphasizing so massively the asymmetry between the divine and human element, that the latter scarcely attains any vivid profile. only grudgingly and in subclauses does he use expressions such as \u2018 whereby the creature cooperates with god who operates \u2019 ( 18, 753 ), whereas it is with great rhetorical and existential force that he declares, \u2018 our freedom is nothing \u2019 ( 18, 720 ). had luther made an effort to build on what he and erasmus had in common, the future of lutheran and ecumenical theology might have been brighter. erasmus notes luther \u2019 s concessions, but likewise fails to build on them, preferring to see them as contradictions : luther said first that free will had only the power to sin, then that \u2018 it is nothing at all, \u2019 and finally, that \u2018 as if reborn, free will cooperates with grace in good works and with the aid of grace can do all things \u2019 ( 1480 ). luther uses weak metaphysical arguments to boost his case. he asks how the will can be free if neither angels nor humans can exist for a moment by their own power ( 18, 662 ), as if it were impossible for god to create and sustain free beings. even adam and eve, made in the divine image, had no free will. the fall is not a loss of free will but a consequence of its absence. adam and eve were unhappy that god had given them no power of free decision in regard to their relationship with him. even the editors of the weimar edition note that luther \u2019 s claim that augustine was totally on his side ( wa 18, 640 ) comes to grief here, since augustine denies the necessity of adam \u2019 s sin. luther \u2019 s thesis of the non - existence of free will is not biblical, and needs to be shored up by metaphysical arguments, which are constructed ad hoc. erasmus saw that when luther spoke as a scholastic", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5121593700571643, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T11:31:44.913582"} {"text": "question \u2019 ( wa 18, 616 ). he himself denies that judas suffers any necessitas coactionis, and affirms rather a necessitas immutabilitatis, a necessitas infallibilitatis ad tempus, which does not impinge on judas \u2019 s freedom ( 720 - 1 ). here again erasmus might have built on a rough agreement between luther and himself, but instead he rejects luther \u2019 s proposal as philosophically feeble ( x, 1424 ). in tit for tat style he mocks luther as a metaphysician in several places, and pounces on his inconsistencies : \u2018 judas willingly betrayed the lord, luther admits, though he elsewhere teaches that the human will performs nothing either in good or evil \u2019 ( 1424 ). what turned judas from being a faithful apostle into a traitor? luther would answer, \u2018 the divinely willed withdrawal of grace. \u2019 erasmus sees this as \u2018 a kind of force, \u2019 and insists that \u2018 judas could have not taken up the will to betray, or having taken it up he could have put it down again \u2019 ( 1425 ). this sounds self - evident, but for luther it is blasphemy, not only because it underestimates the power of sin to bind the will and the inability of the will to free itself, but because it takes the salvation or damnation of the sinner out of god \u2019 s hands. yet in insisting that judas is nonetheless not forced, luther implicitly refers to the same double register that he has denounced as eluding the violence of the question. when he reached for the weapons of metaphysics to defend grace from the claims of human autonomy, luther thought he could use them tactically, in the service of the biblical matter, without having to bow to the rigors of classical metaphysical logic. he often imaginatively gives scholastic terminology a surprising new concrete and biblical meaning, but at the price of much inaccuracy and ambiguity. in de servo arbitrio his high - handed way with metaphysical terms and arguments boomerangs on him, causing a distortion of his message, which takes on the monstrous appearance of a metaphysical determinism. his true aim was not to profess a metaphysical determinism but to make grace alone the cause of salvation, excluding any contribution from human agency. this sounds like a false problem, solved long ago by augustine, who saw grace as acting through the free acts whereby sinners are enabled to respond to", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.508331164334946, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 8, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T11:31:44.916938"} {"text": "determinism but to make grace alone the cause of salvation, excluding any contribution from human agency. this sounds like a false problem, solved long ago by augustine, who saw grace as acting through the free acts whereby sinners are enabled to respond to it. in any case, his metaphysics led luther into a view of freedom that has little to do with sin or grace. he argues that humans are unfree, not because of sin or the sovereignty of grace, but because god \u2019 s infallible foreknowledge entails that all things happen of necessity. the drama of sin and grace is flattened out and becomes one instance of the deterministic character of god \u2019 s rule. what led luther into this unbiblical blind alley? can luther \u2019 s philosophical determinism be cleanly separated from his theological concern? \u2018 everything we do, everything that happens, even when it seems to us to happen mutably and contingently, in reality happens necessarily and immutably, if one considers god \u2019 s will... to happen contingently, however, means... not that the work itself happens contingently, but rather that it happens through a contingent and mutable will, such as is not found in god \u2019 ( wa 18, 615 - 16 ). here luther makes the same kind of distinctions as boethius and aquinas, leaving free play to contingency and putting the necessity of the divine will in the background. this ultimate necessity does not seem to affect the foreground realities of freedom and choice at all. luther could have presented the phenomenology of the enslaved will just as effectively without drawing on it at all. a short work on free will by the humanist scholar lorenzo valla, edited in 1518, had an influence on luther \u2019 s deterministic thinking. valla finds the medieval harmonization of omnipotence and free will to be shallow, and quotes romans 9 : 11 - 21 to show that the contradiction between them is unsolvable for human thought. \u2018 god lays no necessity on us, nor does he rob us of freedom of will, when he hardens the one and has mercy on the other, for he does this in great wisdom and holiness. the basis for it, however, he has as it were stored away and hidden in a treasure chamber. \u2019 this is intended as a blow against the metaphysical complacency of boethius and others who serenely harmonized omnipotence and free will. humility", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5077114345749127, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 9, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T11:31:44.918105"} {"text": ", he has as it were stored away and hidden in a treasure chamber. \u2019 this is intended as a blow against the metaphysical complacency of boethius and others who serenely harmonized omnipotence and free will. humility before the unsearchable divine mystery and trust in christ is the path that opens up when our thinking is thus left in the lurch by philosophy. yet valla \u2019 s own account of the abysses of predestination is more a metaphysical construction than a datum of biblical revelation. luther praised valla \u2019 s \u2018 steadfastness and sincere zeal for the christian faith \u2019 ( wa 6, 183 ). melanchthon followed valla in his loci communes of 1521, in which he sharpened the deterministic ideas he received from luther, but in the last edition of the loci he declares that valla \u2019 s rejection of freedom and contingency comes from stoic philosophy and has no place in the church. melanchthon also rejects the \u2018 stoic necessity \u2019 of the geneva theologians, which in calvin \u2019 s eyes meant that melanchthon had fallen away from biblical thought back into metaphysical rationalism. justification as a free act of divine mercy is an event that cannot be brought under a philosophical concept. for calvin, predestination and the eternal divine decree are the seal of the gratuity of this event, but many lutherans see theorizing about predestination as a falling back into the search for metaphysical grounds. luther himself, from 1528 on, played down the predestinarian excesses of de servo arbitrio. in a sermon of 1540 he says that to think that god does not give blessedness to everyone is despairing or godless. the believer looks to christ and find in him assurance of divine election. a preaching that undermines this confidence in a skeptical way must be problematic. karl barth \u2019 s judgment is telling : the thesis on the bondage of the will is not a decision for determinism : \u2018 that this is not clear in luther \u2018 s de servo arbitrio is the objection that one cannot fail to make to this famous text, and also to the conceptions of zwingli and calvin \u2019 ( kirchliche dogmatik iv / 2 : 559 ). the hidden god luther constructs, behind the phenomena of biblical revelation, a hidden story going on in the wings. he distinguishes between the god who is \u2018 preached, revealed,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.5176984741456396, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 10, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T11:31:44.919185"} {"text": "latter. in the name of a biblical literalism, luther overrides a basic principle of christian ontology, namely, that a good god can never create evil or be responsible for sin. luther may have felt that in doing so he was overcoming metaphysics in a liberating way, but in reality he instead becomes captive of a bad metaphysics. confusing evangelical assurance with metaphysical certitude, he accuses anyone who queries his understanding of biblical texts of being a pelagian and a doubter of divine omnipotence. any objection to the arbitrariness he ascribes to god is seen not a criticism of himself but as an offense against god or an attempt to replace the active, free, sovereign god of scripture with the cold and indifferent god of aristotle. luther sticks to his rigid metaphysics, to provoke and annoy the minds of those whose dislike of his doctrine is interpreted as a sign of rebellious resentment against god. the bible presents a god who is always working for the welfare and salvation of his creatures. luther succumbs to a bad metaphysics when he probes behind this revelation, seeking its ultimate ground in the hidden depths of the divinity, which may even contradict the revealed, gracious face of god. but when believers think of the ultimate source of revelation, they should follow the lines of the biblical word that point back to the gracious mystery of the loving father, rather than impose models of divine ineffability and incomprehensibility drawn from platonism, or worse, from ancient ideas of cruel and inevitable fate. the biblical sense of gracious divine mystery may seem vague and soft to the hard - headed philosopher, but in the case of god we are always learning the basic phenomena, and are never ready to overleap them to an ambitious speculation on the workings of the divine mind. schleiermacher \u2019 s location of god as the \u2018 whence \u2019 of our existence, of whose absolute goodness it would be senseless to doubt, is ultimately saner and more biblical than the image of sinners caught in the hands of an inscrutable, unpredictable, and angry deity. biblical passages such as romans 9 - 11, which nourished so much predestinarian brooding from augustine on, must be interpreted in this perspective of indubitable divine goodness. dark pages such as john 8, which suggests that some are predestined by their very nature to be children of the devil, must be put aside, as we", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.537048804727521, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 14, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T11:31:44.923679"} {"text": "is something that is institutionalized. and institutions require a kind of infrastructure. you need to be able to keep records, to, you know, amass information, and then you need to be able to find it. and the fact is that in the late medieval world, these kinds of tools are finally coming into existence once again. raz : surveillance, data collecting. murphy : surveillance would be another. keeping tabs on what people are doing, keeping tabs on what people are thinking. so finally, these tools emerge. we see them around us in our own day all the time. we take them for granted. but it ' s not very often that we ask when did governments, when did other institutions begin to have these tools. and the inquisition is a good way to begin to answer that question because it relied on them, you know, essentially. raz : what ' s fascinating is that certain techniques were so proscribed during the inquisition. you talked about these inquisition manuals, and you draw comparisons between those and modern manuals for interrogation. murphy : it ' s uncanny. there ' s an inquisitor named bernard gui. he compiled an inquisition manual, you know, for use by other inquisitors, and it became the basis of many such manuals. and if you look at that and then you look at modern manuals for, for instance, police forces or the military, you begin to see that there isn ' t a trick that is used nowadays that wasn ' t in use by the inquisition, you know, the psychology of interrogation, the ruses that people would use when you ' re questioning. there ' s, you know, there ' s nothing new under the sun when it comes to interrogation. raz : my guest is cullen murphy. he has written a new book. it ' s called \" god ' s jury : the inquisition and the making of the modern world. \" at one point in the book you draw a comparison between guantanamo and the spanish inquisition. can you explain that? murphy : guantanamo has been a symbol worldwide of many things, but one of them is interrogation gone wrong. and to me, it illustrates something that always happens when you try to put restrictions on a kind of behavior that is inherently problematic. the inquisition tried to put restraints on torture. the problem was that in the moment when people are trying to get information, those boundaries keep being pushed. people think, you know, one more turn of the screw will get us one more little piece of information,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5353909864160179, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T11:31:45.005778"} {"text": "tried to put restraints on torture. the problem was that in the moment when people are trying to get information, those boundaries keep being pushed. people think, you know, one more turn of the screw will get us one more little piece of information, and that will justify this very messy procedure that, you know, we really wish we didn ' t have to resort to. so that happens again and again, and torture creeps and creeps and creeps. the same thing happened at guantanamo. if you look at the early history, the attempts to get information from detainees, you see the same kind of creep. so that is one thing that guantanamo illustrates where i think the parallel with the way in which the inquisition proceeded is very close. raz : towards the end of the book, you write that not only do all the ingredients for a modern day inquisition exist today but also that they are more prevalent than ever before. how so? murphy : well, this is a real worry of mine. there ' s one thing that every inquisition needs, and that is a person, people, who are possessed of an idea. they think they ' re in the right about something that they want everyone else to toe the line. and you see this in religion, you see this in totalitarian regimes, but that moral certainty isn ' t enough. you need to have something that sustains it that gives it life over time. and those things, like having a bureaucracy, having methods of surveillance, information technology, all of those things are much more advanced right now by an order of magnitude than they were centuries ago. and many of these things are, you know, more or less on cruise control. you know, we know what bureaucracies are like. they don ' t shrink. they expand. we know what surveillance is like. nowadays, it ' s done almost automatically every time you hit the keyboard on your computer or every time you walk by a camera on the street. and so my worry is what happens when you combine that idea of moral certainty with the kinds of tools that exist nowadays? you know, it does seem to me that in the wrong hands, the tools of repression are just more available and dangerous than they have been for a long time. raz : i should probably mention that you are a catholic and a practicing catholic. is that fair to say? raz : and as you point out, many accounts of the inquisition have been biased, either overly critical of the church or overly defensive. and understandably, the church", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.514205132337978, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T11:31:45.006737"} {"text": "post - traumatic stress disorder ( ptsd ) is an anxiety disorder that can develop after exposure to a traumatic event or ordeal in which actual physical or emotional harm occurred or was threatened. events that can trigger ptsd include violent personal assaults, such as rape or mugging, natural or human - caused disasters, accidents, or military combat. ptsd can be extremely disabling. many people with ptsd repeatedly re - experience the ordeal in the form of flashback episodes, memories, nightmares, or frightening thoughts, especially when they are exposed to events or objects reminiscent of the trauma. anniversaries of the event can also trigger symptoms. people with ptsd also experience emotional numbness and sleep disturbances, depression, anxiety, and irritability or outbursts of anger. feelings of intense guilt are also common. most people with ptsd try to avoid any reminders or thoughts of the ordeal. ptsd is diagnosed when symptoms last more than one month. co - occurring depression, alcoholabuse, substance abuse, or another anxiety disorder is not uncommon. the likelihood of treatment success is increased when these other conditions are appropriately identified and treated as well. what are the risk factors for ptsd? what are the symptoms of ptsd? how is ptsd diagnosed? what are the treatments for ptsd? how can i reduce my risk of ptsd? what questions should i ask my doctor? what is it like to live with ptsd? where can i get more information about ptsd? - reviewer : rimas lukas, md - review date : 11 / 2012 - - update date : 11 / 26 / 2012 -", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5006002040705545, "token_count": 326, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T11:31:45.011480"} {"text": "in memory of john hope franklin ( 1915 - 2009 ) and in honor of black history month, this exhibit touches on four periods crucial to understanding the history of african americans in the united states, exploring their dimensions - in a necessarily brief manner - through the words of john hope franklin and the many forms of historical documentation in the collections of the rare book, manuscript and special collections library. through these displays, we can reflect on our past and at the same time, as dr. franklin so strongly urged us, look to the present for the means to free ourselves from injustice, fear, and hatred. \" the writing of history reflects the interests, predilections, and even prejudices of a given generation. this means that at the present time there is an urgent need to re - examine our past in terms of our present outlook. \" ( john hope franklin, from african american biography, volume 2, 1994 ) exhibit curated by paula jeannet mangiafico and janie morris, with support from the john hope franklin research center for african and african american history and culture : http : / / library. duke. edu / specialcollections / franklin / some material on this page may be protected by copyrights not held by the duke university libraries, all other material is copyright 2009 by duke university libraries. for complete information about use and reproduction of duke materials, please read our use and reproduction policy.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5083198888900169, "token_count": 283, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T11:31:45.032211"} {"text": "although perl remains a vibrant language with a fiercely loyal following, it has undergone many changes to keep up with new technologies and applications that were not anticipated when perl was first introduced in 1987. through its community - based development model, perl has kept up with changing times and remained fresh when other languages might have stagnated. internally, however, there have remained kinks and stumbling blocks that developers have needed to sidestep, long - abandoned features that have been maintained only for backwards compatibility, misdirected phrasings that have hindered more intuitive syntax structures, and a cacophony of modules that sometimes work well together, but occasionally don ' t. perl continues to have a strong following devoted to its development, but in the meantime, a group of core perl developers have begun working on perl 6, a complete rewrite of the perl language. while perl ' s creative philosophy and common - sense syntax are sure to remain in perl 6, everything else in the language is being re - examined and recreated. perl 6 essentials provides an overview of the current state of perl 6 for those who await its release. written by members of the perl 6 core development team, the book offers an explanation of the various stages of the project, with reference material for programmers who are interested in what changes are planned or who may want to contribute to the project. the book will satisfy their curiosity and show how changes in the language will make it more powerful and easier to use. perl 6 essentials is the first book that offers a peek into the next major version of the perl language. this book is essential reading for anyone interested in the future of perl.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.543528599482451, "token_count": 347, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T11:31:45.033959"} {"text": "add to phr a home blood pressure test allows you to keep track of your blood pressure at home. blood pressure is a measure of the force of blood inside an artery. a blood pressure measurement is taken by temporarily stopping the flow of blood in an artery ( usually by inflating a cuff around the upper arm ) and then listening for the sound of the blood beginning to flow through the artery again as air is released from the cuff. as blood flows through the artery, it can be heard through a stethoscope placed on the skin over the artery. blood pressure is recorded as two measurements. these two pressures are expressed in millimeters of mercury ( mm hg ) because the original devices that measured blood pressure used a column of mercury. blood pressure measurements are recorded as systolic / diastolic ( say \" systolic over diastolic \" ). for example, if your systolic pressure is 120 mm hg and your diastolic pressure is 80 mm hg, your blood pressure is recorded as 120 / 80 ( say \" 120 over 80 \" ). the general types of blood pressure monitors commonly available are manual and automatic. manual models are similar to those that your doctor might use to take your blood pressure. called a sphygmomanometer, these devices usually include an arm cuff, a squeeze bulb to inflate the cuff, a stethoscope or microphone, and a gauge to measure the blood pressure. blood pressure is displayed on a circular dial with a needle. as the pressure in the cuff rises, the needle moves clockwise on the dial. as the cuff pressure falls, the needle moves counterclockwise. electronic battery - operated monitors use a microphone to detect blood pulsing in the artery. you do not need to listen with a stethoscope. the cuff, which is attached to your wrist or upper arm, is connected to an electronic monitor that automatically inflates and deflates the cuff when you press the start button. the type of blood pressure monitor typically found in supermarkets, pharmacies, and shopping malls is an electronic device. ambulatory blood pressure monitoring ( abpm ) is another method that may be ordered by your doctor if other methods do not give consistent results. it is often used if there is a big difference between the blood pressure readings you get at home and your readings in your doctor ' s office. an ambulatory blood pressure monitor is a small device that is worn throughout the day, usually for 24 or 48 hours. the device takes your blood", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.5170073702345187, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T11:31:45.049719"} {"text": "| this document is available in : english castellano chinesegb deutsch francais nederlands turkce | by georges tarbouriech about the author : georges is a long time unix user. he loves gnustep and the tools this great framework provides. gorm and projectcenter, the gnustep rad tools rad stands for rapid application development. at the end of the 80 ' s, when nextstep was released, it came with an incredible tool, called interfacebuilder. used in conjunction with another tool, named projectbuilder, it allowed to build graphical applications in a flash. gnustep offers a free version of these tools, called gorm. app and projectcenter. app. from the computers prehistory, software development has been a great challenge. computers were quite big in size despite their very little power. they were quite expensive, not really numerous and developers were unable to use them as often as they wished since they had to share them with other people. then, researchers tried to find a way to make computers execute more than one task at a time to improve efficiency. obviously, they had to design and create programming languages from scratch, taking into account the poor resources of the available machines. thus, during the 60 ' s various new programming languages appeared : lisp, fortran, basic, algol68, bcpl, etc. next came the b language derived from the above mentioned bcpl, which soon became the c language. this last changed the world of programming. the object oriented ( smalltalk, objective c, c + +, etc ) languages appeared later, with the \" graphical era \". in the 80 ' s some machines were providing graphical oses ( apple macintosh, commodore amiga, atari st, etc ) and the x window system was in the works. at the same time, a company was working on a gui for ibm os2, called presentation manager. before finishing that job, this company released its \" own \" gui for its dos, called... windos. the first two versions were hardly usable, but... the third one started it all. the mvai ( microsoft very artificial intelligence ) was born! that is, every user became a computer scientist. since then we have seen \" great \" applications written using excel or word and visual basic : - ( never mind! fortunately, long before we reached the above situation, nextstep was born and with it, came interface buider. this tool allowed you", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5053466041640341, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T11:31:45.075537"} {"text": "research is clear that there is an inextricable link between students ' emotional and mental health and their ability to learn. a student is not able to benefit from the educational program if the student is suicidal or if the student is preoccupied by concerns about someone who may be thinking about suicide. few events have greater impact than suicide upon students, parents, and staff. the student services and alternative programs branch staff is committed to providing technical assistance about effective youth suicide prevention, intervention, and postvention ( i. e., support and assistance for those affected by a completed suicide. ) suicide continues to be a leading cause of death in the united states and in maryland. according to the federal centers for disease control and prevention, suicide continues to be the third leading cause of death for youth in the united states and in maryland. during 2004, maryland lost 86 youth due to suicide. the results of the 2005 maryland youth risk behavior survey ( yrbs ) indicate that more than one in ten maryland high school students reported making a plan to commit suicide in the past twelve moths. the data demonstrate the importance of the statewide youth suicide prevention school program established in the annotated code of maryland \u00a7 7 - 503. the maryland program establishes a shared responsibility between educational programs at the state and local levels and community suicide prevention and crisis center agencies. the statewide program includes : - classroom instruction about warning signs of suicide and suicide prevention strategies - maryland youth crisis hotline at 1 - 800 - 422 - 0009 and local suicide and crisis hotlines - suicide intervention and postvention - data collection - teacher training", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5102751904734403, "token_count": 320, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T11:31:45.095098"} {"text": "i have to determine all values of h for which a is invertible and i really don ' t know what should be my first step ( if anyone could guide me through this that would be awesome. here ' s the matrix : 1 1 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 1 2h + 1 0 1 1 h you mean then that the matrix is i see two ways to do that. one is to use the fact that a matrix is invertible if and only if its determinant is non - zero. the other is to row - reduce this to triangular form and use the fact that a matrix is invertible if and only if, reduced to triangular form, it has no zeros on its main diagonal. since a simple way of determining the determinant of a matrix is to reduce to triangular form, those are essentially the same. that will give you now you also need to note that 1 ) if you \" add a multiple of one row to another \" the determinant of a matrix 2 ) if you \" multiply one row by a number \", the determinant of a matrix is multiplied by that number. 3 ) if you \" swap two rows \", the determinant of a matrix is multiplied by - 1. since you have not \" multiplied one row by a number \", the determinant of your original matrix must be the determinant of this matrix : that is,. the determinant of your original matrix is non - zero if and only if h is non - zero.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5068466381727984, "token_count": 313, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T11:31:45.102544"} {"text": "a bag contains n discs, made up of red and blue colours. two discs are removed from the bag. if the probability of selecting two discs of the same colour is 1 / 2, what can you say about the number of discs in the bag? let there be r red discs, so p ( rb ) = r / n ( nr ) / ( n1 ), similarly, p ( br ) = ( nr ) / n r / ( n1 ). therefore, p ( different ) = 2r ( nr ) / ( n ( n1 ) ) = 1 / 2. giving the quadratic, 4r2 4nr + n2 n = 0. solving, r = ( nn ) / 2. if n is an odd square, n will be odd, and similarly, when n is an even square, n will be even. hence their sum / difference will be even, and divisible by 2. in other words, n being a perfect square is both a sufficient and necessary condition for r to be integer and the probability of the discs being the same colour to be 1 / 2. prove that n ( n + 1 ) / 2 ( a triangle number ), must be square, for the probability of the discs being the same colour to be 3 / 4, and find the smallest n for which this is true. what does this tell us about n and n ( n + 1 ) / 2 both being square? can you prove this result directly?", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5565576381291211, "token_count": 302, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T11:31:45.103963"} {"text": "human reproduction is a complex and remarkable process. women \u2019 s and men \u2019 s reproductive systems compliment one another, and each is essential for reproduction. there are two types of sex cells involved in human reproduction : the male \u2019 s sperm and the female \u2019 s egg. an egg that has been fertilized by a sperm cell grows and divides in a woman \u2019 s uterus ( womb ) throughout pregnancy until childbirth. the resulting child \u2019 s genetic makeup comes from the sperm and egg cells produced by the father and mother. the female reproductive system the female reproductive system includes the : - vagina \u2014 a muscular passage that connects the cervix with the external genitals - cervix \u2014 the lower part of the uterus that connects to the vagina - uterus \u2014 a hollow, muscular structure in which the fertilized egg implants and fetus grows during pregnancy - ovaries \u2014 two glands that produce eggs, as well as the female hormones estrogen and progesterone - fallopian tubes \u2014 two tubes that connect the ovaries with the uterus during a woman \u2019 s menstrual cycle, which usually lasts about 28 days, her body prepares for the possibility of a pregnancy. in the first half of the menstrual cycle, estrogen levels rise to thicken the lining of the uterus. at the same time, an egg begins to mature in one of the ovaries. around the midpoint of the menstrual cycle ( for example, day 14 of a 28 - day cycle ), a surge of luteinizing hormone ( lh ), which is produced by the pituitary gland in the brain, causes the mature egg to leave the ovary, a process called ovulation. in the second half of the menstrual cycle, fingerlike projections located at the opening of the fallopian tubes sweep the released egg into the tube toward the uterus. at the same time, rising levels of progesterone help prepare the lining of the uterus for pregnancy. if sperm cells are present at this time, the egg may become fertilized. if no sperm cells are present, the egg either dissolves or is absorbed into the body, no pregnancy occurs, hormone levels drop, and the thickened lining of the uterus is shed during the menstrual period. if fertilization does occur, the fertilized egg grows and divides until it becomes a blastocyst, which is a hollow ball of cells", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5165166636415759, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T11:31:45.108403"} {"text": "rotary engines based on the wankel principle were developed with two fundamentally different approaches to cooling the rotor. mazda, audi, suzuki, ingersoll - rand and others used the oil - cooled rotor. it is an expensive, heavier and more complicated design, which achieved specific fuel consumption in the range of. 55 to. 6 lbs / hp hr. this is about 15 % to 20 % poorer than a typical four - stroke piston engine. the other approach taken by outboard marine corporation ( omc ), fichtel sachs and norton was to use the incoming air - fuel mixture ( \u201c charge \u201d ) to cool the rotor. this design was much lighter, less expensive and through the use of roller bearings and very low rotor cooling losses achieved a specific fuel consumption between. 45 and. 5 lb / hp hr, which was close to the 4 - stroke piston engine. historically all of the charge - cooled rotary engines that were developed used an arrangement where the fuel - air mixture passed through the rotor from one side to the other. this design cooled the rotor unevenly, which lowered engine rotor bearing life and increased friction between the rotor and the end housing. in 1985 moller international acquired the major rotary engine assets of omc. omc \u2019 s main product was the johnson and evinrude outboard engine and they were the world leader noted for their product \u2019 s reliability. omc reportedly spent over $ 200 million between 1970 and 1985 developing a number of different rotary engine models including a 530cc displacement model that went into volume production and used in a snowmobile as a test product. emissions requirements were one of the key motivators for this program. omc believed that they would not be able to meet the proposed emissions standards proposed for the late 1980 \u2019 s with their two - stroke engines and therefore chose to develop a lightweight low emission 4 - stroke rotary engine. fortunately for our company the proposed emission standards were not enacted as originally planned and omc stayed with their two - strokes, allowing moller international to purchase their rotary engine technology. since acquiring the omc charge - cooled rotary design, moller international has spent ~ $ 35 million on further development, testing and product integration efforts related to its rotary engine, preparing it for use in its aeronautical products as well as for use in a wide range of other suitable applications. freedom rotapower engine \u2022 high power to weight ratio - more than 2 hp per pound of installed weight in high - performance versions - compares with. 6 hp / lb. to 1 hp / lb. for 2", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5224676075607856, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T11:31:45.128187"} {"text": "wide range of other suitable applications. freedom rotapower engine \u2022 high power to weight ratio - more than 2 hp per pound of installed weight in high - performance versions - compares with. 6 hp / lb. to 1 hp / lb. for 2 - strokes and. 3 hp / lb. to. 65 hp / lb. for 4 - stroke pistons. \u2022 high power to volume ratio - ( power output / volume ) > 100 hp per cubic foot of installed volume - compares with 36 hp / ft\u00b3 to 50 hp / ft\u00b3 for 2 - strokes and 10 hp / ft\u00b3 to 20 hp / ft\u00b3 for 4 - stroke piston engines. \u2022 few moving parts - moving parts - only 2 for single rotor engine. - compares to 7 parts for 2 - stroke and 25 parts for 4 - stroke piston with same nstantaneous output torque. \u2022 solid fuel economy - specific fuel consumption <. 45 lb. / hp - hr ~ ( stratified charge ). expect <. 4 lb. / hp - hr when both stratified charged and turbo - charged - compares to. 65 lb. / hp - hr for 2 - strokes and ~. 4 lb / hp - hr for the best 4 - stroke piston. \u2022 proven multi - fuel performer - demonstrated on gasoline, natural gas, alcohol and propane - spark - ignited diesel, kerosine and jet fuel \u2022 very low emissions levels - see emissions performance \u2022 enhanced energy at exhaust - exhaust temperatures > 1500 \u00b0f - acts like a naturally occuring thermal reactor - ideal for turbocharge / co - generation applications \u2022 low vibration levels - hard mounted engine can be used as part of the structure \u2022 modular design - stacking of rotors easily extends range of available power", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5307011651533324, "token_count": 350, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T11:31:45.131790"} {"text": "hilbert ' s building blocks investigating space curves to construct 3 - d forms i have been interested in the area of computer generated forms, mostly from the architectural viewpoint, for a long time. most recently i have been investigating fractals as a way of generating 3 - d forms. not having a lot of luck in getting results that could suggest reasonable 3 - d forms, i moved back to some earlier work i did in 2 - d with hilbert curves, spirolaterals, space filling curves, and recursive designs. the image above on the left is the space filling curve designed by the german mathematician david hilbert. the adjacent image shows the three line segment \" generator \" for the hilbert curve. the generator is connected to another generator by a connecting line segment. by definition, this type of curve will always remain in a two dimensional plane. if you break the generator into forward moves and turns, and then modify the angle of the turn, the lines segments will cross each other. this crossing enables the curve to trigger a move to another \" level \". this enables the determination of the curve height. variations can be developed by using a turning angle other than 90 degrees. two such variations are shown below. the second part of the this investigation is the interpretation of the curve once it is generated. each of the line segments and their vertices can be interpreted in three dimensional, architectural terms : select one the above variations to view these interpretations individually and in combination. walls, each line segment is constructed as a vertical plane floors, for each set of line segments, the minimum and maximum extends are found and constructed into a horizontal plane floor blocks, the horizontal floor plane is constructed into a volume extended walls, walls are constructed from the bottom and the top, starting at their beginning level, extending either to the bottom or top columns, volumes are constructed at the vertices of the line segments and the floor blocks beams, volumes are constructed along each line segment at the wall the more i worked with these variations and their interpretations, the more sculptural the forms became, further studies will continue in both the sculptural and architectural form possibilities. the next set of forms will use spirolaterals and more generalized recursive curves for the initial form generation. the forms currently only exist in this digital studio. my next goal is to generate stl files of the forms to send to a rapid prototyping system. another possible direction would be to rewrite the generation software in autolisp for use within autocad r13. this would also", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5747637921004167, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T11:31:45.139804"} {"text": "the world \u2019 s largest producer of nickel and palladium, and alaska \u2019 s red dog mine is the world \u2019 s largest source of zinc. more record - beaters are set to break ground. last month, the nunavut environmental assessment agency gave the green light for the indian metals giant arcelormittal to dig an open pit iron - ore mine on 170 square kilometres of tundra at mary river on baffin bay, canada. the $ 4 billion project will be connected to a port in baffin bay by the world \u2019 s most northerly railway. the south - west coast, around kvanefjeld ( greenland ), probably holds the world \u2019 s second largest deposit of rare earth elements and huge reserves of uranium and zinc \u2013 all together valued at almost half - a - trillion dollars. last month, greenland minerals of perth, australia, announced plans to carry out a feasibility study. the project could keep miners busy for 100 years. it seems like only yesterday when we read about shortages of rare earths threatening computer development. receding sea ice is opening up the arctic to shipping. the north - east passage, linking the north atlantic to the pacific via the arctic waters north of russia, was open for five months in 2011. more than 30 ships passed through, including a 120, 000 - tonne russian gas tanker and nordic and japanese iron ore carriers taking arctic minerals to china. the shortcut to asia halves the shipping time from northern europe to china to roughly 20 days, and avoids pirate - infested shipping lanes in the indian ocean. russia expects a 40 - fold increase in shipping along the route by 2020. american analysts say it could be carrying 5 per cent of world \u2019 s shipping by 2050. bottom line : no one knows what the long term effects of global warming will be, and not knowing, no one can say whether on balance they will be beneficial or not. even the concept of \u201c on balance... beneficial \u201d is shaky. \u201c beneficial \u201d for whom and for what? even if we focus on \u201c beneficial for humans, \u201d are we talking about long term or short term? survival? life span? society? progress? happiness? is there something about global warming that will help humans to better health in the short term, but give us less ability to survive in the long term? will it assist tribal society at the expense of \u201c modern \u201d society? and what do we mean by \u201c progress \u201d and \u201c happiness \u201d? robert burns wrote : \u201c... foresight may be vain", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5149630020250655, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T11:31:45.165266"} {"text": "less ability to survive in the long term? will it assist tribal society at the expense of \u201c modern \u201d society? and what do we mean by \u201c progress \u201d and \u201c happiness \u201d? robert burns wrote : \u201c... foresight may be vain : the best - laid schemes o \u2019 mice an \u2019 men, gang aft agley, \u201d and the longer we try to peer into the future, the more \u201c agley \u201d our best - laid schemes become. the universe and our world in it, are victims of chaos, where : \u201c small differences in initial conditions ( such as those due to rounding errors in numerical computation ) yield widely diverging outcomes for chaotic systems, rendering long - term prediction impossible in general. ( wikipedia ) we can \u2019 t predict what volcanoes will erupt, nor what wars will be fought, nor the status of the stock market, nor the next coronal mass ejection, nor the next pandemic, nor scientific progress in a thousand areas. and we can \u2019 t predict the effects of global warming. at best, we can try to address our immediate problems and hope our efforts will bode well for the long term. we can and should try to reduce air, water and ground pollution. we can and should try to find cures for diseases. we can and should try to prevent wars and to make cars safer to drive, and to improve the education of our children and to explore the solar system and to save our forests. but, i suspect our efforts to reduce global warming are misplaced. we simply do not know what we are doing. global warming very well could be what saves the human species. rodger malcolm mitchell nine steps to prosperity : 1. eliminate fica ( click here ) 2. medicare \u2014 parts a, b & d \u2014 for everyone 3. send every american citizen an annual check for $ 5, 000 or give every state $ 5, 000 per capita ( click here ) 4. long - term nursing care for everyone 5. free education ( including post - grad ) for everyone 6. salary for attending school ( click here ) 7. eliminate corporate taxes 8. increase the standard income tax deduction annually 9. increase federal spending on the myriad initiatives that benefit america \u2019 s 99 % no nation can tax itself into prosperity, nor grow without money growth. monetary sovereignty : cutting federal deficits to grow the economy is like applying leeches to cure anemia. two key equations in economics : federal deficits \u2013 net imports = net private savings gross domestic product = federal spending +", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5224219574849212, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T11:31:45.166250"} {"text": "cobalamin is a family of complex molecules, consisting of a cobalt - containing tetrapyrrole ring and side nucleotide chains attached to the cobalt atom. 4 it is synthesized by anaerobic bacteria and is found in foods of animal origin ( e. g., fish, meat, dairy products, and eggs ), as well as fortified cereals. 5 \u2013 7 the recommended daily allowance ( rda ) of vitamin b12 is 2. 4 \u03bcg per day ( mcg / day ) for persons over the age of 14 years. in the united states, the average daily adult dietary intake of vitamin b12 is about 5 mcg \u2013 30 mcg, of which only 1 mcg \u2013 5 mcg are effectively absorbed, given its complex absorption process. it is estimated that only 50 % of dietary vitamin b12 is absorbed by healthy adults. 7 defects at any step of the absorption process can cause cobalamin deficiencies of varying degrees ; 50 % \u2013 90 % of cobalamin stores in the body ( 3 mg \u2013 5 mg ) are located in the liver. these stores help delay, often for up to 5 years, the onset of clinical symptoms due to insufficient cobalamin absorption. dietary cobalamin is bound to animal proteins. in the stomach, hydrochloric acid ( hcl ) and pepsin are critical for the release of free cobalamin from the proteins. glycoproteins called r - proteins ( r ) secreted from salivary glands and parietal cells bind free cobalamin in the stomach. intrinsic factor ( if ), a weak binder of cobalamin in the presence of r, is also released by parietal cells in the stomach. in the duodenum, dietary - and bile - secreted cobalamin - r complexes are cleaved by pancreatic enzymes, and free cobalamin is then bound to if with more affinity. cobalamin \u2013 if complexes are taken up by endocytosis, by adhering to cubilin receptors located on the distal ileal mucosa. once inside the cell, cobalamin dissociates from if. free cobalamin is then bound to transporter proteins : transcobalamin ( tc ) i, ii, and iii, and transported to the liver. tc ii represents about 10 % of total transcobalamin and is the only cobalamin - transport protein that reaches target cell receptors. this biologically - active form of the vitamin", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5321357155470214, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T11:31:45.206355"} {"text": ", can cause abnormal fatty - acid synthesis, affecting the neuronal membrane. 8 mma and hcy levels are elevated before any clinical manifestations of vitamin b12 deficiency and often precede low serum vitamin b12 levels. 5 neuropsychiatric symptoms usually precede hematologic signs and are often the presenting manifestation of cobalamin deficiency. 10 \u2013 12 vitamin b12 deficiency definitions vary and usually rely on population statistics to establish normal serum - level thresholds ( normal range : 180 pg / ml \u2013 900 pg / ml ). this can be problematic because individual metabolic requirements may vary, and active disease can be present despite a \u201c normal level. \u201d false - negative results can also be explained because vitamin b12 levels are altered by the concentration of its binding proteins, and radioimmunoassays may detect inactive forms of cobalamin that may mask tissue deficiencies of active cobalamin. studies have found that relying on the serum levels of vitamin b12 underestimated the prevalence of elevated metabolites that indicate tissue - deficiency by as much as 50 %. 13 as deficiency develops, serum values may be maintained at the expense of tissue cobalamin. thus, a serum - cobalamin value above the lower normal cutoff point does not necessarily indicate adequate cobalamin status. a deficiency spectrum ranging from subclinical metabolic abnormalities to clinical symptoms could be better delineated by measuring hcy and mma levels2, 4, 14, 15 or by measuring cobalamin bound to tc ii ( holo - transcobalamin ) levels, which represent the active form of the vitamin. 16, 17 a recent study in elderly persons ( n = 700 ) found holo - transcobalamin ( holo - tc ) to be the best predictor for determining cobalamin deficiency, when compared with other measures ( serum cobalamin, hcy, and mma ) and was recommended as the first - line measure in assessing cobalamin status, 18 but results have been inconsistent, 19 and further research is warranted. it is estimated that between 3 % and 40 % of older adults have vitamin b12 deficiencies, where lower rates are seen in the community and higher rates in institutional settings. 1, 8, 20 \u2013 22 prevalence rates vary according to economic status, age, and dietary choices. 5, 23 in a multi - ethnic study, elderly white men had higher deficiency prevalence rates than elderly black or asian american women. 24 the elderly population is especially at risk for cobalamin deficiency,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5226001268643619, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T11:31:45.208602"} {"text": "vitamin b12 deficiency. a previous association has not been consistently documented, as some cohort studies have shown that low vitamin b12 level increases the risk for cognitive impairment or dementia, 65, 71 \u2013 76 whereas other studies have not demonstrated an increased risk. 37, 76 \u2013 84 the evidence is more consistent when hhcy is present, and vitamin b12 deficiency can lead to hhcy, a risk factor for cognitive impairment and dementia. 37 the reversibility of this dementia syndrome has also been questioned, given that studies reviewing large series of cases or decades of literature have yielded one and three cases of vitamin b12 reversibility, respectively. 39, 85 the evidence for response to treatment is better when pernicious anemia has been identified as the cause of vitamin b12 deficiency and it has been treated early in the course of the disease, before irreversible damage occurs. 37 we acknowledge that the severity and chronicity of symptoms, as well as comorbid conditions and adequacy of treatment, are all important factors affecting response and reversal of symptoms. current guidelines suggest assessing vitamin b12 levels in patients with cognitive impairment, or as part of a workup for dementia. we believe this remains a sound clinical judgment until newer evidence can clarify the issue, as vitamin b12 deficiency can lead to hhcy, a known risk factor for dementia. if vitamin b12 deficiency is diagnosed and treated early in the course of the disease, neuropsychiatric symptoms may be prevented or even reversed. the hallmark of delirium remains a fluctuating level of consciousness, with attention deficits. vitamin b12 deficiency has been associated with attention deficits, acute mental - status changes, and acute cognitive changes, with eeg abnormalities. 13, 86 case reports describe associations of vitamin b12 deficiency and delirium with or without other risk factors such as dementia and infection. 87, 88 in a prospective study of patients with mild - to - moderate dementia with low vitamin b12 levels that were supplemented, delirium risk was reduced significantly ; however, no long - term improvement was seen in cognition or behavioral problems. 89 screening for vitamin b12 deficiency should start by developing a clinical awareness of the population at risk. these include elderly persons, vegans, alcoholics, malnourished persons, and patients with gi pathology, neuropsychiatric symptoms, or autoimmune diseases. common suggestive laboratory findings include macrocytosis with or without anemia and hypersegmented neutrophil", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.51647959718305, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 9, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T11:31:45.217958"} {"text": "the findings are published in today ' s issue of nature. \" this calcium transporter really is an important key to understanding how the heart is regulated, \" said dr. donald hilgemann, professor of physiology and senior author of the study. \" at every beat, calcium in heart cells increases. and it ' s calcium that is the messenger to the heart to get it to contract. \" we knew for a long time that ncx1 brings calcium into and out of heart cells by exchanging it for sodium. and in doing so it generates important electrical currents in the heart. the surprise is that this transporter dances more than just that old waltz from vienna. it knows salsa! \" the research reveals two new modes of operation of ncx1. first, the membrane protein can move sodium into heart cells without moving calcium out. this mode generates an electrical current independent of calcium transport that contributes to excitation of the heart. the second mode is to move calcium into heart cells without generating any electrical current. this mode, dr. hilgemann said, may determine the calcium that remains in heart cells after each beat and thereby determines the strength of cardiac contraction over many beats. using so - called \" giant membrane patch \" techniques together with highly sensitive ion detection techniques, both developed and implemented by dr. hilgemann, ut southwestern researchers were able to determine precisely how ncx1 works as an ion exchanger, how many calcium and sodium ions move across the membrane, when they are exchanged, and, surprisingly, when they move together. \" transporters move ions across membranes by grabbing hold of them and transferring the energy of one type of ion to another type, just one contact : amy shields ut southwestern medical center", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.5315369586361636, "token_count": 345, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T11:31:45.233578"} {"text": "expect a dramatic change, \" he said. \" these students started relatively empathetic and became more empathetic. \" among the changes, participants in the simulation shifted their opinions about whether people who are poor attempt to get out of poverty ; whether they attempt to save money ; and whether they ' d rather work than be on welfare. in addition, their views on whether the poor have equal access to health care and whether the government does enough to help those who are poor, also shifted. they gained a better understanding of the fact that there are more children than adults living in poverty. in looking at the reflective papers the students wrote a week after the simulation, the researchers found that 65 of the 75 students who wrote papers described themselves as having gained greater insights into the lives of the poor as a result of the simulation. among the remaining students, seven reported no change in their opinions ( in some cases, they stated they already were empathetic to the poor ) and the responses of three students were ambiguous. \" i began to understand and realize that it ' s not always a person ' s fault for being in a poverty - stricken lifestyle, \" wrote one student. \" just sitting in an environment of failure makes your own drive to succeed that much harder. \" another student was surprised by the difficulty of assessing social services : \" i knew very little about tanf ( temporary assistance for needy families ). i cannot imagine that everyone that is in need of help knows all about the programs available to them. \" one finding the authors hadn ' t anticipated, based on previous studies that examined empathy, was the stress the participants felt as they inhabited the roles of those living in poverty. \" the stress... was brought on entirely by my family ' s financial insecurity, \" a student said. \" i had little time to do anything other than go to work, run errands and pay the bills ; i barely saw my children or husband and never had the chance to relax. \" \" getting groceries, applying for tanf and food stamps and going to the quickcash all took so long to get accomplished, \" wrote another. \" i think that many people in poverty would feel like they were on a treadmill, not really getting anywhere. \" \" much of what students learn in the family resources class emphasizes the breadth of resources that are available, including time, space, and family and community support, in addition to the monetary and material goods we frequently think of, \" nickols said. \" part of what this simulation demonstrates is", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5006979912718041, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T11:31:45.255442"} {"text": "uga researcher developing new vaccine to fight resurging mumps virus june 13, 2012print athens, ga. - mumps may seem like a disease of a bygone era to many people in the u. s. who, thanks to immunization programs, have been spared the fever, aches and characteristic swollen jawline of the once common viral infection. biao he, a university of georgia professor of infectious diseases and a georgia research alliance distinguished investigator in the college of veterinary medicine, worries that a new strain of the virus is spreading, and it could lead to the widespread reintroduction of mumps. now, thanks in part a $ 1. 8 million grant from the national institutes of health, he and his team are working on a new vaccine to stop it. although not typically a life - threatening disease, mumps can lead to serious health problems such as viral meningitis, hearing loss and pancreatitis ; and it can cause miscarriage during early pregnancy. vaccinations diminished the number of cases dramatically, and at one point it appeared that the u. s. was on pace to eradicate the disease. but two large outbreaks of the virus in 2006 and 2010 involving thousands of confirmed cases in the midwest and northeast put the hope of eradication on hold. he is concerned that the current vaccine, which has been in use since 1967, may be showing signs of weakness. \" the virus is always evolving and mutating, and new viruses will emerge, \" he said. \" it ' s only a matter of time until the old vaccine we have doesn ' t work. \" the current vaccine is commonly called the jeryl lynn strain and is named after the daughter of inventor maurice hilleman. it is based on a specific genotype of the mumps virus called genotype a. however, the 2006 and 2010 mumps outbreaks were caused by another strain, genotype g. even more troubling is that most of the people who contracted mumps during the 2006 and 2010 outbreaks had received the recommended two - dose vaccination in their early childhood, meaning that the virus was spreading even among the vaccinated population. \" the question is : with this new genotype virus emerging in the vaccinated population, what do you do about it? \" he said. some have suggested administering a third jeryl lynn vaccine to boost immunity later in life, but it is unclear if that approach would be successful. he suggests that modern scientific techniques have made the creation of some vaccines", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5298341397531856, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T11:31:45.259812"} {"text": "you do about it? \" he said. some have suggested administering a third jeryl lynn vaccine to boost immunity later in life, but it is unclear if that approach would be successful. he suggests that modern scientific techniques have made the creation of some vaccines much easier, so producing a new mumps vaccine may be the most effective method of controlling the emerging threat. \" in the past few years, we have taken advantage of genetic engineering, and my lab is particularly good at engineering viruses, \" he said. \" we can take a virus, look at its genetic sequence, take bits and pieces away and generate a new virus with less virulence that will work as a vaccine. \" before the advent of genetic engineering, the process of creating a vaccine could be intensely laborious, as researchers would have to pass the virus through many generations of reproduction until they found a naturally occurring weakened virus. this process can take long periods of time, and there is little guarantee that the weakened virus will work as a vaccine. genetic engineering allows he ' s lab to produce an effective and safe vaccine much more quickly. vaccine safety became a topic of much discussion after british medical researcher andrew wakefield suggested that there was a link between the measles, mumps and rubella vaccine and autism. however, his claims were found to be fraudulent, and wakefield was barred from practicing medicine in the united kingdom. much of the fallout from the wakefield case remains, and some are still hesitant to have their children vaccinated, but he is insistent that administering vaccines to children is the safe and responsible thing to do. \" the no. 1 issue for us in making a pediatric vaccine is safety, \" he said. \" so far our testing suggests we are on the right track. \" once he and his laboratory have devised a safe, reliable method to create vaccines for genotype g, they can apply that knowledge to rapidly produce vaccines for the other 12 mumps genotypes currently circulating in populations throughout the world. health professionals were able to contain the outbreaks of 2006 and 2010, but he thinks that the large global population and ease with which people move from one location to another make humankind vulnerable to rapid disease spread. \" it ' s almost like a small fire ; if it stays small, we can put it out, \" he said. \" but if conditions are right, and the wind begins to blow, the fire can take over. \" research reported in this publication was supported by the national institutes of health under award number 1r01ai097368 -", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5055636384684248, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T11:31:45.260722"} {"text": "cool crop circles last year, quite a complex and elaborate 100ft diameter circle appeared overnight in a field of oil seed rape near silbury hill, wiltshire cool crop circles unseasonably warm and wet spring weather has seen many summer flowers appearing earlier than usual, and, surprisingly for so early in the year as things normally go, has sparked the crop circle creationists into early action. last year, quite a complex and elaborate 100ft diameter circle appeared overnight in a field of oil seed rape near silbury hill, wiltshire, causing a bit of a stir, a fabulous floral creation of six interlocking ' petal ' like crescent shapes, the very first proper design of the season, according to expert lucy pringle. from petersfield in hampshire, lucy is a founder member of the centre for crop circle studies, widely known as an international authority on crop circles, having carried out research over several years into both physiological and psychological effects on those visiting such installations. her research has revealed that there are measurable changes to hormone levels and brain activity in humans after coming into the vicinity of these creations, which have in past years included triangles, birds, complex 3 - d geometric shapes, as well as ahidden mathematical codes, such as that found in 2008 near wroughton, wiltshire, thought to represent the first ten digits of the pi number. a massive crop circle 200ft across appeared overnight close to the age - old topic of conversation amongst scholars, stonehenge, long thought of as a hot spot for this bizarre practice, being the tallest prehistoric man - made mound in europe, iand an obvious focal point. whilst there are indeed those who believe crop circles an entirely man - made phenomenon, others believe them caused by the magnetic field of the planet, while those out on the periphery think them the work of extra - terrestrial being trying to communicate. exactly how crop circles are created is still a mystery in many ways, and enthusiasts argue that not enough night hours exist in summer to allow humans to complete the complex creations. whatever the truth is, the rash of environmental art, of sorts, which gives farmers cause to feel frustration at the mindless destruction of good crop plants, is likely to always be a feature of the summer months. whether or not somebody ever manages to establish just how they are created remains to be seen, but i personally would not bet against the e. t. idea. the truth, as they say, is out there.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.511745263394006, "token_count": 495, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T11:31:45.264497"} {"text": "as part of the wrap - up for this course, we \u2019 re looking back at some of the first things we wrote in june ( introduction to webtools, setting the stage, and guiding principles for tech use in the classroom ). i don \u2019 t know that my thinking / philosophy on using technology has changed dramatically in the past two and a half months. i was on - board with tech use in the classroom with the goal of improved learning and connection, and i was excited to try out some new tools and learn from a new and diverse group of educators. i still am. i do have a clearer picture of some specific tools that i \u2019 d like to implement this year in my classes, and i am happy to have made many new connections in my continually - expanding pln. what has changed for me is a renewed focus on the idea that the best web tools allow us to do something completely new. i find myself coming back to three points from jeff utecht \u2019 s article \u201c evaluating technology use in the classroom \u201d : - does the technology allow students to learn from people they never would have been able to without it? - does the technology allow students to interact with information in a way that is meaningful and could not have happened otherwise? - does the technology allow students to create and share their knowledge with an audience they never would have had access to without technology? [ my emphasis ] i \u2019 ve been focused primarily on the second bullet point ( which isn \u2019 t horrible ). if that \u2019 s all we do with new technology, it still represents movement in the right direction. i \u2019 ve made some progress on the third point ( through student blogging ), but i don \u2019 t think i \u2019 ve tapped into the full potential there. my students were very excited to keep track of their blog \u2019 s page views counter, and they broadened their readership by putting their new biology blog posts up on facebook. ( which, come to think of it, is actually a pretty significant step. i wonder if they were sharing any of their history essays, spanish translations, or math problem sets on fb? ) but i want to try to find some ways to have them interact with people outside of our classroom, outside of our state and country, if possible. that \u2019 s a new goal of mine for the year. lastly, we should recognize that we \u2019 re going to ask our students to jump into this whole using tech in the classroom in new ways thing along with us. they \u2019 ll get their own crash courses in web", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5171060122637883, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T11:31:45.286631"} {"text": "first, the truth is that no one really knows why some products succeed and others don \u2019 t. as the purchasing of goods in the market done by multiple individuals whose decisions are often personal and multi - factorial, direct observation and dissection of behavior is nearly impossible. there are some theories, though ( largely from van den bulte, 2007 ). so that i don \u2019 t forget, and purely for my own benefit, here \u2019 s a breakdown : 1. people who buy early are different from those who buy late. for example, the people who sit in the cold waiting to buy the new iphone on the day it is released are vastly different from those who wait until the price drops 6 months later. it \u2019 s hard to tell who \u2019 s smarter. me, i like heat. ( see rogers, 2003. ) 2. there are market leaders that other people like to follow. people buy products because they want to imitate others, who might mostly be those who pick up on fads early, i. e. there are \u201c innovators \u201d and \u201c imitators. \u201d people who bought to iphone 1 ( what did that look like? ) early showed it to their friends, who bought one, too. ( see bass, 1969 ) 3. people buy products autonomously, because of influence from above, or because of peer influence. some people buy stuff caring little for anyone else. some people buy stuff because an authority said it was a good idea. some people buy stuff because their friends do. ( see riesman, 1950 and schor, 1998 ) 4. purchase decisions depend on social status. some people buy stuff because they want to emulate those higher on the social ladder than they are. similarly, those on top buy new stuff because they don \u2019 t want to fall behind or be unseated as a high profile consumer. some people tend to want to buy slightly more car than they can afford, so that they can feel more like those with more money than they have. the stratified nature of society, thus, perpetuates a system of striving to consume more beyond one \u2019 s means. this desire is, of course, endless. ( see simmel 1971 and burt 1987 ) 5. marketing is a two step process. ads are only effective at influencing behavior of leaders, who, in turn influence their followers. i call this the \u201c economist effect. \u201d only a few sad people ( such as myself ) read the british magazine, the economist. when", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5016295212308045, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T11:31:45.298060"} {"text": "ai and society 9 ( 1 ) : 29 - 42 ( 1995 ) | abstract | | this paper first illustrates what kind of ethical issues arise from the new information, communication and automation technology. it then argues that we may embrace the popular idea that technology is ethically neutral or even ambivalent without having to close our eyes to those issues and in fact, that the ethical neutrality of technology makes them all the more urgent. finally, it suggests that the widely ignored fact of normal responsible behaviour offers a new and fruitful starting point for any future thinking about such issues | | keywords | | no keywords specified ( fix it ) | | through your library | | configure | similar books and articles thomas w. cooper ( 1998 ). new technology effects inventory : forty leading ethical issues. journal of mass media ethics 13 ( 2 ) : 71 \u2013 92. william p. cordeiro ( 1997 ). suggested management responses to ethical issues raised by technological change. journal of business ethics 16 ( 12 - 13 ) : 1393 - 1400. robin s. dillon ( 2010 ). respect for persons, identity, and information technology. ethics and information technology 12 ( 1 ). patrick feng ( 2000 ). rethinking technology, revitalizing ethics : overcoming barriers to ethical design. science and engineering ethics 6 ( 2 ) : 207 - 220. walter maner ( 1996 ). unique ethical problems in information technology. science and engineering ethics 2 ( 2 ). david wright ( 2011 ). a framework for the ethical impact assessment of information technology. ethics and information technology 13 ( 3 ) : 199 - 226. richard de george ( 2006 ). information technology, globalization and ethics. ethics and information technology 8 ( 1 ). bernd stahl, richard heersmink, philippe goujon, catherine flick, jeroen van den hoven, kutoma wakunuma, veikko ikonen & michael rader ( 2010 ). issues, concepts and methods relating to the identification of the ethics of emerging icts. communications of the iima 10 ( 1 ) : 33 - 43. michael d. myers & leigh miller ( 1996 ). ethical dilemmas in the use of information technology : an aristotelian perspective. ethics and behavior 6 ( 2 ) : 153 \u2013 160. chris gastmans ( ed. ) ( 2002 ). between technology and humanity : the impact of technology on health care ethics. leuven university press. nabila boukef charki ( forthcoming )", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5226376004320203, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T11:31:45.301903"} {"text": "( 2 ) : 153 \u2013 160. chris gastmans ( ed. ) ( 2002 ). between technology and humanity : the impact of technology on health care ethics. leuven university press. nabila boukef charki ( forthcoming ). toward an ethical understanding of the controversial technology of online reverse auctions. journal of business ethics. bernd carsten stahl, richard heersmink, philippe goujon, catherine flick, jeroen van den hoven, kutoma wakunuma, veikko ikonen & michael rader ( 2010 ). identifying the ethics of emerging information and communication technologies : an essay on issues, concepts and method. international journal of technoethics 1 ( 4 ) : 20 - 38. iordanis kavathatzopoulos ( 2003 ). the use of information and communication technology in the training for ethical competence in business. journal of business ethics 48 ( 1 ) : 43 - 51. mike cooley ( 1995 ). the myth of the moral neutrality of technology. ai and society 9 ( 1 ) : 10 - 17. matteo turilli, antonino vaccaro & mariarosaria taddeo ( 2012 ). internet neutrality : ethical issues in the internet environment. philosophy and technology 25 ( 2 ) : 133 - 151. sorry, there are not enough data points to plot this chart. added to index2010 - 08 - 30 total downloads1 ( # 277, 212 of 556, 837 ) recent downloads ( 6 months ) 0 how can i increase my downloads?", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.51755223971921, "token_count": 318, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T11:31:45.302468"} {"text": "after higgs boson, scientists prepare for next quantum leapfebruary 13th, 2013 in physics / general physics a graphic distributed on july 4, 2012 by cern in geneva shows a representation of traces of a proton - proton collision measured in the search for the higgs boson. seven months after its scientists made a landmark discovery that may explain the mysteries of mass, europe ' s top physics lab will take a break from smashing invisible particles to recharge for the next leap into the unknown. seven months after its scientists made a landmark discovery that may explain the mysteries of mass, europe ' s top physics lab will take a break from smashing invisible particles to recharge for the next leap into the unknown. from thursday, the cutting - edge facilities at the european organisation for nuclear research ( cern ) will begin winding down, then go offline on saturday for an 18 - month upgrade. a vast underground lab straddling the border between france and switzerland, cern ' s large hadron collider ( lhc ) was the scene of an extraordinary discovery announced in july 2012. its scientists said they were 99. 9 percent certain they had found the elusive higgs boson, an invisible particle without which, theorists say, humans and all the other joined - up atoms in the universe would not exist. the upgrade will boost the lhc ' s energy capacity, essential for cern to confirm definitively that its boson is the higgs, and allow it to probe new dimensions such as supersymmetry and dark matter. \" the aim is to open the discovery domain, \" said frederick bordry, head of cern ' s technology department. \" we have what we think is the higgs, and now we have all the theories about supersymmetry and so on. we need to increase the energy to look at more physics. it ' s about going into terra incognita ( unknown territory ), \" he told afp. theorised back in 1964, the boson also known as the god particle carries the name of a british physicist, peter higgs. he calculated that a field of bosons could explain a nagging anomaly : why do some particles have mass while others, such as light, have none? that question was a gaping hole in the standard model of particle physics, a conceptual framework for understanding the nuts - and - bolts of the cosmos. one idea is that the higgs was born when the new universe cooled after the big bang some 14 billion years ago. it", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5926235131393313, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T11:31:45.311106"} {"text": "gaping hole in the standard model of particle physics, a conceptual framework for understanding the nuts - and - bolts of the cosmos. one idea is that the higgs was born when the new universe cooled after the big bang some 14 billion years ago. it is believed to act like a fork dipped in honey and held up in dusty air. most of the dust particles interact with the honey, acquiring some of its mass to varying degrees, but a few slip through and do not acquire any. with mass comes gravity \u2014 and its pulling power brings particles together. supersymmetry, meanwhile, is the notion that there are novel particles which are the opposite number of each of the known particle actors in the standard model. this may, in turn, explain the existence of dark matter \u2014 a hypothetical construct that can only be perceived indirectly via its gravitational pull, yet is thought to make up around 25 percent of the universe. at a cost of 6. 03 billion swiss francs ( 4. 9 billion euros, $ 6. 56 billion dollars ), the lhc was constructed in a 26. 6 - kilometre ( 16. 5 - mile ) circular tunnel originally occupied by its predecessor, the large electron positron ( lep ). that had run in cycles of about seven months followed by a five - month shutdown, but the lhc, opened in 2008, has been pushed well beyond. \" we ' ve had full operations for three years, 2010, 2011 and 2012, \" said bordry. \" initially we thought we ' d have the long shutdown in 2012, but in 2011, with some good results and with the perspective of discovering the boson, we pushed the long shutdown back by a year. but we said that in 2013 we must do it. \" unlike the lep, which was used to accelerate electrons or positrons, the lhc crashes together protons, which are part of the hadron family. \" the game is about smashing the particles together to transform this energy into mass. with high energy, they are transformed into new particles and we observe these new particles and try to understand things, \" bordry explained. \" it ' s about recreating the first microsecond of the universe, the big bang. we are reproducing in a lab the conditions we had at the start of the big bang. \" over the past three years, cern has slammed protons together more than six million billion times. five billion collisions yielded results deemed worthy of further research and data from only", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.632713190475736, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T11:31:45.313862"} {"text": "in a lab the conditions we had at the start of the big bang. \" over the past three years, cern has slammed protons together more than six million billion times. five billion collisions yielded results deemed worthy of further research and data from only 400 threw up data that paved the road to the higgs boson. despite the shutdown, cern ' s researchers won ' t be taking a breather, as they must trawl through a vast mound of data. \" i think a year from now, we ' ll have more information on the data accumulated over the past three years, \" said bordry. \" maybe the conclusion will be that we need more data! \" last year, the lhc achieved a collision energy level of eight teraelectron volts, an energy measure used in particle physics \u2014 up from seven in 2011. after it comes back online in 2015, the goal is to take that level to 13 or even 14, with the lhc expected to run for three or four years before another shutdown. the net cost of the upgrade is expected to be up to 50 million swiss francs. cern ' s member states are european, but the prestigious organisation has global reach. india, japan, russia and the united states participate as observers. ( c ) 2013 afp \" after higgs boson, scientists prepare for next quantum leap. \" february 13th, 2013. http : / / phys. org / news / 2013 - 02 - higgs - boson - scientists - quantum. html", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5977607759444566, "token_count": 311, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T11:31:45.314899"} {"text": "the dialogue. according to him, the dialectical discussion on the one and the many ( ta alla ) reveals the first divine principles of all things. with the exception of the commentary on the cratylus, of which only a selection of notes from the original commentary is preserved, the exegetical works of proclus have a clear structure. they divide the platonic text in different lemmata or cited passages, discussing first the doctrine exposed in the particular section ( pragmata, later called theoria ), next commenting on the formulation of the argument ( called lexis ) [ see festugiere 1963 ]. whereas modern scholars usually accept a development in plato ' s thought and distinguish between an early, middle, and late plato, the neoplatonists take the platonic corpus as the expression of a divinely inspired and unitary philosophical doctrine. this enables them to connect different platonic dialogues into one system and to see numerous cross - references within the platonic oeuvre. what may seem to be contradictions between statements made in different dialogues, can be explained by different pedagogical contexts, some dialogues being rather maieutic than expository, some elenctic of the sophistic pseudo - science, some offering a dialectical training to young students. a neoplatonic commentary offers much more than a faithful interpretation of an authoritative text of plato. plato ' s text gives the commentator an opportunity to develop his own views on the most fundamental philosophical questions, the first principles, the idea of the good, the doctrine of the forms, the soul and its faculties, nature, etc. as was said, the two culminating dialogues, the timaeus and the parmenides, offer together a comprehensive view of the whole of platonic philosophy. since the whole philosophy is divided into the study of intelligibles and the study of things within the cosmos \u2013 and quite rightly so, as the cosmos too is twofold, the intelligible and the sensible, as timaeus himself will say in what follows ( timaeus 30c ) \u2013 the parmenides comprehends the study ( pragmateia ) of the intelligibles and the timaeus the study of things within the cosmos. for the former teaches us all the divine orders and the latter all processions of things within the cosmos. ( in tim. i 12. 30 \u2013 13. 7 ) the interpretation of the parmenides thus prepares the way for the platonic theology, offering the systematic structure for a", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5194996280104929, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T11:31:45.448678"} {"text": "divine orders and the latter all processions of things within the cosmos. ( in tim. i 12. 30 \u2013 13. 7 ) the interpretation of the parmenides thus prepares the way for the platonic theology, offering the systematic structure for a scientific demonstration of the procession of all the orders of gods from the first principle. as proclus explains at theol. plat. i 2, p. 9. 8 \u2013 19, the platonic theology falls into three parts ( after a long methodological introduction ). the first part ( theol. plat. i 13 \u2013 29 ) is an investigation into the common notions ( koinai ennoiai ) of the gods as we find them in plato ' s dialogues : it is a treatise on the divine names and attributes. the second part ( theol. plat. ii \u2013 vi ), which is incomplete, unfolds in a systematic way the procession of the divine hierarchies, from the one, that is the first god, to the \u2018 higher kinds, \u2019 i. e., angels, daimones, and heroes, while the third part, which is altogether missing, was supposed to deal with the individual hypercosmic and encosmic gods. before presenting his own views, proclus usually critically evaluates the opinions and interpretations of his predecessors. in this respect, his commentaries are a rich and indispensible source for the history of middle and neo - platonism. thus, in his commentary on the timaeus proclus reports and criticizes the views of atticus, numenius, longinus, plotinus, porphyry, iamblichus, theodorus of asine and many others, ending usually in full agreement with the explanation of his master syrianus. besides, in explaining plato ' s text, proclus frequently seeks confirmation of his exegesis in the chaldaean oracles or the orphic tradition. as syrianus ( see helmig 2009 ), proclus is often very critical of aristotle and refutes his criticism of plato ' s views. he is certainly not an advocate of the \u201c harmony of plato and aristotle, \u201d which became the leading principle of the alexandrian commentaries ( of ammonius and simplicius ). proclus notes significant differences between the two philosophers in epistemology ( theory of abstraction vs. learning as recollection ), metaphysics ( first principle, theory of forms, theory of universals ), physics", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5123439977508295, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T11:31:45.449885"} {"text": "simplicius ). proclus notes significant differences between the two philosophers in epistemology ( theory of abstraction vs. learning as recollection ), metaphysics ( first principle, theory of forms, theory of universals ), physics ( plato ' s timaeus vs. aristotle ' s physics ), political philosophy ( aristotle ' s criticism of plato ' s republic ), and language ( cratylus vs. de interpretatione ). according to proclus, plato is not only far superior to aristotle in his theology ( as only plato ascended beyond the intellect to posit the one as the ineffable principle of all things ), but in all other philosophical disciplines, where we owe to him all important discoveries. whereas the peripatetics were accustomed to defend the superiority of aristotle over plato with reference to his impressive physical project, proclus considers the latter as inferior to the great achievement of plato in the timaeus ( see steel 2003 ). aristotle ' s natural philosophy is the work of a zealous admirer, a disciple who tried to be better than the master : it seems to me that the excellent aristotle emulated the teaching of plato as far as possible when he structured the whole investigation about nature. ( in tim. i 6. 21 \u2013 24 ) following plato, aristotle explains in his physics the general principles of natural things : form, matter, nature, the essence and principles of movement, time and place ; again taking inspiration from the timaeus, he studies in other works the specific principles of the distinct regions of the physical world, thus in the de caelo the celestial and the sublunary realm, and in on generation and corruption and in meteorologica the sublunary realm. in this domain, it cannot be denied, aristotle did much more than his master. according to proclus, however, he developed the subject \u2018 beyond what is needed \u2019. the same remark must be made about aristotle ' s extensive zoological research. whereas plato limited himself in the timaeus to an analysis of the fundamental principles of all living organisms, aristotle gave most of his attention to the material components of animals and scarcely, and only in few cases, did he consider the organism from the perspective of the form. plato, on the contrary, when explaining the physical world, never got lost in a detailed examination. when trying to determine proclus ' profile as a philosopher, one has to keep in mind that platonists were not keen on introducing new elements into the plato", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5260021512126665, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 8, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T11:31:45.450916"} {"text": "the contrary, when explaining the physical world, never got lost in a detailed examination. when trying to determine proclus ' profile as a philosopher, one has to keep in mind that platonists were not keen on introducing new elements into the platonic doctrine. they despised innovation ( kainotomia ). yet it cannot be denied that neoplatonic philosophy differs considerably from what we read in plato ' s dialogues. there is also overwhelming evidence for continual discussions in the school on the right interpretation of plato or on certain doctrinal points ( such as the transcendence of the one, or the question whether the soul wholly descended from the intelligible world ). in order to evaluate proclus ' originality, one ought to compare his views with those of the neoplatonists before him, such as plotinus, porphyry, iamblichus, and syrianus. only with regard to plotinus is this possible to a great extent, because we still have the full corpus of plotinus ' writings. proclus certainly admired the first \u2018 founder \u2019 of the new platonism and even devoted a commentary to the enneads, of which, alas, we have only some fragments. he shared plotinus ' views on the three principal hypostases the one, the intellect and the soul, and often uses language inspired by his reading of plotinus, as in his description of the union of the soul with the ineffable one. yet on many points, he is very critical of plotinus, pointing to contradictions, rejecting provocative views such as the thesis that one is cause of itself ( causa sui ), the doctrine of the undescended soul, or the identification of evil with matter. another radical difference from plotinus ( and porphyry ) is the importance attributed to theurgy for the salvation of the soul and the authority of chaldaean oracles. as said before, it is very difficult to mark off proclus ' originality with regard to his teacher syrianus, the only predecessor he never criticizes. of the literary production of the latter, we have only his commentary on aristotle ' s metaphysics. it is possible that most of syrianus ' courses on plato never were published, but were continued and further worked out by proclus himself. we have, however, the commentary on the phaedrus by hermeias, who was sitting together with proclus, in syrianus ' course. one gets the impression that", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.5595047186907769, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 9, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T11:31:45.451914"} {"text": "were continued and further worked out by proclus himself. we have, however, the commentary on the phaedrus by hermeias, who was sitting together with proclus, in syrianus ' course. one gets the impression that syrianus was very interested in orphic theogony, whereas for proclus the chaldaean oracles are more authoritative when developing a platonic theology. but here again, it is difficult to compare as we do not possess proclus ' own commentary. is proclus after all then not so original, but only an excellent teacher and wonderful systematizer of the new platonic doctrines which became dominant in the school since iamblichus on? we shall never know, and it is after all not so important when assessing the philosophical merits of his works. to praise proclus ' philosophical achievements, marinus devotes in life of proclus one chapter to the discussion of the doctrines we owe to him ( \u00a7 23 ). surprisingly, for all his admiration for the master, he can only enumerate a few innovative doctrines ; and they are of such a minor importance that we shall not even discuss them in this article. in late antiquity, aristotle ' s metaphysics was considered to be a theological work, because aristotle investigates in this treatise the first principles of all being. this discipline may be called theology, because the principles of beings and the first and most perfect causes of things are what is most of all divine. ( asclepius, in metaph. 4. 1 \u2013 3 ) indeed, there is precedent for this in aristotle himself, for in metaphysics vi, 1, 1026a15ff, he classifies \u201c first philosophy, \u201d or metaphysics, as theology. proclus himself often uses the term \u2018 theology \u2019 in this metaphysical sense for the study of the first ( \u2018 divine \u2019 ) principles of all things. his elements of theology can in fact be considered an introduction to his metaphysics. the work is a concatenated demonstration of 217 propositions, which may be divided into two halves : the first 112 propositions establish the one, unity without any multiplicity, as the ultimate cause of reality and lay down basic metaphysical concepts / structures such as causality, participation, the relation of wholes to parts, infinity, and eternity. the second half deals with the three kinds of true causes within reality recognized by proclus : gods ( which he calls henads or \u201c unities, \u201d see below ), intellects", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.504518139087184, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 10, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T11:31:45.453235"} {"text": "relation of wholes to parts, infinity, and eternity. the second half deals with the three kinds of true causes within reality recognized by proclus : gods ( which he calls henads or \u201c unities, \u201d see below ), intellects, and souls. this elaborate metaphysical framework makes it possible for proclus to develop a scientific theology, i. e., a demonstration of the procession and properties of the different classes of gods. in what follows we will only discuss some characteristic features of proclus ' metaphysics ( see further steel 2011 ). on the whole, proclus \u2019 doctrine of first principles is a further development of plotinus ' innovative interpretation of platonic philosophy. with plotinus, proclus recognizes three fundamental levels of reality called \u2018 hypostases \u2019 ( or self - subsistent entities ) : one, intellect, and soul. however, following a concern of his predecessor iamblichus for greater precision in the relationship and distinction between the one and intellect, proclus distinguishes between the intelligible being ( to noeton \u2014 what is the object of intellectual intuition ) and the intellective ( to noeron \u2014 what is intelligizing ), and introduces between both, as an intermediary level, the noeton - noeron ( what is being intelligized and intelligizing ). these three ontological levels thus correspond to the triad of being, life, and intellect, which already play an important role in plotinus ' and porphyry ' s speculations about the procession or \u2018 emanation \u2019 of the intelligible world from the one, without, however, being hypostasized. since zeller ( influenced by hegel ) the application of the triadic structure to reality has been seen as the characteristic feature of proclus ' system, but see dodds 19632, pp. xxii and 220, on possible sources of the doctrine. although the distinction of aspects of reality as distinct hupostases and the multiplication of triads might suggest a loss of plotinus \u2019 intuition of the unity of reality, it is important to stress that each part of the triad of being, life and intellect, mirrors within itself their triadic relationship. this redoubled triadic structure must be understood as expressing an intrinsic and essential relation between successive levels of being. the intimate relation between being, life, and intellect is the origin of the basic structure uniting all causes to their effects, namely the relation of immanence,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.6058476425840419, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 11, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T11:31:45.456437"} {"text": "ones that are participated in by something, are connected by means of \u201c the triad of triads \u201d ( elem. theol. \u00a7 23 ), the universal nature of the form can be safeguarded. proclus, however, also applies this principle to explain the most difficult problem facing neoplatonic metaphysics, namely, how to understand the procession of the manifold from the one. how can the one be wholly without multiplicity, when it must somehow be the cause of any and all multiplicity? the one remains in itself absolutely unparticipated ; the many different beings proceeding from it participate in a series of participated henads or unities ( gods ). according to some scholars it was iamblichus who introduced this innovative doctrine, others attribute it to proclus ' teacher syrianus. even if the doctrine does not originate as such from iamblichus himself, the existence of the divine henads somehow follows from his law of mean terms. this law states that \u201c every producing cause brings into existence things like to itself before the unlike. \u201c ( elem. theol. \u00a7 28 ). thus there are no leaps in the chain of being, but everything is linked together by similar terms. the henads fulfill this function, for as participated unities they bridge the gap between the transcendent one and everything that comes after it. the doctrine of the henads can thus be seen as a way of integrating the traditional gods of greek polytheistic religion into the neoplatonic metaphysics of the one. a. auxiliary and true causes. from middle platonism onwards, various attempts were made to integrate the aristotelian doctrine of causes within the platonic philosophy ( see steel 2003 ). in plato ' s work, it was argued, one can find the four types of causality that aristotle distinguishes, to wit formal, material, efficient, final, and, besides, the paradigmatic cause, which aristotle wrongly rejected. this system of causes ( with the addition of the instrumental cause as a sixth ) became standard in later neoplatonism. in his commentary on the timaeus, proclus observes that aristotle never rises to the proper level of causality. for the four causes, as aristotle understands them, can only be applied to the explanation of processes in the sublunary world. in the platonic view, however, the material and formal causes are only subservient or instrumental causes. those causes are in fact immanent in their effects and consti", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5626190345498423, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 13, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T11:31:45.458750"} {"text": "applied to the explanation of processes in the sublunary world. in the platonic view, however, the material and formal causes are only subservient or instrumental causes. those causes are in fact immanent in their effects and constitutive elements of the thing they produce. as proclus asserts in prop. 75 of the elements of theology, \u201c that which exists in the effect is not so much a cause as an auxiliary cause ( sunaition ) or an instrument of the producer. \u201d causes in the proper sense must act upon their effects from outside, while transcending them. for a proper understanding of what the true causes are of all things, proclus argues, one must follow plato, who lifts us up to the level of the transcendent forms and makes us discover the creative causality of the demiurge and the finality of the good as the ultimate explanation of all aspirations. although aristotle also discusses efficient and final causes, he falls short of a true understanding of creative causality because he abandons the hypothesis of the forms. without the transcendent forms, there can be no explanation of the being of things, only an explanation of their movement and change. given aristotle ' s narrow understanding of nature, it must come as no surprise, proclus notices, that he admits of cases of \u2018 spontaneous generation \u2019 in the sublunary realm, which again restricts the purport of efficient causality. moreover, because of his rejection of the demiurge ( and of the one ), aristotle is also forced to limit efficient causality to the sublunary realm. in fact, in his view there is no cause of existence of the celestial bodies or of the sensible world as a whole : they exist necessarily in all eternity. but, as proclus argues, such a position will force him to admit that the world has the capacity to constitute itself, which is absurd ( see below ). the neoplatonic concept of causality is therefore quite different from that of the peripatetics, even if both share the same terminology, such as final or efficient cause. aristotle ' s causes are primarily intended to explain how things move and change, come to be and cease to be, but also offer to explain what given things are. for the neoplatonists, generalizing a principle formulated in the philebus \u2014 \u201c that everything that comes to be comes to be through a cause \u201d ( 26e, cf. tim. 28a ) \u2014 causality", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5728098698832098, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 14, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T11:31:45.459861"} {"text": "given things are. for the neoplatonists, generalizing a principle formulated in the philebus \u2014 \u201c that everything that comes to be comes to be through a cause \u201d ( 26e, cf. tim. 28a ) \u2014 causality is of much wider application than the explanation of change and motion, it is not only about what things are, but about what constitutes ( hupostatikos ) their being, and it can be, analogously, used to explain relations between all levels of being. thus we can say of the one that it is the cause of intellect, and of intellect that it is cause of soul. in the timaeus, however, the main interest is to understand what is the cause of the sensible world and all the cosmic beings : this is primarily the demiurge or creator of the world ( the one is not the \u2018 creator \u2019 of intellect ). b. corporeal and incorporeal causes. according to the stoics only bodies and powers or qualities of bodies are capable of acting and being acted upon ( see steel 2002 ). the platonists often criticized the stoic view and pointed to what they thought were the many contradictions involved, in particular, in the materialistic explanation of psychic activities or dispositions such as virtues. they defended the opposite view : all forms of causality must ultimately be explained as emanating from incorporeal entities. proclus adopts plotinus ' view ( iv, 7 8a ), that only incorporeal beings can be causes in the strict sense, and includes it among the basic theorems of his metaphysics. see elem. theol. \u00a7 80 ( cf. theol. plat. i 14, p. 61. 23 \u2013 62. 1 ) : every body has by its own nature the capacity to be acted upon, every incorporeal thing the capacity to act, the former being in itself inactive, the latter impassive ; but through association with the body, the incorporeal too is acted upon, just as bodies too can act because of the participation in incorporeal entities. in this proposition proclus first sets apart the corporeal and incorporeal as being active / impassible and passive / inactive respectively. however, the two realms are not absolutely separate from each other. the soul, which is an incorporeal substance, enters into association with the body and thus becomes itself, though only accidentally, subject to different passions", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.5670464124800073, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 15, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T11:31:45.461061"} {"text": "and passive / inactive respectively. however, the two realms are not absolutely separate from each other. the soul, which is an incorporeal substance, enters into association with the body and thus becomes itself, though only accidentally, subject to different passions. the body, on the contrary, may gain great profit from the association with the incorporeal. this is evident in the case of animated bodies, which owe all their vital activities to the presence of the soul in them. but also inanimate natural bodies acquire all capacities and powers from nature and its inherent logoi or organizing rational principles ( see steel 2002 ). c. the relation of cause to its effect. the relation between a cause and its effect is characterized by both similarity and dissimilarity. for every cause produces something that is similar to it, and every effect thus resembles its cause, though in a secondary and less perfect way. but in so far as the effect is really distinguished from its cause, it acquires its own characteristic form of being, which was not yet developed on the level of its cause. for this reason each thing can be said to exist in three manners ( elem. theol. \u00a7 65 ). first, it is in itself as expressing formally its own character ( kath \u2019 hyparxin ). second, it exists in a causal manner ( kat \u2019 aitian ) being anticipated in its cause. finally, it exists as being participated ( kata methexin ) by the next level of being, which is its effect. thus life is a property of a living organism as being participated by it. life characterizes the soul formally. life also exists qua form in the divine mind. finally, proclus stresses that the higher a cause, the more comprehensive it is, and the further its effects reach ( elem. theol. \u00a7 57 ). all things, including matter, which has in itself, apart from the forms existing in it, no \u2018 being \u2019, participate in the one ; all beings participate in being ; all plants and animals participate in life ; all rational souls participate in intellect. proclus ' epistemology is firmly rooted in his theory of the soul. for proclus, souls as self - moving principles represent the lowest level of entities that are capable of reverting upon itself ( so called self - constituted beings [ authypostata ], see elem. theol. \u00a7 40 \u2013 51 ). they are incorporeal, separable from bodies and ind", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5567210296438097, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 16, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T11:31:45.462340"} {"text": "entities that are capable of reverting upon itself ( so called self - constituted beings [ authypostata ], see elem. theol. \u00a7 40 \u2013 51 ). they are incorporeal, separable from bodies and indestructible / immortal ( elem. theol. \u00a7 186 \u2013 7 ). yet, they are principles of life and of movement of bodies ( elem. theol. \u00a7 188 ). in accordance with proclus ' general metaphysical principles ( cf. above 3. 1 ), from the unparticipated soul - monad proceed different kinds of participated soul : divine souls, daemonic souls, human souls, souls of animals ). as with other platonists, proclus frequently discusses the vexed question as to why a soul would descend into a body at all ( \u2018 fall of the soul \u2019 ) ( see dorrie / baltes ( 2002. 2 ) 163 \u2013 218 ). moreover, the neoplatonist distinguishes between altogether three so - called vehicles ( ochemata ) of the soul. the rational soul is permanently housed in the luminous vehicle, while the non - rational soul is located in the pneumatic vehicle. by being incarnated in a human body, soul, or rather, the vegetative soul attains thus a ( third ) \u2018 shell - like \u2019 vehicle. the theory of the different vehicles or the psychic \u2018 astral body, \u2019 familiar nowadays from modern theosophic theories, fulfils several crucial functions in neoplatonic psychology : it explains ( a ) how an incorporeal soul can be linked to a body, ( b ) how souls can move in space, ( c ) how souls can be punished after death ( cf. plato ' s myths ), ( d ) where certain faculties of the soul such as imagination are located. proclus distinguishes between two kinds of vehicles, one mortal and the other immortal ( in tim. iii 236. 31 ff. and elem. theol. \u00a7 207 \u2013 210 ). proclus also adheres to the platonic theory of transmigration, but argues that human souls never enter animal bodies as their constitutive forms. for only animal souls can be organizing principles of animal bodies. if some rational souls are \u2018 degraded \u2019 in the next life and forced to live in an animal body because of their misdemeanour in this life, they are only \u2018 relationally \u2019 ( schesei ) present to this", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.5607997919448289, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 17, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T11:31:45.463473"} {"text": "animal bodies. if some rational souls are \u2018 degraded \u2019 in the next life and forced to live in an animal body because of their misdemeanour in this life, they are only \u2018 relationally \u2019 ( schesei ) present to this animal body. proclus distinguishes between the following faculties of soul : sense perception, imagination ( phantasia ), opinion, discursive thought, and intellection. while sense perception and imagination belong to the non - rational soul, opinion forms the lowest level of rationality. the aim of epistemological ascent is to free oneself eventually from the lower psychic faculties, including the lower rational ones, in order to enjoy a state of pure contemplation. as with many other platonists, proclus ' epistemology is based on a theory of innate knowledge ( in accordance with the platonic dictum that \u2018 all learning is recollection [ anamnesis ] \u2019 ). proclus refers to the innate contents of the soul as its reason - principles ( logoi ) or forms ( eide ). these innate reason - principles constitute the essence of soul. that is why they are called \u2018 essential reason - principles \u2019 ( logoi ousiodeis ) ( steel 1997 ). the traditional translation reason - principles was chosen on purpose, because on an ontological level these same logoi serve as principles of all things. they are extended or unfolded images of the forms that exist in intellect ; and by means of them the world - soul with the assistance of nature brings forth everything. in other words, the psychic logoi are instantiations of platonic forms on the level of soul as are the logoi in nature and the forms immanent in matter. according to the fundamental neoplatonic axiom panta en pasin ( \u2018 all things are in all things \u2019 ), forms exist on all levels of reality. but the logoi in soul also offer the principles of all knowledge and are the starting points of demonstration. at in parm. iv 894. 3 \u2013 18 ( ed. steel ) proclus argues that only with reference to these notions within the soul predication is possible ( see helmig 2008 ), since they are universal in the true sense of the word. on the other hand, both transcendent platonic forms and forms in matter are not taken to be universals proper by proclus. the former are rather intelligible particulars, as it were, and cannot be defined ( steel", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.5730752856236394, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 18, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T11:31:45.467832"} {"text": ". on the other hand, both transcendent platonic forms and forms in matter are not taken to be universals proper by proclus. the former are rather intelligible particulars, as it were, and cannot be defined ( steel 2004 ), while the latter are strictly speaking instantiated or individualised universals that are not shared by many particulars ( see helmig 2008, cf. above 3. 1 \u2013 2 ). for this reason, it does not make much sense to talk about \u2018 the problem of universals \u2019 in proclus. it is another crucial assumption of proclus ' epistemology that all souls share the same logoi ( elem. theol. \u00a7 194 \u2013 195 ). in terms of concept - formation this entails that psychic concepts, once they are grasped correctly, are universal, objective, and shareable ( see helmig 2011 ). moreover, if all souls share the same logoi, and these logoi are the principles of reality ( see above ), then by grasping the logoi souls come to know the true principles or causes of reality. already aristotle had written that to know something signifies to know its cause ( met. a 3, 983a25 \u2013 26 and an. post. i 2, 71b9 \u2013 12 ). in his commentary on plato ' s timaeus, proclus introduces an interesting distinction. taking his start from the problem of how we can recognise certain objects, he considers the example of an apple. the different senses tell us that there is something sweet, red, even, with a nice smell. and while common sense ( koine aisthesis ) can distinguish the different impressions of the special senses, only opinion ( doxa ) is capable of saying that the object there on the table is an apple. doxa is able to do this, because it has access to the innate logoi of the soul. however, as proclus explains ( in tim. i 248. 11 ff. ), opinion only knows the \u2018 that \u2019 ( hoti ), that is, it can recognize objects. discursive thought ( dianoia ), on the other hand, also knows the \u2018 why \u2019 ( dihoti ), that is, the causes of something. this distinction can also be rephrased in terms of concepts, implying a distinction between factual concepts that allow us to identify or recognise certain objects, and concepts that fulfil an explanatory role. on the whole, procl", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5777296626012467, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 19, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T11:31:45.469461"} {"text": "something. this distinction can also be rephrased in terms of concepts, implying a distinction between factual concepts that allow us to identify or recognise certain objects, and concepts that fulfil an explanatory role. on the whole, proclus ' reading and systematisation of plato ' s doctrine of learning as recollection makes platonic recollection not only concerned with higher learning, since already on the level of object recognition we employ concepts that originate from the innate logoi of the soul ( helmig 2011 ). proclus argues at length that the human soul has to contain innate knowledge. therefore, one should not consider it an empty writing tablet, as aristotle does ( aristotle, de anima iii 4 ). he is wrong in asserting that the soul contains all things potentially. according to proclus, the soul contains all things ( i. e., all logoi ) in actuality, though due to the \u2018 shock of birth \u2019 it may seem as if the soul has fallen to potentiality. at in crat. \u00a7 61, proclus asserts that the soul does not resemble an empty writing tablet ( agraphon grammateion ) and does not possess all things in potentiality, but in act. in eucl. 16. 8 \u2013 13 expresses the same idea : \u201c the soul is not a writing tablet void of logoi, but it is always written upon and always writing itself and being written on by the intellect. \u201d as with his philosophy of mathematics, proclus presents a detailed criticism of the view that universal concepts are derived from sensible objects ( by abstraction, induction, or collection ). in the fourth book of his commentary on plato ' s parmenides and in the two prologues of the commentary on euclid we find the most comprehensive criticism of abstractionism in antiquity ( see helmig 2010 and 2011 ). proclus devoted three entire books or \u2018 monographs \u2019 ( monobiblia ) to problems of providence, fate, free choice, and evil. the first treatise ( ten problems concerning providence ) examines ten different problems on providence that were commonly discussed in the platonic school. for proclus providence ( pronoia ) is the beneficent activity of the first principle ( the \u2018 source of goods \u2019 ) and the gods ( henads ), who have their existence before intellect ( pro - nou ). one of the problems discussed is the question of how divine foreknowledge and human free choice can be reconciled. for if god", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.6199892739919464, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 20, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T11:31:45.471224"} {"text": "\u2019 ) and the gods ( henads ), who have their existence before intellect ( pro - nou ). one of the problems discussed is the question of how divine foreknowledge and human free choice can be reconciled. for if god knows not only past and present, but also future events, the outcome of future events is already pre - determined ( as god has a determinate knowledge of all things ), and hence there is no free choice for humans. proclus ' answer, which ultimately goes back to iamblichus, consists in applying the principle that the mode of knowledge is not conditioned by the object known but by the knower. in the case of gods, this entails that they know the contingent event in a non contingent manner, the mutable immutably. they have an undivided knowledge of things divided and a timeless knowledge of things temporal ( elem. theol. \u00a7 124, cf. de decem dub. \u00a7 6 \u2013 8 ). proclus ' answer was later taken up by ammonius in his commentary on the de interpretatione ix and in boethius ' consolation of philosophy v 6 as well as in his commentary on the de interpretatione ix. the second treatise ( on providence fate and what depends on us ) replies to a letter of theodore, a former friend of proclus. in this letter theodore, an engineer, had defended with several arguments a radical determinism, thus entirely excluding free choice. before refuting theodore ' s arguments, proclus introduces some fundamental distinctions in order to solve the problems raised by his old friend. the first distinction is between providence and fate : providence is essentially a god, whereas fate is something divine, but not a god. this is because it depends upon providence and is as it were an image of it. ( de prov. \u00a7 14 ) the second distinction is that between two types of soul : the rational soul is separable from the body, the irrational resides in the body is inseparable from its substrate ; \u201c the latter depends in its being upon fate, the former upon providence \u201d ( de prov. \u00a7 15 ff. ). the third distinction concerns knowledge and truth : one type of knowledge exists in souls that are bound to the process of generation ; [ \u2026 ] another type is present in souls that have escaped from this place. ( de prov. \u00a7 3. 1 \u2013 4. 3 ) these three distinctions taken together make it possible for proclus to ultimately reconcile providence, fate", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.519245375639221, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 21, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T11:31:45.472742"} {"text": "generation ; [ \u2026 ] another type is present in souls that have escaped from this place. ( de prov. \u00a7 3. 1 \u2013 4. 3 ) these three distinctions taken together make it possible for proclus to ultimately reconcile providence, fate, and free choice. in so far as we are rational agents and let ourselves being determined in our choices only by intelligible principles, we may transcend the determinism of fate to which we belong as corporeal beings. yet, our actions are integrated into the providential order, as we willingly obey the divine principles. the third treatise ( on the existence of evils ) asks why and how evil can exist if the world is governed by divine providence. proclus argues that evil does not have an existence of its own, but only a derivative or parasitic existence ( par - hypostasis, sc. on the good ) ( de mal. \u00a7 50 ). in order to exist in a proper sense, an effect must result from a cause which proceeds according to its nature towards a goal that is intended. [ \u2026 ] whenever an effect is produced that was not intended or is not related by nature or per se to the agent, it is said to exist besides ( para ) the intended effect, parasitically upon it, as it were. ( opsomer - steel 2003, 25 ) this is precisely the case with evils, which are shortcomings and mistakes. as a failure is never intended qua failure by an agent, but is an unfortunate by - effect of its action, so is evil qua evil never caused by a cause. therefore, proclus continues, it is better to call its mode of existence a parhupostasis, rather than a hupostasis, a term that belongs to those beings \u201c that proceed from causes towards a goal. \u201d parhupostasis or \u201c parasitic existence, \u201d on the contrary, is the mode of existence of \u201c beings that neither appear through causes in accordance with nature nor result in a definite end. \u201d evils are not the outcome of goal - directed processes, but happen per accidens, as incidental by - products which fall outside the intention of the agents. [ \u2026 ] therefore it is appropriate to call such generation a parasitic existence ( parhupostasis ), in that it is without end and unintended, uncaused in a way ( anaition pos ) and indefinite. ( de mal. \u00a7 50. 3 \u2013 9, 29 \u2013 31", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5041588069823228, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 22, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T11:31:45.473765"} {"text": "parasitic existence ( parhupostasis ), in that it is without end and unintended, uncaused in a way ( anaition pos ) and indefinite. ( de mal. \u00a7 50. 3 \u2013 9, 29 \u2013 31, transl. by opsomer - steel 2003 ) dionysius the areopagite adopted proclus ' views on evil in his work on the divine names. thanks to this adaptation proclus ' doctrine of evil had an enormous influence on the later medieval discussions on evil both in byzantium and in the latin west and dominated the philosophical debates on evil up to the 19th century. a theological physics although proclus composed a short ( presumably early ) treatise where he summarises aristotle ' s theory of movement ( elements of physics ), he does not understand physics primarily as the study of movement and change of natural phenomena, but rather seeks to connect these phenomena to their intelligible and divine causes ( physics as a kind of theology, in tim. i 217. 25 ). in the preface to his commentary on plato ' s timaeus proclus sets out to prove why plato ' s physics, as developed in the timaeus, is superior to natural science in the aristotelian sense ( see steel 2003 ). in proclus ' view plato ' s timaeus not only offers a physiologia, a science of nature in its many aspects, but also presents an explanation of the whole of nature by paying due attention to its incorporeal, divine causes : the natural world proceeds from the demiurge as the expression of an ideal paradigm and aims at the ultimate good. therefore, plato ' s physio - logy is also a sort of theo - logy : the purpose of timaeus will be to consider the universe, insofar as it is produced by the gods. in fact, one may consider the world from different perspectives : insofar as it is corporeal or insofar as it participates in souls, both particular and universal, or insofar as it is endowed with intellect. but timaeus will examine the nature of the universe not only along all those aspects, but in particular insofar as it proceeds from the demiurge. in that respect the physiology seems also to be a sort of theology, since also natural things have somehow a divine existence insofar as they are produced by the gods. ( in tim. i 217. 18 \u2013 27 )", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5717454086606557, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 23, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T11:31:45.475385"} {"text": "the demiurge. in that respect the physiology seems also to be a sort of theology, since also natural things have somehow a divine existence insofar as they are produced by the gods. ( in tim. i 217. 18 \u2013 27 ) before offering an explanation of the generation of the world, timaeus sets out the fundamental principles that will govern his whole explanation of the physical world ( tim. 27d5 \u2013 28b5 ). as proclus observes, it is the task of a scientist to formulate at the start of his project the principles proper to the science in question, and not just to assume some general axioms. the science of nature too is based on specific axioms and assumptions, which must be clarified before we can move to the demonstration. in order to make phusiologia a real science, the philosopher must deduce his explanation, as does the geometer, from a set of fundamental propositions or axioms. if i may say what i think, it seems to me that plato proceeds here in the manner of the geometers, assuming before the demonstrations the definitions and hypotheses through which he will make his demonstrations, thus laying the foundations of the whole science of nature. ( in tim. i. 217. 18 \u2013 27 ) starting from these fundamental propositions, proclus argues, plato deduces the different types of causality that are required for a truly scientific understanding of nature ( efficient, exemplary, and final cause ; see steel 2003 and above 3. 2 ). time and eternity proclus discusses eternity and time in his commentary on the timaeus and in propositions 53 \u2013 55 of the elements of theology ( see steel 2001 ). aristotle had defined time as a \u201c measure of movement according to the before and after. \u201d therefore, anything measured by time must have a form of existence or activity in which a past and a future state can be distinguished. in fact, an entity in time is never wholly and simultaneously what it is, but has an existence extended in a process of before and after. opposed to it stands the eternal, which exists as a simultaneous whole and admits of no composition or change. \u201c there is no part of it, \u201d writes proclus, \u201c which has already subsisted and another that will subsist later, but as yet is not. all that it is capable of being, already possesses it in entirety without losing it or without accumulating \u201d ( elem. theol. \u00a7 52", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.6055280588707499, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 24, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T11:31:45.476466"} {"text": "already subsisted and another that will subsist later, but as yet is not. all that it is capable of being, already possesses it in entirety without losing it or without accumulating \u201d ( elem. theol. \u00a7 52 ). one must distinguish the temporality of things in process from the time by which they are measured. temporal things participate in time, without being time. \u201c time exists prior to all things in time \u201d ( elem. theol. \u00a7 53 ). with iamblichus, proclus distinguishes absolute time, which is not participated in and exists \u2018 prior \u2019 to all temporal things, from participated time, or rather the many participated times. the same distinctions must also be made regarding eternity. for eternity precedes as cause and measures the multiple eternal beings that participate in it. \u201c every eternity is a measure of things eternal, every time of things in time ; and these two are the only measures of life and movement in things \u201d ( elem. theol. \u00a7 54 ). to conclude, there are two measures of the duration of things. first there is eternity, which measures at once the whole duration of a being. second, there is time, which measures piecemeal the extension of a being that continually passes from one state to another. eternity can be seen as the prefiguration of time ; time as the image of eternity. each of them governs a separate sphere of reality, eternity the intelligible being, time the temporal ( corporeal and psychic ) world of change. notwithstanding the sharp distinction between the temporal and the eternal realm, there are beings that share in both eternity and time. as proclus notes in the corollary to elem. theol. \u00a7 55, \u201c of the things which exist in time, some have a perpetual duration. \u201d thus the universe as a whole and the celestial spheres in it are both eternal and temporal. they are eternal because they never come to existence in time and never will cease to exist. but they are temporal because they possess their being only through a process of change in a sequence of moments. the same holds true for the psychic realm : all souls are immortal and indestructible ; nevertheless, they are continually undergoing change. therefore, as proclus says, \u201c \u2018 perpetuity \u2019 ( aidiotes ) is of two kinds, the one eternal ( aionion ), the other in time ; [ \u2026 ] the one having its being concentrated in a simultaneous whole", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5320788615063436, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 25, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T11:31:45.477872"} {"text": ", as proclus says, \u201c \u2018 perpetuity \u2019 ( aidiotes ) is of two kinds, the one eternal ( aionion ), the other in time ; [ \u2026 ] the one having its being concentrated in a simultaneous whole, the other diffused and unfolded in temporal extension ( paratasis ) ; the one entire in itself, the other composed of parts, each of which exists separately in a sequence of prior and posterior. \u201d ( elem. theol. \u00a7 55, trans. dodds, modified ). the eternity of the world against aristotle ' s critique in de caelo i 10, proclus defends the view that the cosmos is \u201c both eternal and generated ( genetos ). \u201d as a corporeal being, the universe cannot produce itself and maintain itself in being. it depends for its existence upon a superior cause, and it is for that reason \u201c generated. \u201d this does not prevent it, however, from existing for ever, in an infinite time. as we just saw, proclus distinguishes between what is eternal in an absolute sense ( the intelligible realm ) and what is eternal because it continues to exist for the whole of time, what boethius later called \u201c aevum \u201d in distinction from \u201c aeternum. \u201d as proclus notices, at the end of the physics ( 8. 10, 266a27 \u2013 28 ), aristotle himself establishes that no body can possess from itself an unlimited power to exist. if the world exists eternally, it must have this power from an incorporeal principle. therefore, aristotle too is forced to admit that the world is somehow generated, though it continues to exist for eternity. for it always receives from its cause its infinite power and never possesses it at once as a whole, because it is limited. the world is eternal, because it has an infinite power of coming to be, not because it exists of infinite power ( in tim. i 252. 11 \u2013 254. 18 ). this disagreement between plato and aristotle is ultimately due to a different view about the first principles of all things. aristotle denies the existence of platonic forms and therefore cannot admit an efficient or creative cause of the universe in the true sense of the word. efficient causality only concerns the sublunary world. the celestial bodies and the world as a whole have no efficient cause of their being, but only a final cause. from this misunderstanding about the first principles follow all the other views that distinguish aristotle from plato. one gets", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5307834398652493, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 26, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T11:31:45.480383"} {"text": "concerns the sublunary world. the celestial bodies and the world as a whole have no efficient cause of their being, but only a final cause. from this misunderstanding about the first principles follow all the other views that distinguish aristotle from plato. one gets the impression, proclus says, that aristotle, because he could not grasp the first principle of all things - the one \u2013 has always to find an explanation of things on a lower level : whatever plato attributes to the one, aristotle attributes to the intellect : that it is without multiplicity, that it is object of desire, that it does not think of secondary things. whatever plato attributes to the demiurgic intellect, aristotle attributes to the heaven and the celestial gods. for, in his view, creation and providence come from them. whatever plato attributes to the substance of heavens [ sc. time ], aristotle attributes to their circular motion. in all these issues he departs from the theological principles and dwells upon the physical explanations beyond what is needed. ( in tim. i 295. 20 \u2013 27 ) the celestial bodies and the place of the universe related to the eternity of the world is the question of the nature of the celestial bodies. aristotle argues in de caelo i 2 that the celestial bodies, which move with a natural circular motion, must be made of a simple substance different from the four sublunary simple bodies ( whose natural movements are in a straight line : up or down ). this \u2018 fifth element, \u2019 which is by nature imperishable, is the ether. with this explanation aristotle seems to oppose the view plato defends in timaeus where it is said that the demiurge made the divine celestial bodies \u201c mostly out of fire \u201d ( 40a2 \u2013 4 ). proclus admits that the heaven is composed out of the four elements with a preponderance of fire, but he insists that the elements are not present in the celestial bodies in the same mode as they exist in the sublunary bodies. therefore aristotle is right when he considers the heavens to constitute a fifth nature besides the four elements. \u201c for in the heavens the elements are not the same as they are here, but are rather the summits of them \u201d ( in tim. ii 49. 27 \u2013 29 ). if one counts the whole heaven composed out of the best of the elements as one nature and adds to it the four sublunary elements, we may speak of five natures altogether. contrary to aristotle, proclus argues that the whole universe ( to", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5633980706746644, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 27, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T11:31:45.481610"} {"text": "one counts the whole heaven composed out of the best of the elements as one nature and adds to it the four sublunary elements, we may speak of five natures altogether. contrary to aristotle, proclus argues that the whole universe ( to pan ) is in a place ( topos ). he can do this because his conception of place differs in many respects from aristotle ' s own. the latter defined place as \u201c the unmoved limit of the surrounding body \u201d ( physics iv 4, 212a21 \u2013 22 ). from this it follows as a necessary corollary that the universe as a whole cannot be in a place, because there is simply nothing outside it. aristotle ' s definition, as we learn from simplicius ' and philoponus ' corollary on place, had been criticized by all later neoplatonists ( syrianus, proclus, damascius, simplicius, and philoponus ). it is notable that proclus ' own theory of place, as reported by simplicius, differs considerably from other neoplatonic theories in that he considered place an immaterial \u2018 body \u2019, namely a special kind of immobile light. as emerges from proclus ' commentary on plato ' s republic, his theory took inspiration from the column of light mentioned at republic x, 616b. since the heavenly bodies were considered divine, because they are eternal and living beings, the study of the heavens was of special importance to neoplatonists. in the preface to his treatise on astronomical hypotheses ( a summary and evaluation of astronomical views of his time ), proclus makes it clear that his approach is based on plato ' s remarks on astronomy ( especially in the republic and in the laws ). he feels the need to go through the different theories, because one can observe a great disagreement among ancient astronomers on how to explain the different phenomena ( hyp. i \u00a7 33 ). fundamental to proclus ' approach is the distinction between two kinds of astronomy ( hyp. i \u00a7 1 \u2013 3 ). the first kind contents itself with observing the heavenly phenomena and formulating mathematical hypotheses to explain them and make calculations and prognostics possible. this is the astronomy as practiced by the most famous astronomers before proclus ' time ( aristarchus, hipparchus, and ptolemy ). the second, which is developed by plato in the timaeus, and is confirmed by the tradition of the \u201c", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5681910500537324, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 28, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T11:31:45.482597"} {"text": "astronomy as practiced by the most famous astronomers before proclus ' time ( aristarchus, hipparchus, and ptolemy ). the second, which is developed by plato in the timaeus, and is confirmed by the tradition of the \u201c chaldaeans and egyptians, \u201d investigates into the intelligible causes of heavenly movements. an example for this approach can be found in his commentary on plato ' s republic ( in remp. ii 227. 23 \u2013 235. 3 ). there, proclus explains that the seemingly irregular movements of the planets ought not to be explained by means of ptolemy ' s complicated theory of excentric spheres and epicycles, but are rather due to the fact that the planets are moved by intelligent souls which express in the movements of their bodies \u201c the invisible powers of the forms \u201d ( 232. 1 \u2013 4 ). yet proclus appreciates ptolemy ' s astronomy as long as it is seen only as a mathematical - mechanical construction making it possible to calculate and predict the positions of planets, and as long as it does not claim to have any real explanatory value. for the history of astronomy proclus ' astronomical hypotheses remains a most valuable document, since it represents one of the best introductions to ptolemy ' s almagest extant from antiquity and since it explains the most important ancient astronomical theories, in order finally ( in chapter seven of the work ) to evaluate them critically. proclus ' arguments also played an important role in the scientific discussion of the ptolemaic hypotheses in the 16th and 17th century. proclus ' distinctively non - empirical approach towards physics and astronomy also influences his philosophy of mathematics, which is set out in the two prologues to his commentary on the first book of euclid ' s elements. the first prologue deals with the mathematical sciences in general, while the second prologue focuses on geometry proper. proclus argues in great detail that the objects of mathematical sciences cannot be derived from sensible particulars by means of abstraction. because of the imperfect and deficient character of the sensible objects one cannot derive from them objects that are as perfect and as precise as mathematical objects are. therefore, mathematical objects reside primarily in intellect and secondarily in souls ( as logoi ). as universal concepts ( cf. 3. 2 ) we can grasp mathematical objects by means of recollection ( anamnesis ). since geometrical objects are not universal, but particulars, and since by definition they possess extension,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5376597826603711, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 29, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T11:31:45.483635"} {"text": "). as universal concepts ( cf. 3. 2 ) we can grasp mathematical objects by means of recollection ( anamnesis ). since geometrical objects are not universal, but particulars, and since by definition they possess extension, proclus argues that their place is human imagination ( phantasia ). imagination acts as a mirror and provides the mathematical objects which are projected into it by the soul with intelligible matter. by means of the latter geometrical objects gain extension and particularity. as with physics and astronomy, the ultimate aim of geometry is not the study of these extended, material objects. rather, geometry serves an anagogical task ( just as in plato ' s republic ), leading the soul upwards to a study of the true and unextended causes of geometrical objects in the divine mind ( in eucl. 54. 14 \u2013 56. 22 ). relying on plato, theaetetus 176a - b late platonists saw the assimilation to god ( homoiosis theoi ) as the goal ( telos ) of philosophy. proclus was faithful to this ideal, as is attested by his biographer marinus ( life of proclus \u00a7 25 ). there was a fundamental discussion in late neoplatonism on how this assimilation to the divine was possible for humans. damascius ( in phaed. i \u00a7 172 westerink ) distinguishes two tendencies : plotinus and porphyry preferred philosophy, which makes us understand the divine principles of reality through rational explication, while others like iamblichus and his followers, syrianus, and proclus, gave priority to hieratic practice or theurgy ( theourgia, hieratike [ sc. techne ] ). their different evaluation of respectively theory and theurgy as means of salvation may be explained by their different views on the human soul and its possibilities of ascent to the divine realm. while plotinus and porphyry claimed that the superior part of the human soul always remains within the intelligible realm, in touch with the divine principles, and never completely descends into the body, iamblichus, followed by proclus, criticised such a view. the soul does indeed wholly descend into the body ( steel 1976, 34 \u2013 51 ). hence the importance of theurgic rites established by the gods themselves, to make it possible for the human soul to overcome the distance between the mortal and the divine, which cannot be done through increasing philosophical understanding. in", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5834428389859976, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 30, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T11:31:45.484543"} {"text": "1976, 34 \u2013 51 ). hence the importance of theurgic rites established by the gods themselves, to make it possible for the human soul to overcome the distance between the mortal and the divine, which cannot be done through increasing philosophical understanding. in theol. plat. i 25, proclus expresses his great admiration for the power of theurgy, which surpasses all human knowledge. allegedly, neoplatonic theurgy originated with julian the theurgist, who lived in the time of emperor marcus aurelius. at first sight, theurgy seems to share many characteristics with magic ( theory of cosmic sympathy, invocations, animation of statues of gods and demons ), but it is, as far as we can judge from the extant sources, clearly different from it. in his de mysteriis iamblichus developed a theology of the hieratic rituals from platonic principles, which clearly sets them apart from the vulgar magical practices. while magic assumes that the gods can be rendered subservient to the magicians, platonic philosophers consider this impossible. according to plato ' s principles of theology ( republic ii and laws x ), the gods are immutable, unchangeable, and cannot be bribed by means of sacrifices. proclus ' views on theurgy ( of which only some fragments belonging to his treatise on hieratic art [ i. e., theurgy ] survived ) are fully in line with these fundamental platonic axioms. but how, then, does theurgy work? the theurgists take up an old belief, shared also by many philosophers, namely the natural and cosmic \u2018 sympathy \u2019 ( sumpatheia ) pervading all reality. as with an organism, all parts of reality are somehow linked together as one. another way of expressing this idea is in the neoplatonic principle, going back at least to iamblichus, that everything is in everything ( panta en pasin ). according to proclus, all reality, including its most inferior level, matter, is directed upwards towards the origin from which it proceeds. to say it in the words of theodorus of asine, whom proclus quotes in his commentary on the timaeus ( i 213. 2 \u2013 3 ) : \u201c all things pray except the first. \u201d as stated before ( cf. 3. 3 ), the human soul contains the principles ( logoi ) of all reality within itself. the soul", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5198993718128141, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 31, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T11:31:45.485433"} {"text": "timaeus ( i 213. 2 \u2013 3 ) : \u201c all things pray except the first. \u201d as stated before ( cf. 3. 3 ), the human soul contains the principles ( logoi ) of all reality within itself. the soul carries, however, also sumbola or sunthemata which correspond to the divine principles of reality. the same symbols also establish the secret correspondences between sensible things ( stones, plants, and animals ) and celestial and divine realities. thanks to these symbols, things on different levels ( stones, plants, animals, souls ) are linked in a \u2018 chain \u2019 ( seira ) to the divine principle on which they depend, as the chain of the sun and the many solar beings, or the chain of the moon. of great importance in the rituals was also the evocation of the secret divine names. in his commentary on the cratylus, proclus compares divine names to statues of the gods used in theurgy ( in crat. \u00a7 46 ), pointing to the fact that also language is an important means in the ascent to the divine. proclus evokes the platonic background of his theurgical beliefs, namely his theory of love ( eros ) as expressed in the symposium and the phaedrus, in his treatise on hieratic art : just as lovers move on from the beauty perceived by the senses until they reach the sole cause of all beautiful and intelligible beings, so too, the theurgists ( hieratikoi ), starting with the sympathy connecting visible things both to one another and to the invisible powers, and having understood that all things are to be found in all things, established the hieratic science. ( trans. ronan, modified ) in the wake of an article of anne sheppard ( 1982 ), scholars usually distinguish between three kinds of theurgy in proclus. the first kind, as described in the above quoted treatise on hieratic art, was mainly concerned with animating statues ( in order to obtain oracles or to evoke divine apparitions ) or, in general, with activities related to physical phenomena or human affairs ( influencing the weather, healing illnesses etc. ) ( see life of proclus \u00a7 28 \u2013 29 ). as emerges from our sources, it is this kind of theurgy that involved much ritualistic practice, including hymns and prayers. the second kind of theurgy makes the soul capable of ascending up to the level of the hypercosmic gods and the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5563255309630599, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 32, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T11:31:45.486523"} {"text": "sur le parmenide de platon. tome 1, 1re partie : introduction generale, 2e partie : livre i, texte, ( series : collection des universites de france ), paris : les belles lettres ( on this edition see c. steel, mnemosyne 63 ( 2010 ), 120 \u2013 142 ). - morrow, g. r., and j. m. dillon, 1987, proclus ' commentary on plato ' s parmenides, princeton ( new jersey ) : princeton university press. 10. commentary on plato ' s republic ( in different essays ) - kroll, w., 1899 \u2013 1901, procli diadochi in platonis rem publicam commentarii, 2 vol., ( series : bibliotheca scriptorum graecorum et romanorum teubneriana ), leipzig : teubner [ reprint amsterdam : hakkert, 1965 ]. - festugiere, a. - j., 1970, proclus : commentaire sur la republique, 3 vol., ( series : bibliotheque des textes philosophiques ), paris : vrin. 11. elements of physics - ritzenfeld, a., 1912, procli diadochi lycii institutio physica, ( series : bibliotheca scriptorum graecorum et romanorum teubneriana ), leipzig : teubner. - boese, h., 1958, die mittelalterliche ubersetzung der stoicheiosis phusike des proclus, ( series : deutsche akademie der wissenschaften zu berlin, institut fur griechisch - romische altertumskunde, veroffentlichungen 6 ), berlin : akademie verlag. 12. commentary on euclid ' s elements, book i - friedlein, g., 1967, procli diadochi in primum euclidis elementorum librum commentarii, ( series : bibliotheca scriptorum graecorum et romanorum teubneriana ), leipzig : teubner [ reprint hildesheim : olms, 1967 ]. - morrow, g. r., 1970, a commentary on the first book of euclid ' s elements, princeton ( n. j. ) : princeton university press [ reprinted 1992", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5145532485849098, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 39, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T11:31:45.493286"} {"text": "reprint hildesheim : olms, 1967 ]. - morrow, g. r., 1970, a commentary on the first book of euclid ' s elements, princeton ( n. j. ) : princeton university press [ reprinted 1992, with a new foreword by i. mueller ]. - new edition prepared by c. steel, g. van riel and l. van campe, first volume forthcoming, paris, vrin. 13. exposition of astronomical hypotheses - manitius, c., 1909, procli diadochi hypotyposis astronomicarum positionum, ( series : bibliotheca scriptorum graecorum et romanorum teubneriana ), leipzig : teubner ; reprint stuttgart : teubner 1974. 14. ( frag. ) on the eternity of the world, against the christians ( 18 arguments ) - rabe, h, 1899, ioannes philoponus : de aeternitate mundi contra proclum, leipzig : teubner [ reprint hildesheim : olms, 1963 ]. - lang, h. s., macro, a. d., and j. mcginnis, 2001, proclus : on the eternity of the world ( de aeternitate mundi ), berkeley / los angeles / london : university of california press. - gleede, b., 2009, platon und aristoteles in der kosmologie des proklos. ein kommentar zu den 18 argumenten fur die ewigkeit der welt bei johannes philoponos ( series : studien und texte zu antike und christentum ) tubingen : mohr. 15. ( frag. ) commentary on hesiod, works and days - marzillo, p., 2010, der kommentar des proklos zu hesiods \u2018 werken und tagen \u2019. edition, ubersetzung und erklauterung der fragmente, tubingen : narr. - vogt, e., 1957, procli hymni accedunt hymnorum fragmenta ; epigrammata, scholia, fontium et locorum similium apparatus, indices, wiesbaden : harrassowitz. - van den berg, r. m., 2001, proclus ' hymns : essays, translations, commentary, leiden \u2013 boston \u2013 koln : brill.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5088523272565185, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 40, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T11:31:45.494105"} {"text": "byzantine studies presented to leendert g. westerink at 75., buffalo ( new york ) : arethusa. - reale, g., introduzione a proclo, ( series : i filosofi, 51 ), roma - bari : laterza. - bos, e. p., and p. a. meijer ( eds. ), 1992, on proclus and his influence in medieval philosophy, ( series : philosophia antiqua, 53 ), leiden - koln - new york : brill. - siorvanes, l., 1996, proclus. neo - platonic philosophy and science, new haven : yale university press. - cleary, j. ( ed. ), 1997, the perennial tradition of neoplatonism, ( series : ancient and medieval philosophy, series i, 24 ), leuven : leuven university press. - segonds, a. ph., and c. steel ( eds. ), 2000, proclus et la theologie platonicienne, actes du colloque international de louvain ( 13 \u2013 16 mai 1998 ) en l ' honneur de h. d. saffrey et l. g. westerink, ( series : ancient and medieval philosophy, series i, 26 ), leuven - paris : leuven university press / les belles lettres. - perkams, m., and r. m. piccione ( eds. ), 2006, proklos. methode, seelenlehre, metaphysik, akten der konferenz in jena am 18. - 20. september 2003, ( series : philosophia antiqua, 98 ), leiden - boston : brill. - steel, c., 2006, \u201c neoplatonism \u201d and \u201c proclus, \u201d in encyclopedia of philosophy, d. m. borchert ( ed. ), detroit : macmillan reference usa, vol. 6, col. 546 \u2013 557 ; vol. 8, col. 40 \u2013 44. - beierwaltes, w., 2007, procliana. spatantikes denken und seine spuren, frankfurt am main : v. klostermann. - steel, c., 2011, \u201c proclus, \u201d in the cambridge history of philosophy in late antiquity, l. gerson ( ed. ), cambridge : cambridge university", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5245322409755662, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 43, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T11:31:45.501069"} {"text": ". sentences, l. brisson ( ed. ), 2 vol., paris : vrin, i, pp. 139 \u2013 274. - \u2013 \u2013 \u2013, 2007, \u201c the libraries of the neoplatonists. an introduction, \u201d in the libraries of the neoplatonists, proceedings of the meeting of the european science foundation \u2018 late antiquity and arabic thought : patterns in the constitution of european thought \u2019 held in strasbourg, march 12 \u2013 14, 2004, c. d ' ancona ( ed. ), ( series : philosophia antiqua, 107 ), leiden - boston : brill, pp. xiii \u2013 xxxvi. - d ' ancona, c., and r. c. taylor, 2003, \u201c liber de causis, \u201d in dictionnaire des philosophes antiques., r. goulet, j. - m. flamand, and m. aouad, paris : cnrs, pp. 599 \u2013 647. - d ' hoine, p., 2004, \u201c four problems concerning the theory of ideas : proclus, syrianus and the ancient commentaries on the parmenides, \u201d in platonic ideas and concept formation in ancient and medieval thought, g. van riel, and c. mace ( eds. ), ( series : ancient and medieval philosophy, series i, 32 ), leuven : leuven university press, pp. 9 \u2013 29. - \u2013 \u2013 \u2013, 2006, \u201c the status of the arts. proclus ' theory of artefacts, \u201d elenchos, 27 : 305 \u2013 344. - de haas, f. a. j., 1997, john philoponus ' new definition of prime matter : aspects of its background in neoplatonism & the ancient commentary tradition, ( series : philosophia antiqua, 69 ), leiden - boston - koln : brill. - di pasquale barbanti, m., 1983, 19932, proclo tra filosofia e teurgia, catania : bonanno. - dillon, j. m., 1972, \u201c iamblichus and the origin of the doctrine of henads, \u201d phronesis, 17 : 102 \u2013 106. - \u2013 \u2013 \u2013, 1986, \u201c proclus and the forty logoi of zeno, \u201d illinois classical studies, 11 : 35 \u2013 41. - dillon, j. m., and s.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.5948234733975574, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 46, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T11:31:45.507679"} {"text": "( pp. 535 \u2013 550 ) ]. - gersh, s., 1973, \u03ba\u03b9\u03bd\u03b7\u03c3\u03b9\u03c2 \u03b1\u03ba\u03b9\u03bd\u03b7\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2. a study of spiritual motion in the philosophy of proclus, leiden : brill. - \u2013 \u2013 \u2013, 1978, from iamblichos to eriugena. an investigation of the prehistory and evolution of the pseudo - dionysian tradition, ( series : studien zur problemgeschichte der antiken und mittelalterlichen philosophie, 8 ), leiden : brill. - gerson, l. p., 1997, \u201c epistrophe eis heauton : history and meaning, \u201d documenti e studi sulla tradizione filosofica medievale, 8 : 1 \u2013 32. - \u2013 \u2013 \u2013, 2005, aristotle and other platonists, ithaca \u2013 london : cornell university press. - gritti, e., 2008, proclo. dialettica, anima, esegesi, ( series : il filarete, collana die studi e testi ), milano : led. - gunther, h. - chr., 2007, die uebersetzung der elementatio theologica des proklos und ihre bedeutung fur den proklostext, leiden : brill. - hankins, j., and w. bowen ( eds. ), 2001 \u2013 2006, marsilio ficino. platonic theology, 6 vol., ( series : i tatti renaissance library ), cambridge ( mass. ) : harvard university press. - hankinson, r. j., 1998, cause and explanation in ancient greek thought, oxford : clarendon. - halfwassen, j., 1999, hegel und der spatantike neuplatonismus. untersuchungen zur metaphysik des einen und des nous in hegels spekulativer und geschichtlicher deutung, ( series : hegel studien, 40 ), bonn : bouvier. - harari, o., 2006, \u201c methexis and geometrical reasoning in proclus ' commentary on euclid ' s elements, \u201d oxford studies in ancient philosophy, 30 : 361 \u2013 389. - 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kremer, k., 1966, 19712, die neuplatonische seinsphilosophie und ihre wirkung auf thomas von aquin", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5744465305684605, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 49, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T11:31:45.518370"} {"text": "renaissance, with a new introductory preface, munchen : kraus. - kremer, k., 1966, 19712, die neuplatonische seinsphilosophie und ihre wirkung auf thomas von aquin, ( series : studien zur problemgeschichte der antiken und mittelalterlichen philosophie, 1 ), leiden : brill. - kuisma, o., 1996, proclus ' defense of homer, ( series : commentationes humanarum litterarum, 109 ), helsinki : societas scientiarum fennica. - kutash, e., 2011, ten gifts of the demiurge : proclus on plato ' s timaeus, london / new york : bristol classical press. - lang, h. s., 2005, \u201c perpetuity, eternity, and time in proclus ' cosmos, \u201d phronesis, 50 : 150 \u2013 169. - 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und - gertrud - abel - stiftung vom 22. - 25. september 1997 in trier, th. fuhrer, and m. erler ( eds. ), ( series : philosophie der antike, 9 ), stuttgart : steiner, pp. 229 \u2013 260. - phillips, j., 2007, order from disorder. proclus ' doctrine of evil and its roots in ancient platonism, ( series : ancient mediterranean and medieval texts and contexts ; studies in platonism, neoplatonism, and the platonic tradition, 5 ), leiden : brill. - pichler, r., 2006, allegorese und ethik bei pro", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5206842490541592, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 51, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T11:31:45.522161"} {"text": ". - sezgin, f., 2000, proclus arabus and the liber de causis ( buruklus \u2018 inda l - \u2018 arab wa - kitab al - idah fi l - khayr al - mahd ), frankfurt am main : institute for the history of arabic - islamic science at the johann wolfgang goethe university. - 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\u2013 \u2013 \u2013, 2001, \u201c the neoplatonic doctrine of eternity and time and its influence on medieval philosophy, \u201d in : the medieval concept of time. studies on the scholastic debate and its reception in early modern philosophy, p. porro ( ed. ), ( series : studien und texte zur geistesgeschichte des mittelalters, 75 ) leiden \u2013 new york \u2013 koln : brill", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5002774552833285, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 53, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T11:31:45.524649"} {"text": "and its reception in early modern philosophy, p. porro ( ed. ), ( series : studien und texte zur geistesgeschichte des mittelalters, 75 ) leiden \u2013 new york \u2013 koln : brill, pp. 3 \u2013 31. - \u2013 \u2013 \u2013, 2002, \u201c neoplatonic versus stoic causality : the case of the sustaining cause ( \u2018 sunektikon \u2019 ), \u201d in quaestio 2 : causality, c. esposito, and p. porro ( eds. ), ( series : yearbook of the history of metaphysics ), turnhout : brepols, pp. 77 \u2013 93. - 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\u2013 \u2013 \u2013, 2005b, \u201c proclus ' defence of the timaeus against aristotle ' s objections. a reconstruction of a lost polemical treatise, \u201d in plato ' s timaeus and the foundations of cosmology in late antiquity, the middle ages and renaissance, th. leinkauf, and c. steel ( eds. ), ( series : ancient and medieval philosophy, i 34 ), leuven : leuven university", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5654127763822554, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 54, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T11:31:45.526228"} {"text": "and the foundations of cosmology in late antiquity, the middle ages and renaissance, th. leinkauf, and c. steel ( eds. ), ( series : ancient and medieval philosophy, i 34 ), leuven : leuven university press, pp. 163 \u2013 193. - \u2013 \u2013 \u2013, 2008, \u201c proclus on the mirror as metaphor of participation, \u201d in miroir et savoir. la transmission d ' un theme platonicien, des alexandrins a la philosophie arabo - 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( eds. ), 2006, reading plato in antiquity, london : duckworth. - trouillard, j., 1982, la mystagogie de proclos, paris : les belles lettres. - van den berg, r. m., 2008, proclus ' commentary on the cratylus in context. ancient theories of language and naming, ( series : philosophia antiqua, 112 ), leiden \u2013 boston : brill. - van liefferinge, c., 1999, la theurgie : des \u2018 oracles chaldaiques \u2019 a proclus, ( series : kernos. supplement, 9 ), liege : centre international d ' etude de la religion greque antique. - van riel, g., 2000, pleasure and the good life. plato, aristotle and the neoplatonists, ( series : philosophia antiqua, 85 ), leiden \u2013 new york \u2013 koln : brill. - watts, e. j., 2006, city and school in late antique athens and alexandria, ( series : the transformation of the classical heritage, 41 ), berkeley : university of california press. - westerink, l. g., j. trouillard, and a. p. segonds, 1990, prolegomenes a la philosophie de platon, ( series : collection des universites de france ), paris : les belles lettres", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5453389266171876, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 55, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T11:31:45.527533"} {"text": "j. trouillard, and a. p. segonds, 1990, prolegomenes a la philosophie de platon, ( series : collection des universites de france ), paris : les belles lettres. - whittaker, j., 1975, \u201c the historical background of proclus ' doctrine of the authypostata, \u201d in de jamblique a proclus, h. dorrie, ( series : fondation hardt. entretiens tome, 21 ), geneve : vand\u0153uvres, pp. 193 \u2013 230 [ reprint in : studies in platonism and patristic thought, ( series : variorum reprints ), london : aldershot, 1984, xvi. how to cite this entry. preview the pdf version of this entry at the friends of the sep society. look up this entry topic at the indiana philosophy ontology project ( inpho ). enhanced bibliography for this entry at philpapers, with links to its database. - bibliography proclus \u2013 dwmc, university of leuven. - editions and translations proclus \u2013 dwmc, university of leuven. - repertoire des sources philosophiques antiques ( cnrs \u2013 paris ). - search on proclus at the open library. - w. j. hankey, french neoplatonism in the 20th century, in animus 4 ( 1999 ). the authors would like to thank radek chlup ( prague ), antonio luis costa vargas ( berlin ), and sabrina lange ( berlin ) for comments.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5144970142008263, "token_count": 332, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 56, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T11:31:45.531082"} {"text": "june 22, 1976. north atlantic. at 21 : 13 gmt a pale orange glow behind a bank of towering cumulus to the west was observed. two minutes later a white disc was observed while the glow from behind the cloud persisted. high probability that this may have been caused by interferometry using 3 - dimensional artificial scalar wave? fourier expansions? as the interferers. marine observer. 47 ( 256 ), apr. 1977. p. 66 - 68. \" unidentified phenomenon, off barbados, west indies. \" august 22, 1969. west indies. luminous area bearing 310 degrees grew in size and rose in altitude, then turned into an arch or crescent. high probability that this may have been caused by interferometry using artificial scalar wave? ( ( fourier expansions. ) ) marine observer. 40 ( 229 ), july, 1970. p. 107 - 108. \" optical phenomenon : caribbean sea ; western north atlantic. \" mar. 20, 1969. caribbean sea and western north atlantic. at 23 : 15 gmt, a semicircle of bright, milky - white light became visible in the western sky and rapidly expanded upward and outward during the next 10 minutes, dimming as it expanded. high probability that this may be caused by interferometry using artificial scalar wave? fourier expansions?. marine observer, 40 ( 227 ), jan. 1970. p. 17 ; p. 17 - 18. 7b. 21 - electricity 13. 06 - triple currents of electricity 14. 35 - teslas 3 6 and 9 ( ( 16. 04 - nikola nikola tesla describing what electricity is ) ) 16. 07 - electricity is a polar exchange 16. 10 - positive electricity 16. 16 - negative electricity - russell 16. 17 - negative electricity - tesla 16. 29 - triple currents of electricity ( ( figure 16. 04. 05 and figure 16. 04. 06 - nikola nikola tesla and lord kelvin ) ) part 16 - electricity and magnetism tesla - electricity from space what electricity is - bloomfield moore page last modified on wednesday 19 of may, 2010 05 : 23 : 05 mdt", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5966265105056122, "token_count": 431, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T11:31:45.533499"} {"text": "thirds throughout the world. nowadays, in the advanced countries, the share is about 2. 5 percent - - eleven million people out of 430. 6 in the rest of the world, agricultural workers still account for almost half the labor force, with a world total of some 1. 3 billion workers ( 775 million in china and india alone ). such a massive transfer of labor, one of the key features of modern economic growth in the past two centuries, was made possible by a dramatic increase in product per worker. in short, agriculture is an outstanding success story. its achievements have been outshone by the even faster growth of industry and services, but the latter would have been almost impossible if the workers had not had sufficient food to eat. the aim of this book is to describe this success, and to understand its causes. chapter 2 illustrates the peculiarities of agriculture. its production depends on the environment : soil, climate, and the availability of water have always determined what peasants could grow, how much they had to work, and how much they could obtain from their efforts. these constraints have been relaxed in recent times, without totally disappearing. the factor endowment, and notably the amount of land per agricultural worker, determines the intensity of cultivation. the combined effects of the environment and the factor endowment have created long - lasting and area - specific patterns of land use, crop mix, and techniques ( \" agricultural systems \" ). the next three chapters present the main statistical evidence, loosely arranged in a production - function framework. chapter 3 deals with the long - term trends in output ( which has always been growing ), relative prices ( increasing in the first half of the nineteenth century, then roughly constant or slowly declining ), and world trade in agricultural products ( increasing quite fast before 1913 and again after 1950 ). the focus then shifts to the proximate causes of this growth, the increase in the use of factors ( chapter 4 ) and productivity growth ( chapter 5 ). historians have a fairly clear idea about the long - run change in factors. the total agricultural work force remained roughly constant all over the world, with the notable exception of western settlement countries ( north america, australia, argentina, and so on ) during settlement process - - that is, until the beginning of the twentieth century. the stock of capital grew fast beginning in the late nineteenth century, as machines substituted labor. although this conventional wisdom is not exactly wrong, it is, however, inspired a bit too much by the experience of the western world. the growth of land stock has been much", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5344474763447113, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T11:31:45.548441"} {"text": "capital grew fast beginning in the late nineteenth century, as machines substituted labor. although this conventional wisdom is not exactly wrong, it is, however, inspired a bit too much by the experience of the western world. the growth of land stock has been much more geographically widespread and has lasted for longer than is commonly assumed. agricultural capital consists mainly of building, irrigation works, and the like, and thus it increased slowly but steadily throughout the period. the real process of mechanization started only in the 1950s, and the agricultural work force has gone on growing in absolute terms. thus, the growth of inputs ( extensive growth ) was the major cause of worldwide growth in agricultural production until the 1930s, but after world war ii, it slowed down. consequently, most of the big increase in total output in the past half - century has been achieved thanks to the growth in total factor productivity. the available estimates, surveyed in chapter 5, suggest that its growth has been increasing over time and that it has been faster in \" advanced \" countries than in ldcs. in the \" advanced \" countries, productivity growth has accounted for the whole of the increase in agricultural output. contrary to a common view, productivity growth has been faster in agriculture than in the rest of the economy, including manufacturing. chapter 6 focuses on the main source of this great achievement, technical progress. it starts by describing the main innovations, and then focuses on the process of their adoption. as in the rest of the economy, innovations are adopted when profitable, and profitability ultimately depends on the expected productivity gains and on factor endowment and factor prices. however, as the chapter argues, a standard neoclassical model cannot explain all the features of technical progress in agriculture. agricultural innovations depend on the environment and entail a high level of risk, and many of them yield little or no financial rewards to the inventor. these features call for a greater role of the state, both in the production and the diffusion of innovations. chapters 7, 8, and 9 deal with the institutional framework of agricultural production. \" institutions \" is a fairly vague word, which resists all attempts at a general definition. chapters 7 and 8 deal with property rights on labor and land, markets for goods and inputs ( labor, land, capital ), and agricultural co - operatives. chapter 7 is, to some extent, a general introduction to these issues and to the approaches of economists and historians to institutions. it discusses how institutions work and how they might affect the performance of agriculture. chapter 8 describes the main changes - - the creation of property rights", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.531095203672506, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T11:31:45.549550"} {"text": ", to some extent, a general introduction to these issues and to the approaches of economists and historians to institutions. it discusses how institutions work and how they might affect the performance of agriculture. chapter 8 describes the main changes - - the creation of property rights on labor and land, the trends in the average size of farms, in landownership, and in contracts, and the development of markets for goods and factors. it also puts forward some tentative hypotheses on the likely causes of these changes and on their effects on agricultural performance - - although, it is fair to say, the discussion on these issues is surprisingly thin when compared to the attention they have received in the theoretical literature. chapter 9 focuses on the effects of agricultural policies. it argues that state intervention has only really affected agricultural development since the 1930s, and that, by and large, it has reduced the aggregate welfare of the whole population. the tenth, and last, chapter shifts the focus from agriculture to the whole economy. how did the growth of agricultural output and the change in input use affect modern economic growth? this issue has been the subject of much discussion in historical perspective, and it still looms large in the debates about the optimal development strategy for less developed countries. the chapter has no ambition to solve such a controversial issue. it sketches out the prevailing theories and deals very briefly with three case studies. the book closes with some very general remarks about the future of agriculture. the summary makes it clear that this is quite an ambitious book. it deals with many issues, and covers two centuries of agricultural history in the whole world, from monsoon asia to midwest prairies. any attempt to be comprehensive would be foolish. the potentially relevant literature spans dozens of languages, and many disciplines, from \" traditional \" agricultural economics and history to more \" trendy \" social and environmental history. just to quote an example, the fourth volume of a survey of agricultural economics literature, agriculture in economic development, contains more than two hundred pages of references. 7 assuming ( conservatively ) that there are twenty entries per page, the total sums up to almost four thousand entries. some of these works may be purely theoretical, and thus outside the scope of this book, but the majority should still be considered. the survey refers only to the less developed countries, deals ( almost ) exclusively with the post - world war ii period, lists only works in english, french, spanish, and portuguese published before 1990, and is probably, as with all surveys, not complete. a simple proportion suggests that there are thousands of potentially relevant", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5074475450607959, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T11:31:45.550901"} {"text": ") exclusively with the post - world war ii period, lists only works in english, french, spanish, and portuguese published before 1990, and is probably, as with all surveys, not complete. a simple proportion suggests that there are thousands of potentially relevant references. clearly, no one in the world ( certainly not this author ) can reasonably claim to master all the literature. and even if this miracle were possible, it would be impossible to review it thoroughly and keep the book to a reasonable size. selective reading is an imperative. thus, i have decided to focus on more general contributions, and to favor works that frame their views in economic theory and buttress their statements with data. this approach has some clear and often rehearsed shortcomings. mainstream economic theory may appear too abstract to be relevant. agriculture is a highly local activity, and specialists in agrarian history always warn against broad generalizations, which, they claim, cannot capture the peculiarities of the area that they are dealing with. many data are missing, unreliable, or sometimes plainly wrong. reliable \" historical \" ( pre - 1950 ) data are available only for some \" advanced \" countries ( those of western europe, usa, japan, etc ). international organizations such as the un, fao, world bank, and the oecd have made a magnificent effort to extract comparable data for all countries from the information provided by national statistical offices, which are sometimes incomplete and / or of dubious quality. 8 however, there are some reasons for hope. modern development economics, with its emphasis on institutions, transaction costs, information, and so on, provides powerful tools for understanding rural societies, which can also be employed to explore societies of the past. economic historians have unearthed a great deal of new data, which, in spite of all their shortcomings, do throw light on many key issues. and, last but not least, i feel that there is no real alternative. a history of agriculture based on anecdotal evidence from local case studies would be a boundless and largely meaningless list of details. but details are sometimes fascinating and are useful for illustrating general points - - to put some flesh on the bare bones of quantitative analysis, so to speak. the reader may find the selection of these examples somewhat haphazard ( why - - for example - - discuss tenure in china during the 1930s instead of that in guatemala during the 1970s? ). it is, however, guided, whenever possible, by two principles : first, to deal with \" large \" countries ( china, india,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5194331473770487, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T11:31:45.552103"} {"text": "west lafayette, ind. - parts of the human brain think about the same word differently, at least when it comes to prepositions, according to new language research in stroke patients conducted by scientists at purdue university and the university of iowa. people who speak english often use the same prepositions, words such as \" on, \" \" in, \" \" around \" and \" through, \" to indicate time as well as location. for example, compare \" i will meet you ' at ' the store, \" to \" i will meet you ' at ' 3 p. m. \" these examples show how time may be thought of metaphorically in terms of space. just because it ' s the same word, however, doesn ' t mean the brain thinks about it the same way, said david kemmerer, an assistant professor of psychological sciences and linguistics at purdue ' s college of liberal arts. \" there has been a lot of cognitive neuroscience research about how the brain processes language pertaining to concrete things, such as animals or tools, \" said kemmerer, who also is an adjunct faculty member at the university of iowa ' s department of neurology, where this research was conducted. \" this is the first cognitive neuroscience study to investigate brain regions for spatial and temporal relations - those involving time - used in language. \" i was interested in whether these spatial or temporal prepositions can be dissociated in individuals with brain damage. one might think that if a person ' s knowledge of the word ' at ' to describe location is impaired, then his or her ability to use that same preposition to describe time would be disrupted. but we found the words implying time are processed independently. \" this research was conducted at the benton neuropsychology laboratory in iowa ' s carver college of medicine and was funded by the purdue research foundation and the national institute for neurological disease and stroke. kemmerer ' s paper is available online at neuropsychologia. \" this study has potential implications for neurology, \" kemmerer said. \" a clinician could use information about how brain injuries in stroke patients affect specific speech components to develop therapies to help their patients. \" the four patients in kemmerer ' s study were used because of similar brain injuries, such as lesions from stroke, in the perisylvian region, which is responsible for language processing. kemmerer found the stroke subjects who passed the language tests asking about prepositions relevant to time subsequently failed when these same words reflected spatial", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5683105637095401, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T11:31:45.560208"} {"text": ", such as lesions from stroke, in the perisylvian region, which is responsible for language processing. kemmerer found the stroke subjects who passed the language tests asking about prepositions relevant to time subsequently failed when these same words reflected spatial meanings. for example, the subjects were asked to choose the correct preposition for scenarios such as, \" the baseball is ' on / in / against ' the glove. \" two subjects did not select \" in \" as the correct answer. however, they did select \" in \" as the correct preposition for \" it happened ' through / on / in ' 1859. \" the other two subjects ' test performances were the opposite. kemmerer ' s earlier research with daniel tranel, professor of neurology at iowa ' s carver college of medicine, had confirmed that the left inferior prefrontal and left inferior parietal regions of the brain play a crucial role in processing spatial prepositions. the previous research with tranel was published in october ' s cognitive neuropsychology. this work, which has explored how different types of words are retrieved by different parts of the brain, is part of a larger - scale investigation being carried out by tranel and his colleagues at the university of iowa. \" for example, we have identified the anterior left temporal lobe as being critical for proper nouns, whereas the left inferior prefrontal / premotor region is important for verbs, \" tranel said. \" the collaboration between myself, a neuropsychologist, and professor kemmerer, a neurolinguist, has yielded important breakthroughs in understanding how the brain operates language, due to the unique perspectives that these researchers bring to a common research agenda. \" three of the patients in kemmerer ' s recent study also had damage to their brains ' left hemispheres, in an area known as the parietal lobe, which houses the supramarginal gyrus. this area is involved in spatial meaning, and it is the part of the brain that guides action. for example, the supramarginal gyrus coordinates how a person moves his or her hand toward a glass of water. previous research with normal brains identifies this area as important also in the knowledge and meaning of prepositions. the patients with damage to the supramarginal gyrus did not score high on the tasks that evaluated their knowledge of prepositions that dealt with space. in comparison, the fourth patient, who did not have similar damage to", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5613650354121069, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T11:31:45.561310"} {"text": "##s. the patients with damage to the supramarginal gyrus did not score high on the tasks that evaluated their knowledge of prepositions that dealt with space. in comparison, the fourth patient, who did not have similar damage to this region of the brain, was able to demonstrate complete knowledge of spatial prepositions. kemmerer ' s next step will be looking at how the brain processes these prepositions in other languages. \" if this is true in english, then what about the 6, 000 other known languages in the world? this time - and - space metaphor is used from language to language, but how the metaphor is used does vary, \" he said. in english, months of the year are treated as containers. people say \" in january \" or \" in february. \" other languages treat months as surfaces. for example, \" on january \" or \" on february. \" despite the difference, there is a metaphor at work, kemmerer said. \" the cross - linguistic ubiquity of the metaphor suggests that people are naturally inclined to conceptualize time in terms of space, \" he said. \" nevertheless, the neuropsychological data suggest that people don ' t need to invoke the metaphor every time they use prepositions to talk about time. just as the word ' breakfast ' doesn ' t require one to think of a morning meal in terms of breaking a fast, so the sentence ' she arrived at 1 : 30 ' doesn ' t require one to think of time as a series of points on a line. \" source : eurekalert & otherslast reviewed : by john m. grohol, psy. d. on 21 feb 2009 published on psychcentral. com. all rights reserved. great things are not done by impulse, but by a series of small things brought together. - - vincent van gogh", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5646509212618303, "token_count": 387, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T11:31:45.563072"} {"text": "/ vigorous intensity ( 12 miles of jogging per week ) or high amount / vigorous intensity ( 20 miles of jogging per week ). since the trial was designed solely to better understand the role of exercise, patients were told not to alter their diet during the course of the trial, which lasted six months for the group that did not exercise or eight - months for the exercise groups. the additional two months for the exercise group came at the beginning of trial, when participants slowly ramped up their exercise to their designated levels. the exercise was carried out on treadmills. for their analysis, the team compared two measurements of fitness \u2013 peak vo2 and time to exhaustion ( tte ) \u2013 before and after the trial. peak vo2 is a calculation that measures the maximum amount of oxygen that can be delivered by circulating blood to tissues in a given period of time while exercising. while all the exercise groups saw improvements in peak vo2 and tte after completing their exercise regimens, the researchers noticed some interesting trends. \" we found that when we compared the low amount / moderate intensity group to the low amount / vigorous intensity group, we did not see a significant improvement in peak oxygen consumption, \" duscha said. \" however, when we increased the amount of exercise from 12 to 20 miles \u2013 at the same intensity \u2013 we did see an improvement in peak oxygen consumption. \" also, although no statistically significant difference was detected between the low amount / moderate intensity group and the low amount / high intensity group, the researchers did see a trend toward both a separate and combined effect of exercise intensity and amount on increased peak vo2 levels. the duke team was led by cardiologist william kraus, m. d., who received a $ 4. 3 million grant from the national heart, lung and blood institute in 1998 to investigate the effects of exercise on sedentary overweight adults at risk for developing heart disease and / or diabetes. the results of that five - year trial, known as strride ( studies of targeted risk reduction interventions through defined exercise ), and other analyses of the data collected, began to be published in 2002. the duke team is currently enrolling patients in strride ii, in which researchers are seeking to determine the effects of weight training, alone and in combination with aerobic training, on cardiovascular health. joining duscha were duke colleagues cris slentz, ph. d., johanna johnson, daniel bensimhon, m. d., and kenneth knetzger. joseph houmard", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5300668502300533, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T11:31:45.568734"} {"text": "yifu deng of qut ' s school of public health studied the interplay between genetics, smoking and the development of parkinson ' s disease with 400 people who had parkinson ' s disease and 400 people without it. dr deng looked at the genetic background of individuals in each group for the presence of the cyp2d6 gene, which had previously been suggested to metabolise the chemical compounds found in cigarette smoke, in both groups. he found that smokers with the gene who metabolised the cigarette smoke compounds quickly were less likely to be protected than those who metabolised the chemical compounds more slowly. \" it seems that if the chemical compounds stay in the body longer they are more likely to have a preventative effect, \" dr deng said. \" it also seems that if you have the gene but you are not a smoker the gene may have no use in preventing parkinson ' s. \" dr deng said it was not known how the cigarette smoke compounds protected against parkinson ' s. he warned that there were still many smokers who suffered from parkinson ' s. additionally, smoking was notorious for causing cancers. parkinson ' s disease is a common degenerative neurological disease in the elderly, affecting up to 4. 9 percent australians aged 55 and over. \" our study findings aid in further understanding of the causes of parkinson ' s disease and may help identify people who are at higher risk of the disease, \" he said. the study is the first to look at the genetic epidemiology of parkinson ' s disease by addressing individual genetic types in relation to cigarette smoke metabolism. dr deng ' s study may provide the potential to reveal new targets for strategies of altering parkinson ' s disease risk. media contact : niki widdowson, qut media officer, + 61 7 3864 1841 or firstname. lastname @ example. org. * * high res pic of dr deng available. last reviewed : by john m. grohol, psy. d. on 21 feb 2009 published on psychcentral. com. all rights reserved.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5172613314501354, "token_count": 417, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T11:31:45.571080"} {"text": "individual differences | methods | statistics | clinical | educational | industrial | professional items | world psychology | - main article : tomography computed tomography ( ct ), originally known as computed axial tomography ( cat or ct scan ) and body section roentgenography, ( and also known as computed axial tomography ( cat scan ) x - ray computed tomography is a medical imaging method employing tomography where digital geometry processing is used to generate a three - dimensional image of the internals of an object from a large series of two - dimensional x - ray images taken around a single axis of rotation. the word \" tomography \" is derived from the greek tomos ( slice ) and graphia ( describing ). ct produces a volume of data which can be manipulated, through a process known as windowing, in order to demonstrate various structures based on their ability to block the x - ray beam. although historically ( see below ) the images generated were in the axial or transverse plane ( orthogonal to the long axis of the body ), modern scanners allow this volume of data to be reformatted in various planes or even as volumetric ( 3d ) representations of structures. since its introduction in the 1970s, ct has become an important tool in medical imaging and neuroimaging to supplement x - rays and medical ultrasonography. although it is still quite expensive, it is the gold standard in the diagnosis of a large number of different disease entities. diagnosis of cerebrovascular accidents and intracranial hemorrhage is the most frequent reason for a \" head ct \" or \" ct brain \". scanning is done with or without intravenous contrast agents. ct generally does not exclude infarct in the acute stage of a stroke, but is useful to exclude a bleed ( so anticoagulant medication can be commenced safely ). ct is also useful in the setting of trauma for evaluating facial and skull fractures. in the head / neck / mouth area, ct scanning is used for surgical planning for craniofacial and dentofacial deformities, evaluation of cysts and some tumors of the jaws / paranasal sinuses / nasal cavity / orbits, diagnosis of the causes of chronic sinusitis, and for planning of dental implant reconstruction. for evaluation of chronic interstitial processes ( emphysema, fibrosis, and so forth ), thin sections with high spatial frequency reconstructions are used. for evaluation of the mediastinum and hilar regions for lymphadenopathy", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.5329824798689315, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T11:31:45.590860"} {"text": "a sensitive method for diagnosis of abdominal diseases. it is used frequently to determine stage of cancer and to follow progress. it is also a useful test to investigate acute abdominal pain. renal / urinary stones, appendicitis, pancreatitis, diverticulitis, abdominal aortic aneurysm, and bowel obstruction are conditions that are readily diagnosed and assessed with ct. ct is also the first line for detecting solid organ injury after trauma. oral and / or rectal contrast may be used depending on the indications for the scan. a dilute ( 2 % w / v ) suspension of barium sulfate is most commonly used. the concentrated barium sulfate preparations used for fluoroscopy e. g. barium enema are too dense and cause severe artifacts on ct. iodinated contrast agents may be used if barium is contraindicated ( e. g. suspicion of bowel injury ). other agents may be required to optimize the imaging of specific organs : e. g. rectally administered gas ( air or carbon dioxide ) for a colon study, or oral water for a stomach study. ct has limited application in the evaluation of the pelvis. for the female pelvis in particular, ultrasound is the imaging modality of choice. nevertheless, it may be part of abdominal scanning ( e. g. for tumors ), and has uses in assessing fractures. ct is also used in osteoporosis studies and research along side dxa scanning. both ct and dxa can be used to asses bone mineral density ( bmd ) which is used to indicate bone strength, however ct results do not correlate exactly with dxa ( the gold standard of bmd measurment ). dxa is far more expensive, and subjects patients to much higher levels of ionizing radiation, so it is used infrequently. advantages and hazards edit advantages over projection radiography ( see radiography ) edit first, ct completely eliminates the superimposition of images of structures outside the area of interest. second, because of the inherent high - contrast resolution of ct, differences between tissues that differ in physical density by less than 1 % can be distinguished. third, data from a single ct imaging procedure consisting of either multiple contiguous or one helical scan can be viewed as images in the axial, coronal, or sagittal planes, depending on the diagnostic task. this is referred to as multiplanar reformatted imaging. radiation exposure edit", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.5209670479947945, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T11:31:45.592969"} {"text": "of this is increased with patients who have preexisting renal insufficiency, preexisting diabetes, or reduced intravascular volume. in general, if a patient has normal kidney function, then the risks of contrast nephropathy are negligable. patients with mild kidney impairment are usually advised to ensure full hydration for several hours before and after the injection. for moderate kidney failure, the use of iodinated contrast should be avoided ; this may mean using an alternative technique instead of ct e. g. mri. perhaps paradoxically, patients with severe renal failure requiring dialysis do not require special precautions, as their kidneys have so little function remaining that any further damage would not be noticable and the dialysis will remove the contrast agent. x - ray slice data is generated using an x - ray source that rotates around the object ; x - ray sensors are positioned on the opposite side of the circle from the x - ray source. many data scans are progressively taken as the object is gradually passed through the gantry. they are combined together by the mathematical procedure known as tomographic reconstruction. newer machines with faster computer systems and newer software strategies can process not only individual cross sections but continuously changing cross sections as the gantry, with the object to be imaged, is slowly and smoothly slid through the x - ray circle. these are called helical or spiral ct machines. their computer systems integrate the data of the moving individual slices to generate three dimensional volumetric information ( 3d - ct scan ), in turn viewable from multiple different perspectives on attached ct workstation monitors. in conventional ct machines, an x - ray tube and detector are physically rotated behind a circular shroud ( see the image above right ) ; in the electron beam tomography ( ebt ) the tube is far larger and higher power to support the high temporal resolution. the electron beam is deflected in a hollow funnel shaped vacuum chamber. xray is generated when the beam hits a stationary target. the detector is also stationary. the data stream representing the varying radiographic intensity sensed reaching the detectors on the opposite side of the circle during each sweep is then computer processed to calculate cross - sectional estimations of the radiographic density, expressed in hounsfield units. sweeps cover 360 or just over 180 degrees in conventional machines, 220 degrees in ebt. ct is used in medicine as a diagnostic tool and as a guide for interventional procedures. sometimes contrast materials such as intravenous iodinated contrast are used. this", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5214821889837271, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T11:31:45.595166"} {"text": "360 or just over 180 degrees in conventional machines, 220 degrees in ebt. ct is used in medicine as a diagnostic tool and as a guide for interventional procedures. sometimes contrast materials such as intravenous iodinated contrast are used. this is useful to highlight structures such as blood vessels that otherwise would be difficult to delineate from their surroundings. using contrast material can also help to obtain functional information about tissues. pixels in an image obtained by ct scanning are displayed in terms of relative radiodensity. the pixel itself is displayed according to the mean attenuation of the tissue ( s ) that it corresponds to on a scale from - 1024 to + 3071 on the hounsfield scale. pixel is a two dimensional unit based on the matrix size and the field of view. when the ct slice thickness is also factored in, the unit is known as a voxel, which is a three dimensional unit. the phenomenon that one part of the detector can not differ between different tissues is called the partial volume effect. that means that a big amount of cartilage and a thin layer of compact bone can cause the same attenuation in a voxel as hyperdense cartilage alone. water has an attenuation of 0 hounsfield units ( hu ) while air is - 1000 hu, cancellous bone is typically + 400 hu, cranial bone can reach 2000 hu or more ( os temporale ) and can cause artefacts. the attenuation of metallic implants depends on atomic number of the element used : titanium usually has an amount of + 1000 hu, iron steel can completely extinguish the x - ray and is therefore responsible for well - known line - artefacts in computed tomogrammes. windowing is the process of using the calculated hounsfield units to make an image. the various radiodensity amplitudes are mapped to 256 shades of gray. these shades of gray can be distributed over a wide range of hu values to get an overview of structures that attenuate the beam to widely varying degrees. alternatively, these shades of gray can be distributed over a narrow range of hu values ( called a narrow window ) centered over the average hu value of a particular structure to be evaluated. in this way, subtle variations in the internal makeup of the structure can be discerned. this is a commonly used image processing technique known as contrast compression. for example, to evaluate the abdomen in order to find subtle masses in the liver, one might use liver windows. choosing 70 hu as an", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5771136761934899, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T11:31:45.597533"} {"text": "of the structure can be discerned. this is a commonly used image processing technique known as contrast compression. for example, to evaluate the abdomen in order to find subtle masses in the liver, one might use liver windows. choosing 70 hu as an average hu value for liver, the shades of gray can be distributed over a narrow window or range. one could use 170 hu as the narrow window, with 85 hu above the 70 hu average value ; 85 hu below it. therefore the liver window would extend from - 15 hu to + 155 hu. all the shades of gray for the image would be distributed in this range of hounsfield values. any hu value below - 15 would be pure black, and any hu value above 155 hu would be pure white in this example. using this same logic, bone windows would use a wide window ( to evaluate everything from fat - containing medullary bone that contains the marrow, to the dense cortical bone ), and the center or level would be a value in the hundreds of hounsfield units. three dimensional ( 3d ) reconstructionedit because contemporary ct scanners offer isotropic, or near isotropic, resolution, display of images does not need to be restricted to the conventional axial images. instead, it is possible for a software program to build a volume by ' stacking ' the individual slices one on top of the other. the program may then display the volume in an alternative manner. this is the simplest method of reconstruction. a volume is built by stacking the axial slices. the software then cuts slices through the volume in a different plane ( usually orthogonal ). optionally, a special projection method ( maximum - intensity projection ( mip ) or minimum - intensity projection ( mip ) can be used to build the reconstructed slices. mpr is frequently used for examining the spine. axial images through the spine will only show one vertebral body at a time and cannot reliably show the intervertebral discs. by reformatting the volume, it becomes much easier to visualise the position of one vertebral body in relation to the others. modern software allows reconstruction in non - orthogonal ( oblique ) planes so that the optimal plane can be chosen to display an anatomical structure. this may be particularly useful for visualising the structure of the bronchi as these do not lie orthogonal to the direction of the scan. for vascular imaging, curved - plane reconstruction can be performed. this allows bends in a vessel to be ' straightened ' so that the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.519706125270099, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T11:31:45.599687"} {"text": "useful for visualising the structure of the bronchi as these do not lie orthogonal to the direction of the scan. for vascular imaging, curved - plane reconstruction can be performed. this allows bends in a vessel to be ' straightened ' so that the entire length can be visualised on one image, or a short series of images. once a vessel has been ' straightened ' in this way, quantitative measurements of length and cross sectional area can be made, so that surgery or interventional treatment can be planned. mip reconstructions enhance areas of high radiodensity, and so are useful for angiographic studies. mip reconstructions tend to enhance air spaces so are useful for assessing lung structure. 3d rendering techniquesedit surface rendering : a threshold value of radiodensity is chosen by the operator ( e. g. a level that corresponds to bone ). a threshold level is set, using edge detection image processing algorithms. from this, a 3 - dimensional model can be constructed and displayed on screen. multiple models can be constructed from various different thresholds, allowing different colors to represent each anatomical component such as bone, muscle, and cartilage. however, the interior structure of each element is not visible in this mode of operation. volume rendering : surface rendering is limited in that it will only display surfaces which meet a threshold density, and will only display the surface that is closest to the imaginary viewer. in volume rendering, transparency and colors are used to allow a better representation of the volume to be shown in a single image - e. g. the bones of the pelvis could be displayed as semi - transparent, so that even at an oblique angle, one part of the image does not conceal another. where different structures have similar radiodensity, it can become impossible to separate them simply by adjusting volume rendering parameters. the solution is called segmentation, a manual or automatic procedure that can remove the unwanted structures from the image. some slices of a cranial ct scan are shown below. the bones are whiter than the surrounding area. ( whiter means higher radiodensity. ) note the blood vessels ( arrowed ) showing brightly due to the injection of an iodine - based constrast agent. a volume rendering of this volume clearly shows the high density bones. after using a segmentation tool to remove the bone, the previously concealed vessels can now be demonstrated. the first commercially viable ct system was invented by godfrey newbold hounsfield in hayes, england at thorn emi central research laboratories using x - rays. houn", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.5331670117289531, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T11:31:45.600907"} {"text": "a pencil - thin beam of radiation directed at one or two detectors. the images were acquired by a \" translate - rotate \" method in which the x - ray source and the detector in a fixed relative position move across the patient followed by a rotation of the x - ray source / detector combination ( gantry ) by one degree. in the emi - scanner, a pair of images was acquired in about 4 minutes with the gantry rotating a total of 180 degrees. three detectors were used ( one of these being an x - ray source reference ), each detector comprising a sodium iodide scintillator and a photomultiplier tube. some patients had unpleasant experiences within these early scanners, due to the loud sounds and vibrations from the equipment. - second generation : this design increased the number of detectors and changed the shape of the radiation beam. the x - ray source changed from the pencil - thin beam to a fan shaped beam. the \" translate - rotate \" method was still used but there was a significant decrease in scanning time. rotation was increased from one degree to thirty degrees. - third generation : ct scanners made a dramatic change in the speed at which images could be obtained. in the third generation a fan shaped beam of x - rays is directed to an array of detectors that are fixed in position relative to the x - ray source. this eliminated the time consuming translation stage allowing scan time to be reduced, initially, to 10 seconds per slice. this advance dramatically improved the practicality of ct. scan times became short enough to image the lungs or the abdomen ; previous generations had been limited to the head, or to limbs. patients have reported more pleasant experiences with the third and fourth generation ct scanners because of greatly reduced noise and vibration compared to earlier models. - fourth generation : this design was introduced, roughly simultaneously with 3rd generation, and gave approximately equal performance. instead of a row of detectors which moved with the x - ray source, 4th generation scanners used a stationary 360 degree ring of detectors. the fan shaped x - ray beam rotated around the patient directed at detectors in a non - fixed relationship. bulky, expensive and fragile photomultiplier tubes gradually gave way to improved detectors. a xenon gas ionization chamber detector array was developed for third generation scanners, which provided greater resolution and sensitivity. eventually, both of these technologies were replaced with solid - state detectors : rectangular, solid - state photodiodes, coated with a fluorescent rare earth phosphor. solid state detectors were smaller,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.5513903460392939, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 9, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T11:31:45.603056"} {"text": "scanners, which provided greater resolution and sensitivity. eventually, both of these technologies were replaced with solid - state detectors : rectangular, solid - state photodiodes, coated with a fluorescent rare earth phosphor. solid state detectors were smaller, more sensitive and more stable, and were suitable for 3rd and 4th generation designs. on an early 4th generation scanner, 600 photomultiplier tubes, \u00bd in. ( 12 mm ) in diameter, could fit in the detector ring. three photodiode units could replace one photomultiplier tube. this change resulted in increasing both the acquisition speed, and image resolution. the method of scanning was still slow, because the x - ray tube and control components interfaced by cable, limiting the scan frame rotation. initially, 4th generation scanners carried a significant advantage - the detectors could be automatically calibrated on every scan. the fixed geometry of 3rd generation scanners was especially sensitive to detector mis - calibration ( causing ring artifacts ). additionally, because the detectors were subject to movement and vibration, their calibration could drift significantly. all modern medical scanners are of 3rd generation design. modern solid - state detectors are sufficiently stable that calibration for each image is no longer required. the 4th generation scanners ' inefficient use of detectors made them considerably more expensive than 3rd generation scanners. further, they were more sensitive to artifacts because the non - fixed relationship to the x - ray source made it impossible to reject scattered radiation. another limiting factor in image acquisition was the x - ray tube. the need for long, high intensity exposures and very stable output placed enormous demands on both the tube and generator ( power supply ). very high performance rotating anode tubes were developed to keep up with demand for faster imaging, as were the regulated 150 kv switched mode power supplies to drive them. modern systems have power ratings up to 100 kw. slip - ring technology replaced the spooled cable technology of older ct scanners, allowing the x - ray tube and detectors to spin continuously. when combined with the ability to move the patient continuously through the scanner this refinement is called helical ct or, more commonly, spiral ct. multi - detector - row ct systems further accelerated scans, by allowing several images to be acquired simultaneously. modern scanners are available with up to 64 detector rows / output channels ( depends upon the technology used by the manufacturer ). it is possible to complete a scan of the chest in a few seconds. an examination that required", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.5538335307589841, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 10, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T11:31:45.604187"} {"text": "images to be acquired simultaneously. modern scanners are available with up to 64 detector rows / output channels ( depends upon the technology used by the manufacturer ). it is possible to complete a scan of the chest in a few seconds. an examination that required 10 separate breath - holds of 10 seconds each can now be completed in a single 10 second breath - hold. multi - detector ct can also provide isotropic resolution, permitting cross - sectional images to be reconstructed in arbitrary planes ; an ability similar to mri. more anatomical volume coverage in less time is one of the key features of the latest generation md ct scanners. it is however more important to achieve better spatial resolution than only volume coverage for better reconstructed images. latest generation md ct scanners with flying x - ray tube focal spot in z - axis direction shows better image resolution. a different approach was used for a particular type of dedicated cardiac ct technique called electron - beam ct ( also known as ultrafast ct, and occasionally fifth generation ct ). with temporal resolution of approximately 50 ms, these scanners could freeze cardiac and pulmonary motion providing high quality images. only one manufacturer offered these scanners ( imatron, later ge healthcare ), and few of these scanners were ever installed, primarily due to the very high cost of the equipment and their single - purpose design. rapid development of mdct has significantly reduced the advantage of ebct over conventional systems. contemporary mdct systems have temporal resolution approaching that of ebct, but at lower cost and with much higher flexibility. because of this, mdct is usually the preferred choice for new installations. improved computer technology and reconstruction algorithms have permitted faster and more accurate reconstruction. on early scanners reconstruction could take several minutes per image, a modern scanner can reconstruct a 1000 image study in under 30 seconds. refinements to the algorithms have reduced artifacts. dual source ct uses 2 x - ray sources and 2 detector arrays offset at 90 degrees. this reduces the time to acquire each image to about 0. 1 seconds, making it possible to obtain high quality images of the heart without the need for heart rate lowering drugs such as beta blockers. a dual - source multi - detector row scanner can complete an entire cardiac study within a single 10 second breath hold. volumetric ct is an extension of multi - detector ct, currently at research stage. current mdct scanners sample a 4 cm wide volume in one rotation. volumetric ct aims to increase the scan width to 10 - 20 cm, with current prototypes using 256 detector - rows", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.5441111833436783, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 11, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T11:31:45.605382"} {"text": "extension of multi - detector ct, currently at research stage. current mdct scanners sample a 4 cm wide volume in one rotation. volumetric ct aims to increase the scan width to 10 - 20 cm, with current prototypes using 256 detector - rows. potential applications include cardiac imaging ( a complete 3d dataset could be acquired in the time between 2 successive beats ) and 3d cine - angiography. in recent years, tomography has also been introduced on the micrometer level and is named microtomography. but these machines are currently only fit for smaller objects or animals, and cannot yet be used on humans. - cardiology diagnostic tests and procedures - computed tomography laser mammography ( ctlm ) - medical ultrasonography - magnetic resonance imaging ( mri ) - positron emission tomography ( pet ) - single photon emission computed tomography ( spect ) - electron - beam computed tomography ( ebct ) - digitally reconstructed radiograph - synchrotron x - ray tomographic microscopy references & bibliographyedit - ctisus comprehensive ct site by dr. elliot fishman of johns hopkins university - multislice ct angiogram from angioplasty. org - radiologyinfo - the radiology information resource for patients : computed tomography - example ct scan | this page uses creative commons licensed content from wikipedia ( view authors ). |", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.5465886918292028, "token_count": 279, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 12, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T11:31:45.606082"} {"text": "published a paper ( pdf ) comparing performance of four programming languages, c + +, its own language go, java and scala. a team at google created a \" simple and compact \" benchmark that didn ' t take advantage of language - specific features. an algorithm was implemented using each language ' s \" idiomatic container classes, looping constructs, and memory / object allocation schemes. \" google has however, the paper notes : \" while the benchmark itself is simple and compact, it employs many language features, in particular, higher - level data structures ( lists, maps, lists and arrays of sets and lists ), a few algorithms ( union / find, dfs / deep recursion, and loop recognition based on tarjan ), iterations over collection types, some object oriented features, and interesting memory allocation patterns. \" above : run - time measurements, including a few optimizations. after benchmark tests were published within google various employees took a stab at optimizing the code for specific languages. - c + + provides the best performance by far, but it requires the most extensive language - specific tuning. - scala provides the most concise notation and optimization of code complexity. - the algorithm was simplest to implement in java, but garbage collection settings make both java and scala difficult to benchmark accurately. - go offers concise notion and very fast compile time, but is still immature. the phrase \" lies, damn lies and benchmarks \" is by now a cliche. suffice it to say, benchmarks never tell the full story, and there are many factors to consider when choosing a programming language. that said, you may find parts of this paper enlightening, especially with regards to scala performance.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5251365359105773, "token_count": 352, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T11:31:45.613077"} {"text": "type of culminating activity doctor of education in curriculum and instruction curriculum, instruction, and foundational studies jennifer snow, ph. d. critics of the american education system point to student boredom, lack of personalized and relevant instruction, and a deficit of 21st century skills as challenges to producing productive citizens of a modern, digital society ( barab et al., 2009 ; eccles & wingfield, 2002 ; ketelhut, 2007 ; u. s. department of education office of educational technology, 2010 ). digital learning, including game - based approaches, offers opportunities to bring about meaningful, engaging, individualized learning ( barab & dede, 2007 ; gee, 2005 ; squire, 2003 ). quest - based learning is an instructional design theory of game - based learning that focuses on student activity choice within the curriculum, which offers promising pedagogical possibilities in the area. this study expands upon current research of video game characteristics and variables of attractiveness in learner choice. identifying these attractive characteristics in game - based educational design can increase engagement ( barab et al., 2009 ), educational effectiveness ( sullivan & mateas, 2009 ), and impact instructional design decisions. quests were coded and tagged to identify features and attributes. an educational quest taxonomy was developed building on merrill \u2019 s knowled ge object ( redeker, 2003 ; wiley, 2000 ) classification and expanded to include current digital tools and thinking. electronically collected decision data from a quest - based learning management system was analyzed using descriptive statistical analysis and data mining techniques. educational quests were differentiated by a number of data points and identified as more or less attractive using an initial interest score and a completion score. user rating was also considered for descriptive purposes. data mining and text mining highlighted the specific characteristics of attractive quests including clusters of characteristics identified as most attractive as well as their significance. suggestions for future attractive quest - based learning design are suggested. ( keywords : quests, quest - based learning, game - based learning, 3d gamelab, play styles, learner preferences, rewards, badges, gamification, mmorpgs, virtual environments, informal learning. ) haskell, charles christopher, \" design variables of attraction in quest - based learning \" ( 2012 ). boise state university theses and dissertations. paper 285.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5377162662940798, "token_count": 467, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T11:31:45.647594"} {"text": "herschel space observatory launch date : may 14, 2009 mission project home page - http : / / herschel. jpl. nasa. gov / herschel ' s infrared image of the andromeda galaxy shows rings of dust that trace gaseous reservoirs where new stars are forming and xmm - newton ' s x - ray image shows stars approaching the ends of their lives. both infrared and x - ray images convey information impossible to collect from the ground because these wavelengths are absorbed by earth ' s atmosphere. credits : esa / herschel / pacs / spire / j. fritz, u. gent / xmm - newton / epic / w. pietsch, mpe the herschel space observatory is a space - based telescope that is studying the light of the universe in the far - infrared and submillimeter portions of the spectrum. it is revealing new information about the earliest, most distant stars and galaxies, as well as those closer to home in space and time. it is also taking a unique look at our own solar system. herschel is the fourth cornerstone mission in the european space agency \u2019 s horizon 2000 program. ten countries, including the united states, participated in its design and implementation. launched on may 14, 2009, the mission will operate until the cryostat runs out of helium during the first half of 2013. the mission will operate until the cryostat runs out of helium, perhaps four years after launch. originally called \u201c first, \u201d for \u201c far infrared and submillimeter telescope, \u201d the spacecraft was renamed for britain \u2019 s sir william herschel, who discovered in 1800 that the spectrum extends beyond visible light into the region we today call \u201c infrared. \u201d herschel \u2019 s namesake will give scientists their most complete look so far at the large portion of the universe that radiates in far - infrared and submillimeter wavelengths. with a primary mirror 3. 5 meters ( approximately 11. 5 feet ) in diameter, herschel is the largest infrared telescope sent into space as of its launch date. using detectors cooled to temperatures very close to absolute zero ( 0 degree kelvin ), the three instruments called hifi, spire, and pacs, which enables herschel to be the first spacecraft to observe in the full 60 - 670 micron range. the far - infrared and submillimeter wavelengths at which herschel observes are considerably longer than the familiar rainbow of colors that the human eye can perceive. yet, this is a critically important portion of the spectrum to scientists because it is the frequency range at which", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.5055574745010928, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T11:31:45.651068"} {"text": "far - infrared and submillimeter wavelengths at which herschel observes are considerably longer than the familiar rainbow of colors that the human eye can perceive. yet, this is a critically important portion of the spectrum to scientists because it is the frequency range at which a large part of the universe radiates. much of the universe consists of gas and dust that is far too cold to radiate in visible light or at shorter wavelengths such as x - rays. however, even at temperatures well below the most frigid spot on earth, they do radiate at far - infrared and submillimeter wavelengths. stars and other cosmic objects that are hot enough to shine at optical wavelengths are often hidden behind vast dust clouds that absorb the visible light and re - radiate it in the far - infrared and submillimeter range. last updated : october 26, 2012 - esa herschel website - http : / / www. esa. int / specials / herschel / index. html - more about herschel - http : / / www. nasa. gov / mission _ pages / herschel / index. html - science @ esa - iso / herschel video - http : / / astronomy2009. esa. int / science - e / www / object / index. cfm? fobjectid = 44698 & fattributeid = 885", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5421401712102376, "token_count": 277, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T11:31:45.651610"} {"text": "is that so much of the ocean is invisible to us on a day - to - day basis ; if you don \u2019 t know what \u2019 s there, you don \u2019 t know what you \u2019 re destroying. the spade - toothed beak whale, which was written up in the new issue of current biology, is a lesson both in the diversity of the fragile oceans and the painstaking sleuthing that is required to study it. after van helden received his early - morning call, he and his colleagues got to work. they gathered all the information they could about the beached pair, including measurements and a set of photographs taken at the scene of the beaching. they worked with the whakatohea iwi, the maori tribe in the area where the whales had been found, and the new zealand department of conservation, to get the skeletons exhumed, and van helden produced a detailed anatomical illustration of the animal, which also appears in current biology. the pair on the beach were an adult female, measuring just over 17 ft. ( 5. 3 m ), and a juvenile male, 11. 5 ft. ( 3. 5 m ) from beak to tail fin. they lack the species \u2019 signature protruding teeth, which occur only in adult males. the shape and coloration of both specimens are subtly different from other beaked whales \u2014 subtle enough, in fact, that they would be easy to confuse with the more commonly seen gray \u2019 s. ( video : dolphins chased by killer whale ) what allowed the team to make a firm identification was the genetic information collected from the three bones that until now have been our only evidence of the spade - toothed \u2019 s existence. the first sign of the animal was a lower jaw found on new zealand \u2019 s chatham islands in 1872, bearing two jutting, triangular teeth. later on, two skulls without lower jaws, one found in 1950 in new zealand, the other found all the way across the pacific on robinson crusoe island in 1986, were proven by dna analysis to be from the same distinct species. but while scientists made educated guesses about what an intact spade - toothed would look like, extrapolating from its relatives could take them only so far. that \u2019 s why this find had the team so excited. \u201c it was the first time ever that anybody had ever had even a hint of what these things looked like, \u201d van helden says. the new discovery is a big step forward for scientists interested in beaked whales, but there is still much to learn about", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5081932342444909, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T11:31:45.657880"} {"text": "several workers were evacuated on sunday morning at the fukushima nuclear plant after the level of radioactivity exceeded 10 million times the normal. the water used to cool the reactor number two was found extremely high amounts of particles of radioactive iodine. measured in samples from the water, found in the basement of the turbine hall located behind the reactor is milisievert 1, 000 per hour, said a spokesman for tokyo electric power company ( tepco ). \u201c this figure is ten million times greater than the radioactivity found in water in a reactor generally in good condition, \u201d he explained. according to him, the fuel in the reactor core has probably suffered damage during an onset of fusion, occurred immediately after an earthquake followed by tsunami on 11 march. the intervention teams began to use fresh water to cool reactors. this is because sea water that used to accelerate corrosion and could now pose a threat. the government in tokyo has announced that the efforts of japanese workers at fukushima daiichi nuclear power plant, to cool the reactors suffered a new blow on friday after a senior official said the reactor vessel 3 was damaged. hidehiko nishiyama, deputy director of the japanese agency for nuclear and industrial safety, explained that the possibility exists that radiation emanated from the reactor fuel \u2013 a mixture of uranium and plutonium \u2013 to be released", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5063883404140339, "token_count": 268, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T11:31:45.660041"} {"text": "from january 1 \u2013 14, a reddit user named vidzilla posted daily images of a zombie pandemic as depicted through screen shots of popular internet services. the lessons we can learn from the \u201c day \u201d series creative gestalt are an excellent example of why technologists, educators, and the general public should fight for positive rights to fair use. like many internet memes, each of the images from the \u201c day \u201d series is a combination of popular and folk culture, a mashup of objects from media industries with new material from the author. many of the individual parts of the \u201c day \u201d series \u2019 images are trademarked and / or subject to copyright, and thus despite the long - standing convention of fair use, the alarming upswing of attempts at regulatory control of content ( sopa, pipa, acta, tpp ) could end up crushing this form of creativity. these digital objects that made up the \u201c day \u201d series comprised a 14 day amateur take on the alternative reality game ( arg ) genre. args are interactive narratives revealed by clues delivered across multiple media formats. they are often used in viral marketing campaigns. when the \u201c day \u201d series began, some redditors wondered if the posts were viral marketing for the upcoming world war z film. vidzilla claimed to have been influenced by prior args, but emphatically denied that the \u201c day \u201d posts were part of a marketing campaign. rather, vidzilla explained, the \u201c day \u201d series was an opportunistic creation. after positive responses to an initial post to reddit about text - messaging being the start of a zombie pandemic, vidzilla spontaneously decided to develop a story by by depicting zombie - themed posts in various social media. the inclusion of clues to easter eggs ( hidden extra images, audio, and video ) in the images boosted the popularity of the later posts. reddit users moved from mere upvoting and general discussion of the posts \u2019 contents to swapping the passwords for audio and video files, debating the meaning of the ambiguous sounds and images, and developing their own responses to the story. on january 15 vidzilla ended the series and thanked the reddit community. the social media patchwork and emergency management the \u201c day \u201d series began and ended with fictious sms messages and covered virtually every form of online media in between. each image was a note - perfect slice of the pandemic from the personal to institutional. for example, these first two images", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5023889531529642, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T11:31:45.668926"} {"text": "to find. if real - time video feeds showed many people being shocked at once, this could trigger an alert for a human to look at the feeds or for other information. however, as one reddit user pointed out, the particular image of shock in the found footage used to create the chatroulette zombie image was likely drawn from a reaction to nudity in the real chatroulette. the chance for false positives based on just \u2018 shocked looks \u2019, then, and perhaps the range of other discrete reactions, is unfortunately very high. i concede that this scenario is somewhat far - fetched. it is, nonetheless, illustrative of the complexity of sorting markers of a crisis out given the extreme nature of a large amount of the communication exchanged daily online. fiction, in this case, has unwittingly presented an interesting challenge to social media emergency management. the future of education as a communication technology educator, to me one of the most interesting aspects of \u201c day \u201d was just how much vidzilla and the responding redditors needed to know about social media to produce and engage with the story. vidzilla \u2019 s posts succeed because they clearly display generic conventions of form and content of each internet medium. from a media education standoint, such distinctions are the basis of understanding media choices and how culture is ( re ) produced online. indeed, despite the complexity of the scenario discussed above, vidzilla \u2019 s \u201c day \u201d series did, in fact, demonstrate a range of quite plausible crisis markers from which future models could be extrapolated. although vidzilla skipped the intermediate steps of literature reviews and methodology, and had no intention of conducting any analysis of the recognisablity of the markers, the positive response of redditors indicates that vidzilla was on the right track. vidzilla \u2019 s demonstration of applied media understandings goes beyond the crisis markers. many of the images reproduce famous and current internet trends and memes. vidzilla produced applied media research that many media educators would be proud to see from a student. the \u201c day \u201d series posts also mimiced typical reddit posts. reddit bills itself as \u201c the front page of the internet \u201d because it is perhaps the most mainstream aggregation of the latest internet trends and world news. vidzilla \u2019 s knew what redditors would expect to see posted during an emergent crisis. finally, vidzilla \u2019 s decision to make some of the story materials available via image hosting and", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5107564640641279, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T11:31:45.671115"} {"text": "the minds of some individuals than the words of the gospel or that of councils and popes. ironically, the piety which is thus exalted is actually weakened, in the long run, if it is emphasized at the expense of familiarity with the apostolic and ecclesiastical testimony from which its very justification and value is derived. in other words, neglect of the ground of the faith in exchange for an exclusive or exaggerated commitment to a particular pious practice, even one which has the highest backing of the church, may well bring that specific practice itself into question over time. critics of the roman school claim that the piety thus inspired was an egotistical one, centered upon individual devotions and stressing self - sanctification at the expense of a more balanced appreciation of the unity of all believers in that communal enterprise of adoration of the true god from which personal sanctification flows. this self - centeredness was then said to stand as an obstacle to true liturgical revival. one might well note in passing, however, that such a complaint seems to contradict or at least weaken the argument that adulation of the character of the church gradually obscured interest in personal union with christ. a third potential defect of the roman school, and an ironic one, is its rationalism. despite the fact that the enlightenment and its heritage are often popularly thought to have been rationalist in character, the \" age of reason \" was, in fact, reductionist in its arguments, allowing scope for only one kind of experimental reasoning to flourish. this experimental reasoning soon began to understand human life as something hopelessly enchained to passion, will, subjective value judgment, and irrationality. nineteenth century catholicism, on the other hand, was one of the few forces defending the objective value and significance of the human reason as such. the first vatican council gave eloquent testimony to this fact with its dogmatic constitution concerning the catholic faith, which reiterated the church ' s belief that reason could prove the existence of god. the problem lay not in this defense of reason, but in the tendency by the end of the century and the beginning of the next to focus on one specific line of speculative reasoningthomistto the exclusion of other philosophical approaches. this exclusivity was accompanied by a neglect of historical and other studies which would have helped to reveal the inadequacy of such a development. thus, it was often only with great difficulty, and with accusations of suspicious orthodoxy to boot, that one could speak of the historical context in which men like st. thomas a", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5256177252949684, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 9, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T11:31:45.721758"} {"text": "would have helped to reveal the inadequacy of such a development. thus, it was often only with great difficulty, and with accusations of suspicious orthodoxy to boot, that one could speak of the historical context in which men like st. thomas aquinas wrote, suggest that this context necessarily limited the completeness of their work, and argue that their labor could well be complemented by the efforts of other thinkers of other eras. to say that the method and writings of st. thomas are not in and of themselves completely sufficient, to argue that they do not by themselves alone give the fullest possible expression to the christian faith, to discuss the historical circumstances in which st. thomas labored and how these may have limited the scope of the questions to which he directed his attention, is not at all the same as saying that thomism is wrong or beside the point. similarly, to say that knowledge of christian dogma might grow beyond the manner in which st. thomas expressed it is not the same thing as denying to dogma an objective, god - given content, anymore than appreciation of st. thomas ' s doctrinal use of aristotelian language amounts to a denial of the divine character of the non - aristotelian doctrinal statements of the apostles. still, such inferences were often drawn by many members of the roman school, with the consequence that any non - thomistic, biblical, patristic, experiential, or historically - based exploration of the faith, was often condemned as \" modernist \" or intrinsically invalid. this proved to be especially unfortunate when clever students, realizing the gaps in their education, confronted less than gifted teachers who failed to address real problems in a substantive way, and yet presented their work as \" authoritative \". it was under circumstances such as these, by the 1890 ' s, that students were seduced by true heretics with superior teaching skills and charismatic personalitiesmen such as the scriptural scholar alfred loisy ( 1857 - 1940 ). neo - ultramontanism also had its negative side which, alas, has become more clear to traditionalist catholics in recent times. like all centralizing movements, it caused problems at the diocesan level, hampering the development of local initiative. this was not so much due to the disturbing but ultimately salutary rocking of the many rather listless parochial boats of the day, as it was to a gradual encouragement of the hope that rome could handle all future problems on its own. when rome could not do so, or", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5298595051565826, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 10, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T11:31:45.722811"} {"text": "to the disturbing but ultimately salutary rocking of the many rather listless parochial boats of the day, as it was to a gradual encouragement of the hope that rome could handle all future problems on its own. when rome could not do so, or when rome itself became a source of confusion, local clerical and lay stimulus to confront debilitating crises was often therefore missing. moreover, the manner in which the definition of papal infallibility was \" resolved \" at vatican one was itself problematic. official plans had called for a general schema on the nature of the church to be discussed and promulgated at the council, and it was into this schema that the issue of papal infallibility was introduced. difficulties arose, however, due to intense lobbying for and against the doctrine, inside and outside the council. problems also accompanied the lifting of the discussion of papal infallibility from the basic explanatory framework in which it was embedded, and treating it on its ownfirst, and out of context. the storm grew more violent still. when it was calmed, the resulting definition in no way met the expectations of more fervent infallibilists. fallout from the franco - prussian war then shut the holy synod down, leaving the schema on the church a schema alone. vatican one did indeed bequeath the catholic world a real understanding of the importance of papal power and prerogatives, but failed adequately to explain how these were to be practiced, and what relation they had with the work of ordinary bishops in their own dioceses. it especially left a certain confusion about how infallibility applied to the use of the ordinary magisterium, feeding that constant debate over whether or not it actually had been invoked in specific matters that we have witnessed for one hundred thirty four years. parenthetically, however, in defense of the council ' s procedure, one ought to note that all such synods have tended to treat issues as they arose, in the envelope of ecclesiastical crisis. all have thus left terrible conundrums for posterity. still, the confusion was real, and many romanists acted, unjustifiably, as though the maximalist position which had definitely not been adopted by the council was the one that \" real catholics \", in practice, were obliged to accept anyway. fifthly, the call for transformation of everything in christ through the activity of a mobilized laity had the undesired consequence of promoting laicization within the church. such difficulties were not new. they have", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5285079659427954, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 11, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T11:31:45.723947"} {"text": "leadership involves defining and communicating an organization \u2019 s long - term vision and mission while conflict resolution typically deals with the situation at hand. by articulating what you want to accomplish, providing support for talented subordinates, overcoming obstacles, exploiting opportunities, demanding excellence, behaving ethically, you set a good example for your organization. an effective leader builds teams that work well together. as a leader, you facilitate the resolution of conflicts that distract the team members, decrease productivity, destroy motivation and lead frustration and anger. you also recognize that some conflict is natural and necessary to produce innovative solutions to problems, encourage meaningful communication between team members and leads to clarification and cooperation. using the thomas - kilmann conflict mode instrument, developed in the 1970s by conflict resolution experts kenneth w. thomas and ralph h. kilmann, you can identify the best way to handle conflict in your organization. leaders use their position, expertise or persuasive ability to exercise control over their subordinates. in an emergency situation, when a decision needs to made quickly, you typically use the autocratic leadership style to resolve the problem. on an ongoing basis, however, to prevent conflict from festering in the organization, effective team leaders take the time to gather input from subordinates and refrain from behaving as if decisions represent a win or loss for subordinates. by using the participative leadership style, you foster an environment of cooperation and collaboration that typically enables employees to function effectively as a team. an effective leader quickly diagnoses issues that hinder team productivity, takes prompt corrective action to resolve disagreements and helps the team members to develop the skills necessary to resolve conflicts on their own, without management intervention. by compromising, both sides in a conflict give up something in order to gain an agreement. effective leaders encourage team members to accept concessions when necessary to maintain a level of productivity rather than continuing to debate or argue. they help team members overcome interpersonal conflicts and promote acceptance of other cultures and experiences in the workplace. to meet the needs of the team, a team member may surrender his position. when the stakes are low, accommodating the needs of others can promote harmony and foster a productive work environment. however, long - term conflict can arise if more aggressive individuals take advantage of team members who don \u2019 t act assertively. effective leaders monitor their team environment and provide coaching and mentoring to members that enables them to function productively together without operating at the expense of others. when a conflict involves a controversial or unpopular decision", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5004722053654644, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T11:31:45.757886"} {"text": "a recent study shows that working the muscles may strengthen not only your body, but your brain as wemay improve the brain \u2019 s ability to think. in past research, lab animals and people generally performed better on cognition tests after engaging in exercise for several weeks. researchers designed an experiment to observe the exact effects of exercise on the brain. using two drugs that simulate the effects of exercise on lab animals for 2 weeks, the experiment confirmed that changes in muscles did indeed affect the mind. the lab animals that received the drugs performed significantly better on tests of memory and learning than control animals that had been idle for the same 2 weeks. the results suggested, however, that exercise may need to be aerobic in order to substantially affect the brain. for more details, go to http : / / well. blogs. nytimes. com / a study conducted in oregon state university has recently observed the positive effects of short bouts of exercise as compared to the recommended 30 minute structured exercise regimen we are usually told to strive for. researchers say that instead of dedicating 30 minutes to exercise all at once, it can be broken up into spurts of physical activity as short as one or two minutes at a time, which at the end of the day can easily add up to 30 minutes. they suggest becoming aware of your ability to add physical movement into any part of your day and making small changes in your normal routine, such as pacing while talking on the phone, taking the stairs instead of the elevator, using a rake instead of a leaf blower, and shopping in stores instead of online. the study found that 43 % of people who engaged in short bouts of physical activity met the physical guidelines of getting 30 minutes of exercise daily. however, less than 10 % of people engaging in longer bouts of exercise met the same federal guidelines. these new findings provide an easy alternative for those of us who don \u2019 t have the time to fit 30 or more consecutive minutes of exercise into our busy days. for more details, go to http : / / www. sciencedaily. com / releases / 2013 / 01 / 130129100118. htm weight training alone is not an effective way to reduce the risk of heart disease or diabetes if you are overweight, but aerobic training might be, according to a new study from the duke university medical center. participants in the study were divided into three groups for eight months. one group did only resistance training, working out on eight different weight machines three times per week. the second group did two hours of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.5044020918254748, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T11:31:45.767201"} {"text": "to a new study from the duke university medical center. participants in the study were divided into three groups for eight months. one group did only resistance training, working out on eight different weight machines three times per week. the second group did two hours of aerobic training per week, and the third group did both programs. people in the weight training group gained an average of 1. 5 pounds, added to their waistline and failed to reduce their risk for heart disease or diabetes. the aerobic training group lost three pounds and a half - inch from their waists, and participants who did both cardio and weights in the study lost four pounds and an inch from their waists. both groups also decreased their risk of illness. although the combination of weight training and aerobic training produced the best results, the study published in the american journal of cardiology says that it is hard to determine whether the difference between the combined group and the aerobic group was due to the combination of training being more effective or simply forcing participants to work out twice as much. \u201c when weighing the time commitment versus health benefit, the data suggest that at ( aerobic training ) alone was the most efficient mode of exercise for improving cardiometabolic health, \u201d says the study, titled \u201c comparison of aerobic versus resistance exercise training effects on metabolic syndrome. \u201d exercise also plays a prominent role in reducing the risk of sudden cardiac death, which is the result of a sudden loss of heart function due to problems with the heart \u2019 s electrical impulses, according to another study published earlier this month in the journal of the american medical association. by analyzing data on lifestyle factors of more than 80, 000 women over the span of 25 years, researchers found that those who worked out regularly and also had a healthy body mass index ( under 25 ), did not smoke and ate a well - balanced diet significantly reduced their chances of sudden cardiac death. it \u2019 s pretty common to be excited when you start a new exercise program. there \u2019 s hope that you \u2019 ll finally reach your goals, you \u2019 re immersed in a new regime, and because you are starting fresh, your mind is a little more engaged and curious to see what \u2019 s coming next. but after a few months, how do you keep that going? here is a list of 10 ways tostay excited about exercising, and below are some of my favorites that i use too : 1. ) make exercise a part of your schedule. this personally is crucial for me. if i block out the hour, and have a", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5060219629108954, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T11:31:45.768872"} {"text": "freighter ( or barge ) was the term given to any spacecraft that was used to transport freight or cargo ( such as parts and supplies ). both legitimate businesspersons and smugglers could be found captaining such transports. freighters were needed from the time space travel began because of the need for supplies to all reaches of the galaxy. freighters usually traveled with hyperdrives because people would often pay more for quick delivery. for obvious reasons, freighters were used mainly for trade. although very few fought in great battles, many freighters did see action. smugglers and legitimate traders alike had some tangles now and then, but freighters were often armed and shielded so that they could resist attempts on their cargo. smuggling was a very prominent criminal fringe activity in the galaxy that involved the transportation of contraband between planets. to do this, a freighter generally of small size such as the millennium falcon, was required to transport the contraband past planetary security forces. some examples of contraband include spice, blasters and medical supplies. smugglers often added upgrades to their ships so that they could beat competitors and outwit planetary security forces. almost every smugglers vessel had improved light speed and sub - light speed drives for increased speed as well as boosted weapons systems to fight their way out of tough situations. another of the most prevalent modifications to a smugglers freighter were numerous secret compartments to hide contraband from security checks while legitimate cargo occupied the cargo bays. on the millennium falcon, these consisted of removable floor plates. some freighters became so heavily modified that the mess of cross wired and non traditional parts prevented starship mechanics from working on them effectively. the smugglers themselves were therefore required to have a detailed knowledge of freighter mechanics and electronics to be able to keep their vessels in working order. most smugglers preferred it this way as they didn ' t trust anyone tampering with their prized possessions. most smugglers freighters required a crew of more than one and as such most smugglers hired a copilot, such as chewbacca on the millennium falcon or the droid le - bo2d9 aboard the outrider. to a smuggler, their freighter was everything ; their job, their home, their lives. many smugglers lived in their freighters as they had no terrestrial home. - star wars : the old republic - tempest feud - the clone wars : decide your destiny : crisis on coruscant - \" the heart \" - \" maze run \" \u2014 star wars insider 131 - star wars episode iv : a", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5215137661005302, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T11:31:45.787071"} {"text": "algoritma nyaeta susunan parentah, nu jumlahna kawates, pikeun ngolah sababaraha parentah nu, sakumpulan data asupanana, bakal ngahasilkeun sarupaning bentuk ahir nu bisa dipikawanoh ; sabalikna ti heuristik. konsep algoritma mindeng digambarkeun ku conto hiji resep, sanajan loba algoritma kacida ruwetna ; algoritma sering miboga lengkah - lengkah anu malikan ( iterasi ) atawa merlukeun kaputusan ( saperti logika atawa perbandingan ) nepi ka tugas direngsekeunnana. | artikel ieu keur dikeureuyeuh, ditarjamahkeun tina basa inggris. bantosanna diantos kanggo narjamahkeun. sababaraha alogaritma bisa anggeus ku pagawean nu sarua make susunan parentah nu beda in more or less time, space, or effort than others. for example, given two different recipes for making potato salad, one may have peel the potato before boil the potato while the other presents the steps in the reverse order, yet they both call for these steps to be repeated for all potatoes and end when the potato salad is ready to be eaten. correctly performing an algorithm will not solve a problem if the algorithm is flawed or not appropriate to the problem. for example, performing the potato salad algorithm will fail if there are no potatoes present, even if all the motions of preparing the salad are performed as if the potatoes were there. in some countries, such as the usa, some algorithms can effectively be patented if an embodiment is possible ( for example, a multiplication algorithm embodied in the arithmetic unit of a microprocessor ). algoritma nu dirumuskeun [ edit ] algorithms are essential to the way computers process information, because a computer program is essentially an algorithm that tells the computer what specific steps to perform ( in what specific order ) in order to carry out a specified task, such as calculating employees \u2019 paychecks or printing students \u2019 report cards. thus, an algorithm can be considered to be any sequence of operations which can be performed by a turing -", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_computing", "similarity_score": 0.6133015708580627, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T11:31:45.816556"} {"text": "in what specific order ) in order to carry out a specified task, such as calculating employees \u2019 paychecks or printing students \u2019 report cards. thus, an algorithm can be considered to be any sequence of operations which can be performed by a turing - complete system. typically, when an algorithm is associated with processing information, data is read from an input source or device, written to an output sink or device, and / or stored for further use. stored data is regarded as part of the internal state of the entity performing the algorithm. for any such computational process, the algorithm must be rigorously defined : specified in the way it applies in all possible circumstances that could arise. that is, any conditional steps must be systematically dealt with, case - by - case ; the criteria for each case must be clear ( and computable ). because an algorithm is a precise list of precise steps, the order of computation will almost always be critical to the functioning of the algorithm. instructions are usually assumed to be listed explicitly, and are described as starting ' from the top ' and going ' down to the bottom ', an idea that is described more formally by flow of control. so far, this discussion of the formalisation of an algorithm has assumed the premises of imperative programming. this is the most common conception, and it attempts to describe a task in discrete, ' mechanical ' means. unique to this conception of formalized algorithms is the assignment operation, setting the value of a variable. it derives from the intuition of ' memory ' as a scratchpad. there is an example below of such an assignment. ngalarapkeun algoritma [ edit ] algorithms are sometimes implemented as computer programs but are more often implemented by other means, such as in a biological neural network ( for example, the human brain implementing arithmetic or an insect relocating food ), or in electric circuits or in a mechanical device. the analysis and study of algorithms is one discipline of computer science, and is often practiced abstractly ( without the use of a specific programming language or other implementation ). in this sense, it resembles other mathematical disciplines in that the analysis focuses on the underlying principles of the algorithm, and not on any particular implementation. one way to embody ( or sometimes codify ) an algorithm is the writing of pseudocode. some writers restrict the definition of algorithm to procedures that eventually finish. others include procedures that could run forever without stopping, arguing that some entity may be required to carry out such permanent tasks. in the latter case, success can no longer be", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_computing", "similarity_score": 0.6019552408859762, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T11:31:45.818488"} {"text": "pseudocode. some writers restrict the definition of algorithm to procedures that eventually finish. others include procedures that could run forever without stopping, arguing that some entity may be required to carry out such permanent tasks. in the latter case, success can no longer be defined in terms of halting with a meaningful output. instead, terms of success that allow for unbounded output sequences must be defined. for example, an algorithm that verifies if there are more zeros than ones in an infinite random binary sequence must run forever to be effective. if it is implemented correctly, however, the algorithm ' s output will be useful : for as long as it examines the sequence, the algorithm will give a positive response while the number of examined zeros outnumber the ones, and a negative response otherwise. success for this algorithm could then be defined as eventually outputting only positive responses if there are actually more zeros than ones in the sequence, and in any other case outputting any mixture of positive and negative responses. di dieu aya conto sederhana dina algoritma. bayangkeun anjeun mibanda wilangan random dina daptar nu teu kasortir. tujuan ahirna keur manggihkeun wilangan panggedena tina eta daptar. lengkah mimiti nyaeta kudu nempo kana sakabeh nilai nu aya dina deret. lengkah saterusna nyaeta nempo kana eta nilai ngan sakali. asupkeun kana itungan, algoritma basajan ngeunaan hal eta saperti di handap ieu : - pretend the first number in the list is the largest number. - look at the next number, and compare it with this largest number. - only if this next number is larger, then keep that as the new largest number. - repeat steps 2 and 3 until you have gone through the whole list. given : a list \" list \" largest = list counter = 2 while counter < = length ( list ) : if list [ counter ] > largest : largest = list [ counter ] counter = counter + 1 print largest notes on notation : - = as used here indicates assignment. that is, the value on the right - hand side of the expression is assigned to the container ( or variable ) on the left - hand side of the expression. - list [ counter ] as used here indicates the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.6367466608240109, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T11:31:45.820306"} {"text": "= as used here indicates assignment. that is, the value on the right - hand side of the expression is assigned to the container ( or variable ) on the left - hand side of the expression. - list [ counter ] as used here indicates the counterth element of the list. for example : if the value of counter is 5, then list [ counter ] refers to the 5th element of the list. - < = as used here indicates ' less than or equal to ' note also the algorithm assumes that the list contains at least one number. it will fail when presented an empty list. most algorithms have similar assumptions on their inputs, called pre - conditions. as it happens, most people who implement algorithms want to know how much of a particular resource ( such as time or storage ) a given algorithm requires. methods have been developed for the analysis of algorithms to obtain such quantitative answers ; for example, the algorithm above has a time requirement of o ( n ), using the big o notation with n representing for the length of the list. kecap algoritma comes ultimately from the name of the 9th - century mathematician abu abdullah muhammad bin musa al - khwarizmi. the word algorism originally referred only to the rules of performing arithmetic using arabic numerals but evolved into algorithm by the 18th century. the word has now evolved to include all definite procedures for solving problems or performing tasks. the first case of an algorithm written for a computer was ada byron ' s notes on the analytical engine written in 1842, for which she is considered by many to be the world ' s first programmer. however, since charles babbage never completed his analytical engine the algorithm was never implemented on it. the lack of mathematical rigor in the \" well - defined procedure \" definition of algorithms posed some difficulties for mathematicians and logicians of the 19th and early 20th centuries. this problem was largely solved with the description of the turing machine, an abstract model of a computer formulated by alan turing, and the demonstration that every method yet found for describing \" well - defined procedures \" advanced by other mathematicians could be emulated on a turing machine ( a statement known as the church - turing thesis ). nowadays, a formal criterion for an algorithm is that it is a procedure that can be implemented on a completely - specified turing machine or one of the equivalent formalisms. turing ' s initial interest was in the halting problem : deciding when an algorithm describes a terminating procedure. in practical terms computational complexity theory matters more : it includes the puzzling problem of the algorithms", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.6105876316523904, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T11:31:45.823389"} {"text": "specified turing machine or one of the equivalent formalisms. turing ' s initial interest was in the halting problem : deciding when an algorithm describes a terminating procedure. in practical terms computational complexity theory matters more : it includes the puzzling problem of the algorithms called np - complete, which are generally presumed to take more than polynomial time. kelas algoritma [ edit ] aya sababaraha cara keur nyieun kelas algoritma, and the merits of each classification have been the subject of ongoing debate. one way of classifying algorithms is by their design methodology or paradigm. there is a certain number of paradigms, each different from the other. furthermore, each of these categories will include many different types of algorithm. some commonly found paradigms include : - divide and conquer. a divide - and - conquer algorithm reduces an instance of a problem to one or more smaller instances of the same problem ( usually recursively ), until the instances are small enough to be directly expressible in the programming language employed ( what is ' direct ' is often discretionary ). - dynamic programming. when a problem shows optimal substructure, i. e when the optimal solution to a problem consists of optimal solutions to subproblems ( for instance the shortest path between two vertices on a weighted graph consists of the shortest path between all the vertices in between. ) you solve such a problem bottom - up by solving the simplest problems first and then procceding to increasingly difficult problems until you have solved the original problem. this is called a dynamic programming algorithm. - the greedy method. a greedy algorithm is similar to a dynamic programming algorithm, but the difference is that at each stage you don ' t have to have the solutions to the subproblems, you can make a \" greedy \" choice of what looks best for the moment. - linear programming. when you solve a problem using linear programming you put the program into a number of linear inequalities and then try to maximize ( or minimize ) the inputs. many problems ( such as the maximum flow for directed graphs ) can be stated in a linear programming way, and then be solved by a ' generic ' algorithm such as the simplex algorithm. - search and enumeration. many problems ( such as playing chess ) can be modelled as problems on graphs. a graph exploration algorithm specifies rules for moving around a graph and is useful for such problems. this category also includes the search algorithms and backtracking. - the probabilistic and heuri", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_computing", "similarity_score": 0.6039672119428285, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T11:31:45.826914"} {"text": "playing chess ) can be modelled as problems on graphs. a graph exploration algorithm specifies rules for moving around a graph and is useful for such problems. this category also includes the search algorithms and backtracking. - the probabilistic and heuristic paradigm. algorithms belonging to this class fit the definition of an algorithm more loosely. probabilistic algorithms are those that make some choices randomly ( or pseudo - randomly ) ; for some problems, it can in fact be proved that the fastest solutions must involve some randomness. genetic algorithms attempt to find solutions to problems by mimicking biological evolutionary processes, with a cycle of random mutations yielding successive generations of ' solutions '. thus, they emulate reproduction and \" survival of the fittest \". in genetic programming, this approach is extended to algorithms, by regarding the algorithm itself as a ' solution ' to a problem. also there are heuristic algorithms, whose general purpose is not to find a final solution, but an approximate solution where the time or resources to find a perfect solution are not practical. an example of this would be simulated annealing algorithms, a class of heuristic probabilistic algorithms that vary the solution of a problem by a random amount. the name ' simulated annealing ' alludes to the metallurgic term meaning the heating and cooling of metal to achieve freedom from defects. the purpose of the random variance is to find close to globally optimal solutions rather than simply locally optimal ones, the idea being that the random element will be decreased as the algorithm settles down to a solution. another way to classify algorithms is by implementation. a recursive algorithm is one that invokes ( makes reference to ) itself repeatedly until a certain condition matches, which is a method common to functional programming. algorithms are usually discussed with the assumption that computers execute one instruction of an algorithm at a time. those computers are sometimes called serial computers. an algorithm designed for such an environment is called a serial algorithm, as opposed to parallel algorithms, which take advantage of computer architectures where several processors can work on a problem at the same time. the various heuristic algorithm would probably also fall into this category, as their name ( e. g. a genetic algorithm ) describes its implementation. a list of algorithms discussed in wikipedia is available. tempo oge [ edit ] - bulletproof algorithms - numerical analysis - cryptographic algorithms - sort algorithms - search algorithms - merge algorithms - string algorithms - list of algorithms - timeline of algorithms - struktur data - genetic algorithms - randomised", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_computing", "similarity_score": 0.6220463756560863, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T11:31:45.832625"} {"text": "rica dela cruz mentor : dr. monica chander soxr is a redox - sensitive transcriptional dual regulator and activator protein. homologs of this protein, in addition to the specific dna sequences it binds, exist in various bacterial species. traditionally, soxr has been known to be an oxidative stress - defense protein, such as in the enteric bacterium, e. coli. in the presence of oxidative stress agents, soxr \u2019 s characteristic iron - sulfur clusters become oxidized inducing a conformational change. this allows the protein to bind to a specific dna promoter site to activate the expression of certain genes, which in turn produce various antioxidant proteins. unlike e. coli, however, studies in other bacterial species have suggested that soxr may play a role in the transport and / or modification of small molecules within the cell. for example, it has recently been found that soxr regulates the efflux of the redox - active antibiotic, pyocynin, produced by the bacteria, pseudomonas aeruginosa. analogous to p. aeruginosa, the soil bacterium, streptomyces coelicolor, also seems to show a possible link between soxr and one of the redox - active antibiotic it produces, actinorhodin. though, this has only been shown phenotypically. dna sequences homologous to the consensus sequence of the soxr binding site have been found in promoter regions of s. coelicolor genes, sco2478 and sco4266. it is hypothesized that soxr may either be activating or inhibiting the expression of sco2478 and sco4266 in the presence of endogenous actinorhodin. gel shift assays do show that soxr can bind to these regions in vitro. however, how soxr binds and its downstream mechanisms are still unknown. other consensus sequences of the soxr binding site have also been found in regions upstream of the ecaa, ecab, and ecac genes of s. coelicolor. one goal is to find out whether soxr does bind to these regions. this will be answered by the analysis of gel shift assays. another goal is to find out whether soxr functions to activate or inhibit the expression of these genes : sco2478, sco4266, and possibly the eca genes. thus, quantitative rt - pcr and micro", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5337642531749199, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T11:31:45.837413"} {"text": "russia is a transcontinental country that lies on the northern part of asia and europe. it is the world \u2019 s biggest country and is an eighth of the total land area of earth. it covers the northern part of asia and almost half of europe. it is a nation that spans 11 time zones, is home to more than 142 million people and is the ninth most country populous in the world as of 2007. the russian federation has the most mineral and energy resources on earth, and has the largest forest reserves in the world. due to its enormous land area, russia shares land borders with a number of nations, including finland, poland, ukraine, china, and north korea. moscow is the capital city of russia. it is the largest city in the country and is one of the largest urban areas in the world. moscow is also the largest city in europe. in terms of educational, economic, financial, and transportation, moscow is at the center of russia and holds a very significant role in international trade and business. the city is also home to a number of billionaires, and in 2007 was named the most expensive city in the world for the second time in a row. the russians are known for their craftsmanship and engineering prowess. it is in moscow that one of the most complex transport systems is located. known for its architecture, the metro system of moscow is one of the most admired and busiest in the world. the moscow international business center, also referred to as moscow - city, is a project being developed to be a part of central moscow. this ambitious project is designed to create a city within a city. the idea is to have a separate economic activity center inside the city where living space, business, and entertainment are to be combined. the project started in 1992. the federation tower, upon its completion in 2008, will be the tallest building in europe. the construction of four new transport stations, two of which are already operational, will broaden the metro system of the city. the two other stations will be used for the moscow - city project. | \u00ab london | | mumbai \u00bb |", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.52293062677859, "token_count": 423, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T11:31:45.843574"} {"text": "by brother nathanael kapner, copyright 2010 real jew news ( jewish propagandists would have us believe that hitler \u2019 s unfavorable attitude toward jewry was based solely on a \u201c racial \u201d hostility between aryans and the jewish people. but as we examine hitler \u2019 s early views regarding the jewish question, we do not find a predominantly racial line of disputation, but rather, a social line of argumentation. although the future fuhrer did identify jewry as having a \u201c racial character \u201d formed by centuries of jewish insulation within their host nations, he did not ground his opposition on genetic predetermination. thus, the accusation that hitler was a \u201c racist \u201d is a jewish lie. beginning with a letter written in 1919 in reply to an inquirer on the subject of jewry \u2019 s influence in the weimar republic, hitler stressed the need for a rational basis for anti - semitism that would oppose the ethos and actions of jewry : \u201c anti - semitism as a political movement cannot be defined by emotional impulses but by recognition of the facts. the facts are these : first, jewry is absolutely a race and not a religious association. jews never designate themselves as jewish germans, jewish poles, or jewish americans - but always as german, polish, or american jews. through thousands of years of the closest kind of inbreeding, jews have maintained their peculiarities far more distinctly than many of the peoples among whom they have lived. thus there lives amongst us an alien race that neither wishes to neither sacrifice its racial character nor deny its feeling, thinking, and striving. nevertheless, it possesses all the political rights we do. if the ethos of the jews is revealed in the purely material realm, it is even clearer in their thinking and striving. in their dance around the golden calf the value of the individual is no longer decided by his character but by the size of his fortune. the loftiness of a nation is no longer to be measured by the sum of its moral and spiritual powers, but rather by the wealth of its material possessions. this thinking and striving after money and power, and the feelings that go along with it, serve the purposes of the jew who is unscrupulous in the choice of methods and pitiless in their employment. his power is the power of money, which multiplies in his hands through interest, and which forces peoples under the most dangerous of yokes. its golden glitter, so attractive in the beginning, conceal", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5059567719798168, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T11:31:45.915441"} {"text": "methods and pitiless in their employment. his power is the power of money, which multiplies in his hands through interest, and which forces peoples under the most dangerous of yokes. its golden glitter, so attractive in the beginning, conceals the ultimately tragic consequences. everything men strive after as a higher goal, be it religion, socialism, democracy, is to the jew only means to an end, the way to satisfy his lust for gold and domination. in his effects and consequences he is like a racial cancer of the nations. thus, an anti - semitism based purely on emotional grounds will find its ultimate expression in the form of the pogrom. but an anti - semitism based on reason must lead to a systematic legal elimination of the privileges of the jews. the ultimate objective of such legislation must, however, be the irrevocable removal of the jews from civil and cultural influence. to this end, the installation of nationally - minded leadership personalities with an inner sense of responsibility is necessary. \u201d view entire story here. clearly, hitler outlined a \u201c social \u201d problem posed by jewry in its materialistic pursuits that acted as a \u201c cancer \u201d upon germany. this could only be eliminated by denying the jews civil and cultural influence through legal means. as mentioned above, the relevance of hitler \u2019 s early views on the jews to today \u2019 s jewish problem is to be considered. the question must be asked : is a legal denial of jewry \u2019 s pernicious influence on society the means of ridding ourselves of the jewish menace? this model was set forth not in racial terms, but again, based on the activities pursued by jewry, which hitler viewed as destructive to the culture and destiny of germany. first, let us explore an \u201c encounter \u201d the future fuhrer experienced with a religious jew while walking the streets of vienna when still a young artist which acted as a catalyst for his ensuing opposition to jewry : \u201c in the jew i saw only a man who was of a different religion, and therefore, on grounds of human tolerance, was against the idea that he should be attacked because he had a different faith. once, when passing through the inner city of vienna, i suddenly encountered a phenomenon in a long caftan and wearing black side - locks. my first thought was : \u2018 is this a jew? they certainly did not have this appearance in linz. \u2019 but the longer i gazed at the strange countenance and examined it feature by feature, the more the question shaped itself in my mind : \u2018", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5387886308673774, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T11:31:45.917057"} {"text": "tiny wiki : fast loading, text only version of wikipedia. redirect6 | pianoforte | earlier versions of the instrument | fortepiano | other uses of \" piano \" | piano ( disambiguation ) the piano is a musical instrument which is played by means of a keyboard. widely used in western music for solo performances, ensemble use, chamber music, and accompaniment, the piano is also very popular as an aid to composing and rehearsal. although not portable and often expensive, the piano ' s versatility and ubiquity have made it one of the world ' s most familiar musical instruments. pressing a key on the piano ' s keyboard causes a felt covered hammer to strike steel strings. the hammers rebound, allowing the strings to continue vibrating at their resonant frequency. these vibrations are transmitted through a bridge to a sounding board that couples the acoustic energy to the air so that it can be heard as sound. when the key is released, a damper stops the string ' s vibration. pianos are sometimes classified as both percussion and stringed instruments. according to the hornbostel - sachs method of music classification, they are grouped with chordophones. the word ' ' piano ' ' is a shortened form of the word ' ' pianoforte ' ', which is seldom used except in formal language and derived from the original italian name for the instrument, ' ' clavicembalo ' ' [ or ' ' gravicembalo ' ' ] ' ' col piano e forte ' ' ( literally ' ' harpsichord with soft and loud ' ' ). this refers to the instrument ' s responsiveness to keyboard touch, which allows the pianist to produce notes at different dynamic levels by controlling the speed with which the hammers hit the strings. the piano is founded on earlier technological innovations. the first string instruments with struck strings were the hammered dulcimers originating from the persian traditional musical instrument santur. during the middle ages, there were several attempts at creating stringed keyboard instruments with struck strings, the earliest being the hurdy gurdy which has uncertain origins. by the 17th century, the mechanisms of keyboard instruments such as the clavichord and the harpsichord were well known. in a clavichord the strings are struck by tangents, while in a harpsichord they are plucked by quills. centuries of work on the mechanism of the harpsichord in particular had shown the most effective ways to construct the case, soundboard, bridge, and keyboard. the invention of the modern piano is credited", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.563272205381265, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T11:31:45.968705"} {"text": "such as high - quality steel, called piano wire, for strings, and precision casting for the production of iron frames. over time, the tonal range of the piano was also increased from the five octaves of mozart ' s day to the 7al or more octaves found on modern pianos. early technological progress owed much to the firm of broadwood. john broadwood joined with another scot, robert stodart, and a dutchman, americus backers, to design a piano in the harpsichord case a\u20ac \u201c the origin of the \" grand \". they achieved this in about 1777. they quickly gained a reputation for the splendour and powerful tone of their instruments, with broadwood constructing ones that were progressively larger, louder, and more robustly constructed. they sent pianos to both joseph haydn and ludwig van beethoven, and were the first firm to build pianos with a range of more than five octaves : five octaves and a fifth during the 1790s, six octaves by 1810 ( beethoven used the extra notes in his later works ), and seven octaves by 1820. the viennese makers similarly followed these trends, however the two schools used different piano actions : broadwoods were more robust, viennese instruments were more sensitive. by the 1820s, the center of innovation had shifted to paris, where the pleyel firm manufactured pianos used by fra\u00a9da\u00a9ric chopin and the a \u2030 rard firm manufactured those used by franz liszt. in 1821, sa\u00a9bastien a \u2030 rard invented the double escapement action, which permitted a note to be repeated even if the key had not yet risen to its maximum vertical position. this facilitated rapid playing of repeated notes, and this musical device was pioneered by liszt. when the invention became public, as revised by henri herz, the double escapement action gradually became standard in grand pianos, and is still incorporated into all grand pianos currently produced. one of the major technical innovations that helped to create the sound of the modern piano was the use of a strong iron frame. also called the \" plate \", the iron frame sits atop the soundboard, and serves as the primary bulwark against the force of string tension. the increased structural integrity of the iron frame allowed the use of thicker, tenser, and more numerous strings. in a modern grand the total string tension can exceed 20 tons. the single piece cast iron frame was patented in 1825 in boston by alpheus babcock, combining the metal hitch pin plate ( 1821,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.510093202400182, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T11:31:45.975779"} {"text": "by the end of the 19th century. improvements have been made in manufacturing processes, and many individual details of the instrument continue to receive attention. history and musical performance much of the most widely admired piano repertoire, for example, that of haydn, mozart, and beethoven, was composed for a type of instrument that is rather different from the modern instruments on which this music is normally performed today. even the music of the romantics, including liszt, chopin, robert schumann, felix mendelssohn and johannes brahms, was written for pianos substantially different from ours. modern pianos come in two basic configurations ( with subcategories ) : the grand piano and the upright piano. in grand pianos, the frame and strings are horizontal, with the strings extending away from the keyboard. there are several sizes of grand piano. a rough generalization distinguishes the \" concert grand \" ( between about and long ) from the \" parlor grand \" or \" boudoir grand \" ( about to ) and the smaller \" baby grand \". all else being equal, longer pianos with longer strings have larger, richer sound and lower inharmonicity of the strings. inharmonicity is the degree to which the frequencies of overtones ( known as partials, partial tones, or harmonics ) depart from whole multiples of the fundamental frequency. pianos with shorter, thicker, and stiffer strings ( e. g., baby grands ) have more inharmonicity. the longer strings on a concert grand can vibrate more freely than the shorter, thicker strings on a baby grand, which means that a concert grand ' s strings will have truer overtones. this allows the strings to be tuned closer to equal temperament in relation to the standard pitch with less \" stretching \" in the piano tuning. full - size grands are usually used for public concerts, whereas smaller grands, introduced by sohmer & co. in 1884, are often chosen for domestic use where space and cost are considerations. a grand piano action has a repetition lever for each key. if the key is pressed repeatedly and fairly quickly this repetition lever catches the hammer close to the strings, which assists the speed and control of repeated notes and trills. upright pianos, also called vertical pianos, are more compact because the frame and strings are vertical. the hammers move horizontally, and are returned to their resting position by springs which are prone to wear and tear. upright pianos with unusually tall frames and long strings are sometimes called \" upright grand \" pianos. some authors classify modern pianos", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5507370087357158, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T11:31:45.980435"} {"text": "strings are vertical. the hammers move horizontally, and are returned to their resting position by springs which are prone to wear and tear. upright pianos with unusually tall frames and long strings are sometimes called \" upright grand \" pianos. some authors classify modern pianos according to their height and, to modifications of the action that are necessary to accommodate the height. * studio pianos are around 42 to 45 inches tall. this is the shortest cabinet that can accommodate a ' full - sized ' action located above the keyboard. * console pianos have a compact action ( shorter hammers ), and are a few inches shorter than studio models. * the top of a spinet model barely rises above the keyboard. the action is located below, operated by vertical wires that are attached to the backs of the keys. * anything taller than a studio piano is called an upright. toy pianos began to be manufactured in the 19th century. in 1863, henri fourneaux invented the player piano, which \" plays itself \" from a piano roll without the need for a pianist. a performance is \" recorded \" onto rolls of paper with perforations, and the player piano replays the performance using pneumatic devices. modern equivalents of the player piano include the ba \u00b6 sendorfer ceus and the yamaha disklavier, using solenoids and midi rather than pneumatics and rolls. a silent piano is an acoustic piano having an option to silence the strings by means of an interposing hammer bar. they are designed for private silent practice. the transposing piano was invented in 1801 by edward ryley. it has a lever under the keyboard used to move the keyboard relative to the strings so that a pianist can play in a familiar key while the music sounds in a different key. the prepared piano, encountered in some contemporary art music, is a grand piano which has objects placed inside it to alter its sound, or which has had its mechanism changed in some other way. the scores for music for prepared piano specify the modifications, for example instructing the pianist to insert pieces of rubber, or paper, or metal screws or washers, in between the strings. these either mute the strings or alter their timbre. available since the 1980s, digital pianos use digital sampling technology to reproduce the sound of each piano note. digital pianos can be sophisticated, with features including working pedals, weighted keys, multiple voices, and midi interfaces. however, when the damper pedal ( see below ) is depressed on such an instrument, there are no strings to vibrate", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5089781236211313, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T11:31:45.981561"} {"text": "note. digital pianos can be sophisticated, with features including working pedals, weighted keys, multiple voices, and midi interfaces. however, when the damper pedal ( see below ) is depressed on such an instrument, there are no strings to vibrate sympathetically. physical models of sympathetic vibration are incorporated into the synthesis software of some higher end digital pianos, such as the yamaha clavinova series, or the kawai mp8 series. with the advent of powerful desktop computers, highly realistic pianos have become available as affordable software modules. some of these modules, such as synthogy ' s ivory released in 2004, use multi - gigabyte piano sample sets with as many as 90 recordings, each lasting many seconds, for each of the 88 ( some have 81 ) keys under different conditions, augmented by additional samples to emulate sympathetic resonance, key release, the drop of the dampers, and simulations of piano techniques like re - pedaling. some other software modules, such as modartt ' s pianoteq released in 2006, use no samples whatsoever and are a pure synthesis of all aspects of the physicalities which go into the creation of a real piano ' s sound. in recent times, piano manufactures have superseded the old fashioned pianola or player piano with new innovative pianos which play themselves via a cd or mp3 player. similar in concept to a player piano, the pianodisc or iq systems installed in select pianos will ' play themselves ' when prompted by a certain file format designed to be interpreted by software installed and connected to the piano. such additions are quite expensive, often doubling the cost of a piano and are available in both upright and grand pianos. almost every modern piano has 36 black keys and 52 white keys for a total of 88 keys ( seven octaves plus a minor third, from a0 to c8 ). many older pianos only have 85 keys ( seven octaves from a0 to a7 ), while some manufacturers extend the range further in one or both directions. some ba \u00b6 sendorfer pianos extend the normal range downwards to f0, with one other model going as far as a bottom c0, making a full eight octave range. these extra keys are sometimes hidden under a small hinged lid that can be flipped down to cover the keys in order to avoid visual disorientation in a pianist unfamiliar with the extended keyboard. on others, the colors of the extra white keys are reversed ( black instead of white ). the extra keys are added primarily for increased resonance from the associated strings ; that is", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5300107381367699, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 8, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T11:31:45.982623"} {"text": "played notes. in addition, it alters the overall tone by allowing all strings, even the ones not directly played, to reverberate. the soft pedal or ' ' una corda ' ' pedal is placed leftmost in the row of pedals. in grand pianos, it shifts the entire action, including the keyboard, to the right, so that the hammers hit only one of the three strings for each note ( hence the name ' ' una corda ' ', or ' one string ' ). the effect is to soften the note as well as to change the tone. in uprights, this action is not possible, and so the pedal moves the hammers closer to the strings, allowing the hammers to hit the strings with less kinetic energy to produce a softer sound, but with no change in timbre. on grand pianos, the middle pedal is a sostenuto pedal. this pedal keeps raised any damper that was already raised at the moment the pedal is depressed. this makes it possible to sustain some notes ( by depressing the sostenuto pedal before notes to be sustained are released ) while the player ' s hands are free to play other notes. this can be useful for musical passages with pedal points and other otherwise tricky or impossible situations. on many upright pianos, there is a middle pedal called the ' practice ' or ' ' celeste ' ' pedal. this drops a piece of felt between the hammers and strings, greatly muting the sounds. there are also non - standard variants. on some pianos ( grands and verticals ), the middle pedal can be a bass sustain pedal : that is, when it is depressed, the dampers lift off the strings only in the bass section. this pedal would be used only when a pianist needs to sustain a single bass note or chord over many measures, while playing the melody in the treble section. on the stuart and sons piano as well as the largest fazioli piano, there is a fourth pedal to the left of the principal three. this fourth pedal works in the same way as the soft pedal of an upright piano, moving the hammers closer to the strings. the rare transposing piano, of which irving berlin possessed an example, had a middle pedal that functioned as a clutch which disengages the keyboard from the mechanism, enabling the keyboard to be moved to the left or right with a lever. the entire action of the piano is thus shifted to allow the pianist to play music written in one key so that it sounds", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5001063030766228, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 10, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T11:31:45.984604"} {"text": "host cell wall ( between the two arrows ) and the deposit at the host cell. scale bar = 1 \u00b5m. \u00a9 r. bauer 1997 the contents of these vesicles ( fig. 1 ) are transferred to the host plasma membrane ( fig. 2 ). two major types are recognized. ( i ) local interaction zones ( fig. 3 ) : short - term production of primary interactive vesicles per interaction site results in local interaction zones, and ( ii ) enlarged interaction zones ( fig. 4 ) : continuous production and exocytosis of primary interactive vesicles results in the continuous deposition of fungal material at the whole contact area with the host cell. fig. 3. transmission electron micrograph showing a local interaction zone ( arrows ) between exobasidium pachysporum ( lower cell ) and its host ( upper cell ). note the interaction apparatus ( arrowheads ) and the deposit at the host cell. scale bar = 0. 5 \u00b5m. \u00a9 r. bauer 1997 fig. 4. transmission electron micrograph showing an enlarged interaction zone between ustacystis waldsteiniae and its host. the haustorium ( h ) is encased by electron - opaque material. scale bar = 2 \u00b5m. \u00a9 r. bauer 1997 cell wall carbohydrate composition prillinger et al. ( 1993 ) distinguished between several types of cell wall carbohydrate composition within the basidiomycota. the ustilaginomycetes have a distinctive type with dominance of glucose and absence of xylose that separates them from the urediniomycetes and hymenomycetes. gottschalk and blanz ( 1985 ) distinguished between a type a and a type b secondary structure of the 5s rrna. the ustilaginomycetes share the type b secondary structure with the hymenomycetes. in contrast with the hymenomycetes, the septal pores of the ustilaginomycetes are without multilayered parenthesomes. in contrast with the urediniomycetes, in most ustilaginomycetes the septal pores are enclosed by distinctive, tripartite membrane caps or discs ( bauer et al. 1995b, bauer et al. 1997, fig. 5 ). fig. 5. transmission electron micrograph showing a typical septal pore apparatus of the ustilaginomycetes ( entyloma callitrichis ) with two membrane", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5331876309459649, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T11:31:46.014178"} {"text": "the definition of physical aggression varies from professional to professional. some do not distinguish between aggression directed against objects ( more accurately characterized as \" property destruction \" ), aggression directed against the self ( more accurately characterized as \" self - injurious \" behavior ) and aggression directed against others through verbal means ( more accurately characterized as \" verbal aggression \" ). although the definition of physical aggression may be more or less inclusive of these various behavioral anomalies, several intervention principles are common in addressing aggressive behavior : an immediate limit - setting response is necessary. it is inappropriate to \" ignore \" aggression, especially if someone is being injured. the immediate limit - setting response must not be reinforcing \u2013 if the child wants to leave the room, and you take the child out of the room when he behaves aggressively, then you \u2019 ve effectively reinforced aggression. it may not be possible, or legally permissible, for the treatment provider to implement \" contingent exclusion \" without the assistance of the adult caretaker. regulations regarding the use of physical restraint vary from location to location. physical restraint ( holding the child to prevent movement ) is not recommended by most professionals, may jeopardize the health and safety of the child, and may be illegal, depending upon its implementation. the use of physical guidance, physical prompting or other means of redirecting ( moving ) the child to a less - stimulating or less - dangerous setting is usually permissible, but it is always preferable to redirect the child through the use of verbal means. this depends upon the existence of rapport between the child and the treatment provider. the treatment provider is always \" icing on somebody else \u2019 s cake. \" in a school, the \" cake \" is the teacher or classroom aide. at home and in the community, the \" cake \" is the parent, adult babysitter, or other adult, who is responsible for the child ( daycare staff, etc ). when physical aggression occurs, it is almost always necessary to \" get the cake involved \" quickly. aggression is usually \" the tactic of last resort, \" when other modes of communication have failed. to reduce aggressive tendencies in children, it is almost always necessary to work on improving communication skills. to look further to see if having access to more than 500 treatment plans that worked may be helpful to you, see order here popularity : 100 % [? ]", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5166565038817008, "token_count": 480, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T11:31:46.024518"} {"text": "test that uses radiation to take a picture of structures inside the body, including lungs, bladder, kidney, and lymph nodes - bone scan \u2014 a nuclear medicine scan that uses radioactive material injected into your body to detect abnormal areas of bone. this is usually not done unless your psa is above 10 ng / ml or you have bone pain. - ct or cat scan \u2014 a type of x - ray that uses a computer to make pictures of structures inside the body - prostascint scan \u2014 a nuclear medicine scan that uses radioactive material injected into your body to detect prostate cells that may have traveled outside of the prostate. this study is still investigational and has not yet been proven to change disease management. - mri scan \u2014 a test that uses magnetic waves to make pictures of structures inside the body - lymph node biopsy \u2014 tissue samples are taken from the lymph nodes surrounding the prostate and sent to the laboratory for examination. the tnm staging system is often used to classify cancer of the prostate. the gleason score is often combined with the tnm system to predict the likelihood of survival over the next five years with treatment. the higher the numbers the worse the prognosis. tumor size and local spread ( t ) : - t0 : there is no evidence of tumor. - t1 : the cancer is not felt during a rectal exam nor seen by ultrasound. it is usually found during treatment for benign prostatic hypertrophy or during evaluation of an elevated psa test. - t2 : the cancer can be felt during rectal exam, but is confined to the prostate. - t3 : the cancer has spread just outside the prostate and may involve the seminal vesicles. - t4 : the cancer has spread to local tissues beyond the prostate and seminal vesicles, organs, or lymph nodes. spread to lymph nodes ( n ) : - n0 : there is no evidence of cancer in any lymph node. - n1 : cancer has spread to one nearby lymph node that is < 2 cm in size. - n2 : cancer has spread to one nearby lymph node 2 - 5 cm in size or multiple lymph nodes all < 5 cm in size - n3 : cancer has spread to any nearby lymph nodes > 5 cm in size. spread to distant organs ( m ) : - m0 : there is no evidence of distant spread. - m1 : there is no distant spread to far removed lymph nodes,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.5161420388456132, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T11:31:46.038465"} {"text": "this article describes the design of an antenna for \" local \" contacts on 7mhz, including a simple and efficient matching system that presents a 50\u03c9 load to the transmitter. the design objectives are : the antenna is intended to serve mainly local vk contacts. the requirement can be simply met by an antenna with approximately omni - directional characteristics. even though the location is a semi rural one, a horizontal antenna is chosen for best noise performance. vk1od is located in bowral ( abouty 100km sw of sydney ), roughly in the centre of the south east corner of australia where well over half of australia ' s population reside, as illustrated in the map to the right. the table shows the nearby state capital cities ( 2002 ) and the path parameters for 7mhz communications at 0500 utc with ssn = 100. note that radiation angles from 31 to 82 degrees suit these cities. a dipole mounted low to the ground with its legs sloped downwards from the centre was chosen as a reasonably omni - directional horizontal antenna. a mast to support the centre of the dipole at a height of 11m is available, and the legs can be conveniently sloped downwards at about 45\u00b0 to the horizontal. the impedance of a nominally half wave dipole is quite dependent on frequency, height above ground, the nature of ground, and nearby conductors. the series resistance component changes slowly with about resonance, and reactance changes quite quickly with frequency. fig 1 shows nec modelled r and x for the antenna which is resonant at as the frequency increases, the change in feed point impedance can be expressed as the vswr it would cause on a given feedline. fig 2 shows the vswr in a 75\u03c9 line. conversely, as the length of the antenna is increased beyond resonance at a given frequency, vswr ( 75 ) will increase. the objective of the matching scheme used is to cause a vswr of 1. 5 on the 75\u03c9 feedline because the effect of that vswr is that there will be points along the feedline where the the ratio of v to i, the impedance, is 50\u03c9 purely resistive. in the strictest sense, we want vswr = 1. 5 at the transmitter end of the 75\u03c9 line, vswr will be a little higher at the feed point end due to line losses. first step is to erect the dipole with 1 : 1 current balun at the feed point and tune it to obtain vswr = 1. 5 in", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.507981372835333, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T11:31:46.065431"} {"text": "a temporary measure and will be replaced with a length of galvanised steel pipe. the winch fitting is a rural fence accessory. fig 8 shows the earthing of the supporting mast to a 2. 4m long 16mm copper clad ground rod driven into wet clay. two 25mm2 conductors bond the mast to the earth rod. the ground rod consistently measures around 12\u03c9 resistance indicating a soil resistivity of around 20\u03c9m ( which is quite low ). when connected to the mast in its foundation, the combined resistance consistently measures 9\u03c9 to 10\u03c9. the temporary end supports were replaced with 50mm diameter steel posts. this raised the ends of the dipole to about 7m in height ( included angle 135\u00b0 ) and required a small adjustment in tuning. fig 10 shows the end support posts. they are made from 40mm nb ( ~ 50mm od ) galvanised steel pipe, with cap added and a chain link welded on for rigging attachment. the winch pictured is a permanent fence wire strainer which cost about $ 7 at the local rural hardware shop. the other pics show the lateral guys ( 4mm galvanised fswr ) on the mast at 8m height, and their attachment to an eye in the roof frame and a star picket driven into the ground. the mast was trued up laterally using a theodolite and then the rigging screws and shackle pins wired to prevent loosening. the egg insulators are to prevent unwanted interaction with the dipole. fig 11 above shows a scan with a aimuhf antenna analyser look into the existing 13m of rg6 coax. the capacity loading stingers were adjusted in position to obtain vswr ( 75 ) = 1. 5 at about 7. 070mhz. the vswr lot above is referenced to 75\u03c9, and the cyan cursor shows vswr ( 75 ) = 1. 5 at 7. 059mhz. this is quite close enough, antenna tuning will change a little with ground moisture level etc. in this case, the stingers needed to be move about 100mm to compensate for the new end height which could be expected to affect feed point reactance much more than resistance. having used this stinger design for many years, it was time to improve the design. fig 12 shows the improved design, the 2mm hdc stinger wire is formed around a 6mm round rod, then through the split bolt line tap, and the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.5264515188391922, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T11:31:46.068678"} {"text": "are low and difficult to measure. nevertheless, the effects of nr on metabolism \" are nothing short of astonishing. \" got nicotinamide riboside? the study depended on a series of crucial discoveries by dr. sauve and his laboratory colleagues. nr, related to niacin and other common forms of vitamin b3, was first investigated more than 60 years ago by a stanford researcher and 1959 nobel laureate, arthur kornberg. but little more was known about its effects in mammals until dr. sauve discovered the effect nr had in stimulating levels of nad in mammalian cells \u2014 work he published in 2007. nad allows sugars, fats, and proteins to be converted into energy. dr. sauve ' s research provided the first evidence that nr enhances nad levels in the mitochondria in mammalian cells in culture. these findings are published in the current study. these cell - based observations were key to the demonstration that nr could stimulate tissue nad levels in animals, and that it could stimulate nad - dependent sirtuins, which adapt physiology to the low calorie diets that are known to extend the lifespan of many organisms. dr. sauve invented a relatively simple method for efficiently synthesizing nr in large scale so that its health benefits can be studied. this methodology, which makes it possible to make nr commercially available, was patented by cornell ' s center for technology enterprise and commercialization and subsequently licensed to chromadex corporation. the development of a means to synthesize nr in adequate quantities was crucial to the current research, and the sauve lab provided methods and nr to make the study possible. in addition, the biological observations on the effects of nr on nad levels in cells and on mitochondria were key to the study. finally, the sauve laboratory has developed state of the art analytical methods to determine nad levels in cells, tissues and organelles, and the laboratory provided several key metabolic measurements highlighted in the study. \" our published scientific work has verified that nr is perhaps the most potent nad enhancing agent ever identified, \" he says. his laboratory is also widely recognized for developing an expertise in the measurement of nad metabolism in cell tissues. with this compound, the swiss researchers found that mice on a high - fat diet supplemented with nr gained significantly less weight ( 60 percent ) than mice fed the same diet without nr, even though the mice supplemented with nr ate the same amount of food as mice on the high fat diet not treated with nr. they had improved energy. they were in better shape than", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5278967277802433, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T11:31:46.084969"} {"text": "foreign type specifiers here is a list of valid foreign type specifiers for use in accessing external objects. specifies an undefined return value. not allowed as argument type. as argument : any value ( # f is false ( zero ), anything else is true ( non - zero ). as result : anything different from 0 and the null pointer is # t. this type maps to int in both c and c + +. a signed or unsigned character. as an argument, the input scheme character is cast to c char or unsigned char, resulting in an 8 - bit value. a scheme character with an integer value outside 0 - 127 ( signed ) or 0 - 255 ( unsigned ) will be silently truncated to fit ; in other words, don ' t feed it utf - 8 data. as a return type, accepts any valid unicode code point ; the return type is treated as a c int, and converted to a scheme character. an 8 - bit integer value in range - 128 - 127 ( byte ) or 0 - 255 ( unsigned byte ). values are cast to and from c char or unsigned char type, so values outside this 8 - bit range will be unceremoniously truncated. [ type ] short a short integer number in 16 - bit range. maps to c short or unsigned short. [ type ] int an integer number in fixnum range ( - 1073741824 to 1073741823, i. e. 31 bit signed ). unsigned - int further restricts this range to 30 bit unsigned ( 0 to 1073741823 ). int maps to c type int and int32 maps to int32 _ t. as an argument type, these expect a fixnum value, and as a return type they return a fixnum. values outside the ranges prescribed above are silently truncated ; you should use e. g. integer if you need the full 32 - bit range. note : int32 is not recognized as an argument type prior to chicken 4. 7. 2. notes for 64 - bit architectures : - c ' s int is 32 bits on most 64 - bit systems ( lp64 ), so int and int32 are functionally ( if not semantically ) equivalent. - the fixnum type is larger than 32 bits and consequently the entire signed or unsigned 32 - bit range is available for this type on 64 - bit systems. however, for compatibility with 32 - bit systems it is probably unwise to rely on this. if you need a 32 - bit range, you", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5269761724700207, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T11:31:46.099385"} {"text": "pointer is returned as # f. note that the string contents are copied into ( automatically managed ) temporary storage with a zero byte appended when passed as an argument. also, a return value of this type is copied into garbage collected memory using strcpy ( 3 ). for the nonnull - variant, passing # f will raise an exception, and returning a null pointer will result in undefined behavior ( e. g. a segfault ). [ type ] c - string * similar to c - string and nonnull - c - string, but if used as a result type, the pointer returned by the foreign code will be freed ( using the c library ' s free ( 3 ) ) after copying. this type specifier is not valid as a result type for callbacks defined with define - external. [ type ] unsigned - c - string same as c - string, nonnull - c - string, etc. but mapping to c ' s unsigned char * type. [ type ] c - string - list takes a pointer to an array of c strings terminated by a null pointer and returns a list of strings. the starred version c - string - list * also releases the storage of each string and the pointer array afterward using free ( 1 ). only valid as a result type, and can only be used with non - callback functions. [ type ] symbol a symbol, which will be passed to foreign code as a zero - terminated string. when declared as the result of foreign code, the result should be a string and a symbol with the same name will be interned in the symbol table ( and returned to the caller ). attempting to return a null string will raise an exception. a blob object, passed as a pointer to its contents. permitted only as argument type, not return type. arguments of type blob may optionally be # f, which is passed as a null pointer. for the nonnull - variant, passing a # f value will raise an exception. [ type ] u8vector a srfi - 4 number - vector object, passed as a pointer to its contents. these are allowed only as argument types, not as return types. the value # f is also allowed and is passed to c as a null pointer. for the nonnull - variants, passing # f will raise an exception. [ type ] ( c - pointer type ) [ type ] ( nonnull - c - pointer type ) an operating - system pointer or a locative", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5070576428888741, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T11:31:46.101968"} {"text": "pointer. for the nonnull - variants, passing # f will raise an exception. [ type ] ( c - pointer type ) [ type ] ( nonnull - c - pointer type ) an operating - system pointer or a locative. c - pointer is untyped, whereas ( c - pointer type ) points to an object of foreign type type. the value # f is allowed and is passed to c as a null pointer ; similarly, null is returned as # f. for the two nonnull - variants, passing # f will raise an exception, and returning null will result in a null pointer object. ( note : it is still possible to deliberately pass a null pointer through a nonnull - c - pointer by manually creating a null pointer object, e. g. via ( address - > pointer 0 ). ) [ type ] pointer - vector a vector of foreign pointer objects ; see pointer vectors. permitted only as an argument type, not as return type. this type was introduced in chicken 4. 6. 3. a pointer vector contains a c array of void pointers, and the argument is passed as a void * * pointer to these contents. just as for bytevector types, you must somehow communicate the length of this array to the callee ; there is no sentinel node or null terminator. # f is allowed and passed as a null pointer. for the nonnull - variant, passing a # f value will raise an exception. [ type ] ( ref type ) a c + + reference type. reference types are handled the same way as pointers inside scheme code. [ type ] ( function resulttype ( argumenttype1... [... ] ) [ callconv ] ) a function pointer. callconv specifies an optional calling convention and should be a string. the meaning of this string is entirely platform dependent. the value # f is also allowed and is passed as a null pointer. scheme objects [ type ] scheme - object an arbitrary, raw scheme data object ( immediate or non - immediate ). a scheme - object is passed or returned as a c _ word, the internal chicken type for objects. typically, this consists of an object header and tag bits. it is up to you to build or take apart such objects using the core library routines in chicken. h and runtime. c. more information on object structure can be found in data representation. [ type ] scheme - pointer an untyped pointer to the contents of a non - immediate", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5567834061457311, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T11:31:46.103316"} {"text": "take apart such objects using the core library routines in chicken. h and runtime. c. more information on object structure can be found in data representation. [ type ] scheme - pointer an untyped pointer to the contents of a non - immediate scheme object ; for example, the raw byte contents of a string. only allowed as an argument type, not a return type. the value # f is also allowed and is passed as a null pointer. for the nonnull - variant, passing # f will raise an exception. don ' t confuse this type with ( c - pointer... ) which means something different ( a machine - pointer object ). scheme - pointer is typically used to get a pointer to the raw byte content of strings and blobs. but if you pass in a srfi - 4 vector, you will get a pointer to a blob object header ( not the blob ' s contents ), which is almost certainly wrong. instead, convert to a blob beforehand, or use a srfi - 4 specific type. user - defined c types [ type ] ( struct name ) a struct of the name name, which should be a string. structs cannot be directly passed as arguments to foreign functions, nor can they be result values. however, pointers to structs are allowed. [ type ] ( union name ) a union of the name name, which should be a string. unions cannot be directly passed as arguments to foreign functions, nor can they be result values. however, pointers to unions are allowed. [ type ] ( enum name ) an enumeration type. handled internally as an integer. c + + types [ type ] ( instance cname schemeclass ) a pointer to a c + + class instance wrapped into a scheme object instance. cname should designate the name of the c + + class, and schemeclass should be the class that wraps the instance pointer. ( make schemeclass ' this pointer ) ( slot - ref instance ' this ) [ type ] ( instance - ref cname schemeclass ) a reference to a c + + class instance. [ type ] ( template type argtype... ) a c + + template type. for example vector < int > would be specified as ( template \" vector \" int ). template types cannot be directly passed as arguments or returned as results. however, pointers to template types are allowed. type qualifiers [ type ] ( const type ) the foreign type", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5378216116377124, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T11:31:46.104324"} {"text": "int > would be specified as ( template \" vector \" int ). template types cannot be directly passed as arguments or returned as results. however, pointers to template types are allowed. type qualifiers [ type ] ( const type ) the foreign type type with an additional const qualifier. map of foreign types to c types | foreign type | | c type | | [ nonnull - ] blob | | unsigned char * | | [ nonnull - ] u8vector | | unsigned char * | | [ nonnull - ] u16vector | | unsigned short * | | [ nonnull - ] unsigned - c - string | | unsigned char * | | ( [ nonnull - ] c - pointer type ) | | type * | | ( enum name ) | | enum name | | ( struct name ) | | struct name | | ( ref type ) | | type & | | ( template t1 t2... ) | | t1 < t2,... > | | ( union name ) | | union name | | ( function rtype ( atype... ) [ callconv ] ) | | [ callconv ] rtype ( * ) ( atype,... ) | | ( instance cname sname ) | | cname * | | ( instance - ref cname sname ) | | cname & | previous : accessing external objects", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5268795891379017, "token_count": 304, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T11:31:46.104846"} {"text": "- many birds bred in captivity are hand - reared. hand - rearing allows a greater number of birds to be reared ( initial clutches may be removed and hand - reared, with the birds re - laying ). the abnormal rearing environment may, however adversely affect later behaviour. one potential problem is that birds reared in an abnormal environment may not themselves exhibit normal parental behaviour as adults. - a well - recognised problem, of more concern in some species than in others, is that hand - reared birds may become imprinted on humans and not later recognise their conspecifics as appropriate mates. this is less likely to occur if the birds are reared alongside others of their own species. if reared together with chicks of another species, they may preferentially mate with that species. - hand - reared birds may be less wary than parent - reared birds. this may be useful or detrimental depending on the circumstances. it may increase vulnerability to predation in birds intended for release, but may be useful in producing birds which are less stressed in a captive situation, and therefore more likely to breed : this may be very important in breeding endangered species. - hand - rearing also requires suitable equipment in the form of brooder boxes, runs, heat lamps etc. and requires a considerable input of time and effort. not all species are easy to hand - rear and some require considerable experience and expertise. - hand rearing has the advantages of allowing good control over temperature and food availability. - success with rearing, particularly of duck species, may be greatly increased with hand - rearing. losses due to predation and abandonment, in particular, may be decreased. - once downies have hatched and dried, they should be transferred from the hatching incubator to a heated broody box. broody boxes should have solid sides and a mesh top to prevent active birds from jumping or climbing out. - the most common method of providing heat is by an infra - red heat lamp. this is usually suspended over the brooder box by means of a chain, allowing the lamp to be raised or lowered as required to adjust the temperature inside the box. incandescent bulbs may also be used to provide heat, but are more vulnerable if knocked or splashed with water ( and may shatter ), and do not allow for a period of darkness, which is important for all except arctic - breeding waterfowl. - a thermal gradient should be present from directly under the lamp ( warmest ) to the far end of the box, allowing the downies", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.5008139725862576, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T11:31:46.113169"} {"text": "- what is a mitzvah? - - judaism on the internet - - the ultimate resource for jews, judaism, jewish education, and torah. \u2014 \u201c what is a mitzvah? - \u201d, - bar mitzvah party extras bar mitzvah party planning special jewish celebrations here are a few of the elements you are most likely to find in an israeli bar mitzvah celebration. \u2014 \u201c bar mitzvah party special extra party ideas \u201d, - definition of mitzvah in the online dictionary. meaning of mitzvah. pronunciation of mitzvah. translations of mitzvah. mitzvah synonyms, mitzvah antonyms. information about mitzvah in the free online english dictionary and encyclopedia. bar. \u2014 \u201c mitzvah - definition of mitzvah by the free online dictionary \u201d, - the term \" bat mitzvah \" is used to describe a 12 - year - old girl when she becomes a jewish adult. bat mitzvah also refers to the religious ceremony ( and sometimes celebratory party ) that accompanies this important life - cycle event. \u2014 \u201c bat mitzvah - what is a bat mitzvah \u201d, - find the best bar mitzvah vendors and service providers and get help planning your child ' s bar mitzvah : bar mitzvah catering, bar mitzvah caterers, bar mitzvah djs. \u2014 \u201c bar mitzvah, bar mitzvah vendors, bar mitzvah photographers \u201d, - for the jewish rite of passage, see bar mitzvah and bat mitzvah. sefer ha - mitzvoth by rabbi yisrael meir kagan ( the \" chafetz chaim \" ) - this work only deals with the commandments that are valid. \u2014 \u201c mitzvah - wikipedia, the free encyclopedia \u201d, - mitzvah. mitzvah ( \u05de\u05e6\u05d5\u05d4 \" commandment \", mits\u02c8va |, biblical : miswah ; plural mitzvot [ mits\u02c8vot ] ; biblical : miswoth from \u05e6\u05d5\u05d4 siwwah \" command \" ) is a word used in judaism to refer to the 613 commandments given in the torah and the seven rabbinic commandments. \u2014 \u201c mitzvah \u201d, - mitzvah n., pl., - voth ( ), or - vahs. a commandment of the jewish law. the fulfillment of such a commandment. \u2014 \u201c mitzvah : definition", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5131902545004814, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T11:31:46.138371"} {"text": "\u201c mitzvah \u201d, - mitzvah n., pl., - voth ( ), or - vahs. a commandment of the jewish law. the fulfillment of such a commandment. \u2014 \u201c mitzvah : definition from \u201d, - learn about bar mitzvah gifts on. find info and videos including : when to give a bar mitzvah gift, what is a good gift for a bar mitzvah?, bar mitzvah gift etiquette and much more. \u2014 \u201c bar mitzvah gifts - \u201d, - wikihow article about how to act at a bar or bat mitzvah. during most services, there will be men walking around the aisles to make sure everyone is paying attention to the bar or bat mitzvah ' s lesson. \u2014 \u201c how to act at a bar or bat mitzvah - wikihow \u201d, - a mitzvah is an important part of jewish society, just as it is important with other religions as well. in order to successfully fulfill a mitzvah you have to perform an act of kindness that is above and beyond the normal act of kindness. \u2014 \u201c fulfilling a mitzvah - judaism - \u201d, - mitzvah ( mits - vuh ) ; pl : mitzvot ( mits - voht ) lit. commandment. any of the 613 commandments it can also refer to any jewish religious obligation, or more generally to any good deed. \u2014 \u201c definition : mitzvah \u201d, - mitzvah ; mitzvot : ( lit. \" commandment \" ) ; one of the torah ' s 613 divine commandments ; a good deed or religious precept ; according to chassidut, the word mitzvah stems from the root tzavta, attachment, the mitzvah creating a bond between g - d who commands and man who performs. \u2014 \u201c mitzvah ; mitzvot - jewish knowledge base \u201d, - what is a bar or bat mitzvah? b ' nai mitzvah is more than an event ; as we say in the jewish tradtion, you do not have a bar or bat mitzvah, you become one. a b ' nai mitzvah is not a day, it is a person, i. \u2014 \u201c b ' nai mitzvah - rodef sholom : a reform jewish congregation in \u201d, - mitzvah ( hebrew : \u05de\u05e6\u05d5\u05d5\u05d4, \" commandment", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5237682678791432, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T11:31:46.139495"} {"text": "is not a day, it is a person, i. \u2014 \u201c b ' nai mitzvah - rodef sholom : a reform jewish congregation in \u201d, - mitzvah ( hebrew : \u05de\u05e6\u05d5\u05d5\u05d4, \" commandment \" ; plural, mitzvot ; from \u05e6\u05d5\u05d4, the latter argue that if the reason for each mitzvah could be determined, people might try to achieve what they see as the purpose of the mitzvah, without actually performing the mitzvah itself. \u2014 \u201c mitzvah - new world encyclopedia \u201d, - mitzvah definition, any of the collection of 613 commandments or precepts in the bible and additional ones of rabbinic origin that relate chiefly to the religio see more. \u2014 \u201c mitzvah | define mitzvah at \u201d, related images for mitzvah - mitzvah scroll gif - decorated albert spector auditorium - family education is an integral part of our educational system and parents are encouraged to participate not only in mishpachah family programs but also in every aspect of their - mitzvah 8 jpg - mitzvah5 jpg - mitzvah s jpg - mitzvah gallery 15 jpg - mitzvah gallery 6 jpg - mining sluice cleans off the genuine gemstones for your guests to find and keep note sluice is typically for outdoor warm weather events select availability at indoor venues up to 20 people can fit around the gemstone mining sluice at any one time - mitzvah gallery 10 jpg - mitzvah 3 jpg - mitzvah gallery 5 jpg - this is my big sound and light system consisting of jbl subwoofers jbl tower speakers and a 16 foot light truss loaded with special effect lights - very young age a year after her death shlomo married merav a young woman who had been divorced with two small children of her own together shlomo and merav have had seven more children - bat mitzvah 2006 jpg - mitzvah gallery 12 jpg - mass mitzvahs at b u - birthday parties bar and bat mitzvahs * * * tail parties anniversary parties baby showers galas fundraisers etc - beer company s bar mitvah photo contest courtesy of kevin friedman - mitzvah gallery 9 jpg - 2004 mitzvah day 15a jpg - involvement and responsibility are a major component of jewish identity our own and our identification with our brethren all over the world such identification", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5390381247811061, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T11:31:46.140409"} {"text": "ap science writer new york ( ap ) - - to millions of people, the christmas tree is a cheerful sight. to scientists who decipher the dna codes of plants and animals, it ' s a monster. we ' re talking about the conifer, the umbrella term for cone - bearing trees like the spruce, fir, pine, cypress and cedar. apart from their yuletide popularity, they play big roles in the lumber industry and in healthy forest ecosystems. scientists would love to identify the billions of building blocks that make up the dna of a conifer. that ' s called sequencing its genome. such analysis is a standard tool of biology, and doing it for conifers could reveal genetic secrets useful for basic science, breeding and forest management. but the conifer genome is dauntingly huge. and like a big price tag on a wished - for present, that has put it out of reach. now, as christmas approaches, it appears the conifer ' s role as a genetic grinch may be ending. in recent months, scientific teams in the united states and canada have released preliminary, patchy descriptions of conifer genomes. and a swedish team plans to follow suit soon in its quest for the norway spruce. \" the world changed for conifer genetics, \" said david neale of the university of california, davis. it ' s \" entering the modern era. \" what happened? credit the same recent technological advances that have some doctors predicting that someday, people will have their genomes sequenced routinely as part of medical care. the technology for that has gotten faster and much cheaper. \" until just a few years ago, the idea of sequencing even a single conifer genome seemed impossible, \" said john mackay of the university of laval in quebec city, who co - directs a multi - institution canadian project that ' s tackling the white spruce. the new technologies changed that, he said. how big is a conifer genome? consider the 80 - foot christmas tree at rockefeller center in new york. it ' s a norway spruce, so its genome is six times bigger than that of anybody skating below it. other conifer genomes are even larger. nobody expects a perfect, finished conifer genome anytime soon. mackay and others say that reaching that goal would probably require some advances in technology. but even partial versions can help tree breeders and basic scientists, researchers say. why bother doing this? for breeders, \" genomes can really help you speed up the process and simply do a better job of selecting trees, if", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5092570568361563, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T11:31:46.153744"} {"text": "electrical signals in your heart make the heart muscles contract, pumping blood through your body. if the electrical signals are not flowing well through the heart, this can create serious problems. an electrophysiology study is a test where electrode wires are passed through a blood vessel and into your heart. this electrode can record or create electrical activity. this can help find any problems with the flow of electricity in your heart. copyright \u00a9 nucleus medical media, inc. an electrophysiology study is performed to : find the cause of abnormally slow heart rhythms ( bradycardias ) find the source of abnormally fast heart rhythms ( tachycardias ) provoke and diagnose heart ( irregular heart beats ) that occur infrequently - reveal suspected arrhythmias an electrophysiology study may also be used to assess : - risk for sudden death symptoms of unknown cause - response to anti - arrhythmic therapy need for a - need for an implantable cardioverter defibrillator ( destruction of some heart cells by freezing ) problems from the procedure are rare, but all procedures have some risk. your doctor will review potential problems, like : - excess bleeding - blot clots - injuries to blood vessels or the heart - abnormal heart rhythm - heart attack a person \u2019 s risk level is very individual. it may relate to the specific arrhythmia suspected and any underlying medical conditions. you doctor may order the following tests : talk to your doctor about any medications, herbs, or supplements you are taking. you may be asked to stop taking some medications up to one week before the procedure, like : or other anti - inflammatory drugs blood - thinning drugs, such as - anti - platelet drugs, such as clopidogrel do not eat or drink anything after midnight the day before your surgery, unless told otherwise by your doctor. a local anesthetic will be given by needle. it will numb the area where the catheter will be inserted. you will also receive a mild sedative through an iv in your arm. this will help you to relax during the test. you will be asked to lie down on an examination table. electrodes will be placed on your chest. the electrodes will help to monitor your heart rhythm during the test. an area on your thigh, neck, or just below your collarbone will be cleaned. a thin electrical wire will be inserted into a blood vessel in that area. the electrode will be passed through the blood vessel and into your heart.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5275313760548415, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T11:31:46.178003"} {"text": "australian bureau of statistics 1301. 0 - year book australia, 2008 previous issue released at 11 : 30 am ( canberra time ) 07 / 02 / 2008 | page tools : print page rss search this product | energy conversion and supply losses the energy conversion sectors accounted for approximately three - quarters ( 4, 317 pj ) of total domestic energy use in 2005 - 06 ( diagram 19. 4 ). the energy conversion sectors ( including electricity generators, petroleum refiners, operators of coke ovens and blast furnaces, and gas manufacturers ) transform primary energy products into more useful, higher value - added derived energy products. for example, petroleum refiners transform crude oil into petroleum products such as petrol and diesel. the electricity generation and petroleum refining sectors are the two main users of energy. in 2005 - 06 these two conversion sectors used 2, 424 pj and 1, 432 pj respectively ( table 19. 12 ). since 2000 - 01, energy use by the electricity generation sector has increased by 12 % and energy use by the petroleum refining sector has declined by 17 %. derived energy products in 2005 - 06 australia produced 2, 461 pj of derived energy products ( diagram 19. 4 ). these products included thermal electricity ( 847 pj ), automotive gasoline ( 570 pj ), diesel ( 397 pj ), aviation turbine fuel ( 192 pj ) and coal products ( 164 pj ) ( table 19. 13 ). the production of derived energy remained essentially the same in 2005 - 06 as it was in 2000 - 01 ( 2, 461 pj in 2005 - 06 compared with 2, 454 pj in 2000 - 01 ). while the production of thermal energy increased from 740 pj to 847 pj ( up 15 % ) in this period, there was a fall in the production of all petroleum products - automotive gasoline ( down 13 % ), aviation turbine fuel ( down 11 % ), fuel oil ( down 38 % ), diesel ( down 25 % ) and briquettes ( down 79 % ). other coal products increased slightly - coke up 3. 4 % and coal by - products up 2. 7 %. significant energy losses are involved in the process of transforming primary energy resources into derived energy products and in the delivery of derived energy products to the market. in 2005 - 06, almost a third ( 1, 856 pj ) of the total energy available for domestic use was lost through the conversion processes and through distribution and transmission systems ( diagram 19.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5114796425088702, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T11:31:46.183981"} {"text": "the delivery of derived energy products to the market. in 2005 - 06, almost a third ( 1, 856 pj ) of the total energy available for domestic use was lost through the conversion processes and through distribution and transmission systems ( diagram 19. 4 ). energy end - use by sector in 2005 - 06 australia ' s end - users of energy, comprising households and industries ( excluding the conversion sectors ), used 3, 785 pj of energy, an increase of 12 % since 2000 - 01 ( table 19. 14 ). the transport sector was the largest end - user of energy, using 1, 316 pj in 2005 - 06. in 2005 - 06 road transport accounted for 78 % ( 1, 021 pj ) of the transport sector ' s energy use, with the remaining contributors being air transport ( 202 pj ), water transport ( 58 pj ) and rail transport ( 35 pj ). the manufacturing sector was the second highest user of energy ( 1, 209 pj ) in 2005 - 06. together with the transport sector, these two sectors account for 67 % of total energy end - use. this page last updated 3 june 2010 unless otherwise noted, content on this website is licensed under a creative commons attribution 2. 5 australia licence together with any terms, conditions and exclusions as set out in the website copyright notice. for permission to do anything beyond the scope of this licence and copyright terms contact us.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5277746779730158, "token_count": 294, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T11:31:46.184625"} {"text": "locked away in fossils is evidence of a sudden solar cooling. kate ravilious meets the experts who say it could explain a 3, 000 - year - old mass migration \u2013 and today \u2019 s global warming. just under 3, 000 years ago, a group of horse - riding nomads, known as the scythians, started to venture east and west across the russian steppes. at about the same time, african farmers began to explore their continent, and dutch farmers abandoned their land and moved east. all over the world people became restless and started to move \u2013 but why? archaeologists have never found a clear answer, but now one scientist thinks the explanation may lie on the surface of the sun. this idea of solar activity causing fluctuations in the earth \u2019 s climate has been kicking around for some time, largely in relation to past climate changes such as the little ice age, medieval warm period, etc., but was eclipsed ( heh, that pun wasn \u2019 t intended ) by the recent anthropogenic hypothesis. several researchers have been exploring this in some detail, see for example : rozelot, j. p. 2001. possible links between the solar radius variations and the earth \u2019 s climate evolution over the past four centuries. journal of atmospheric and solar - terrestrial physics 63 : 375 - 386. parker, e. n. 1999. sunny side of global warming. nature 399 : 416 - 417. update on old story researchers find signs of grain milling, baking 23, 000 years ago archaeologists have found strong evidence that wheat and barley were refined into cereals 23, 000 years ago, suggesting that humans were processing grains long before hunter - gatherer societies developed agriculture. the findings, including the identification of the earliest known oven and hence the oldest evidence of baking, were described in a recent issue of the journal nature. \u201c this is an observation of key progress in human society, as the beginning of baking was likely a major step forward in nutrition, \u201d says author ehud weiss, a postdoctoral researcher in harvard university \u2019 s department of anthropology and peabody museum. \u201c our work also provides evidence that ancient people held important knowledge that survives to this day. ten thousand years before agriculture developed, humans recognized the value of cereals. \u201d well, we \u2019 re not sure what to make of this. certainly, no one believes that the first time people started using grains was also the same time they domesticated them and developed full - fledged agriculture. generally, it \u2019 s been known for some time that hunter - gather", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5024379376595938, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T11:31:46.204232"} {"text": "accessmylibrary provides free access to millions of articles from top publications available through your library. under the right conditions, all children can become more creative thinkers and problem solvers. in this program, students learn strategies for innovative thinking while unlocking \" the secret of the volcano. \" how do we help children expand their creativity? during the past 25 years, educators have designed many instructional programs in an effort to develop the creative potential of preschool and primary school children. reviews of research on the effectiveness of these programs, however, are discouraging ; most programs did not appear to produce a notable increase in children ' s creative abilities ( mayer 1983 ). this lack of experimental support gives rise to doubts about the extent to which instructional techniques can improve creativity. before accepting this skeptical conclusion, however, let ' s examine five assumptions - ideas i believe are limiting and misleading - shared by many of the methods that have not proven effective. * children are blank slates ; they have no ideas or opinions about creative strategies and must be taught how to be creative. * creativity is a unique mental skill ; thus, learning this single skill will boost creativity. for example, brainstorming - perhaps the best - known creativity technique focuses on the abundant production of unusual ideas in order to promote innovation. * children who are instructed with artificial materials ( such as puzzles and riddles ) are able to spontaneously transfer creative strategies from the training environment to everyday situations. for example, covington, crutchfield, and davis ( 1966 ) based their training on detective stories that children solve by applying a given strategy ; they hoped that students could apply the same strategy in real - life situations. * children will learn to think creatively if they \u2026", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5281188124559365, "token_count": 345, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T11:31:46.207257"} {"text": "glucose - 6 - phosphate - dehydrogenase ( g6pd ) deficiency is an inherited disease that can cause anemia, or a low red blood cell count. g6pd deficiency occurs when a person doesn ' t have enough of an enzyme called glucose - 6 - phosphate - dehydrogenase. this enzyme is important in metabolism. red blood cells, which carry oxygen, don ' t get enough energy when g6pd is lacking. the red blood cells die too soon in this condition, which can cause anemia. anemia can be mild or severe and is often triggered suddenly by illness, foods, or certain medications. some people with g6pd deficiency have no symptoms at all. in others, the symptoms and signs can range from mild to severe, and may include : newborn jaundice, an abnormal yellow color of the skin and eyes that is present at or shortly after birthan enlarged spleen or liver hemolytic crisis is a group of symptoms that occur when many red blood cells suddenly die all at once. the symptoms that result include : weaknesspain in the abdomen or backjaundicedark urinefever and chillssevere fatiguetachycardia, or a rapid heartbeatlow blood pressurekidney failure, known as acute renal failurecongestive heart failure, a condition in which the heart is unable to pump blood effectively throughout the bodyshock g6pd deficiency is inherited on the x chromosome. females have two x chromosomes but males have one x and one y chromosome. this disease is therefore called \" x - linked \" and usually only occurs in men. this is because men only need to inherit one abnormal gene to get the disease. women, on the other hand, have to inherit two abnormal genes to get the disease. in the us, a mild form of g6pd deficiency is very common in blacks. those from the eastern mediterranean region are at a higher risk for a more severe form of g6pd deficiency. sudden attacks of g6pd deficiency, or a hemolytic crisis, can be caused by : any serious illnessfava beans, in the more rare forms of g6pd deficiencysulfa medications, such as sulfamethoxazole, an antibioticcertain medications used to treat malaria, such as primaquinenitrofurantoin ( i. e., macrobid, macrodantin ), an antibioticaspirin, which doesn ' t usually cause a problem in people with the common form of g6pd deficiency g6pd", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5132617144593171, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T11:31:46.216724"} {"text": "in the past few weeks i \u2019 ve shared a few examples of how science is gradually opening up. we \u2019 ve had the likes of harvard using crowdsourcing methods in their research into diabetes. in a similar vein was pcori project from michigan, that aims to get patients involved in the medical research process more than they currently do in their role as pharmaceutical guinea pigs. or you \u2019 ve got the german based social network for scientists to hang out on and collaborate on projects. whilst the bulk of the science done around the world remains very much in the old school, these kind of efforts do represent an interesting shift. adding their considerable grist to the mill in the past few days has been mozilla. they \u2019 ve announced the launch of the mozilla science lab. it \u2019 s a project that they hope will apply the open source principles that much of the web was founded upon to scientific endeavour. the aim of the science lab is to foster an ongoing dialogue between the open web community and researchers to tackle this challenge. together they \u2019 ll share ideas, tools and best practices for using next - generation web solutions to solve real problems in science, and explore ways to make research faster, more agile and collaborative. so in other words, they want to encourage the kind of open and collaborative tools that i highlighted at the start of this post. their initial goals are of the low hanging fruit variety. they \u2019 re teaming up with software carpentry to try and improve the digital skills amongst those in the science community. it leads me to wonder if they \u2019 re playing catch - up a bit on a community that is already making great use of social tools in their research. as the saying goes, the future already exists, it \u2019 s just unevenly distributed, and there are already plenty of positive deviants out there doing great things. hopefully mozilla can help spread the awareness of those isolated projects, and aid the more mainstream science community in following suit. you can keep up to date with the project via their twitter feed \u2013 http : / / twitter. com / mozillascience", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5376155723855096, "token_count": 421, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T11:31:46.220586"} {"text": "science fair project encyclopedia knot theory is a branch of topology that was inspired by observations, as the name suggests, of knots. but progress in the field no longer depends on experiments with twine. knot theory concerns itself with abstract properties of theoretical knots \u2014 the spatial arrangements that in principle could be assumed by a loop of string. in mathematical jargon, knots are embeddings of the closed circle in three - dimensional space. an ordinary knot is converted to a mathematical knot by splicing its ends together. the topological theory of knots asks whether two such knots can be rearranged to match, without opening the splice. the question of untying an ordinary knot has to do with unwedging tangles of rope pulled tight. a knot can be untied in the topological theory of knots if and only if it is equivalent to the unknot, a circle in 3 - space. knot theory originated in an idea of lord kelvin ' s ( 1867 ), that atoms were knots of swirling vortices in the \u00e6ther ( also known as ' ether ' ). he believed that an understanding and classification of all possible knots would explain why atoms absorb and emit light at only the discrete wavelengths that they do ( i. e. explain what we now understand to depend on quantum energy levels ). scottish physicist peter tait spent many years listing unique knots under the belief that he was creating a table of elements. when ether was discredited through the michelson - morley experiment, vortex theory became completely obsolete, and knot theory fell out of scientific interest. only in the past 100 years, with the rise of topology, have knots become a popular field of study. today, knot theory is inextricably linked to particle physics, dna replication and recombination, and to areas of statistical mechanics. an introduction to knot theory creating a knot is easy. begin with a one - dimensional line segment, wrap it around itself arbitrarily, and then fuse its two free ends together to form a closed loop. one of the biggest unresolved problems in knot theory is to describe the different ways in which this may be done, or conversely to decide whether two such embeddings are different or the same. the unknot, and a knot equivalent to it before we can do this, we must decide what it means for embeddings to be \" the same \". we consider two embeddings of a loop to be the same if we can get from one to the other by", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.6773659491247164, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T11:31:46.234413"} {"text": "to it before we can do this, we must decide what it means for embeddings to be \" the same \". we consider two embeddings of a loop to be the same if we can get from one to the other by a series of slides and distortions of the string which do not tear it, and do not pass one segment of string through another. if no such sequence of moves exists, the embeddings are different knots. a useful way to visualise knots and the allowed moves on them is to project the knot onto a plane - think of the knot casting a shadow on the wall. now we can draw and manipulate pictures, instead of having to think in 3d. however, there is one more thing we must do - at each crossing we must indicate which section is \" over \" and which is \" under \". this is to prevent us from pushing one piece of string through another, which is against the rules. to avoid ambiguity, we must avoid having three arcs cross at the same crossing and also having two arcs meet without actually crossing ( we would say that the knot is in general position with respect to the plane ). fortunately a small perturbation in either the original knot or the position of the plane is all that is needed to ensure this. in 1927, working with this diagrammatic form of knots, j. w. alexander and g. b. briggs, and independently kurt reidemeister, demonstrated that two knot diagrams belonging to the same knot can be related by a sequence of three kinds of moves on the diagram, shown right. these operations, now called the reidemeister moves, are : - twist and untwist in either direction. - move one loop completely over another. - move a string completely over or under a crossing. knot invariants can be defined by demonstrating a property of a knot diagram which is not changed when we apply any of the reidemeister moves. some very important invariants can be defined in this way, including the jones polynomial. you can unknot any circle in four dimensions. there are two steps to this. first, \" push \" the circle into a 3 - dimensional subspace. this is the hard, technical part which we will skip. now imagine temperature to be a fourth dimension to the 3 - dimensional space. then you could make one section of a line cross through the other by simply warming it with your fingers. two knots can be added by breaking the circles and connecting the pairs of ends. knots in 3 - space form", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.6064404967446844, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T11:31:46.235523"} {"text": "if a scientist tells you sunny days are ahead \u2013 duck and cover! he may be talking about space weather and the giant solar flares that fry satellites and national electrical grids! just in case you haven \u2019 t had enough stormy weather here on earth, astronomers are warning us to expect some major solar storms over the next few years. coming our way \u2014 more solar flares. click to expand! source : nasa solar dynamic observatory here \u2019 s what they are talking about. the sun is a spinning ball of hot magnetized gas and plasma. as it spins, the magnetic force lines in the sun become tangled. after a few years, the twisted magnetic fields are so tangled that they stick out in giant loops through sun \u2019 s surface \u2013 creating dark sun spots. when the sun is covered with giant storms and sunspots \u2014 something has to give. for the three years following the solar peak of activity, something does. like a rubber band stretched beyond endurance, the magnetic fields snap and break. this splatters large hunks of the solar gas and plasma out into space. we call the snapping \u201c solar flares \u201d. imagine heating a pot of grease. eventually, when it gets hot enough, the surface of the grease is covered with bubbles. when the bubbles burst, the grease spatters and anyone nearby can get burned. now imagine the splatter bigger than jupiter. fortunately the earth ' s magnetic field is a shield. however, some of the ionized solar particles leak through the north and south magnetic poles. when you look up in the sky, you can see the crackling energy as colorful \u201c northern lights \u201d or aurora. scientists warn that these solar \u201c splatters \u201d can do enormous damage to technology. the plasma is hot ( 269, ), and generates a strong electrical current. they are particularly dangerous to satellites, where they can fry computer chips or burn out equipment, and electrical power grids. they can create electrical surges that enter and burn out equipment and cause blackouts. the last time we had storms big enough to cause this damage was 1989, when a solar storm caused a major canadian blackout in quebec and hit several satellites. a national science foundation study shows a map of us electrical damage if there was another storm the size of the may 1921 super storm. yikes! parts of the us electrical grid at risk from a may, 1921 sized solar storm. source : nasa science news - john kappenmann, severe space weather events \u2014 understanding societal and economic impacts, national academy of sciences,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5092159476350984, "token_count": 511, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T11:31:46.242967"} {"text": "\u2022 hangover \u2022 pronunciation : h\u00e6ng - o - ver \u2022 hear it! part of speech : noun meaning : 1. something or someone left over from a prior time period ; a vestige, a holdover, a leftover, a remnant. 2. the unpleasant effects of overdrinking the night before or a short period before, a katzenjammer. notes : today ' s word is an interesting bit of evidence of the importance of word order in language : an overhang is quite a different thing from a hangover. the only derivation ever tried for this word is hangoverish reported in 1939. the word currently appears only 5, 350 times on the web, mostly in dictionaries. in play : first things first : \" this dorm must be a hangover from an old insane asylum! \" the second meaning was derived from the first by means of narrowing to a strictly pejorative sense : \" i had such a hangover from the party last night that i think i might have flunked the chemistry exam. \" word history : today ' s good word is obviously a compound comprising hang + over. hang, the verb, is related to hittite gang - \" to hang \", sanskrit sankate \" wavers \", and latin cunctari \" to delay \", so the proto - indo - european root pervaded the indo - european languages pretty thoroughly. the original past tense was hanged, but a northern british form, hung, emerged in the 16th century as the past participle, then moved on to take over as the past tense form. hanged remained only in the legal sense, legalese being more conservative than the general language. stonehenge originally meant \" stone gallows \", presumably from the resemblance to gallows of the three - piece ensembles.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.522225204726039, "token_count": 368, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T11:31:46.245599"} {"text": "the occupational therapy role in driving and community mobility across the lifespan community mobility is defined as \" moving around in the community and using public or private transportation, such as driving, walking, bicycling, or accessing and riding in buses, taxi cabs, or other transportation systems \" ( aota, 2008, p. 631 ). community mobility is grounded in independence, spontaneity, and identity. it begins when we are passengers in a car seat and on the school bus, and continues as we learn to ride a bike and drive a car. although the mode of transportation may change, the meaning remains constant : transport from one location to another enables participation in the things we want and need to do ( occupations ). because occupational therapy practitioners focus on enabling participation, they are natural professionals to address driving and community mobility across the lifespan. occupational therapy evaluations for community mobility may focus on screening for passenger safety, school system capacity to transport general and special education students, readiness and ability to ride a bicycle, ability to cross the street and negotiate curbs and sidewalks, visual motor skills for reading signs, driving readiness among adolescents, driving ability and safety, ability to use transportation other than a private vehicle, and driver \u2013 vehicle fit. interventions may include creating transportation alternatives and networks of community resources, restoring range of motion or strength, providing cognitive retraining, modifying vehicles with adaptive equipment, developing walking programs to improve health and function, and training in public transportation options. infants and children infants, toddlers, and children rely on caregivers to transport and secure them safely. occupational therapy interventions address emerging mobility needs of children that have an impact on safe participation in the community. occupational therapy considerations for this population include appropriate use of car seats and booster seats, children with disabilities who have special securing needs, parents with disabilities who need assistance, bicycling education ( e. g., helmet use ), and safety tips for transport by school bus. adolescents and young adults students with an autism spectrum disorder, nonverbal learning disability, cognitive impairments, spina bifida, cerebral palsy, and other disabilities need to address driving while still in high school. transportation affects a student ' s access to employment, housing, social, educational, and recreational opportunities. occupational therapy can contribute to an adolescent ' s potential to drive by addressing predriving skills that promote independence, such as coordination and quick use of the extremities, crossing streets, managing social interactions, managing time, managing money, handling an emergency,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5294795391303834, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T11:31:46.346938"} {"text": "significance and use it has long been the practice to include in fuel specifications a requirement that the fuel be clear and bright and free of visible particulate matter ( see note 1 ). however, there has been no standard method for making this determination so that practices have differed. this test method provides standard procedures for the test. note 1 \u2014 clean and bright is sometimes used in place of clear and bright. the meaning is identical. procedure 1 provides a rapid pass / fail method for contamination in a distillate fuel. procedure 2 provides a gross numerical rating of haze appearance, primarily as a communication tool. other test methods, including test methods d 1744, d 2276, d 2709, and d 4860, permit quantitative determinations of contaminants. no relationship has been established between procedure 2 and various quantitative methods. limited laboratory evaluations of samples that have failed this clear and bright test indicate that an experienced tester can detect as little as 40 ppm of free water in the fuel. 1. 1 this test method covers two procedures for estimating the presence of suspended free water and solid particulate contamination in distillate fuels having distillation end points below 400\u00b0c and an astm color of 5 or less. 1. 1. 1 both procedures can be used as field tests at storage temperatures, or as laboratory tests at controlled temperatures. 1. 1. 2 procedure 1 provides a rapid pass / fail method for contamination. procedure 2 provides a gross numerical rating of haze appearance. 1. 2 the values stated in si units are to be regarded as standard. no other units of measurement are included in this standard. 1. 3 this standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. it is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. 2. referenced documents ( purchase separately ) the documents listed below are referenced within the subject standard but are not provided as part of the standard. d1500 test method for astm color of petroleum products ( astm color scale ) d1744 test method for determination of water in liquid petroleum products by karl fischer reagent d2276 test method for particulate contaminant in aviation fuel by line sampling d2709 test method for water and sediment in middle distillate fuels by centrifuge d4057 practice for manual sampling of petroleum and petroleum products d4860 test method for free", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5770628246661196, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T11:31:46.361600"} {"text": "would have so many people telling us ' you are crazy, the earth is not moving! ' we would be ridiculed for having no scientific backing for this convoluted moving earth theory. and not only that but then people would say, ' oh then how do you explain a fixed, calm atmosphere and the sun ' s observable movement, how do you explain that? ' imagine saying to people, ' no, no, the atmosphere is moving also but is somehow magically velcroed to the moving - earth. the reason is not simply because the earth is stationary. ' so what we are actually doing is what makes sense. we are saying that the moving - earth theory is nonsense. the stationary - earth theory makes sense and we are being ridiculed. you ' ve got to picture it being the other way around to realize just how ridiculous this situation is. this theory from the government and nasa that the earth is rotating and orbiting and leaning over and wobbling is absolute nonsense and yet people are clinging to it, tightly, like a teddy bear. they just can ' t bring themselves to face the possibility that the earth is stationary though all the evidence shows it : we feel no movement, the atmosphere hasn ' t been blown away, we see the sun move from east - to - west, everything can be explained by a motionless earth without bringing in all these assumptions to cover up previous assumptions gone bad. \" - allen daves why do we never see the rotation of the moon? gc : because it doesn ' t rotate. hc : both the moon and the earth are actually rotating but they are doing so in such a way that from our perspective it seems that neither are. the earth is spinning east to west at 1, 000 mph while orbiting the sun at 67, 000 mph. the moon is spinning west to east at 10. 3 mph while orbiting the earth at 2, 288 mph. these motions / speeds perfectly cancel out so that the moon always only shows us one side. \" they want you to believe that the moon ' s rotation is perfectly synchronized with its orbit so that ' s why we only ever see one side of the moon, rather than conclude the obvious - that the moon is simply not rotating. moreover, they had to slow down the moon ' s speed by 58, 870 mph and reverse its direction to west - east to successfully sell their phony heliocentricity system to a gullible public. i don ' t think there is one person in many, many thousands -", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5156855848700939, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T11:31:46.381702"} {"text": "moon ' s speed by 58, 870 mph and reverse its direction to west - east to successfully sell their phony heliocentricity system to a gullible public. i don ' t think there is one person in many, many thousands - regardless of education - who knows that the copernican model had to turn the moon ' s observable direction around and give it a new speed to accommodate the phases and eclipses. \" - marshall hall \u201c the moon presented a special math problem for the construction of the heliocentricity model. the only way to make the moon fit in with the other assumptions was to reverse its direction from that of what everyone who has ever lived has seen it go. the math model couldn \u2019 t just stop the moon like it did the sun, that wouldn \u2019 t work. and it couldn \u2019 t let it continue to go east to west as we see it go, either at the same speed or at a different speed. the only option was to reverse its observed east to west direction and change its speed from about 64, 000 miles an hour to about 2, 200 miles an hour. this reversal along with the change in speed were unavoidable assumptions that needed to be adopted if the model was to have a chance of mimicking reality. \" - bernard brauer why do the stars appear to be fixed along a celestial sphere? gc : because they are. hc : the stars only appear to be fixed along a celestial sphere because they are so incredibly far away. even after hundreds of millions of miles of our ( supposed ) orbit around the sun, the stars appear in the exact same positions at the exact same meridian times because they are many \" light - years \" away. a light - year is approximately 6 trillion miles away and that is why they falsely seem fixed from our faulty perspective. \" take two carefully - bored metallic tubes, not less than six feet in length, and place them one yard asunder, on the opposite sides of a wooden frame, or a solid block of wood or stone : so adjust them that their centres or axes of vision shall be perfectly parallel to each other. now, direct them to the plane of some notable fixed star, a few seconds previous to its meridian time. let an observer be stationed at each tube and the moment the star appears in the first tube let a loud knock or other signal be given, to be repeated by the observer at the second tube when he first sees the same star. a distinct period of time will elapse between the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5062905155616559, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T11:31:46.383346"} {"text": "tube and the moment the star appears in the first tube let a loud knock or other signal be given, to be repeated by the observer at the second tube when he first sees the same star. a distinct period of time will elapse between the signals given. the signals will follow each other in very rapid succession, but still, the time between is sufficient to show that the same star is not visible at the same moment by two parallel lines of sight when only one yard asunder. a slight inclination of the second tube towards the first tube would be required for the star to be seen through both tubes at the same instant. let the tubes remain in their position for six months ; at the end of which time the same observation or experiment will produce the same results - - the star will be visible at the same meridian time, without the slightest alteration being required in the direction of the tubes : from which it is concluded that if the earth had moved one single yard in an orbit through space, there would at least be observed the slight inclination of the tube which the difference in position of one yard had previously required. but as no such difference in the direction of the tube is required, the conclusion is unavoidable, that in six months a given meridian upon the earth ' s surface does not move a single yard, and therefore, that the earth has not the slightest degree of orbital motion. \" - samuel rowbotham, \" zetetic astronomy \" why can ' t i simply hover in a helicopter and wait for the earth ' s rotation to bring my destination to me? gc : because the earth doesn ' t rotate. hc : because the earth ' s atmosphere is magically velcroed to the earth and rotates along with it. if the atmosphere is magically velcroed to the earth and constantly rotates from west to east along with it, 1 ) how is it that clouds, wind and weather patterns often travel in opposing directions simultaneously? 2 ) why don ' t east to west traveling planes or projectiles encounter increased resistance? 3 ) why can i feel the slightest westward breeze but not the earth ' s supposed 1, 000 mph eastward spin? 4 ) if gravitational force is so great to pull the atmosphere together with the earth then how come little birds and bugs are able to fly? gc : all these questions are moot and irrelevant in the geocentric view. hc : all of these questions are difficult and my pseudo - scientific heliocentric answers will be implausible and like grasping at", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5443193923235166, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T11:31:46.385400"} {"text": "and bugs are able to fly? gc : all these questions are moot and irrelevant in the geocentric view. hc : all of these questions are difficult and my pseudo - scientific heliocentric answers will be implausible and like grasping at straws. \" if the atmosphere rushes forward from west to east continually, we are again obliged to conclude that whatever floats or is suspended in it, at any altitude, must of necessity partake of its eastward motion. a piece of cork, or any other body floating in still water, will be motionless, but let the water be put in motion, in any direction whatever, and the floating bodies will move with it, in the same direction and with the same velocity. let the experiment be tried in every possible way, and these results will invariable follow. hence if the earth ' s atmosphere is in constant motion from west to east, all the different strata which are known to exist in it, and all the various kinds of clouds and vapours which float in it must of mechanical necessity move rapidly eastwards. but what is the fact? if we fix upon any star as a standard or datum outside the visible atmosphere, we may sometimes observe a stratum of clouds going for hours together in a direction the very opposite to that in which the earth is supposed to be moving. not only may a stratum of clouds be seen moving rapidly from east to west, but at the same moment other strata may often be seen moving from north to south, and from south to north. it is a fact well known to aeronauts, that several strata of atmospheric air are often moving in as many different directions at the same time... on almost any moonlight and cloudy night, different strata may be seen not only moving in different directions but, at the same time, moving with different velocities ; some floating past the face of the moon rapidly and uniformly, and others passing gently along, sometimes becoming stationary, then starting fitfully into motion, and often standing still for minutes together. some of those who have ascended in balloons for scientific purposes have recorded that as they have rapidly passed through the atmosphere, they have gone though strata differing in temperature, in density, and in hygrometric, magnetic, electric, and other conditions. these changes have been noticed both in ascending and descending, and in going for miles together at the same altitude. \" - samuel rowbotham, \" zetetic astronomy \" how do heliocentricist ' s account for the alla", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5154536237777569, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T11:31:46.388048"} {"text": "other conditions. these changes have been noticed both in ascending and descending, and in going for miles together at the same altitude. \" - samuel rowbotham, \" zetetic astronomy \" how do heliocentricist ' s account for the allais effect, and the results of michelson - morley, michelson - gale, airy ' s failure, sagnac and kantors experiments proving the aether and a fixed earth? gc : yeah, good question. \" i don \u2019 t argue or enter into debates, because the issue here is exactly what you would bring to the debate, which is the wealth of erroneous information that allowed our situation to become as dire as it is in the first place. your argument would consist of phony statistics, historical fables, the newspaper \u2019 s latest lies, and profit - driven ' science. ' my argument is simple. discover who controls everything you \u2019 ve been told, only believe what you can verify for yourself through original documentation, science and logic, and then look for a political connection between the sources of all the erroneous information. find the motives behind the lies. if you did that, there would be no debate, and we would all agree on whose head should roll, as the saying goes. \" - jolly roger", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.5342245001781358, "token_count": 262, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T11:31:46.388832"} {"text": "say it with feeling!! rationale : \u201c fluency means reading faster, smoother, more expressively, or more quietly with the goal of reading silently. fluent reading approaches the speed of speech. \u201d ( murray ) at this development stage, fluency is a major goal of the student and the teacher. this lesson is aimed to teach and emphasize one aspect of fluency : expression. reading with expression brings a story, and its characters, to life, making reading more enjoyable for everyone. the teacher will read a story, showing great expression, to model for children. materials : copy of tiki tiki tembo, various classroom library books, notebook paper, pencils 1. review with students the difference that punctuation makes make at the end of a sentence. read the following sentences twice through. the first time, pay no attention to the punctuation marks at the end of the sentence. the second time, use the correct inflection in your voice, depending on the punctuation mark at the end of the sentence. \u201c jimmy went running., jimmy went running?, jimmy went running!. can anyone tell me the differences in those sentences? \u201d hopefully children will answer that the first was a statement, the second was a question, and the third was an exclamation. 2. \u201c what a wonderful day we have!!! \u201d after you have excited the kids with that exclamation, the teacher says \u2018 \u201c now that was loud and full of excitement wasn \u2019 t it? that was happy expression. when we talk or read with expression, we change the tone of our voice ( happy to sad ), the vloume of our voice ( loud to soft ), and use our faces to show the feeling of the book. different feelings have different sounds and facil looks. \u201d 3. \u201c can someone tell me why we should use expression when we read? students will offer their own explanations. \u201c great! we use expression to make the story more interesting and fun to read!!! \u201d 4. \u201c what would my voice sound like if i were scared? \u201d children raise their hands and answer, using facial expressions and vocal tones. \u201c what about if i were angry? would i yell or whisper? \u201d children will answer correctly to the question. 5. now, gather the children around your reading center and read \u2018 \u201c tiki tiki tembo \u2019 \u201d. make sure to overexaggerate your expressions. ( vocal tone, facial expressions, and volume )", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5187930158269889, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T11:31:46.396234"} {"text": "what is bankruptcy? bankruptcy in the united states seeks to benefit both debtors and creditors by seeing that debtors get relief from debts they can ' t pay, and that creditors get paid from whatever assets the debtor does not need to live going forward. bankruptcy is governed by the federal law found in title 11 of the united states code. as federal law, it supercedes any conflicting state law by reason of the supremacy clause of the constitution. with the exception of exemptions, it is the same from state to state. what types of bankruptcy are there? there are four kinds of bankruptcy proceedings. they are referred to by the chapter of the federal bankruptcy code that describes them. chapter 7 - the atom - bomb bankruptcy ( most common but not always the best ) chapter 13 - repayment plan chapter 11 - business bankruptcy or over - limits for chapter 13 ( most expensive ) - most large companies reorganize under chapter 11 chapter 12 - farmers bankruptcy is a simplified reorganization for family farmers, modeled after chapter 13, where the debtor retains his property and pays creditors out of future income. chapter 7 - the atom bomb chapter 7 is the most common form of bankruptcy. it is a liquidation proceeding in which the debtor ' s non - exempt assets, if any, are sold by the chapter 7 trustee and the proceeds distributed to creditors according to the priorities among creditors established in the code. chapter 7 is available to individuals, married couples, corporations and partnerships. individual debtors typically get a discharge within 4 - 6 months of filing the case. if there are assets which are not exempt, the trustee takes control of those assets, sells them and pays creditors as much as the proceeds permit. any wages the debtor earns after the case is begun are the debtor ' s ; the creditors have no claim on those earnings. chapter 11 - business or over - limit individual payment plan reorganization chapter 11 is a reorganization proceeding, typically for corporations or partnerships. individuals, especially those whose debts exceed the limits of chapter 13, may file chapter 11. in chapter 11, the debtor usually remains in possession of his assets and continues to operate any business, subject to the oversight of the court and the creditors committee. the debtor proposes a plan of reorganization which, upon acceptance by a majority of the creditors, is confirmed by the court and binds both the debtor and the creditors to its terms of repayment. plans can call for repayment out of future profits, sales of some or all of the assets, or a merger or recapitalization", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5165237762639825, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T11:31:46.403041"} {"text": "in order to understand solving logarithmic equations, students must understand the basics of logarithms, and how to use exponentiation to access the terms inside the logarithm. some more complicated instances of solving simple logarithmic equations require knowledge of the product, quotient and power rules of logarithms in order to simplify complex terms. solving simple logarithm equations and what i mean by simple logarithm equations is basically logarithm equation that is in logarithm form. so basically you have a log, a base, your term and then an answer. so basically, 3 things, i ' ll call this a simple logarithmic equation. really all you have to do whenever you ' re solving something in this form is put into exponential form, okay? no matter what the x is we ' re going to deal with x ' s in all 3 of these spots. just put into exponential form and solve, okay? so this one the 3 is going to come up and around leaving us with x = 3 to the - 2 and this problem has now just turned into evaluating an exponent. the negative puts everything in the bottom, the 2 squares it and we end up with x = 1 over 9. so whenever we ha - any time we have an equation in logarithm form, in order to solve it put an exponential and then solve it as you would in the other exponential equations.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5064952591516059, "token_count": 300, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T11:31:46.442036"} {"text": "archean eonarticle free pass archean eon, also spelled archaean eon, the earlier of the two divisions of precambrian time ( about 4 billion to 542 million years ago ). the archean eon began about 4 billion years ago with the formation of the earth \u2019 s crust and extended to the start of the proterozoic eon 2. 5 billion years ago ; the latter is the second division of precambrian time. records of earth \u2019 s primitive atmosphere and oceans emerge in the earliest archean ( eoarchean era ), and evidence of the earliest primitive life - forms \u2014 bacteria and blue - green algae \u2014 appears in rocks about 3. 5 billion years old. archean greenstone - granite belts contain many economic mineral deposits, including gold and silver. the start of the archean eon is only defined by the isotopic age of the earliest rocks. prior to the archean eon, the earth was in the astronomical ( hadean ) stage of planetary accretion that began about 4. 6 billion years ago ; no rocks are preserved from this stage. the earliest terrestrial materials are not rocks but minerals. in western australia some sedimentary conglomerates, dated to 3. 3 billion years ago, contain relict detrital zircon grains that have isotopic ages between 4. 2 and 4. 4 billion years. these grains must have been transported by rivers from a source area, the location of which has never been found ; it was possibly destroyed by meteorite impacts \u2014 quite frequent on both the earth and the moon before 4 billion years ago. it is thought that the oxygen content in today \u2019 s atmosphere must have slowly accumulated through time starting with an atmosphere that was anoxic during archean times. although volcanoes exhale much water vapour ( h2o ) and carbon dioxide ( co2 ), the amount of free oxygen ( o2 ) emitted is very small. the inorganic breakdown ( photodissociation ) of volcanic - derived water vapour and carbon dioxide in the atmosphere would have produced only a small amount of free oxygen. the bulk of the free oxygen in the archean atmosphere was derived from organic photosynthesis of carbon dioxide ( co2 ) and water ( h2o ) by anaerobic cyanobacteria ( blue - green algae ), a process that releases oxygen as a by - product. these organisms were prokaryotes, a group of unicellular organisms with rudimentary internal organization", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5395743097602184, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T11:31:46.453809"} {"text": "fleet management began as a static process, with transportation companies largely in the dark with regards to the exact whereabouts of their assets. these companies relied on physical inventories and the conscientiousness of operators for fleet data usually manually collected and entered into a simple application. fleet management has evolved dramatically over the years. globally, the demand for fossil fuels is beginning to outpace the world \u2019 s supply. the imperative to reduce fossil fuel consumption for the sake of the environment is now made more attractive to businesses given the opportunity to cut costs through the use of renewable energy resources. deploying renewable energy remains a popular topic as politicians and policymakers discuss different energy generation options. these leaders will discuss varying degrees of support for wind, solar, nuclear, natural gas, coal, and petroleum to power our homes and vehicles. as domestic carbon emissions continue to increase and cheap energy prices are memories of the past, the federal government has embarked on a plan to lead the public and private sector in reducing energy consumption and associated carbon emissions. in executive order 13514, president obama asks federal agencies to lead by example with regard to sustainability, but if that isn \u2019 t enough motivation for other organizations to draft a strategic sustainability plan, government leaders should do it to cut costs and do more with less. a coordinated technological architecture that combines expanded use of sensors, seamless information sharing and effective data analysis can lead to successful achievement of cost control and reduction in energy use. as we have seen in earlier posts, organizations that can successfully execute a strategy to reduce energy usage can potentially realize significant cost savings. in this entry, we will look at some different ways to pay for an energy cost savings program. a new focus on reducing our consumption of energy is vital for the national interest. while it may be considered easy to some to address \u201c why \u201d reducing energy consumption is incredibly important, concentrating on \u201c how \u201d these changes will be implemented becomes much more challenging. the 2010 ibm eco - efficiency jam highlighted the need for the entire enterprise to collaborate on the development of strategies and tactics that create operational eco - efficiencies, particularly in energy efficiency.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5326380932507827, "token_count": 424, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T11:31:46.470199"} {"text": "st. john ' s college in annapolis, maryland was chartered in 1784 upon a most liberal plan for the benefit of youth of every religious denomination. in 1937 the new program, under which the college still operates, was instituted. under it, we help our students learn to ask fundamental questions and practice thoughtfulness in public. we introduce them to the textual tradition of reason that illuminates such central features of modern life as democracy and technology, as well as to the literary and musical tradition of the west. we are committed to the use of a list of great books that is both fairly stable and under continual review. these are books agreed to be excellent, to form a coherent sequence, and to raise most cogently questions we want our students to consider. we foster literacy in three kinds of texts : verbal, mathematical, and musical. read more \u2026 we want our students to develop the intellectual virtues of courage in inquiry, caution in forming opinions, candor about their ignorance, open attentiveness to the words of their colleagues, industry in preparation, and meticulousness in verbal translations as well as in mathematical demonstrations. we give our students the experience of living in a community of learning imbued with attitudes of consideration and respect that foster moral virtues appropriate to their future lives as citizens. we think that the college has a wider mission in contributing to the invigoration of american education by giving help to other institutions that ask for it, by encouraging our students to become teachers, and by providing to a wide constituency occasions for actual learning in the spirit and through the materials of our program.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5404043409605722, "token_count": 323, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T11:31:46.480903"} {"text": "this note considers bullying, in particular cyber - bullying ( harassment of people via the net, sms or other digital media ). that harassment may have a lasting psychological impact. it is often associated with physical assaults. the note covers - - academic studies, government report and primers regarding victims, bystanders - making sense of bullying - questions about culture and bullying in police forces, the military and religious institutions - digital bullying of students and teachers - bullying in the electronic workplace law - criminal law, common law, occupational health & safety, discrimination law and other australian law regarding bullying 1 - selected australian litigation regarding school and workplace bullying 2 - further australian bullying cases 3 - recent australian cases and controversies - an indication of damages awarded in australian bullying - australian responses to bullying, including sacking - litigation and anti - bullying developments in the uk, canada, new zealand and other countries - bullying in literature - accounts by bullies and the bullied in australian bullying litigation. supplements discussion elsewhere on this site regarding security and the shape of australian law. people have been nasty to each other as long as there has been recorded history. bullying is not a new phenomenon. it is evident in accounts of schools in mediaeval europe and china, workplace initiations in renaissance florence and 1920s chicago, bastardisation in pharaonic egypt and in australia ' s royal military academy during the 1960s and 1990s, university common rooms in the 1850s and 1980s, and courts over the past two millennia. it may involve an individual or a group. it has variously been characterised as bullying, mobbing, harassment and even psychoterror. injuries can be physical and / or psychological, with those experiencing bullying on occasion being driven to a breakdown, forced out of jobs or pushed to suicide. it has been addressed through a range of law, including workplace safety, criminal, anti - discrimination, employment and common law, on occasion with substantial penalties for perpetrators and organisations that have permitted mistreatment of an individual. digital technology allows bullies new opportunities to \" mess with your head \", through sms texts, instant messaging, defamatory web pages and comments in online it has been argued that digital harassment is particularly potent because - is pervasive ( an issue for what has been dubbed the \" always on generation \" ) and pseudonymity - or merely the relaxation of inhibitions associated with much virtual contact - allows bullies to express themselves with a vehemence that might be tempered in face to face contact in the playground, office or factory. following pages explore cyberbullying in australian schools (", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5211833078182483, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T11:31:46.499452"} {"text": "the relaxation of inhibitions associated with much virtual contact - allows bullies to express themselves with a vehemence that might be tempered in face to face contact in the playground, office or factory. following pages explore cyberbullying in australian schools ( and of students or teachers outside the playground or classroom ) and workplaces. they highlight day by day responses, which for some victims have involved abandonment of communication tools such as mobile phones, and questions about legal frameworks. they also highlight selected australian litigation before considering overseas experience. there are few statutory definitions of bullying. as the following pages indicate it has often been conceptualised terms of particular outcomes ( setting fire to an apprentice for example being treated as a criminal act ) or terms of particular enactments and common law ( for example regarding stalking, discrimination, hate - speech, occupational health & safety, defamation and misuse of telecommunication networks ). in australian law is discussed here. perceptions of what is bullying and what is socially ( and legally ) acceptable ' rough play ' or institutional discipline have changed over time. the law society of nsw thus offers one definition of workplace and inappropriate workplace behaviour includes bullying, which comprises behaviour which intimidates, offends, degrades, insults or humiliates an employee possibly in front of co - workers, clients or customers and which includes physical or psychological behaviour. belsey characterised cyber - bullying as using - and communication technologies such as e - mail, cell phone and pager text messages, instant messaging, defamatory personal web sites, blogs, online games and defamatory online personal polling web sites, to support deliberate, repeated, and hostile behaviour by an individual or group, that is intended to harm others. key elements of bullying are behaviour that is unreasonable and that both - intimidates, offends or humiliates places someone ' s physical or psychological welfare at behaviour usually involves repeated and persistent action. it may be passive or active, by an individual or a group, in private or in a public space such as a meeting - room, schoolyard or online forum. it may involve threats and coercive behaviour such as seizure of the target ' s property, sarcasm or unreasonable teasing. it may involve physical isolation or ignoring the target. bullying may be direct or indirect, physical or psychological. it is shrugged off by some targets. other people experience lasting hurt. it is an area of disagreement, with some observers claiming that it is pervasive and serious, other observers warning against a contemporary moral panic or efforts to wrap children in cotton", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5506052217761319, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T11:31:46.504125"} {"text": "what is dynamic combinatorial chemistry? dcc methodology utilizes cyclic structures which interchange via reversible covalent bond formation to create a dynamic library of potential receptors. when this thermodynamically controlled mixture is incubated with an analyte of interest, the library responds by shifting the equilibrium towards the receptor that best binds the analyte, i. e. the best receptor is amplified relative to the non - templated state. this is best visualized with the following simple graphic : the experiment begins with a library of \u201c monomers \u201d, each of which has two reactive groups on it ; in the example above, the reactive groups are thiols. prior to adding the analyte, the dithiols are oxidized and equilibrated to the complex mixture of disulfides ; three are shown but statistically many hundreds are possible. an analyte is then added under conditions where the library is in equilibrium, such that the library constituents can respond to the analyte by shifting towards the best host - guest pair to establish a new equilibrium. in this competitive binding situation, the best receptor is identified by determining which compound ( s ) was amplified. this differs from a traditional ( static ) combinatorial library because the method simultaneously generates the library and dynamically amplifies / identifies the winner. funding for the cdcc comes from the defense threat reduction agency basic research program administered by the army research office ( w911nf04d0004 )", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5644634737045953, "token_count": 302, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T11:31:46.523487"} {"text": "has felt fear at some time in their lives, fear of certain things and people. a normal response of fear is triggered by something that other people can fully understand to be a cause of fear. if this cause is removed, then the feeling of fear disappears with it. by contrast, a phobia typically is a continuous condition with no apparent cause. people suffering from a phobia are severely limited in their daily activities. the main symptom of a phobia is a feeling of fear, but this can also be accompanied by psychosomatic symptoms such as a racing heart, trembling, restlessness, difficulties in swallowing, suffocating sensations, failures of perception and thought, urge to pass water, diarrhoea and nausea. phobics may experience veritable attacks of panic for no apparent reason. in some patients, the state of fear can become chronic. about 17 per cent of the population suffer from states of fear or anxiety. according to experts, this percentage will double in the next 25 years, owing to causes of a personal nature, but also to political, religious, social and cultural problems. become the ruler over your fear! build your own empire of fear and wipe out everything and everybody that wants to make use of your fears! you have the right and you have the power! fearpower! at june 11, 2003 02 : 01 pm", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.51184241950107, "token_count": 278, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T11:31:46.537351"} {"text": ", or radioactive dust or dirt ( fallout ) from water. many of these substances can be removed by distilling water, a more complicated method of purifying water. radioactive fallout can also be minimized using a homemade filter : - punch holes in the bottom of a bucket, and cover the bottom with 1. 5 in. ( 3. 8 cm ) of gravel. cover the gravel with a towel. - place the bucket over a larger container, and pour the water into the bucket so that it filters through the towel and gravel and drains into the container below. - disinfect the water by boiling, adding chlorine bleach, or using purification tablets as described above. - replace the gravel after every 50 qt ( 47 l ) of water. | primary medical reviewer | | e. gregory thompson, md - internal medicine | | specialist medical reviewer | | christine hahn, md - epidemiology | | last revised | | april 22, 2011 | | by : | | healthwise staff | | last revised : april 22, 2011 | | medical review : | | e. gregory thompson, md - internal medicine | christine hahn, md - epidemiology \u00a9 1995 -, healthwise, incorporated. healthwise, healthwise for every health decision, and the healthwise logo are trademarks of healthwise, incorporated.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.5134256025757677, "token_count": 274, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T11:31:46.546363"} {"text": "soviet war crimes gives a short overview about serious crimes committed by the red army ' s ( 1918 - 1946, later soviet army ) leadership and an unknown number of single members of the soviet armed forces from 1919 to 1990 inclusive including those in eastern europe in late 1944 and early 1945, particularly murder and rape. the red army ( russian : \u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0447\u0435 - \u043a\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0442\u044c\u044f\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u043a\u0440\u0430\u0441\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0430\u0440\u043c\u0438\u044f r aboche - k rest ' yanskaya k rasnaya a rmiya the red army ( russian : \u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0447\u0435 - \u043a\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0442\u044c\u044f\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u043a\u0440\u0430\u0441\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0430\u0440\u043c\u0438\u044f r aboche - k rest ' yanskaya k rasnaya a rmiya eastern europe is a general term that refers to the geopolitical region encompassing the easternmost part of the european continent. murder is the unlawful killing of another human person with malice aforethought, as defined in common law countries rape, also referred to as sexual assault, is an assault by a person involving sexual intercourse with or sexual penetration of another person neither by any international military jurisdiction nor the red army \u2019 s leadership have any of its members have ever been charged with war crimes by a court of law. war crimes are \" violations of the laws or customs of war \" including but not limited to \" murder the ill - treatment or deportation of civilian residents of an occupied on the part of the axis powers an ethnic superiority ideology played a primary role in starting world war ii and led to immediate, constant and systematic war crimes against the soviet civilian population during the german invasion and occupation of russia ( 1941 - 45 ). the axis powers also known as the axis alliance axis nations axis countries or sometimes just the axis were those countries the racial policy of nazi germany refers to the policies and laws implemented by nazi germany, asserting the superiority of the so - called \" aryan race \" and world war ii, or the second world war, ( often abbreviated wwii ) was a global military conflict which involved a majority of the world ' s nations, including war crimes are \" violations of the laws or customs of war \" including but not limited to \" murder the ill - treatment or deportation of civilian residents of an occupied an estimated 20 million civilians in the soviet union lost their lives during the war as a direct or indirect result of combat operations and a policy of systematic annihilation. the union of soviet socialist republics ( ussr was a constitutionally socialist state that existed in eurasia", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5059571216961151, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T11:31:46.635869"} {"text": "##\u10d0\u10e0\u10d8 | iosif vissarionovich dzhugashvili ; march 5 1953 was general secretary of the communist party ukraine ( \u0443\u043a\u0440\u0430\u0456\u043d\u0430 ukrayina, / ukr\u0251\u02c8jin\u0251 / is a country in eastern europe. the holodomor ( \u0433\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0434\u043e\u043c\u043e\u0440 is the famine that took place in soviet ukraine during the 1932 - 1933 agricultural season collective farming is an organization of agricultural production in which the holdings of several farmers are run as a joint enterprise dekulakization ( \u0440\u0430\u0441\u043a\u0443\u043b\u0430\u0447\u0438\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 was the soviet campaign of political repressions including arrests, deportations and executions following the repulse of the german attack on the soviet union and soviet troops entering germany and hungary in 1944, the number of war crimes, plunder, murder of civilians, and especially rape, reached a level of previously unknown proportions. operation barbarossa ( unternehmen barbarossa ) was the codename for nazi germany ' s invasion of the soviet union during world war ii the eastern front of world war ii ( die ostfront 1941 - 1945, der ru\u00dflandfeldzug 1941 - 1945 ( russian campaign or der ostfeldzug 1941 - 1945 ( eastern campaign germany, officially the federal republic of germany ( is a country in central europe. hungary ( magyarorszag ' ) officially in english the republic of hungary ( magyar koztarsasag, literally magyar ( hungarian republic rape, also referred to as sexual assault, is an assault by a person involving sexual intercourse with or sexual penetration of another person in soviet and present russian history books on the \" great patriotic war \" these war crimes are hardly mentioned. russia ( \u0440\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f rossiya ) or the russian federation ( rossiyskaya federatsiya ) is a transcontinental country extending the term great patriotic war ( \u0432\u0435\u043b\u0438\u043a\u0430\u044f \u043e\u0442\u0435\u0447\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0432\u043e\u0438\u043d\u0430 velikaya otechestvennaya vojna ) is used in russia and some other with rare exceptions ( notably aleksandr solzhenitsyn and lev kopelev ) this evidence was found and published by western historians after some of the soviet archives were opened to the public following the cold war. aleksandr isayevich solzhenitsyn ( \u0430\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0441\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0440 \u0438\u0441\u0430\u0435\u0432\u0438\u0447 \u0441\u043e\u043b\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0446\u044b\u043d ) (", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.50003893907769, "token_count": 510, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T11:31:46.723915"} {"text": "after some of the soviet archives were opened to the public following the cold war. aleksandr isayevich solzhenitsyn ( \u0430\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0441\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0440 \u0438\u0441\u0430\u0435\u0432\u0438\u0447 \u0441\u043e\u043b\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0446\u044b\u043d ) ( december 11 1918 \u2013 august 3 2008 was a russian novelist lev zalmanovich kopelev ( also lev zinovevich kopelev ; russian : \u043b\u0435\u0432 \u0437\u0430\u043b\u043c\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447 \u043a\u043e\u043f\u0435\u043b\u0435\u0432 or \u043b\u0435\u0432 \u0437\u0438\u043d\u043e\u0432\u044c\u0435\u0432\u0438\u0447 \u043a\u043e\u043f\u0435\u043b\u0435\u0432 cold war is the state of conflict tension and competition that existed between the united states and the soviet union ( ussr and their respective allies from the crimes committed by the red army in occupied territories ( poland, the baltic states, romania, hungary, the czech republic and slovenia ) between 1939 and 1941 and the follow - up atrocities of 1944 \u2013 1949 have been present in the historical consciousness of these countries since the crimes were committed. poland ( polska officially the republic of poland the baltic states ( balti riigid baltijas valstis baltijos valstybes or baltic countries are three countries in northern europe, all members of the romania ( dated : rumania, roumania hungary ( magyarorszag ' ) officially in english the republic of hungary ( magyar koztarsasag, literally magyar ( hungarian republic the czech republic ( \u02c8t\u0283\u025bska\u02d0 short form in cesko \u02c8t\u0283\u025bsk\u0254 also called czechia, slovenia, officially the republic of slovenia ( republika slovenija ) is a country in southern central europe bordering italy to the west nevertheless, a systematic, publicly controlled discussion could begin only after the fall of the soviet union. the soviet union ' s collapse into independent nations began early in 1985. this is also true of the territories occupied by soviet forces in manchuria and the kuril islands after the soviet union breached its neutrality pact with japan in 1945. manchuria ( romanized manchu : manju,, \u043c\u0430\u043d\u044c\u0447\u0436\u0443\u0440\u0438\u044f mongolian : \u043c\u0430\u043d\u0436 is a historical name given to a vast geographic region in northeast the kuril islands ( \u02c8k\u028ar\u026al or / \u02c8kju\u02c8ri\u02c8l / \u043a\u0443\u0440\u0438\u043b\u044c\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u043e\u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430 \u0259str\u028c\u02c8va ru - latn ' ' kuril ' skie ostrova ' ' or kurile islands in russia the was a pact between the soviet union", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.5405581453156569, "token_count": 510, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T11:31:46.745211"} {"text": "to escape from the soviet nkvd, and those who failed were mostly taken into custody by the red army and afterwards deported to siberia and / or vanished in the \" gulag \". siberia ( \u0441\u0438\u0431\u0438\u0440\u044c sibir ) is the name given to the vast region constituting almost all of northern asia and for the most part currently serving the gulag was the government agency that administered the penal labor camps of the soviet union. during 1939 - 1941, for example, nearly 1. 5 million inhabitants of soviet - controlled areas of former poland were deported, of whom 63. 1 % were poles or other nationalities and 7. 4 % were jews. please take note * * * * * * * * * * * * only a fraction of these deportees survived the war. according to the american professor carroll quigley, at least 100, 000 out of 320, 000 polish prisoners of war captured by the red army in 1939, were exterminated. carroll quigley ( november 9, 1910 - january 3, 1977 ) was a noted historian polymath and theorist of the evolution of civilizations deportations, executions, torture as well as numerous other crimes against the population ( murder, hostage taking, burning down of villages ) increased when the red army was forced to retreat from the advancing wehrmacht in 1941. many political prisoners arrested by the nkvd were massacred in order to prevent their falling into german hands. in the baltic states, byelorussia, the ukraine, and bessarabia, imprisoned opponents were executed by the nkvd and attached units of the red army rather than left behind. belarus ( belarusian \u0431\u0435\u043b\u0430\u0440\u0443\u0441\u044c / bie\u0142arus is a landlocked country in eastern europe, bordered by russia to the north and east ukraine ( \u0443\u043a\u0440\u0430\u0456\u043d\u0430 ukrayina, / ukr\u0251\u02c8jin\u0251 / is a country in eastern europe. bessarabia ( basarabia in romanian, \u0431\u0435\u0441\u0430\u0440\u0430\u0431\u0456\u044f in ukrainian, \u0431\u0435\u0441\u0441\u0430\u0440\u0430\u0431\u0438\u044f in russian, \u0431\u0435\u0441\u0430\u0440\u0430\u0431\u0438\u044f in bulgarian these actions by the soviets increased the hatred of those who had helped the soviets, or were suspected of being soviet allies, in particular the jews. please take note * * * * * * * * * * * * as another result, in these countries the einsatzgruppen could rely heavily on volunteers, willing to participate in their brutal operations, and tip - offs, especially in the baltic states.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5045206146283943, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T11:31:46.779824"} {"text": "or confinement of people commonly in large groups without trial beevor ' s claims have encountered vast criticism from historians in russia and the russian government. the russian ambassador to the uk said \" it is a disgrace to have anything to do with this clear case of slander against the people who saved the world from nazism. \" o. a. rzheshevsky, a professor and president of the russian association of world war ii historians, has charged that beevor is merely resurrecting the discredited and racist views of neo - nazi historians, who depicted soviet troops as subhuman \" asiatic hordes \". the term neo - nazism refers to post - world war ii political movements social movements and ideologies seeking to revive nazism, other prominent historians such as richard overy have criticised russian \" outrage \" at the book and defended beevor. richard overy ( born 1947 is british historian who has published extensively on the history of world war ii and the third reich. overy accused the russians of refusing to acknowledge soviet war crimes, \" partly this is because they felt that much of it was justified vengeance against an enemy who committed much worse, and partly it was because they were writing the victors ' history \" polish sources claim that there are cases of mass rapes in polish cities taken by red army, that in krakow soviet entry brought mass rapes on polish women and girls, as well as plunder of all private property by soviet soldiers. krakow, in english also spelled krakow or cracow ( \u02c8kr\u00e6ka\u028a m - w : krak ' ou krak ' o is one of the largest and oldest cities in poland according to them, this behaviour reached such scale that even communists installed by soviets were preparing a letter of protest to joseph stalin himself, while masses in churches were held in expectation of soviet withdrawal. joseph stalin ( \u10dc\u10d0\u10db\u10d3\u10d5\u10d8\u10da\u10d8 \u10d2\u10d5\u10d0\u10e0\u10d8 | iosif vissarionovich dzhugashvili ; march 5 1953 was general secretary of the communist party. year 1997 ( mcmxcvii ) was a common year starting on wednesday ( link will display full 1997 gregorian calendar", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5242924776453959, "token_count": 436, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 17, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T11:31:46.795915"} {"text": "autologous bone marrow stem cells for children with autism spectrum disorders the purpose of this study is to determine whether the plasticity of autologous intrathecal hematopoietic cells would improve the neurologic and the social skills of pediatric patients with autism spectrum disorders. | study design : | | allocation : non - randomized endpoint classification : safety / efficacy study intervention model : crossover assignment masking : open label primary purpose : treatment | official title : | | autologous bone marrow stem cells for children with autism spectrum disorders | - idea improvement [ time frame : 6 months ] [ designated as safety issue : yes ] improvement in idea evaluation - cars improvement [ time frame : 6 months ] [ designated as safety issue : yes ] improvement in cars evaluation | study start date : | | november 2012 | | estimated primary completion date : | | november 2013 ( final data collection date for primary outcome measure ) | experimental : experimental : patients children who will receive intrathecal autologous stem cells other : stem cells we will evaluate with idea and cars scales the control group for 6 months with the possibility to change arms after that time. other : stem cells there is accumulating evidence that shows that the administration of hematopoietic cells into the brain in the patients with spectrum autism could help in the physiopathology of the illness. it has been found that after introducing hematopoietic cells in the subarachnoid space of the spinal cord, these cells may be transported through the cerebrospinal fluid and can be delivered more efficiently to the injured area, when compared to the intravenous route. patients will be stimulated for 3 consecutive days with granulocyte colony stimulating factor ( g - csf ) and then their bone marrow will be harvested according to their weight. bone marrow will be processed in order to obtain cd34 + cells and minimize the amount of red blood cells. an inoculum of 5 to 10ml of stem cells will be infused intrathecally. patients will be evaluated with two scales \" cars \" and the \" idea \" also we will check the clinical history. on days 0, 30 and 180. | contact : laura villarreal - martinez, md | | + 52 81 83 48 61 36 ext email @ example. com | | contact : consuelo mancias - guerra, md | | + 52 81 83 48 61 36 ext firstname. lastname @ example. org | | hematology service, hospital univer", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5198295472387366, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T11:31:46.815428"} {"text": "the university of colorado was selected to contribute one of 24 miniature satellites, known as cubesats, to fly as auxiliary payloads aboard rocket missions scheduled to launch in 2014, 2015 and 2016, nasa announced tuesday. cubesats, as described by nasa, belong to a class of research spacecraft called nanosatellites. they measure about 4 inches on each side, are about 1 quart in volume and can weigh less than 3 pounds. the selections announced on tuesday represent the fourth round of nasa ' s cubesat launch initiative. those selected in the this round will be eligible for flight after final negotiations and when an opportunity for flight is available. the satellites conduct science missions, educational research and technology demonstrations, and usually are the product of significant student contributions. other institutions with cubesat proposals selected by nasa in the latest round come from institutions as diverse as nasa ' s ames research center, moffett field, calif., and merritt island high school, fla. ( in partnership with california polytechnic state university ). nasa has selected 63 missions for flight in three previous rounds of the cubesat initiative, twenty - two cubesat missions are scheduled for flight this year. this is not the first time cu has been selected to participate in the cubesat missions. the colorado student space weather experiment, a collaborative effort between the engineering department and the laboratory for atmospheric and space physics aimed at studying solar flares, launched last year on an atlas v rocket along with 10 other cubesat satellites.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5090359491110389, "token_count": 299, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T11:31:46.829098"} {"text": "this tutorial, developed for high school physics students, uses multiple graphs and animations to study the relationship between the motion of an object and its graph of velocity vs. time. users explore the relationship between position and velocity, positive and negative velocities, slope and shape of graphs, and acceleration. interactive self - evaluations are included. see related materials for an accompanying lab by the same author. this item is part of the physics classroom, a comprehensive set of tutorials and multimedia resources for high school physics. editor ' s note : education research indicates that many students have difficulty differentiating velocity and acceleration, and often plot velocity graphs as the path of an object. see related materials for a free research - based diagnostic tool to probe misconceptions related to velocity. 6 - 8 : 4f / m3b. if a force acts towards a single center, the object ' s path may curve into an orbit around the center. 9 - 12 : 4f / h1. the change in motion ( direction or speed ) of an object is proportional to the applied force and inversely proportional to the mass. 9 - 12 : 4f / h8. any object maintains a constant speed and direction of motion unless an unbalanced outside force acts on it. 9. the mathematical world 9b. symbolic relationships 6 - 8 : 9b / m3. graphs can show a variety of possible relationships between two variables. as one variable increases uniformly, the other may do one of the following : increase or decrease steadily, increase or decrease faster and faster, get closer and closer to some limiting value, reach some intermediate maximum or minimum, alternately increase and decrease, increase or decrease in steps, or do something different from any of these. 9 - 12 : 9b / h4. tables, graphs, and symbols are alternative ways of representing data and relationships that can be translated from one to another. 9 - 12 : 9c / h3c. a graph represents all the values that satisfy an equation, and if two equations have to be satisfied at the same time, the values that satisfy them both will be found where the graphs intersect. common core state standards for mathematics alignments expressions and equations ( 6 - 8 ) represent and analyze quantitative relationships between dependent and independent variables. ( 6 ) 6. ee. 9 use variables to represent two quantities in a real - world problem that change in relationship to one another ; write an equation to express one quantity, thought of as the dependent variable, in terms of the other quantity, thought of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.6200925651345794, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T11:31:46.845129"} {"text": ") 6. ee. 9 use variables to represent two quantities in a real - world problem that change in relationship to one another ; write an equation to express one quantity, thought of as the dependent variable, in terms of the other quantity, thought of as the independent variable. analyze the relationship between the dependent and independent variables using graphs and tables, and relate these to the equation. understand the connections between proportional relationships, lines, and linear equations. ( 8 ) 8. ee. 5 graph proportional relationships, interpreting the unit rate as the slope of the graph. compare two different proportional relationships represented in different ways. use functions to model relationships between quantities. ( 8 ) 8. f. 5 describe qualitatively the functional relationship between two quantities by analyzing a graph ( e. g., where the function is increasing or decreasing, linear or nonlinear ). sketch a graph that exhibits the qualitative features of a function that has been described verbally. high school \u2014 functions ( 9 - 12 ) interpreting functions ( 9 - 12 ) f - if. 4 for a function that models a relationship between two quantities, interpret key features of graphs and tables in terms of the quantities, and sketch graphs showing key features given a verbal description of the relationship.? linear, quadratic, and exponential models? ( 9 - 12 ) f - le. 1. b recognize situations in which one quantity changes at a constant rate per unit interval relative to another. f - le. 1. c recognize situations in which a quantity grows or decays by a constant percent rate per unit interval relative to another. f - le. 2 construct linear and exponential functions, including arithmetic and geometric sequences, given a graph, a description of a relationship, or two input - output pairs ( include reading these from a table ). common core state reading standards for literacy in science and technical subjects 6 \u2014 12 craft and structure ( 6 - 12 ) rst. 9 - 10. 4 determine the meaning of symbols, key terms, and other domain - specific words and phrases as they are used in a specific scientific or technical context relevant to grades 9 \u2014 10 texts and topics. range of reading and level of text complexity ( 6 - 12 ) rst. 9 - 10. 10 by the end of grade 10, read and comprehend science / technical texts in the grades 9 \u2014 10 text complexity band independently and proficiently. this resource is part of a physics front topical unit. topic : kinematics : the physics of motion unit title : graphing a companion to the resource above", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5946129999727624, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T11:31:46.846121"} {"text": "this material has 2 associated documents. select a document title to view a document ' s information. the einstein cannon model computes and displays the trajectory of cannonballs ( particles ) shot from a cannon in the vicinity of a black hole. it was created for the study of einstein ' s theory of general relativity and the schwarzschild metric. the main window displays a map of space in the vicinity of the black hole using schwarzschild coordinates and a cannon located a distance r0 from the center black hole ' s center. the position and firing angle of the cannon can be adjusted by dragging a marker and the number of cannon balls and their initial speed can be changed using input fields. the maximum speed of the cannon ball is the speed of light c = 1 in accordance with einstein ' s theory. newton suggested that a cannon ball fired from a high mountain could fall to earth, orbit the earth, or fly away depending on how it was fired. the same is true in general relativity but there are many important differences. this model demonstrates these differences. the einstein cannon model is a supplemental simulation for the article \" when action is not least for orbits in general relativity \" by c. g. gray and eric poisson in the american journal of physics 79 ( 1 ), 43 - 55 ( 2011 ) and has been approved by the authors and the american journal of physics ( ajp ) editor. the simulation was developed using the easy java simulations ( ejs ) modeling tool and is distributed as a ready - to - run ( compiled ) java archive. double clicking the ejs _ gr _ einsteincannon. jar file will run the program if java is installed. last modified june 12, 2013 this file has previous versions.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.6031792022606564, "token_count": 347, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T11:31:46.848130"} {"text": "1. a fatal disease of cattle that affects the central nervous system. 4. the small projection of a mammary gland. 8. the act of slowing down or falling behind. 11. a drug combination found in some over - the - counter headache remedies ( aspirin and phenacetin and caffeine ). 12. goddess of the dead and queen of the underworld. 13. a hospital unit staffed and equipped to provide intensive care. 14. a police officer who investigates crimes. 15. divulge information or secrets. 16. a logarithmic unit of sound intensity equal to 10 decibels. 17. a radioactive element of the actinide series. 19. a range of mountains ( usually with jagged peaks and irregular outline ). 24. open - heart surgery in which the rib cage is opened and a section of a blood vessel is grafted from the aorta to the coronary artery to bypass the blocked section of the coronary artery and improve the blood supply to the heart. 25. a piece of furniture that provides a place to sleep. 27. resinlike substance secreted by certain lac insects. 29. a family of sino - tibetan languages spoken in southeastern asia. 31. a highly unstable radioactive element ( the heaviest of the halogen series ). 34. an official prosecutor for a judicial district. 35. a soft silvery metallic element of the alkali earth group. 36. ( greek mythology ) goddess of the earth and mother of cronus and the titans in ancient mythology. 38. the protoplasm of the germ cells that contains chromosomes and genes. 41. the blood group whose red cells carry both the a and b antigens. 42. a summary that repeats the substance of a longer discussion. 46. aircraft landing in bad weather in which the pilot is talked down by ground control using precision approach radar. 47. call upon in supplication. 49. ( irish ) mother of the tuatha de danann. 50. united states liquid unit equal to 4 quarts or 3. 785 liters. 51. a condition ( mostly in boys ) characterized by behavioral and learning disorders. 52. a strategically located monarchy on the southern and eastern coasts of the arabian peninsula. 53. a loose sleeveless outer garment made from aba cloth. 1. a chadic language spoken south of lake chad. 2. a detailed description of design criteria for a piece of work. 3. ( computer science ) a coding system that incorporates extra parity bits", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5971557828446641, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T11:31:46.897291"} {"text": "sleeveless outer garment made from aba cloth. 1. a chadic language spoken south of lake chad. 2. a detailed description of design criteria for a piece of work. 3. ( computer science ) a coding system that incorporates extra parity bits in order to detect errors. 4. a bachelor ' s degree in theology. 5. the fatty flesh of eel. 6. by bad luck. 7. a sock with a separation for the big toe. 8. a small faint zodiacal constellation in the southern hemisphere. 9. sour or bitter in taste. 10. a russian prison camp for political prisoners. 18. a person forced to flee from home or country. 20. liquid containing proteins and electrolytes including the liquid in blood plasma and interstitial fluid. 21. not divisible by two. 22. english essayist ( 1775 - 1834 ). 23. a white metallic element that burns with a brilliant light. 26. ( akkadian ) god of wisdom. 28. a compartment in front of a motor vehicle where driver sits. 30. the sixth month of the civil year. 32. united states abolitionist ( 1786 - 1865 ). 33. a bantu language spoken by the chaga people in northern tanzania. 37. in bed. 38. being ten more than one hundred ninety. 39. someone who works ( or provides workers ) during a strike. 40. the arch of bone beneath the eye that forms the prominence of the cheek. 43. the capital and largest city of japan. 44. a rotating disk shaped to convert circular into linear motion. 45. ( irish ) mother of the ancient irish gods. 46. a heavy brittle diamagnetic trivalent metallic element ( resembles arsenic and antimony chemically ). 48. a ductile silvery - white ductile ferromagnetic trivalent metallic element of the rare earth group.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5691747945004701, "token_count": 380, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T11:31:46.898404"} {"text": "a laparoscopy ( lap - uh - ross - coe - pee ) is a surgical procedure in which a small instrument is inserted through an incision in the navel. this instrument, called a laparoscope ( lap - uh - roe - scope ), functions like a miniature telescope, with a light on the end, giving doctors an internal view of the abdominal cavity. sometimes, the abdomen is inflated with carbon dioxide gas, so internal organs can be re - positioned as needed. a laparoscopy may be done to investigate a problem like pelvic pain, or infertility when a tubal blockage is suspected. it ' s also used to remove an ectopic embryo, which is one that ' s developed in a fallopian tube by mistake, instead of in the uterus. one of the most common uses of laparoscopy is in tubal sterilization procedures. here, both the laparoscope and the laser or other cutting instrument are passed through the navel, thus eliminating any abdominal scar. examination of the liver, gallbladder, and appendix may also be done by laparoscopy. regardless of its purpose, the operation is typically done under general anesthesia, on an outpatient basis. to find out more about laparoscopy, speak with a physician.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.5274955856773005, "token_count": 270, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T11:31:46.913354"} {"text": "previous dailytech stories have detailed recent cooling experienced by the planet, and highlighted some of the scientists currently predicting extended global cooling. even the un ipcc has stated that world temperatures may continue to decline, if only briefly. now, an expert in geophysics at the national autonomous university of mexico has added his voice to the fray. victor manuel velasco herrera, a researcher at unam ' s institute of geophysics, has predicted an imminent period of cooling intense enough to be called a small ice age. speaking to a crowd at a conference at the center for applied sciences and technological development, herrera says the sun can both cool and warm the planet. variations in solar activity, he says, are causing changes in the earth ' s climate. \" so that in two years or so, there will be a small ice age that lasts from 60 to 80 years \", he said. \" the most immediate result will be drought. \" herrera says satellite temperature data indicates this cooling may have already begun. recent increases in glacier mass in the andes, patagonia, and canada were given as further evidence of an upcoming cold spell. herrera also described the predictions of the intergovernmental panel on climate change ( ipcc ) as \" erroneous \". according to herrera, their forecasts \u201c are incorrect because are only based on mathematical models which do not include [ factors such as ] solar activity \". herrera pointed to the so - called \" little ice age \" which peaked in the 17th century, as a previous cooling event caused by solar fluctuations. herrera made his remarks at unam, located in mexico city, is the oldest university on the north american continent.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5125289767992369, "token_count": 334, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T11:31:46.943661"} {"text": "new solar cell gives its \" 110 percent \" in efficiency december 20, 2011 6 : 23 pm comment ( s ) - last by like tebow, these new solar cells are giving their \" 110 percent \" week in and week out. gains to quantum efficiency could yield around a 35 percent gain in conversion efficiency, the key metric using quantum dots - - tiny nanometer scale semiconductor crystals - - researchers at the u. s. national renewable energy laboratory have cracked an important physical barrier and achieved levels of performance long considered impossible for a solar cell. i. giving its 110 percent the special design used by the team utilized quantum dot nanocrystals in the 1 - 20 nm range. the nanocrystals were composed of lead selenide treated with ethanedithol and hydrazine. the photon - harvesting quantum dot - populated plane was sandwiched between a nanostructured zinc oxide layer and a thin gold electrode. a top layer was formed using a transparent conductor. the overall design is in line with the \" thin - film \" methodology, which is currently rising in commercial production. thin film cells tend to rely on scarce ( i. e. expensive on a per mass basis ) resources, such as rare earth metals. however, they use so little of them - - given the low mass of the thin film - - that they are not significantly more expensive than existing polycrystalline silicon cells. generally, the only major extra cost to thin film is the initial cost of shifting the production technology. the new nrel cell shatters the quantum efficiencies of previous designs, posting a peak external quantum efficiency of 114 \u00b1 1 % and a peak internal quantum efficiency of 130 %. in order to understand these numbers and how any power efficiency device can be more than \" 100 percent \" efficient, you must understand the meaning of quantum efficiency ( qe ), which is overall quite different, but related to conversion efficiency ( which will be over 100 percent - - or even to 100 percent - - in traditional physics ). the new cell is a thin film design. [ image source : nrel ] quantum efficiency is a measure of how many electrons come out of a cell for every photon that goes into the cell. traditional silicon solar cells can achieve near 100 percent quantum efficiency at around 600 nm, but drop to around 80 percent on either end of the 500 - 1000 nm range ( visible light is 380 to 740 nm ). what this means is that the perfect \" color \" of light for silicon cells is orangish, while purple light can", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.6042453821032006, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T11:31:46.953914"} {"text": "but drop to around 80 percent on either end of the 500 - 1000 nm range ( visible light is 380 to 740 nm ). what this means is that the perfect \" color \" of light for silicon cells is orangish, while purple light can have a less than 45 percent conversion rate. as white light ( sunlight ) is a mixture of different wavelengths, the lower quantum efficiency of certain parts of the spectrum leads to lower average quantum efficiency. external efficiency directly uses the number of input photons and the number of output electrons from a device. internal efficiency, by contrast, uses theory to adjust these numbers to account for losses due to reflection and absorption. we took the liberty of borrowing ( fair use clause title 17 > chapter 1 > \u00a7 107 ) the charts for their 0. 72 ev bandgap cell ( their best - performing design ) and comparing it to a traditional pc silicon cell, adding a helpful reference that shows what evs roughly correspond to in the visible light range : comparing the external quantum efficiencies of the new nrel design ( top ) and the ps silicon design ( bottom ) over the visible light range ( middle bar ), we see that the new cell is slightly less efficient in capturing red - end light, but is much more efficient in capturing blue - end light. ( the black line in bottom graph and the blue line in the top right graph are the internal qes. ) overall this could grant up to a 35 percent efficiency gain versus today ' s standard ps silicon cells, according to the paper ' s authors. ii. you \" cannot change the laws of physics \" - - so pick a better law! the better blue - range performance comes thanks to multiple exciton generation ( meg ), a unique quantum effect, which like other oddball quantum effects, occurs at an extremely small scale. in an meg scenario, a single photon hits an atom, but rather than simply knocking off one electron via the formation of an \" exciton \" ( an electron / hole pair ), it puts multiple electrons into the flow. meg - - multiple exciton generation - - bends the traditional laws of physics. [ image source : los alamos science & tech mag. / u. s. department of energy ' s nnsa ] the exact quantum mechanics of this phenomena are being debated by physics. currently the three leading hypotheses are : - - the high energy exciton ( \" x \" ) becomes a \" multi \" - x, decaying through a dense range of multi - x", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.6126269266421378, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T11:31:46.954936"} {"text": "of this phenomena are being debated by physics. currently the three leading hypotheses are : - - the high energy exciton ( \" x \" ) becomes a \" multi \" - x, decaying through a dense range of multi - x states. - - a mixed \" virtual \" state consisting of multi - x and x ( think superposition ) is triggered by photon energetic absorption. - - photon absorption creates standard x, but in the special material x waffles back and forth, switching identity from x to multi - x and back, slowly dropping in energy, in the process. without meg, no solar cell can have more than a 100 percent internal or external qe. hence no traditional solar cell has had greater than a 100 percent qe, even at its optimal part of the spectrum ( e. g. orange light for silicon cells ). this means that the overall efficiency ( ce ) of a traditional cell - - even if perfectly optimized - - would not exceed 32 percent. cumulatively this 100 / 32 ( qe / ce ) limit is named the shockley - queisser limit after its discoverers ( s - q limit, for short ). as scotty would say \" you cannot change the laws of physics. \" but sometimes you have your cake and eat it to, if only you find the right quirk in complex and poorly understood physics of our universe. that ' s fundamentally what has been done here. meg was first theorized by nrel researcher arthur j. nozik, ph. d back in 2001, and was later confirmed to work in quantum dots, thanks to their special scale. this method is also known as \" hot carrier generation \". using this quantum effect, later proved in the laboratory, the s - q performance barrier could be shattered. a useful property of quantum dots, is that their size determines their band gap, and hence the efficiency. thus building the \" perfect \" meg cell is simply a matter of picking the right size dots. as the bandgap tends to decrease as the quantum dot size and efficiency increase, the trick is to pick a quantum dot that is as big as possible, without losing the quantum effects. quantum dots don ' t just look pretty, they have some handy physics quirks too! [ image source : elec - intro ] quantum dots also generate electron / hole pairs easier, with room temperature being enough excite ( generate electricity ) in some quantum dot materials. the most recent paper was [ abstract ] in the peer - reviewed journal", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.6785989285640806, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T11:31:46.955882"} {"text": "[ image source : elec - intro ] quantum dots also generate electron / hole pairs easier, with room temperature being enough excite ( generate electricity ) in some quantum dot materials. the most recent paper was [ abstract ] in the peer - reviewed journal, with matthew c. beard taking the distinction of senior author and octavi e. semonin the distinction of being first author. professor novik was listed second to last, after four additional nrel colleagues. iii. third generation solar cells - - finally a solar tech. worth investing in \" first \" and \" second \" generation solar cells use various bulk semiconductors such as silicon, cadmium telluride, or copper indium gallium ( di ) selenide, which are then mixed with third, fourth, and fifth column ( in the periodic table ) elements to improve performance. ideally quantum dot cells could be combined with these traditional thin - film semiconductor cell designs, or applied using a mixture of nanocrystalline quantum dots optimized for different wavelengths. either methodology could yield an optimized \" third \" generation ( aka. next generation ) design. such a cell would enjoy the best of both worlds - - silicon cells ' excellent red range performance, along with quantum dots excellent performance on the higher end ( blue ) of the visible light spectrum. one approach to make a third generation ultra - efficient cell is to use a mixture of wavelength optimized quantum dots. [ image source : los alamos science & tech mag. / u. s. department of energy ' s nnsa ] while quantum dots are generally thought to be amenable to thin film cell \" roll - to - roll \" printing processes, the precise methods to do this on a mass production scale still have to be ironed out. furthermore, the quantum dot cells measured in this study exhibited a pretty low 4. 5 percent efficiency. while that sounds quite bad, it \u2019 s largely a result of the lower amount of quantum dots used in the absorbing layer. if quantum dot deposition techniques can be refined, the aforementioned \" third \" generation mixed cell could be finally realized. if somebody is going to do that, it will probably be professor nozik ' s team at the nrel. after all, they ' re who first discovered how to play the grand meg prank on the laws of physics in the first place. with these third generation solar cells, the technology may finally have the legs under it to compete with cheaper power generation methods ( e. g. carbon - based fuels and nuclear energy", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5955450044231007, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T11:31:46.956971"} {"text": "play the grand meg prank on the laws of physics in the first place. with these third generation solar cells, the technology may finally have the legs under it to compete with cheaper power generation methods ( e. g. carbon - based fuels and nuclear energy ). that ' s not only good news for mankind ' s terrestrial future ; it ' s good news for future interstellar travellers, who will likely rely heavily on a mixture of solar and nuclear ( fusion ) energy this article is over a month old, voting and posting comments is disabled re : the break through needed 12 / 20 / 2011 10 : 17 : 47 pm you can also allow more water to flow through hydro dams at night and when overcast, the point is not to be dependent on one source. re : the break through needed 12 / 21 / 2011 4 : 13 : 34 am exactly. there is too much negativity towards solar. of course it won ' t work if this is our sole method of power generation but it definitely has its place. \" well, there may be a reason why they call them ' mac ' trucks! windows machines will not be trucks. \" - - microsoft ceo steve ballmer scientists cook up artificial leaf, quantum dots for solar cells march 29, 2011, 8 : 32 am \" snowflake \" plasma containment field could hold key to fusion ' s future november 8, 2010, 1 : 30 pm ucsd scientists create direct electron to photon circuitry june 23, 2008, 2 : 24 pm nasa introduces asteroid grand challenge to protect earth june 18, 2013, 8 : 48 pm nsa leaker may be killed in drone strike says ron paul june 17, 2013, 11 : 18 am airbus a350 xwb \" msn1 \" has successful first flight june 17, 2013, 11 : 02 am study : gamers have better visual, decision - making skills than non - gamers june 12, 2013, 11 : 26 am airbus a350 xwb to take first flight friday, looks to challenge boeing dreamliner june 11, 2013, 8 : 20 pm berkeley lab tests artificial photosynthesis with new microfluidic test - bed june 11, 2013, 11 : 41 am most popular articles source : don ' t worry, nsa spies on \" 99 percent \" of americans ' locations, call records june 14, 2013, 3 : 57 pm xbox chief : if you can ' t get online, don ' t buy an xbox one june 12, 2013, 9 : 57 am gigahertz wars 2. 0?", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.5461288448340684, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T11:31:46.957985"} {"text": "defining a wireless solution, page 2 5. 1 wireless building blocks before jumping into the mechanics of solution development, it is worth reviewing the basic building blocks that compose a complete wireless solution. while wireless solutions vary widely in characteristics, they all draw items from four categories of architectural components : client devices, wireless applications, information infrastructure, and wireless networks. these components are shown in figure 5. 2. client devices are the most visible component of a wireless solution. they are the physical platform for wireless applications and provide services such as voice communications, data capture and display, information processing, and location detection. these devices may be carried by users, mounted within shipping containers, or installed inside a car. client devices include smart phones, pagers, pdas, e - mail appliances, and special - purpose units for scanning, bar coding, and credit card reading. the components of a complete wireless solution wireless applications supply the business functionality behind the wireless solution. they can cover any need from personal productivity to safety and asset monitoring. depending on the functionality required, these applications may be \" off - the - shelf \" packages, custom developed, or \" re - purposed \" from existing web applications. the information infrastructure is the repository of knowledge incorporated within the wireless solution. although these data components are invisible to most users, access to information is the \" raison d ' etre \" for most wireless solutions. this information may be environmental data captured on an oil rig for display at a monitoring station or it may be an amalgam of customer information drawn from a variety of corporate information systems and databases. the information infrastructure consists of the back - end applications, databases, voice systems, e - mail systems, middleware, and other components needed to support the information requirements of the chosen wireless application. wireless networks serve as the conduit, or transport mechanism, between devices or between devices and traditional wired networks ( corporate networks, the internet, etc. ). these networks vary widely in cost, coverage, and transmission rates ; they include options such as infrared, bluetooth, wlan, digital cellular, and satellite. together, these four components constitute the wireless solution ' s architecture. in the simplest case, this architecture consists of a single device type, using a single application and connected to a single network. however, many business solutions will be more complex, supporting multiple client devices, offering a variety of applications, and stitching together multiple networks to gain the desired level of coverage. the solution ' s implementation and support infrastructure provides the processes, tools, and resources used", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5620066222234128, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T11:31:46.964417"} {"text": "many business solutions will be more complex, supporting multiple client devices, offering a variety of applications, and stitching together multiple networks to gain the desired level of coverage. the solution ' s implementation and support infrastructure provides the processes, tools, and resources used to create, operate, and support the wireless solution. this infrastructure ensures that users are trained, data is backed up, secured and synchronized, system and application software is kept up - to - date, devices remain functional, and networks operate efficiently. although not part of the wireless architecture, the quality of this infrastructure is crucial for the success of the overall solution. as such, it merits as much consideration as the other wireless components when designing the solution. business processes form the final component of a complete wireless solution. these are the processes that inspired the solution in the first place. depending on the goals of the project, the wireless solution should enable your company to perform these processes faster, cheaper, and more efficiently than before. gaining these benefits, however, requires redesigning and implementing new versions of processes that take advantage of the wireless solution. to capture the benefits of immediate, on - site invoicing offered by the field service example in chapter 2, a company needs to change processes and job responsibilities in the customer service, field service, and billing organizations. without these changes, work orders will still be entered manually in the company ' s systems by customer service, invoices will still be produced by the billing department, and the wireless device will simply end up as a new toy in the hands of the field service worker. while they are an integral part of a successful solution, business processes are usually outside the scope of responsibility of the technical team implementing and supporting the wireless solution. implementing new business processes is its own project and requires knowledgeable resources backed by management commitment to the change.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5040949925985949, "token_count": 367, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T11:31:46.965360"} {"text": "| related fields and sub - fields | information technology ( it ) is the application of computers and telecommunications equipment to store, retrieve, transmit and manipulate data, often in the context of a business or other enterprise. the term is commonly used as a synonym for computers and computer networks, but it also encompasses other information distribution technologies such as television and telephones. several industries are associated with information technology, such as computer hardware, software, electronics, semiconductors, internet, telecom equipment, e - commerce and computer services. in a business context, the information technology association of america has defined information technology as \" the study, design, development, application, implementation, support or management of computer - based information systems \". the responsibilities of those working in the field include network administration, software development and installation, and the planning and management of an organisation ' s technology life cycle, by which hardware and software is maintained, upgraded, and replaced. humans have been storing, retrieving, manipulating and communicating information since the sumerians in mesopotamia developed writing in about 3000 bc, but the term \" information technology \" in its modern sense first appeared in a 1958 article published in the harvard business review ; authors harold j. leavitt and thomas l. whisler commented that \" the new technology does not yet have a single established name. we shall call it information technology ( it ). \" based on the storage and processing technologies employed, it is possible to distinguish four distinct phases of it development : pre - mechanical ( 3000 bc \u2013 1450 ad ), mechanical ( 1450 \u2013 1840 ), electromechanical ( 1840 \u2013 1940 ) and electronic ( 1940 \u2013 present ). this article focuses on the most recent period ( electronic ), which began in about 1940. history of computers devices have been used to aid computation for thousands of years, probably initially in the form of a tally stick. the antikythera mechanism, dating from about the beginning of the first century bc, is generally considered to be the earliest known mechanical analog computer ; it is also the earliest known geared mechanism. comparable geared devices did not emerge in europe until the 16th century, and it was not until 1645 that the first mechanical calculator capable of performing the four basic arithmetical operations was developed. electronic computers, using either relays or valves, began to appear in the early 1940s. the electromechanical zuse z3, completed in 1941, was the world ' s first programmable computer, and by modern standards one of the first machines that could be considered a complete computing", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.554745414221299, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T11:31:47.000220"} {"text": "valves, began to appear in the early 1940s. the electromechanical zuse z3, completed in 1941, was the world ' s first programmable computer, and by modern standards one of the first machines that could be considered a complete computing machine. colossus, developed during the second world war to decrypt german messages was the first electronic digital computer. although it was programmable, it was not general - purpose, being designed to perform only a single task. it also lacked the ability to store its program in memory. instead, programming was carried out using plugs and switches to alter the internal wiring. the first recognisably modern electronic digital stored - program computer was the manchester small - scale experimental machine ( ssem ), which ran its first program on 21 june 1948. early electronic computers such as colossus made use of punched tape, a long strip of paper on which data was represented by a series of holes, a technology now obsolete. electronic data storage, which is used in modern computers, dates from the second world war, when a form of delay line memory was developed to remove the clutter from radar signals, the first practical application of which was the mercury delay line. the first random - access digital storage device was the williams tube, based on a standard cathode ray tube, but the information stored in it and delay line memory was volatile in that it had to be continuously refreshed, and thus was lost once power was removed. the earliest form of non - volatile computer storage was the magnetic drum, invented in 1932 and used in the ferranti mark 1, the world ' s first commercially available general - purpose electronic computer. most digital data today is still stored magnetically on devices such as hard disk drives, or optically on media such as cd - roms. it has been estimated that the worldwide capacity to store information on electronic devices grew from less than 3 exabytes in 1986 to 295 exabytes in 2007, doubling roughly every 3 years. database management systems emerged in the 1960s to address the problem of storing and retrieving large amounts of data accurately and quickly. one of the earliest such systems was ibm ' s information management system ( ims ), which is still widely deployed more than 40 years later. ims stores data hierarchically, but in the 1970s ted codd proposed an alternative relational storage model based on set theory and predicate logic and the familiar concepts of tables, rows and columns. the first commercially available relational database management system ( rdbms", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_computing", "similarity_score": 0.5260982439703557, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T11:31:47.001326"} {"text": "' s general - purpose computers doubled every 18 months during the same two decades ; the global telecommunication capacity per capita doubled every 34 months ; the world ' s storage capacity per capita required roughly 40 months to double ( every 3 years ) ; and per capita broadcast information has doubled every 12. 3 years. massive amounts of data are stored worldwide every day, but unless it can be analysed and presented effectively it essentially resides in what have been called data tombs : \" data archives that are seldom visited \". to address that issue, the field of data mining \u2013 \" the process of discovering interesting patterns and knowledge from large amounts of data \" \u2013 emerged in the late 1980s. in an academic context, the association for computing machinery defines it as \" undergraduate degree programs that prepare students to meet the computer technology needs of business, government, healthcare, schools, and other kinds of organizations.... it specialists assume responsibility for selecting hardware and software products appropriate for an organization, integrating those products with organizational needs and infrastructure, and installing, customizing, and maintaining those applications for the organization \u2019 s computer users. \" the business value of information technology lies in the automation of business processes, provision of information for decision making, connecting businesses with their customers, and the provision of productivity tools to increase efficiency. | category | | 2012 spending | | 2013 spending | | data center systems | | 141 | | 147 | - breaches of copyright by those downloading files stored without the permission of the copyright holders - employers monitoring their employees ' emails and other internet usage - unsolicited emails - hackers accessing online databases - web sites installing cookies or spyware to monitor a user ' s online activities - \" format \" refers to the physical characteristics of the stored data such as its encoding scheme ; \" structure \" describes the organisation of that data. - daintith, john, ed. ( 2009 ), \" it \", a dictionary of physics, oxford university press, retrieved 1 august 2012 ( subscription required ) - \" free on - line dictionary of computing ( foldoc ) \". retrieved 9 feb. 2013. - chandler, daniel ; munday, rod, \" information technology \", a dictionary of media and communication ( first ed. ), oxford university press, retrieved 1 august 2012 ( subscription required ) - on the later more broad application of the term it, keary comments - \" in its original application ' information technology ' was appropriate to describe the convergence of technologies with application in the broad field of data storage, retrieval, processing, and dissemination.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5749770652199492, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T11:31:47.003686"} {"text": "- on the later more broad application of the term it, keary comments - \" in its original application ' information technology ' was appropriate to describe the convergence of technologies with application in the broad field of data storage, retrieval, processing, and dissemination. this useful conceptual term has since been converted to what purports to be concrete use, but without the reinforcement of definition... the term it lacks substance when applied to the name of any function, discipline, or position. \" anthony ralston ( 2000 ). encyclopedia of computer science. nature pub. group. isbn 978 - 1 - 56159 - 248 - 7. retrieved 12 may 2013.. - proctor 2011, preface. - butler, jeremy g., \" a history of information technology and systems \", university of arizona, retrieved 2 august 2012 - leavitt, harold j. ; whisler, thomas l. 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( october 2009 ), \" a platform for enterprise data services \", idc, retrieved 7 august 2012 - ward & dafoulas 2006, p. 3 - pardede 2009, p. 2 - pardede 2009, p. 4 - kedar 2009, pp. 1 \u2013 9 - van der aalst 2011, p. 2 - dyche 2000, pp. 4 \u2013 6 - weik 2000, p. 361 - pardede 2009, p. xiii. - lewis 2003, pp. 228 \u2013 231. - han, kamber & pei 2011, p. 5 - han, kamber & pei 2011, p. 8 - han, kamber & pei 2011, p. xxiii - the joint task force for computing curricula 2005. computing curricula 2005 : the overview report ( pdf ) - \" forecast alert : it spending, worldwide, 4q12 update \", gartner, retrieved 2 january 2013 - bynum 2008, p. 9. - reynolds 2009, pp. 20 \u2013 21. - alavudeen, a. ; venkateshwaran, n. ( 2010 ), computer integrated manufacturing, phi learning, isbn 978 - 81 - 203 - 3345 - 1 - bynum, terrell ward ( 2008 ), \" norbert wiener and the rise of information ethics \", in van den hoven, jeroen ; weckert, john, information technology and moral philosophy, cambridge university press, isbn 978 - 0 - 521 - 85549 - 5 - chaudhuri, p. pal ( 2004 ), computer organization and design, phi learning, isbn 978 - 81 - 203 - 1254 - 8 - childress, david hatcher ( 2000 ), technology of the gods : the incredible sciences of the ancients, adventures unlimited press, isbn 978 - 0 - 932813 - 73 - 2 - dyche, jill ( 2000 ), turning data into information with data warehousing, addison wesley, isbn 978 - 0 - 201 - 65780 - 7 - han, jiawei ; kamber, micheline ; pei, jian ( 2011 ), data", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5090056457604445, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T11:31:47.005480"} {"text": "jill ( 2000 ), turning data into information with data warehousing, addison wesley, isbn 978 - 0 - 201 - 65780 - 7 - han, jiawei ; kamber, micheline ; pei, jian ( 2011 ), data minining : concepts and techniques ( 3rd ed. ), morgan kaufman, isbn 978 - 0 - 12 - 381479 - 1 - kedar, seema ( 2009 ), database management systems, technical publications, isbn 978 - 81 - 8431 - 584 - 4 - lavington, simon ( 1980 ), early british computers, digital press, isbn 978 - 0 - 7190 - 0810 - 8 - lavington, simon ( 1998 ), a history of manchester computers ( 2 ed. ), the british computer society, isbn 978 - 1 - 902505 - 01 - 5 - lewis, bryn ( 2003 ), \" extraction of xml from relational databases \", in chaudhri, akmal b. ; djeraba, chabane ; unland, rainer et al., xml - based data management and multimedia engineering \u2013 edbt 2002 workshops, springer, isbn 978 - 3540001300 - pardede, eric ( 2009 ), open and novel issues in xml database applications, information science reference, isbn 978 - 1 - 60566 - 308 - 1 - proctor, k. scott ( 2011 ), optimizing and assessing information technology : improving business project execution, john wiley & sons, isbn 978 - 1 - 118 - 10263 - 3 - reynolds, george ( 2009 ), ethics in information technology, cengage learning, isbn 978 - 0 - 538 - 74622 - 9 - van der aalst, wil m. p. 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( 2012 ), \" the front dial of the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5403017953952177, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T11:31:47.006392"} {"text": "452 - 8 - weik, martin ( 2000 ), computer science and communications dictionary 2, springer, isbn 978 - 0 - 7923 - 8425 - 0 - wright, michael t. ( 2012 ), \" the front dial of the antikythera mechanism \", in koetsier, teun ; ceccarelli, marco, explorations in the history of machines and mechanisms : proceedings of hmm2012, springer, pp. 279 \u2013 292, isbn 978 - 94 - 007 - 4131 - 7 - allen, t., and m. s. morton, eds. 1994. information technology and the corporation of the 1990s. new york : oxford university press. - gleick, james ( 2011 ). the information : a history, a theory, a flood. new york : pantheon books. - shelly, gary, cashman, thomas, vermaat, misty, and walker, tim. ( 1999 ). discovering computers 2000 : concepts for a connected world. cambridge, massachusetts : course technology. - webster, frank, and robins, kevin. ( 1986 ). information technology \u2014 a luddite analysis. norwood, nj : ablex. a portion of the proceeds from advertising on digplanet goes to supporting wikipedia.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5757874827209418, "token_count": 257, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T11:31:47.006839"} {"text": ") strongly. additionally, the atmosphere is opaque at most infrared wavelengths. this necessitates lengthy exposure times and greatly decreases the ability to detect faint objects. it could be compared to trying to observe the stars at noon. previous space - based satellites ( such as iras, the infrared astronomical satellite, and iso, the infrared space observatory ) were operational during the 1980s and 1990s and great advances in astronomical technology have been made since then. most of the early concepts envisioned repeated flights aboard the nasa space shuttle. this approach was developed in an era when the shuttle program was expected to support weekly flights of up to 30 days duration. a may 1983 nasa proposal described sirtf as a shuttle - attached mission, with an evolving scientific instrument payload. several flights were anticipated with a probable transition into a more extended mode of operation, possibly in association with a future space platform or space station. sirtf would be a 1 - meter class, cryogenically cooled, multi - user facility consisting of a telescope and associated focal plane instruments. it would be launched on the space shuttle and remain attached to the shuttle as a spacelab payload during astronomical observations, after which it would be returned to earth for refurbishment prior to re - flight. the first flight was expected to occur about 1990, with the succeeding flights anticipated beginning approximately one year later. however, the spacelab - 2 flight aboard sts - 51 - f showed that the shuttle environment was poorly suited to an onboard infrared telescope due to contamination from the relatively \" dirty \" vacuum associated with the orbiters. by september 1983 nasa was considering the \" possibility of a long duration [ free - flyer ] sirtf mission \". spitzer is the only one of the great observatories not launched by the space shuttle, which had been originally intended. however after the 1986 challenger disaster, the centaur lh2 / lox upper stage, which would have been required to place it in its final orbit, was banned from shuttle use. the mission underwent a series of redesigns during the 1990s, primarily due to budget considerations. this resulted in a much smaller but still fully capable mission which could use the smaller delta ii expendable launch vehicle. one of the most important advances of this redesign was an earth - trailing orbit. cryogenic satellites that require liquid helium ( lhe, t \u2248 4 k ) temperatures in near - earth orbit are typically exposed to a large heat load from the earth, and consequently entail large usage of lhe coolant, which then tends to dominate the total payload mass and limits mission life", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.534549034598262, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T11:31:47.030926"} {"text": "an infrared spectrometer with four sub - modules which operate at the wavelengths 5. 3 \u2013 14 \u00b5m ( low resolution ), 10 \u2013 19. 5 \u00b5m ( high resolution ), 14 \u2013 40 \u00b5m ( low resolution ), and 19 \u2013 37 \u00b5m ( high resolution ). each module uses a 128\u00d7128 - pixel detector \u2014 the short wavelength pair use arsenic - doped silicon blocked impurity band technology, the long wavelength pair use antimony - doped silicon blocked impurity band technology. the principal investigator is james r. houck of cornell university ; the flight hardware was built by ball aerospace. - mips ( multiband imaging photometer for spitzer ), three detector arrays in the far infrared ( 128 \u00d7 128 pixels at 24 \u00b5m, 32 \u00d7 32 pixels at 70 \u00b5m, 2 \u00d7 20 pixels at 160 \u00b5m ). the 24 \u00b5m detector is identical to one of the irs short wavelength modules. the 70 \u00b5m detector uses gallium - doped germanium technology, and the 160 \u00b5m detector also uses gallium - doped germanium, but with mechanical stress added to each pixel to lower the bandgap and extend sensitivity to this long wavelength. the principal investigator is george h. rieke of the university of arizona ; the flight hardware was built by ball aerospace. as an example of data from the different instruments, the nebula henize 206 was imaged in 2004, allowing comparison of images from each device. the first images taken by sst were designed to show off the abilities of the telescope and showed a glowing stellar nursery ; a big swirling, dusty galaxy ; a disc of planet - forming debris ; and organic material in the distant universe. since then, many monthly press releases have highlighted spitzer ' s capabilities, as the nasa and esa images do for the hubble space telescope. as one of its most noteworthy observations, in 2005, sst became the first telescope to directly capture the light from extrasolar planets, namely the \" hot jupiters \" hd 209458b and tres - 1. ( it did not resolve that light into actual images though. ) this was the first time extrasolar planets had actually been visually seen ; earlier observations had been indirectly made by drawing conclusions from behaviors of the stars the planets were orbiting. the telescope also discovered in april 2005 that cohen - kuhi tau / 4 had a planetary disk that was vastly younger and contained less mass than previously theorized, leading to new understandings of how planets are formed. while some time on", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.5351165255202281, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T11:31:47.033241"} {"text": "were orbiting. the telescope also discovered in april 2005 that cohen - kuhi tau / 4 had a planetary disk that was vastly younger and contained less mass than previously theorized, leading to new understandings of how planets are formed. while some time on the telescope is reserved for participating institutions and crucial projects, astronomers around the world also have the opportunity to submit proposals for observing time. important targets include forming stars ( young stellar objects, or ysos ), planets, and other galaxies. images are freely available for educational and journalistic purposes. in 2004, it was reported that spitzer had spotted a faintly glowing body that may be the youngest star ever seen. the telescope was trained on a core of gas and dust known as l1014 which had previously appeared completely dark to ground - based observatories and to iso ( infrared space observatory ), a predecessor to spitzer. the advanced technology of spitzer revealed a bright red hot spot in the middle of l1014. scientists from the university of texas at austin, who discovered the object, believe the hot spot to be an example of early star development, with the young star collecting gas and dust from the cloud around it. early speculation about the hot spot was that it might have been the faint light of another core that lies 10 times further from earth but along the same line of sight as l1014. follow - up observation from ground - based near - infrared observatories detected a faint fan - shaped glow in the same location as the object found by spitzer. that glow is too feeble to have come from the more distant core, leading to the conclusion that the object is located within l1014. ( young et al., 2004 ) in 2005, astronomers from the university of wisconsin at madison and whitewater determined, on the basis of 400 hours of observation on the spitzer space telescope, that the milky way galaxy has a more substantial bar structure across its core than previously recognized. also in 2005, astronomers alexander kashlinsky and john mather of nasa ' s goddard space flight center reported that one of spitzer ' s earliest images may have captured the light of the first stars in the universe. an image of a quasar in the draco constellation, intended only to help calibrate the telescope, was found to contain an infrared glow after the light of known objects was removed. kashlinsky and mather are convinced that the numerous blobs in this glow are the light of stars that formed as early as 100 million years after the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5178624724606666, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T11:31:47.034347"} {"text": ", was found to contain an infrared glow after the light of known objects was removed. kashlinsky and mather are convinced that the numerous blobs in this glow are the light of stars that formed as early as 100 million years after the big bang, red shifted by cosmic expansion. in march 2006, astronomers reported an 80 - light - year - long nebula near the center of the milky way galaxy, the double helix nebula, which is, as the name implies, twisted into a double spiral shape. this is thought to be evidence of massive magnetic fields generated by the gas disc orbiting the supermassive black hole at the galaxy ' s center, 300 light years from the nebula and 25, 000 light years from earth. this nebula was discovered by the spitzer space telescope, and published in the magazine nature on march 16, 2006. in may 2007, astronomers successfully mapped the atmospheric temperature of hd 189733 b, thus obtaining the first map of some kind of an extrasolar planet. since september 2006 the telescope participates in a series of surveys called the gould belt survey, observing the gould ' s belt region in multiple wavelengths. the first set of observations by the spitzer space telescope were completed from september 21, 2006 through september 27. resulting from these observations, the team of astronomers led by dr. robert gutermuth, of the harvard - smithsonian center for astrophysics reported the discovery of serpens south, a cluster of 50 young stars in the serpens constellation. scientists have long wondered how tiny silicate crystals, which need high temperatures to form, have found their way into frozen comets, born in the very cold environment of the solar system ' s outer edges. the crystals would have begun as non - crystallized, amorphous silicate particles, part of the mix of gas and dust from which the solar system developed. this mystery has deepened with the results of the stardust ( spacecraft ) sample return mission, which captured particles from comet wild 2. many of the stardust ( spacecraft ) particles were found to have formed at temperatures in excess of 1000 k. in may 2009, spitzer researchers from germany, hungary and the netherlands found that amorphous silicate appears to have been transformed into crystalline form by an outburst from a star. they detected the infrared signature of forsterite silicate crystals on the disk of dust and gas surrounding the star ex lupi during one of its frequent flare - ups, or outbursts, seen by spitzer in april 2008. these crystals were not present in", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5456414553942839, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T11:31:47.036448"} {"text": "the infrared signature of forsterite silicate crystals on the disk of dust and gas surrounding the star ex lupi during one of its frequent flare - ups, or outbursts, seen by spitzer in april 2008. these crystals were not present in spitzer ' s previous observations of the star ' s disk during one of its quiet periods. these crystals appear to have formed by radiative heating of the dust within 0. 5 au of ex lupi. in august 2009, the telescope found evidence of a high - speed collision between two burgeoning planets orbiting a young star. in october 2009, astronomers anne j. verbiscer, michael f. skrutskie, and douglas p. hamilton published findings of the \" phoebe ring \" of saturn, which was found with the telescope ; the ring is a huge, tenuous disc of material extending from 128 to 207 times the radius of saturn. spitzer observations, announced in may 2011, indicate that tiny forsterite crystals might be falling down like rain on to the protostar hops - 68. the discovery of the forsterite crystals in the outer collapsing cloud of the proto - star is surprising, because the crystals form at lava - like high temperatures, yet they are found in the molecular cloud where the temperatures are about minus 170 degrees celsius. this led the team of astronomers to speculate that the bipolar outflow from the young star may be transporting the forsterite crystals from near the star ' s surface to the chilly outer cloud. in january 2012, it was reported that further analysis of the spitzer observations of ex lupi can be understood if the forsterite crystalline dust was moving away from the protostar at a remarkable average speed of 38 kilometres per second. it would appear that such high speeds can only arise if the dust grains had been ejected by a bipolar outflow close to the star. such observations are consistent with an astrophysical theory, developed in the early 1990s, where it was suggested that bipolar outflows garden or transform the disks of gas and dust that surround protostars by continually ejecting reprocessed, highly heated material from the inner disk, adjacent to the protostar, to regions of the accretion disk further away from the protostar. glimpse and mipsgal surveys glimpse, the galactic legacy infrared mid - plane survey extraordinaire, is a survey spanning 300\u00b0 of the inner milky way galaxy. it consists of approximately 444, 000 images taken at four separate wavelengths using the infrared array camera. mipsgal is a", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5221806706925208, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T11:31:47.037580"} {"text": "galactic legacy infrared mid - plane survey extraordinaire, is a survey spanning 300\u00b0 of the inner milky way galaxy. it consists of approximately 444, 000 images taken at four separate wavelengths using the infrared array camera. mipsgal is a similar survey covering 278\u00b0 of the galactic disk at longer wavelengths. on june 3, 2008, scientists unveiled the largest, most detailed infra - red portrait of the milky way, created by stitching together more than 800, 000 snapshots, at the 212th meeting of the american astronomical society in st. louis, missouri. this composite survey is now viewable with the glimpse / mipsgal viewer. artificial color image of the double helix nebula, thought to be generated at the galactic center by magnetic torsion 1000 times greater than the sun ' s. a cluster of new stars forming in the serpens south cloud - spitzer space telescope ( 2008 ). \" about spitzer : fast facts \". nasa / jpl. archived from the original on 2007 - 02 - 02. retrieved 2007 - 04 - 22. - spitzer space telescope. \" spitzer technology : telescope \". nasa / jpl. archived from the original on 2007 - 02 - 24. retrieved 2007 - 04 - 22. - spitzer science center. \" cycle - 6 warm mission \". nasa / jpl. retrieved 2009 - 09 - 16. - \" who was lyman spitzer? \". nasa : for educators. california institute of technology and the jet propulsion laboratory. 11 march 2004. retrieved 6 january 2009. - \" up close and personal \". physics world ( institute of physics ). 2 march 2009. retrieved 20 april 2009. - please refer to hubble space telescope. - hubble vision : further adventures with the hubble space telescope. cup archive. 1998. p. 193. isbn 0 - 521 - 59291 - 7. - zimmerman, robert ( 2008 ). the universe in a mirror : the saga of the hubble telescope and the visionaries who built it. princeton university press. p. 10. isbn 0 - 691 - 13297 - 6. - william harwood ( december 18, 2003 ). \" first images from spitzer space telescope unveiled \". spaceflight now. retrieved 2008 - 08 - 23. - watanabe, susan ( 2007 - 11 - 22 ). \" studying the universe in infrared \". nasa. retrieved 2007 - 12 - 08. - kwok, johnny ( fall 2006 ). \" finding a way : the spit", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5122946141166782, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 8, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T11:31:47.038656"} {"text": "23. - watanabe, susan ( 2007 - 11 - 22 ). \" studying the universe in infrared \". nasa. retrieved 2007 - 12 - 08. - kwok, johnny ( fall 2006 ). \" finding a way : the spitzer space telescope story \". academy sharing knowledge. nasa. archived from the original on 2007 - 09 - 08. retrieved 2007 - 12 - 09. - spitzer science center home page - - public information. - ssc observatory general information page, 4 oct 2009. - ssc observatory overview, 4 oct 2009. - ssc science information home page, 4 oct 2009. - spitzer observers ' manual, reference for technical instrument information, ver 8, 15 aug 2008. - ssc irac ( mid ir camera ) science users information page, 4 oct 2009. - ssc irs ( spectrometer ) science users ' information page, 4 oct 2009. - ssc mips ( long wavelength 24um, 70um, & 160um ) imaging photometer and spectrometer science users ' information page, 4 oct 2009. - press release : nasa ' s spitzer marks beginning of new age of planetary science. - infrared glow of first stars found : scientific american. - jpl news | spitzer catches star cooking up comet crystals - abraham et al. ( published online may 14, 2009 ). \" episodic formation of cometary material in the outburst of a young sun - like star \". nature 459 ( 7244 ) : 224 \u2013 226. arxiv : 0906. 3161. bibcode : 2009natur. 459.. 224a. doi : 10. 1038 / nature08004. - bbc news | science & environment | traces of planet collision found - verbiscer, anne ; michael skrutskie, douglas hamilton ( published online october 7, 2009 ). \" saturn ' s largest ring \". nature 461 ( 7267 ) : 1098 \u2013 100. bibcode : 2009natur. 461. 1098v. doi : 10. 1038 / nature08515. pmid 19812546. - nasa mission news | spitzer sees crystal rain in infant star outer clouds - poteet, c. a., et al. ( published online june, 2011 ). \" a spitzer infrared spectrograph detection of crystalline silicates in a protostellar envelope \". the astrophysical journal letters 733 ( 2 ) : l32. arxiv :", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5391504227339865, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 9, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T11:31:47.039744"} {"text": "et al. ( published online june, 2011 ). \" a spitzer infrared spectrograph detection of crystalline silicates in a protostellar envelope \". the astrophysical journal letters 733 ( 2 ) : l32. arxiv : 1104. 4498. bibcode : 2011apj... 733l.. 32p. doi : 10. 1088 / 2041 - 8205 / 733 / 2 / l32. - juhasz, a., et al. ( published online january, 2012 ). \" the 2008 outburst of ex lup \u2014 silicate crystals in motion \". the astrophysical journal 744 ( 2 ) : 118. arxiv : 1110. 3754. bibcode : 2012apj... 744.. 118j. doi : 10. 1088 / 0004 - 637x / 744 / 2 / 118. - liffman k. and brown m. ( published online october, 1995 ). \" the motion and size sorting of particles ejected from a protostellar accretion disk \". icarus 116 ( 2 ) : 275 \u2013 290. bibcode : 1995icar.. 116.. 275l. doi : 10. 1006 / icar. 1995. 1126. - galactic legacy infrared mid - plane survey extraordinaire, university of wisconsin \u2013 madison department of astronomy - press release : spitzer captures stellar coming of age in our galaxy - released images and videos of milky way mosaic - glimpse / mipsgal viewer | wikimedia commons has media related to : spitzer space telescope | - spitzer space telescope official site - spitzer space telescope profile by nasa ' s solar system exploration - spitzer images - spitzer newsroom - spitzer podcasts - spitzer video podcasts - simulation of spitzer ' s orbit - zoomable version of the glimpse / mipsgal surveys a portion of the proceeds from advertising on digplanet goes to supporting wikipedia.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5327711089385644, "token_count": 413, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 10, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T11:31:47.040547"} {"text": "manufacturer i helped raise capital for a few years ago. for confidentiality reasons, let me label it company x. the company, located near a port city in nigeria, had as primary competitors two ailing local manufacturers and low - cost exporters from south east asia. on paper, company x should have been very competitive given its seaport location, locally abundant primary raw materials, low real interest rates, and proximity to the domestic market. in reality, its products were uncompetitive with imported products. glass manufacturing requires blasting a furnace round the clock, every day of the week. shutting the furnace abruptly or too quickly could result in very expensive damage. it also requires copious amounts of water for cooling. since the public grid is epileptic, fluctuates when available and was believed destructive for sensitive equipment, company x built its own electricity generation capacity. two plants \u2014 each with 150 percent of the required capacity \u2014 ran in sequence as the primary energy source. the public grid served as back - up power for none - core equipment. the company also installed a large fuel storage tank and maintained a three - week fuel reserve as a necessary buffer against perennial fuel shortage. the story continues. company x built a borehole, water treatment, and distribution equipment for the factory. it also required certain industrial chemicals as additives in the production process. these chemicals cost roughly the same in south east asia, however, shipping costs ( in 2010 nigeria had the second - highest shipping insurance costs on earth ) and an obtuse clearing process at the port, spiked the costs. in the final analysis, company x \u2019 s products cost significantly more than its foreign competitors in the domestic market without an appreciable quality advantage. without tariff protection, its performance outcomes fell below projections. the energy challenge a similar narrative exists with small businesses and households. these economic units face challenges in energy supply, potable water, transportation, and \u2014 in urban areas \u2014 security. while the more affluent households have power generators, boreholes, and private security arrangements, poorer households \u2014 which happen to comprise the majority \u2014 live with dilapidated public utilities or pre - modern forms of energy supply. increasingly available mobile communications, internet access, and school enrollment, convolve to increase the need for domestic energy. today, more than one in two africans owns a cell phone ( itu data 2011 ) and the attendant energy requirement for charging handsets. in a similar vein, more than two of three children are enrolled in school and often need lighting to read at night. there", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5151854112899485, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T11:31:47.056069"} {"text": "than one in two africans owns a cell phone ( itu data 2011 ) and the attendant energy requirement for charging handsets. in a similar vein, more than two of three children are enrolled in school and often need lighting to read at night. there are also a multitude of public and private projects across the region that aim to increase computer usage, ownership and internet access. increasing urbanization, high urban poverty levels, urban congestion, scarcity and cost of modern fuels have deepened the energy challenge households face for cooking. middle - income households and small businesses have either adapted through a bewildering array of sub - optimal solutions or avoided certain modern necessities entirely. energy and the environment there is a temptation to accept the notion that low environmental standards are permissible for countries at a lower stage of development. some emerging market nations \u2014 notably china \u2014 have argued for exemption from environment protection requirements applicable to oecd nations. their contention is premised on ( i ) equity and ( ii ) development necessity. the equity argument is philosophical at its core. in this paradigm, wealthy industrialized nations produced the preponderance of historic pollution, either in absolute terms or on a per capita basis. wealthier nations should therefore bear a proportional portion of emission reduction. development necessity is a more tenuous argument, given the state of technology today. it is difficult to subscribe to the nation that large - scale development is incompatible with rigorous environmental standards. i believe the following ingredients can catalyze environmentally friendly development : intelligent engineering and design ; sound public policy ; pragmatic regulatory frameworks ; and, stakeholder education. domestic energy solutions decades of planning, international conventions, and development aid have failed to resolve the energy challenge for ssa. if we borrow a leaf from the telecommunications industry, growth and access to communications occurred when the public sector relegated its role to mostly regulation and opened up the industry to private business. furthermore, technology enhanced the scalability and unit cost of mobile telephony to overcome constrains earlier faced by fixed telephony infrastructure. today, scientists have made significant advancements in affordable and clean domestic energy solutions. american researchers continue to create ingenious designs that use a diverse range of energy sources \u2014 solar, biomass, fossil fuels, chemicals, and hydro \u2014 that can provide domestic energy at affordable costs. the challenge is commercializing these ideas by providing manufacturing scale, distribution, and logistics competence. the prospective market is huge. at viridis energy, we project 180 to 300 million ssa consumers can purchase capital products that", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5424341712242039, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T11:31:47.057223"} {"text": "domestic energy at affordable costs. the challenge is commercializing these ideas by providing manufacturing scale, distribution, and logistics competence. the prospective market is huge. at viridis energy, we project 180 to 300 million ssa consumers can purchase capital products that will provide domestic lighting, low electricity and cooking needs. our vision is to provide affordable, clean retail energy solutions to ssa households and small businesses. we are currently building a pipeline of partnerships with innovative individuals and institutions to provide retail energy solutions. we have commenced relationships with researchers, industrial designers and an academic institution with a view to bringing two innovative retail products to market by first quarter 2013. our criteria for product development qualification are simple : a product concept must be affordable, environmentally neutral and easy to transport. we are currently building distribution, support and marketing channels in nigeria, ghana, and kenya. we are optimistic that private sector involvement in investment, and healthy policy contestation and collaboration with governments and non - profits, would secure energy supply without worsening climate change. market - driven measures can improve lighting, access to power, clean cooking facilities and ultimately lead to a massive reduction in energy poverty. matthias chika mordi spent over two decades in the finance industry across africa where he led and co - led the turnaround of three ailing financial institutions. the most notable one is united bank for africa plc, now one of africa \u2019 s largest banking groups. this article was originally published in the july / august edition of the diplomatic courier.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5339093845532918, "token_count": 298, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T11:31:47.058702"} {"text": "scientists in oregon have created embryos with genes from one man and two women, using a provocative technique that could someday be used to prevent babies from inheriting certain rare incurable diseases. the researchers at oregon health & sciences university said they are not using the embryos to produce children, and it is not clear when or even if this technique will be put to use. but it has already stirred a debate over its risks and ethics in britain, where scientists did similar work a few years ago. the genes they want to replace aren ' t the kind most people think of, which are found in the nucleus of cells and influence traits such as eye color and height. rather, these genes reside outside the nucleus in energy - producing structures called mitochondria. these genes are passed along only by mothers, not fathers. about 1 in every 5, 000 children inherits a disease caused by defective mitochondrial genes. the defects can cause many rare diseases with a host of symptoms, including strokes, epilepsy, dementia, blindness, deafness, kidney failure and heart disease. the new technique, if approved someday for routine use, would allow a woman to give birth to a baby who inherits her nucleus dna but not her mitochondrial dna. here ' s how it would work : doctors would need unfertilized eggs from the patient and a healthy donor. they would remove the nucleus dna from the donor eggs and replace it with nucleus dna from the patient ' s eggs. so, they would end up with eggs that have the prospective mother ' s nucleus dna, but the donor ' s healthy mitochondrial dna. for you formed my inward parts ; you knitted me together in my mother ' s womb. i praise you, for i am fearfully and wonderfully made. wonderful are your works ; my soul knows it very well. my frame was not hidden from you, when i was being made in secret, intricately woven in the depths of the earth. your eyes saw my unformed substance ; in your book were written, every one of them, the days that were formed for me, when as yet there was none of them. ( psalm 139 : 13 - 16 ) because of the fall, some children are born with illness, just as, because of the fall, some men and women suffer illness in their later years. because of the fall, some children may even be the product of horrific circumstances, but this does not make them any less of a creation of god. this does not make them unworthy of life. earlier this week,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.5158358888341772, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T11:31:47.067003"} {"text": "high blood pressure ( hypertension ) learn about simple tests that assess you risk of having a heart attack or stroke? blood pressure is the pressure of the blood against the walls of the arteries. blood pressure results from two forces. the heart creates one force as it pumps blood into the arteries and through the circulatory system. the other is the force of the arteries as they resist the blood flow. the higher, systolic number represents the pressure while the heart contracts to pump blood to the body. the lower, diastolic number represents the pressure when the heart relaxes between beats. the systolic pressure is always stated first and the diastolic pressure second. for example : 118 / 76 ( 118 over 76 ) ; systolic = 118, diastolic = 76. according to the american heart association, blood pressure below 120 over 80 mmhg ( millimeters of mercury ) is considered ideal for adults. a systolic pressure of 120 to 139 mmhg or a diastolic pressure of 80 to 89 mmhg is considered \" pre \u2013 hypertension \" and needs to be watched carefully. a blood pressure reading of 140 over 90 or higher is considered elevated or high. high blood pressure usually has no symptoms. in fact, many people have high blood pressure for years without knowing it. that ' s why it ' s called the \" silent killer. \" hypertension is the medical term for high blood pressure. it doesn ' t refer to being tense, nervous or hyperactive. you can be a calm, relaxed person and still have high blood pressure. the only way to find out if you have high blood pressure is to have your blood pressure checked. your doctor or other qualified health professional should check your blood pressure at least once every two years, or more often as necessary. a single elevated blood pressure reading doesn ' t mean you have high blood pressure, but it ' s a sign that further observation is required. how can i tell if i have high blood pressure and what is truly normal? high blood pressure or hypertension is the most common medical diagnosis in the united states with 35 million office visits occurring each year. current treatments to control our nation \u2019 s elevated blood pressure leave a lot to be desired. most people still have less than ideal blood pressure in spite of medication use. high blood pressure is not the consequence of aging. it is the result of the standard american diet ( sad ) utilized by most developed countries in the world today. rich in processed foods, salt and saturated fat animal products, over many", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5071545889596869, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T11:31:47.095356"} {"text": "estimations of magnetic core loss are of great interest to power electronics engineers and magnetic material scientists. however, conventional measurement methods, like four - wire and calorimeters are typically not accurate at high frequency, or are too complicated and time consuming. a cpes research team has developed a series of new methods to measure high - frequency magnetic core loss that are simple, fast, accurate and adaptive for any excitation waveform and dc flux level. the new methods compare the core being tested with air core by using reactive cancellation concept, explains mingkai mu, a ph. d. student who invented these methods. \u201c since the air core is lossless, \u201d he says, \u201c the difference in the two cores represents the loss for the core being tested. \u201d the measurement accuracy of the new method is more robust with phase discrepancy, which is the major problem for high - frequency core loss measurement, he notes. the new methods are appropriate for high frequency ( 1 mhz \u2013 100 mhz, or even higher ) measurement. \u201c with these new methods, core loss for different flux waveforms can be accurately measured and many magnetic phenomena and models can be verified, \u201d he says. the new methods can be the standard methods for high - frequency magnetic materials loss characterization, and be built as high - accuracy measurement instruments. \u201d", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.545550593618505, "token_count": 267, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T11:31:47.115922"} {"text": "one issue addressed in my lab is : what are the key synaptic proteins that regulate activity - development of the cerebral cortex and how do they regulate synaptic development? the brain develops as a result of a complex interplay between genetic instruction ( nature ) and experience ( nurture ). our laboratory is interested in genes that allow the brain to learn and store information during development. at the heart of both childhood and adult learning and memory are the molecules that regulate the way neurons communicate, namely neurotransmitter receptors and their downstream signaling pathways. recently several forms of childhood cognitive impairment, including fragile x syndrome ( fxs ), have been shown to result from genetic alteration of genes encoding proteins that regulate glutamate receptors signaling and synaptic development. fxs is the most common form of genetically inherited cognitive impairment with a prevalence of approximately 1 : 4000 boys and 1 : 8000 girls. fxs results from genetic silencing of the fragile x mental retardation gene ( fmr1 ), which encodes the fragile x mental retardation protein ( fmrp ). fmrp is a key regulator of synaptic development and belongs to a family of \u201c synaptopathies \u201d caused by genetic disruption of genes that encode synaptic proteins that result in altered synaptic development. other synaptic proteins being examined in the laboratory whose disruption leads to cognitive impairment in humans include syngap and sap - 102. finally we are examining the role of the tuberous sclerosis genes ( tsc1 and tsc2 ) in cortical development. the research projects in my laboratory are addressing several key issues : mcmahon ac, barnett mw, o \u2019 leary ts, stoney pn, collins mo, papadia s, choudhary js, komiyama nh, grant sgn, hardingham ge, wyllie dja and kind pc ( 2012 ) activity - dependent alternative promoter usage and alternative splicing enable syngap isoforms to exert opposing effects on synaptic strength. nature communications. 3. martel m - a, ryan t, bell kf, fowler jh, mcmahon a, al - mubarak b, komiyama n, horsburgh k, kind pc, grant sg, wyllie dj, hardingham ge the subtype of glun2 ( 2012 ) c - terminal domain determines the response to excitotoxic insults. neuron. 74 : 543 - 556. till sm", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_computing", "similarity_score": 0.5249236980671517, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T11:31:47.126278"} {"text": ", grant sg, wyllie dj, hardingham ge the subtype of glun2 ( 2012 ) c - terminal domain determines the response to excitotoxic insults. neuron. 74 : 543 - 556. till sm, wijetunge ls, seidel vg, harlow e, wright a, bagni c, contractor a, gillingwater th, kind pc ( 2012 ) genetic deletion of fmrp alters the trajectory of specific cellular processes during cortical development. human molecular genetics. 21 : 2143 - 2156 jaffer s, vorobyov v, kind pc, sengpiel f ( 2012 ) experience dependent regulation of functional maps in synaptic protein expression in cat visual cortex. eur. j neurosci. in press. kind pc, sengpiel f, beaver cj, kelly gm, matthews rt and mitchell de ( 2012 ) development and activity - dependent expression of aggrecan in the cat visual cortex. cerebral cortex. in press. harlow eg, till sm, russell ta, wijetunge ls, kind pc and contractor a ( 2010 ) critical period plasticity is disrupted in the barrel cortex of fmr1 knockout mice. neuron, 65, 385 - 398. thomson re, kind pc, graham na, etherson ml, kennedy j, fernandes ac, marques cs, hevner rf, iwata t. ( 2009 ) fgf receptor 3 activation promotes selective growth and expansion of occipitotemporal cortex. neural dev. 4 : 4. wijetunge l, till s, ingham c, gillingwater t and kind pc ( 2008 ) mglur5 regulates glutamate - dependent development of the mouse somatosensory cortex. j. neurosci. 28 : 13028 - 13037. watson rf, abdel - majid rm, barnett mw, willis bs, katsnelson a, gillingwater th, mcknight gs, kind pc *, and neumann pe ( 2006 ) involvement of protein kinase a in patterning of the mouse somatosensory cortex. j. neurosci. 17 : 5393 - 5361. * pc kind is communication author. mitchell de, kind pc sengpiel f, murphy k ( 2006 ) short periods of concordant binocular vision prevent the development of deprivation amblyopia. eur. j", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5173100146953389, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T11:31:47.127205"} {"text": "- 5361. * pc kind is communication author. mitchell de, kind pc sengpiel f, murphy k ( 2006 ) short periods of concordant binocular vision prevent the development of deprivation amblyopia. eur. j. neurosci. 23 : 2458 - 2466. barnett mw, watson r, vitalis t, porter k, komiyama nh, stoney pn, gillingwater th, grant sgn and kind pc syngap regulates pattern formation in the trigeminal system of mice. j. neurosci. 26 : 1355 - 1365. porter k, komiyama nh, vitalis t, kind pc & grant sgn ( 2005 ) differential expression of two nmda receptor interacting proteins, psd - 95 and syngap during mouse development. eur. j. neurosci. 21 : 351 - 362. spires tl, molnar z, kind pc, cordery pm, upton al, blakemore c, hannan aj. ( 2005 ) activity - dependent regulation of synapse and dendritic spine morphology in developing barrel cortex requires phospholipase c - b1 signalling. cereb. cortex 15 : 385 - 393. mitchell de, kind pc, sengpiel f, murphy k. ( 2003 ) brief daily periods of binocular vision prevent deprivation - induced acuity loss. curr. biol. 13 : 1704 - 8. sengpiel, f and kind, pc ( 2002 ) the role of activity in the development of the visual system. curr. biol. 12 : r818 - 826. vitalis t, cases o, gillies k, hanoun n, hamon m, seif i, gaspar p, kind pc, and price dj ( 2002 ) interactions between trkb - signalling and serotonin excess in the developing murine somatosensory cortex : a role in tangential and radial organisation of thalamocortical axons. j. neurosci. 22 : 4987 - 5000. kind pc, mitchell de, ahmed b, blakemore c, bonhoeffer t and sengpiel f ( 2002 ) correlated binocular activity guides recovery from monocular deprivation. nature 416 : 430 - 433. hannan aj, blakemore c, katsnelson a, huber k, roder jk, bear m, kim d", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5612281846476803, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T11:31:47.128122"} {"text": "person who censors. \" verb example - - \" soldiers ' letters from war zones are frequently censored to avoid passing on sensitive information. \" noun example - - \" the soldier would have to carefully word his letter so that it would pass the censor. \" the activity or condition of censoring is called censorship, the suffix is like the - ship suffix in friendship. i recently heard one of the elected representatives speak of \" censureship of the president. \" there is no such word. one would think that a professional lawmaker would understand that. now if the president were sent to prison, then what he wrote might be censored by prison authorities. ( please understand, i am trying to carefully not take a stand here on the political issue : i am just using this as an example. ) the word censor has been bandied about loosely in political contexts. we sometimes read of parents of schoolchildren or patrons of libraries objecting to certain books. teachers ' unions and some activist organizations may refer to such things as \" censorship \" or such parents or patrons as \" censors. \" this is not censorship in most cases. there is usually no call to legally ban or rewrite the books in question. it is usually a call to either not have their own children read them or to remove the book from the curriculum. ( i teach ; i have experienced this ). on the other hand, the lord ' s prayer has been censored, at least in u. s. public schools, since 1963. that was an official act of the supreme court limiting this kind of speech in public schools. occasionally college incidents that may involve censorship make the news. many campuses have \" underground \" or \" alternative \" newspapers. on a few campuses, students opposed to the these papers have seized as many copies as they could before the papers could be distributed. in some cases there were hardly any copies left. such students were acting as censors, though they had no official backing. at at least three campuses in the united states, the administration supported such seizures. when it became officially sanctioned as it was in these cases, then the act became censorship. if there were any questions of censorship surrounding president clinton ' s difficulties, they had to do with the content of the special prosecutor ' s report and testimonies of some of the witnesses. some did argue that the special prosecutor ' s report should have been censored to remove some of the explicit details the way that the nixon tapes were during the water", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5112461242189845, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T11:31:47.156467"} {"text": "of the special prosecutor ' s report and testimonies of some of the witnesses. some did argue that the special prosecutor ' s report should have been censored to remove some of the explicit details the way that the nixon tapes were during the watergate hearings. the famous \" expletive deleted \" from the transcripts of the watergate tapes is an example of censorship. to sum up, censoring is regulating or prohibiting types of speech or writing. censuring is an official rebuke of a person for some offense. this may help you as you sort through the news in the coming weeks. i do hope to continue with the idea of what a grammar checking program can and cannot do next time. our program grammar slammer deluxe includes many words like censor / censure that people often confuse. these words are ones that spell checkers and grammar checkers often overlook because both are real words in english. grammar slammer deluxe has two components - - grammar slammer ( demo available for download ) and spelling slammer ( grammar slammer demo includes sample ). this handy resource will help you overcome such confusion. go to http : / / englishplus. com / pub / grmslm20. zip for latest grammar slammer demo the weekly computer magazine infoworld has been carrying a series of articles on what it calls the \" technopropisms \" caused by unthinking dependence on spell and grammar checkers. grammar slammer deluxe was created to help you overcome this. some of those articles are linked below. a recent article on the seizure and destruction of campus newspapers can be found at http : / / www. usnews. com / usnews / issue / 981207 / 7john. htm. for the original work on freedom of the press and speech, see milton ' s areopagitica from 1644 at a \" modernist \" interpretation of areopagitica is at http : / / www. yale. edu / lawweb / lawschool / occpaper / blasi. htm we wish you the best in 1999, and may all your anguish be vanquished, your friends at english plus + any suggestions for our web site, please send them to firstname. lastname @ example. org", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.5437380157522698, "token_count": 466, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T11:31:47.160510"} {"text": "business across cultures : the meaning of words translate this page one of the most common sources of intercultural friction in a multinational office in indonesia is a misunderstanding between a foreign professional and an indonesian manager. often there is no fault to be found in such a circumstance. it may well be because of the way people ' s understanding of the meaning of words or concepts differs between cultures. for instance, indonesian managers often speak of the need for respect and politeness in business transactions. the meaning of those terms, \u201c what is respect? \u201d, \u201c what is polite? \u201d vary with the perceptions of the person or persons involved. what can be considered impolite in indonesian business culture may be a commonplace and accepted facet of western business culture. however, the miscommunication or misperception of meanings by a foreign co - worker is often a reason for cultural friction. one of the most frustrating conflicts in meaning for both western and indonesian managers is the question of proper feedback or of \u201c closing the loop \u201d. what may seem sufficient response and information on an on - going assignment to one party, may be considered grossly insufficient by another and this insufficiency may never be properly addressed. one of the benefits of a cross - cultural training program is having the different cultural sides of a team or office sit down together and decide on what terms and words mean exactly in the separate cultural context of their own office. it should be a basic premise of these programs that indonesians are not expected to become westerners in outlook and neither are the expatriates expected to become indonesian, but rather both have to work towards establishing a separate corporate culture one that works best to meet the bottom - line goals of their company in indonesia. \u201c closing the loop \u201d normally involves four distinct information steps. these are giving, receiving, acting, and reporting. each of these steps are important and each contain the seeds for misinterpretation. for instance, there is often a general disagreement as to the level of the reporting or \u201c feedback \u201d required in an office. the feeling of many indonesian managers is that a lesser level of feedback to superiors is considered sufficient than many expatriate managers are comfortable with. one thought on the indonesian side being that delays may not be within the manager ' s power to control. many expatriate managers disagree that such lower levels of feedback are acceptable feeling that indonesian managers should not wait until an action is completed before reporting progress on an action being important also. these are issues that need to be discussed and decided by the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5353783749393943, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T11:31:47.271390"} {"text": ". many expatriate managers disagree that such lower levels of feedback are acceptable feeling that indonesian managers should not wait until an action is completed before reporting progress on an action being important also. these are issues that need to be discussed and decided by the people who work on the team or in the office. ignoring or complaining that the other party is not giving proper feedback, or worse, that the other party is incompetent, will not improve the harmony of the office. these miscommunications can be resolved if the different cultural sides of an office take the time and effort to try to understand one another. for instance, i recently facilitated a mixed, cross - cultural program for a major multinational operating in the financial sector. the indonesian and expatriate sides in the discussion thought that they had understood what each other expected. as it turned out, there was a large gap in those expectations. after several hours of guided discussions, the following agreement on meaning was reached. \u201c closing the loop \u201d is taking responsibility that you give information clearly, that you indicate that you have received and understood the information, that you act promptly on that information, and that you report back not only when the action is complete, but when there is additional information that is of importance. \u201c some western managers think that these kind of mission statements ' go without saying '. that they are clearly understood by anyone working in an international business environment. i sometimes wonder how many times i have heard an expatriate participant on one of my programs exclaim, \u201d well, they [ indonesian managers ] must understand that! ' when it is clear that they do not. the culture that one grows up in effects the entire way that he or she perceives actions and words. these perceptions are altered through personal observation, experience, and training. however, the assumption that someone else looks at a particular situation the same way that you do is often incorrect and can lead to many cross - cultural conflicts. the way around these cultural barriers is through mutual understanding. multicultural offices and teams need to take the time and effort to set the ground rules for future cooperation. they need to determine the meaning of words and concepts so that their understanding is clear. denial, often a criticism of indonesian managers in problem resolution, is one trait that is also often found in their expatriate counterparts. this article was generously contributed by george b. whitfield, iii when he was a technical advisor with executive orientation services. copyright \u00a9 1997 - 2012, expat web site association jakarta", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.5072363712768606, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T11:31:47.273282"} {"text": "28th mayo 2010 masters student uses pedal power to create novel machine an innovative bicycle - powered water pump, created by a student at the university of sheffield, has proved a huge success and is now in regular production in guatemala, transforming the lives of rural residents. jon leary, 24, a meng student in the university \u2019 s department of mechanical engineering, took his bicycle machine design from a steel city drawing board to the heart of guatemala as part of his dissertation, which required him to \u2018 make something useful out of rubbish. \u2019 during his four month stint in guatemala, jon spent time improving the design for his bicibomba movil \u2013 a mobile bicycle - powered water pump to be used for irrigation and general water distribution - by working with the guatemalan ngo maya pedal, who design and build a variety of weird and wonderful bicycle machines using abandoned bikes sent over from the us and canada. maya pedal \u2019 s aim is to produce machines which can improve the daily lives of locals, without them having to resort to expensive electrical or environmentally damaging fossil fuelled machines. their machines, which are human - powered sustainable energy sources, range from the bicilavadora ( bicycle washing machine ) to the bicimolino ( corn grinder ). jon created the machine using a normal bike, which is plugged into a frame with an old electrical pump converted to a friction drive attached to the back wheel. the back tyre of the bike makes direct contact with the former armature of the motor, which is covered with rubber from an old tyre to give better grip. the machine was tested to a range of heights and on flat ground the pump can achieve a 40 litres per minute flow rate - equal to about three normal showers. at 26 meters, a flow rate of 5 liters per minute can be achieved. the bike frame can be built quickly and easily using only basic workshop tools and materials, including a few lengths of angle iron, some flat lengths of metal, bicycle seat posts and seat tubes, and a scrapped standard electric centrifugal water pump. prior to jon \u2019 s design, maya pedal had already produced a popular machine capable of drawing water from up to 30m below the surface, however many farmers lived on steep inclines and wanted to distribute the water once it had been extracted from the well. as a result, unlike maya pedal \u2019 s other static designs, jon \u2019 s bike is completely mobile - when a person is done pumping, they can simply flip the frame upside down and it will sit on top of the back wheel like a pan", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.51438736525767, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T11:31:47.319679"} {"text": "by the lead project published august 2012 list price : $ 24. 95, your amazon. com price : $ 13. 95 amazon. com sales rank : 1, 750 availability : usually ships in 24 hours scratch is the wildly popular educational programming language used by millions of first - time learners in classrooms, libraries, and homes worldwide. by dragging together colorful blocks of code, kids quickly learn computer programming concepts and make cool games and animations. in super scratch programming adventure!, kids learn programming fundamentals as they make their very own playable video games. they ' ll create projects inspired by classic arcade games that can be programmed ( and played! ) in an afternoon. the book ' s patient, step - by - step explanations of the code and fun programming challenges will have kids creating their own games in no time. this full - color comic book makes programming concepts like flow control, subroutines, and data types effortless to absorb. packed with ideas for games that kids will be proud to show off, super scratch programming adventure! is the perfect first step for the budding programmer. gdnet staff review : super scratch programming adventure is a departure from the typical books i review. for one, it is for kids. and it is written in the style of a comic book ( or \" graphic novel \" as some soon - to - be - mentioned kids corrected me ). it is a book designed to gently get kids involved in game programming using the already - gentle \" scratch \" programming / animating tool for kids. as for my reviewers, i knew i was so far out of the target demographic that i wouldn ' t be able to fairly review this title, so i recruited a couple of local kids to help me. my first reviewer was my ten year - old daughter, and the second was her 12 year - old male manga - obsessed friend from across the street. i figured they would give me a good idea of how this book would appeal to kids. my daughter was already a bit of a scratch - adept, having taken a one - week course in it over the summer. she was also a bit lazy in her approach, as each chapter of the book is a two - page framing story followed by several pages of \" how to make a scratch program that resolves the situation in the story \". there are plenty of code listings and screenshots, but since scratch is such a colorful lego - esque environment to start with, the code listings merge in seamlessly with the comic characters. and that ' s how programmers start", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5134426075012188, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T11:31:47.360981"} {"text": "the length of amyloid fibrils found in diseases such as alzheimer and parkinson appears to play a role in the degree of their toxicity, according to researchers at the university of leeds. their findings are published in the journal of biological chemistry in a paper titled \u201c fibril fragmentation enhances amyloid cytotoxicity. \u201d sheena radford, ph. d., and colleagues systematically analyzed the effects of fragmentation on three of the 30 or so proteins that form amyloid in human diseases. their results showed that in addition to the expected relationship between fragmentation and the ability to seed, the length of fibrils also correlated with their ability to disrupt membranes and reduce cell viability. this was evident even when there were no other changes in molecular architecture. co - author, eric hewitt, ph. d., says that while the findings provide scientists with unexpected new insights for the development of therapeutics against amyloid deposit - related diseases, the next stage of research will involve looking at a greater numbers of the proteins that form amyloid fibrils. \u201c we anticipate that when we look at amyloid fibers formed from other proteins, they may well follow the same rules. \u201d \u201c it may be that because they \u2019 re smaller it \u2019 s easier for them to infiltrate cells, \u201d dr. hewitt suggests. \u201c we \u2019 ve observed them killing cells, but we \u2019 re not sure yet exactly how they do it. nor do we know whether these short fibers form naturally when amyloid fibers assemble or whether some molecular process makes them disassemble or fragment into shorter fibers. these are our next big challenges. \u201d", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5187463396969842, "token_count": 329, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T11:31:47.368091"} {"text": "* * * i ' ve posted a copy of this in here, but you may want to check the link at the bottom as it gives a variety of resources. * * * did you know that with one wrong mouse click you could make it possible for someone to read all your email, documents, or instant messages? that they could also view your grades, online bank accounts, or change your course schedule? that they could read or change anything on your computer? or anything accessed from it? that they could turn on your computer ' s microphone to listen in on conversations? or command your computer to attack other network users or sites? or use your computer for a computer crime for which you may be blamed? did you know a newly installed windows xp, 2000, nt, or linux computer is likely vulnerable to the same type of compromise without even a mouse click just by being attached to the network? did you know several such incidents have occurred on computers at jmu... from windows 95 and macintosh desktops to windows nt and unix servers? that they ' ve been used to attack other computers and divulge information? did you know all our computers are scanned constantly from around the world by people hoping to take advantage of them? did you know that your behavior impacts your neighbors ' security and their behavior yours? the internet, paired with today ' s software, provides us astonishing capabilities for sharing and communication. however, these same capabilities also provide access and computer power to more than 300 million people around the world... some of whom may not share our behavioral expectations. examples, such as random acts of vandalism, can be found in any local newspaper. the threats associated with online folks ' behavior are very different from similar threats in the physical world. using the same freedom and functionality we treasure, they can communicate with our computers almost instantaneously, almost anonymously, and en masse from around the world. they don ' t even need to be a computer expert. it only takes one person to write a destructive program to enable many people without technical knowledge to cause problems, just as all of us use word processors and web browsers without knowing how they work or being able to write one ourselves. while the risks associated with these threats can be decreased by limiting communications, limiting computer functionality, and increasing the complexity involved with our computing environment, they can ' t be eliminated because security is never absolute. moreover, the more we wish to maintain our current freedom in communications and computing, the more necessary it is that we individually take steps to", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5351759950195843, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T11:31:47.409830"} {"text": ", and increasing the complexity involved with our computing environment, they can ' t be eliminated because security is never absolute. moreover, the more we wish to maintain our current freedom in communications and computing, the more necessary it is that we individually take steps to take care of ourselves and reduce the need for outside controls and limitations. the only person ultimately in control of a computer is the operator in front of the keyboard. that person presently has the freedom to run any software he or she wants and communicate with anyone around the world. each of us must do his or her part to help ensure the integrity of our network by operating our computers safely. our computers can do almost anything we tell them to do. unfortunately, this versatility makes them very complicated. a certain amount of awareness and skill is necessary to operate such a complicated device safely on a world wide network. the goal of the r. u. n. s. a. f. e. program is to help you attain the knowledge and skills necessary for safely operating an internet connected computer. the information and associated steps listed on this page are key components to everyone ' s online security. everyone should understand them and be able to take the actions described. r. u. n. s. a. f. e. workshops are offered once per semester that describe the incidents we ' ve seen at jmu, the threats we ' re exposed to, and that teach the defensive concepts and procedures described here. onsite workshops are also available to groups. ( contact gary flynn to schedule one ). click here to download the runsafe workshop powerpoint presentation. if you don ' t have powerpoint, you can get a free viewer from microsoft here. a sixteen minute runsafe awareness video is available. it can be downloaded here. the material is copyrighted by jim blackburn but may be used for educational purposes. the file is 161 mb in size. r. u. n. s. a. f. e. goal for all computer operators on the jmu network : * understand the material on this page. * run anti - virus software and update it weekly. preferably the campus supported norton anti - virus. * treat email attachments and other unknown programs with caution. * use the windows update site on every new installation and monthly thereafter. * choose strong passwords for your own desktop, particularly windows nt / 2000 / xp machines, and on servers which you may use and keep them confidential. * use care if you enable microsoft file sharing. * visit the hot topics! page at", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5565925429936736, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T11:31:47.411058"} {"text": ". * choose strong passwords for your own desktop, particularly windows nt / 2000 / xp machines, and on servers which you may use and keep them confidential. * use care if you enable microsoft file sharing. * visit the hot topics! page at least monthly. * for all server operators ( windows 2000 / iis / unix / mac / whatever ) and all unix desktop operators : 1. set up new computers with the network cable disconnected. 2. turn off all services running on the newly installed computer. 3. connect to network and download and install patches. 4. turn on only needed services. 5. subscribe to vendor security bulletins and check the hot topics page weekly. refuse to run unknown programs our computers operate the way they do entirely because of the programs we run on them. when we run a program, we give control of our computer to the author of the program. in fact, a computer break - in is just someone running a program on our computer. a perpetrator may convince us to run their program which then takes control of our computer. or they may force our computer to run their program by using software defects or unintentional access. the program may then tell our computer to email viruses to our friends. it may tell our computer to collect and reveal our passwords. it may tell our computer to disable its anti - virus and personal firewall protection. it may tell our computer to flood a web site with traffic in an attempt to disable it. or it may tell our computer to break into someone else ' s computer to help hide the identity of the perpetrator. since programs control the computer and everything the computer does or has access to, it is very important that we not run programs written by people we don ' t know or trust. almost every other security precaution depends upon our having control of our computers. if we run unknown programs, we don ' t. a program can take many forms. it might be a windows. exe file. it might be a microsoft word macro. it might be a script. we may find programs in many places. they may be offered to us in email attachments. they may be on web sites. they may be on shared folders. as we ' ll see later, they even may be forced on us over the network if we don ' t keep our computers up to date. for now, we ' ll concentrate on the programs over which we have a choice about running. in our point and click world, knowing what to", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5435739552507548, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T11:31:47.412011"} {"text": "pif \", \". shs \", \". js \", \". hta \", \". vbs \", or any ending you ' re not familiar with as you would hazardous waste material. find out what it is from the sender before opening it! - - > more information on refusing unknown programs... update our computers regularly computer programs frequently contain defects. some of these defects can allow third parties to run programs of their choice on our computers without any action on our part. this allows the third party to take control of our computers, and all the resources and data they have access to, for their own purposes. * defects in client programs like browsers, email clients, and media players may allow unwanted programs to run if we click a link to a malicious web page or receive malicious email. these types of defects can cause us to lose control of our computer simply by browsing the web or starting our email client. * defects in server programs like web or file servers, can allow someone to force unwanted programs to be run on our server. they exploit the defect by making malicious web or file requests. the exploitation might be carried out by an individual or by an automated program like a worm. running defective, vulnerable software on our networked computers is similar to leaving broken windows in our homes and offices for strangers to enter. except with the internet, people can enter these \" windows \" from anywhere in the world. large scale scans from around the world are often seen within days of new vulnerabilities being announced. machines with defective software or vulnerable configurations have been known to be compromised within hours of being attached to the network both here and elsewhere. most software is out - of - date and full of vulnerable defects on the installation cds and even sometimes when downloaded from vendor web sites. scanners and automated worms may find a vulnerable server almost as soon as it is connected to the network. it is necessary to check for updates as soon as new software is installed and regularly thereafter. microsoft windows systems windows desktop operators : * use the windows update service after every new installation. * re - use the windows update service once a month to keep the computer up to date. * if microsoft office is installed and you ' re not using jmu ' s novell services for software management, visit the office update site monthly. you ' ll need the original distribution media to install office patches. people using jmu ' s novell services can wait until office patches are available through the jmuapps menu or use the office update", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5204346923182142, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T11:31:47.415040"} {"text": "non - microsoft software, subscribe to vendor security bulletins or check their web site regularly for updates. linux and other unix systems these systems often have server programs running after even a desktop default installation. * never bring up a server until all patches and configuration changes have been completed. unpatched servers have been found and compromised in minutes by automated worms and scripts. install the software while the machine is disconnected from the network, make sure all services started in the inetd. conf file, / etc / rc * files, or your vendor ' s equivalent have been disabled, connect to the network and download the patches, disconnect from the network, and apply patches. * subscribe to vendor security bulletins and apply patches as soon after they are available as possible. click here for a list of various vendor security sites and notification services. * review computer security hot topics page at least monthly for announcements of software defects or other issues that may affect you. server operators should check both the hot topics and serious defects pages weekly. macintosh osx is based on unix. many unix related defects also affect macintosh osx. * current security roll - up patches can be viewed and downloaded at http : / / www. info. appl... ty _ updates. html * software updates can be requested using the software update pane in system preferences. * email notification of security defects in macosx can be obtained by subscribing to the apple notification service at http : / / lists. apple. c... curity - announce * review computer security hot topics page at least monthly for announcements of software defects or other issues that may affect you. * keep anti - virus software up to date. * if available, check your vendor ' s security site monthly for critical security updates. - - > more information on updating our computers... nullify unneeded risks whether by operator mistakes, attempts at making computers easy to use, or encouraging open access, our computer ' s software sometimes grants more access to our computers than is needed. we can decrease risk by eliminating unneeded access to our computers. * microsoft windows generally installs with several open doors by default. shut these doors by following the following precautions : o assign a good password to all windows nt, 2000, and xp accounts paying particular attention to the administrator and other privileged accounts. o disable network access to the windows administrator account. o be very careful with microsoft file sharing. it is commonly misconfigured. don ' t share more", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5134863407233073, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T11:31:47.417215"} {"text": "password passwords are the combination locks used to protect our computer accounts. it goes without saying that giving out our combination or leaving the lock unlatched ( i. e. walking away from a logged on computer ), compromises our security. however, technology provides ways for people to obtain our combination even if we aren ' t careless. to thwart such misuse, we must choose complex combinations. there are three elements to a complex combination : 1. it can ' t be obvious. that is, it can ' t exist in an attack dictionary. * every word in an english language dictionary can be tried in minutes. attack dictionaries also include names, common misspellings, words with numbers, and other commonly used passwords. you also don ' t want the password to have any personal significance to you... your dog ' s name for example. using a dictionary word for a password is like using a locker number for a combination. 2. it can ' t be a short * a combination lock with a two number combination wouldn ' t protect very well. anything less than an eight character password is like having a such a combination. it simply won ' t hold up for long on the network. 3. it can ' t be made up of just a few characters * a combination lock with only ten numbers on the dial isn ' t as effective as one with fifty. using just lower case letters is like limiting a combination lock to ten numbers. on systems that support them, passwords should contain at least one of each of the following characters : o uppercase letters ( a - z ) o lowercase letters ( a - z ) o numbers ( 0 - 9 ) o punctuation marks (! @ # $ % ^ & * ( ) _ + = - ) etc. different systems have different capabilities. some will not let you use all the strength features mentioned here. when you get an account or change your password on a system, you should be given instructions on any limitations. how, you may ask, am i ever going to remember such a complicated password? * pick a sentence that reminds you of the password. for example : o if my car makes it through 2 semesters, i ' ll be lucky ( imcmit2s, ibl ) o only bill gates could afford this $ 70. 00 textbook ( obgcat $ 7t ) o what time is my accounting class in showker 240? ( wtimacis2? ) * if you absolutely have to, record it in", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.604190573337897, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 9, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T11:31:47.419126"} {"text": "and network access controls often cross os, web server, web development, application server, and database realms. perhaps less well known due to vendor marketing efforts and perhaps our own wishful thinking, a service needs ongoing monitoring and maintenance regardless of platform. without this care, the server may not remain in operation long, it may not preserve the confidentiality and integrity of resident data and accounts, or it may be used as a base of operations for criminal activity including attacks on other computers. * budget planning, hiring procedures, staffing levels, and job descriptions should reflect the need for developer and administrator training and ongoing monitoring and maintenance in a complex and ever changing environment. * allow time for regular maintenance * elevate security and ongoing maintenance to the same level of consideration as cost, ease of use, functionality, and performance. - - > more information on assuring system care... it is impossible to provide absolute security for our computers just as it is impossible to provide absolute security for ourselves or our possessions in the physical world. insecurity is a fact of life. there are no technical panaceas. there are 200 million people connected to the internet and we cannot control their actions. they have world - wide, almost instantaneous and anonymous access to our computers ' network ports. there are practical compromises in the design of our computers and networks that may leave them vulnerable to certain activities. accordingly, we must temper our actions with awareness and take some precautions. * regularly backup critical or hard to replace data * be careful about whom and what you trust. don ' t believe everything you see on the web or in email messages. * do not ignore warning messages. in particular, those associated with : o web browsers warning about site certificate mismatches o web browsers warning about file downloads or potential security problems o ssh clients like putty, f - secure, and securecrt warning about host key mismatches o repeated virus warnings - - > more information on facing insecurity... everybody needs to do their part your particular computer may not seem to be a desirable target of a compromise attempt but any computer is attractive as a stepping stone or attack vehicle. simple windows 95 and macintosh desktops have been involved in security incidents. even with switched networks, a compromised computer may be used to sniff network traffic from neighboring computers. thus, your security is dependant upon your neighbors ' security and their security on yours. in the days of standalone computers, reckless or unauthorized use of a computer affected just one computer. with a network", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.504689079424891, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 11, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T11:31:47.421350"} {"text": "be used to sniff network traffic from neighboring computers. thus, your security is dependant upon your neighbors ' security and their security on yours. in the days of standalone computers, reckless or unauthorized use of a computer affected just one computer. with a networked computer and its access to shared network resources and common communications lines, the same actions may affect many computers, accounts, services, or people. as long as we want to continue to have relatively open computing and communications choices, and preserve our privacy, services, and data, each one of us must do his or her part to help ensure the integrity of our network. * do your part - runsafe * encourage and help your peers to do their part - runsafe - - > more information on doing our part... feel free to use or derive from r. u. n. s. a. f. e. material as long as you give credit to jmu. a note to email @ example. com describing your project would be greatly appreciated! sponsored by : sparkhost - hosting without compromises! hybrid performance web hosting spark host stream hosting hybrid irc & ircd server shell accounts no replies to this topic 0 user ( s ) are reading this topic 0 members, 0 guests, 0 anonymous users", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5657731245847729, "token_count": 258, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 12, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T11:31:47.421834"} {"text": "organizations or clubs are designed for students in diverting their attention and with purpose of bringing them extra form of relaxation and interaction with other students. it may be innumerable but almost serving the same purpose, they may differ from types of it. some are into music, religion, science, major subjects or let us say law, theatre, political, sports, community service and groups that are dedicated with the all about of \u201c essay on speech writing and presentation. \u201d approval of the faculty and the dean is significant in order to make it formal and legal. these organizations are led by fellow students who they thought would best fit the position of being the president. advantages lie from joining and participating from the aforesaid. it keeps you on track, active and away from vices. school clubs also serves a training ground for selected participants and haven especially with their free time. social interaction is enhanced and which develop at its best that will be beneficial on their future. the students are draw closer despite of their differences. sharing ideas, swopping of opinions can bring them together which in the end can give them positive result in terms of personality building. today, students are always up for challenges and responsibilities, and these clubs is counted in. at times, being not able to attend the class they make these clubs as an excuse. but is taken for granted to the fullest that sometimes affect their performance in school. the policies of school organizations when not executed well will always be the reason of irresponsible students in skipping classes.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5139802680757484, "token_count": 306, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T11:31:47.428965"} {"text": "field biology laboratory the field biology laboratory is not only a space for the continuing study of the flora and fauna of north carolina, but is also a rich source of archival materials collected over many decades. the lab contains a collection of study skins and mounts of birds native to north carolina, and a collection of bird nests from the piedmont region. this laboratory houses two historical collections of bird eggs gathered in the 1800s, including the t. gilbert pearson egg collection. in addition, students have access to a herbarium of north carolina plants, and reference collections of preserved reptiles, amphibians, and mammal skulls of species native to north carolina and beyond. anatomy and physiology laboratory students investigate various aspects of human physiology using computer - based software for recording electrocardiograms, electromyograms, and electroencephalograms. advanced studies in neuroscience include the recording of individual neuronal action potentials. an associated laboratory for field studies in fisheries biology houses a complete array of equipment for the investigation of aquatic ecology, limnology, and ichthyology. microbial genetics and molecular biology facility standard and advanced equipment in the molecular biology and microbial genetics lab provide students with the tools for the study of the phylogenetic relationship between microbial organisms and the molecular analysis of signaling processes in nematodes. in their independent research projects, students utilize instrumentation for the growth of organisms under a variety of conditions, and the isolation, purification and quantification of genomic dna. students routinely utilize the techniques of pcr, pulsed - field gel electrophoresis, fluorescent microscopy, recombinant dna technologies and rnai. the department has two fully - equipped laboratories dedicated to independent, student research projects. forensic biology laboratory the forensic biology laboratory supports advanced forensics students in molecular cell biology and forensic anthropology. students pursue the identification of drugs and toxins utilizing the gas chromatograph - mass spectrograph, which provides definitive identification of these substances. the laboratory is also where students investigate a variety of topics related to cause of death, e. g., identification of diatoms related to deaths by drowning, and skeletal damage due to ballistics, cutting and blunt force trauma. the highlight of the forensic anthropology course, the investigation of clandestine graves, utilizes the equipment and archival materials of the forensic biology lab for this capstone experience in forensics. forensic chemistry laboratory students utilize research - grade microscopes for the analysis of trace forensic evidence, and explore a variety of chemical methods for developing latent fingerprints. forensic chemistry students employ the fully automated shimadzu", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5288178647617694, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T11:31:47.436645"} {"text": "a period of millions of years. there is other evidence of a turbulent past ; jumbled conglomerates lie here and there. conglomerates usually gather where a vigorous, fast flowing river or stream connects with a slower moving body of water or lake. the vigorous river then dumps its detritus ( wood, gravel, rocks, etc ) into the slow body, where it might compact over years and turn into a conglomerate. the higgledy - piggledy patterns of the conglomerate rocks on this beach point to violent flooding and recession as the seas washed in and out of the ancient desert. the desert was eventually covered in ocean, marking the beginning of the lower jurassic period. the iridescent ammonites found here ( caloceras johnstoni ) are the ' zone fossils ' for the lower jurassic. a zone fossil marks definitive borders between one age and the next. when a fossil is particularly common worldwide, strata can be identified and dated by their presence. sea - shells, bone - beds and iridescent ammonites among the more famous fossils along this stretch are the bone beds. these are, as the name would suggest, beds of fossils composed of bones, mainly of fishes, but also containing scales and teeth. entire fishes have been found a little further on. there are also what appear to be miniature scallops in profusion, captured in a dark, hard rock. but the most obvious of fossils in this area have to be the aforementioned iridescent ammonites. some are over two feet across, and when wet, shine like mother of pearl. this researcher has a 12 \" by 10 \" slate covered edge to edge with ammonites of this nature, none larger than an inch across. people have been down to this beach with pneumatic drills and other heavy equipment to dig these prizes out of the rock. this is a huge shame, as some of the largest ammonites are otherwise too heavy to move, and would have given the casual passer - by enjoyment for years to come. is there somewhere else you could go? the short and happy answer is yes. britain is brimming with fossils, some of which are easier to find than others. the easiest of all are in gravel paths and driveways. have a good look in among the stones and, if you find one that has a patterned surface ( rather like someone has pushed a sponge into it ) you have found yourself a fossil coral. also, everyone has heard about lyme regis. again, caution is advised under the cliffs", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5172252665559283, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T11:31:47.447299"} {"text": "power is actualized only where word and deed have not parted company, where words are not empty and deeds not brutal, where words are not used to veil intentions but to disclose realities, and where deeds are not used to violate and destroy but to establish relations and create new realities. - hannah arendt, the human condition arendt \u2019 s conception of power is one of the most subtle and elusive features of her political theory. here arendt poses the problem of power in terms of power \u2019 s loss, of powerlessness, which is also what she calls \u201c the death of political communities. \u201d what is powerlessness? what, exactly, is lost when power is lost? there are many ways to become powerless in the world of twenty - first century politics. in the united states we often imagine that citizens would be powerless without their constitutional rights \u2013 the vote, free speech, due process. in and around the world \u2019 s many war zones, the loss of military protection seems to produce a very different kind of powerlessness, one that is linked to both our physical vulnerability to violence as human beings and the persistence of violence between sovereign states ( and within them. ) there is also the powerlessness that seems to follow from the dislocations or migrations of peoples, a condition that arendt calls mass homelessness, which may come from the movement of peoples across borders or the redrawing of borders across peoples. poverty appears to be another form of powerlessness altogether, one that disrupts our capacity to appropriate nonhuman nature through labor and work and thereby sustain our lives. arendt argues that mass destitution, alongside mass homelessness, is a form of powerlessness that is peculiar to the political condition of the modern age. many other kinds of powerlessness can be added to this list. the list is disturbing not only for its variety and length, but also because the felt urgency of each danger invites us to elevate one or two above the others, so that we risk settling for powerlessness of several kinds in order to secure power in one or two \u201c emergency \u201d domains. we choose between the power of kill lists and drone strikes and the power of due process for americans accused of terrorism. we weigh our powerlessness in the face of global warming against the powerlessness caused by the great recession, where the hoped - for \u201c recovery \u201d will be defined by consumption - led \u201c growth, \u201d rendered tangible by lower gas prices and more crowded shopping malls. or, we may think that us power in the globalizing world of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5601374598207406, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T11:31:47.461433"} {"text": "by the great recession, where the hoped - for \u201c recovery \u201d will be defined by consumption - led \u201c growth, \u201d rendered tangible by lower gas prices and more crowded shopping malls. or, we may think that us power in the globalizing world of free trade and faster capital flows is dependent upon \u201c securing our national borders, \u201d achieved through the quasi - militarization of immigration enforcement. hard choices are the stuff of politics - they are supposed to be what power is all about - but the dilemmas of modern powerlessness are peculiarly wrenching in large part because they are not readily negotiable by political action, by those practices of public creativity and initiative that are uniquely capable of redefining what is possible in the common world. rather, these \u201c choices \u201d and others like them seem more like dead - ends, tired old traps that mark the growing powerlessness of politics itself. the death of the body politic, which can only occur by way of the powerlessness of politics itself, is arendt \u2019 s main concern in the above quote. in contrast to hobbes, rousseau, weber, and habermas, among others, arendt distinguishes power from domination, strength, rationality, propaganda, and violence. located within the open and common world of human speech and action, power reveals its ethical and political limits when it is overcome by deception, empty words, destruction, and \u201c brutality. \u201d rooted in the human conditions of natality and plurality, and constituted by the gathered actions of many in a public space of appearance, power exists only in its actualization through speech and deed. like action, power depends upon the public self - disclosure of actors in historical time. actors acting together with other actors generate power. yet because we do not know \u201c who \u201d we disclose ourselves to be in the course of collective action, or what the effects of our actions will turn out to mean in the web of human stories, power itself is always \u201c boundless and unpredictable, \u201d which in part explains its peculiar force. given its boundlessness and unpredictability, power cannot be stored up for emergencies, like weapons or food and water, nor kept in place through fixed territories, as with national sovereignty. power therefore co - exists only uneasily with machpolitik. power can overcome violence and strength through the gathered voices and acts of the many ; it can also be destroyed ( but not replaced ) through the dispersal of the many and the dissolution of the space of appearance. in - between gathering and dispersal, power", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5542874833257778, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T11:31:47.462696"} {"text": ". power can overcome violence and strength through the gathered voices and acts of the many ; it can also be destroyed ( but not replaced ) through the dispersal of the many and the dissolution of the space of appearance. in - between gathering and dispersal, power is preserved through what arendt calls \u201c organization, \u201d the laws, traditions, habits, and institutions that sustain the space of appearance during those interims when actors disperse temporarily and withdraw back into the private realm, only to reappear later. for arendt, the loss of power is the loss of our capacity to act with others in a way that generates, sustains, and discloses a common world. powerlessness is marked by the receding of public spaces. this may occur, for example, through the gentle decline of a formally constituted public realm into the technocratic shadows of the social, or through the brutal sovereign repression of spontaneously emergent spaces of appearance. in both cases, our ethical and political incapacities to act together, and the philosophical inability to recognize power when we see it, are at the root of modern political powerlessness. power - seekers, on arendt \u2019 s view, would be well advised to cultivate a deeper political appreciation for both the immaterial force and fragility of human natality, plurality, and public space, which will be lost when power is mistaken for its rivals, like reason, strength, violence, or sovereignty. congratulations and welcome to the newest hannah arendt center fellows, wyatt mason, bill dixon, laura ephraim, and ursula ludz. wyatt mason ( senior arendt center fellow ) is a contributing editor of harper ' s magazine and a contributing writer to the new york times magazine. his writing also appears in the new york review of books and the new yorker. modern library publishes his translations of the works of arthur rimbaud, rimbaud complete and i promise to be good. a 2003 - 2004 fellow of the cullman center for scholars and writers at the new york public library, he received the 2005 nona balakian citation from the national book critics circle and a national magazine award in 2006. he teaches non - fiction in the bennington writing seminars and will be senior fellow at the hannah arendt center at bard college for 2010 - 2011. charles ( bill ) dixon ( post - doctoral fellow ) is a political theorist and a phd. candidate in political science at johns hopkins university. dixon \u2019 s research interests include ancient and modern theories of democracy, political judgment and action, political economy, and", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5432727053235981, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T11:31:47.463726"} {"text": "depression is a mental illness characterized by feelings of profound sadness and lack of interest in enjoyable activities. it may cause a wide range of symptoms, both physical and emotional. unlike a blue mood, depression can last for weeks, months, or years, and rarely subsides without treatment. depression in college here \u2019 s what you need to know about how to prevent and treat depression while you or your child is in college. can folic acid help ease depression? folic acid, the b - vitamin that is famous for its role in preventing birth defects, is now under scrutiny for its effects on another devastating condition \u2014 depression. how to choose a therapist or counselor perhaps you have a chronic or difficult problem, or maybe you feel depressed or sad. before you jump into therapy, there are important issues that you need to consider. could your depression be related to your medication? after two weeks of taking accutane, an acne medication, 19 - year - old joe began experiencing fatigue, lack of motivation, sleep problems, and crying spells. he was diagnosed with depression \u2014 something his healthcare provider eventually believed was related to his use of accutane. creativity and depression : is there a link? history is filled with writers, poets, artists, musicians, composers, and other creative people who wrestled with mood disorders. but is this portrayal just a stereotype, or is there really a link between creativity and depression? depression screening advised for all adults soon your doctor may start asking more questions about your mental health. prompting these changes are innovative new recommendations from the us preventive services task force on screening for depression in adults. the role of depression in adolescent obesity about 5 % of children and adolescents in the unites states suffer from depression. could this put them at increased risk for obesity? a study from the journal explores the possible link.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.532150170141872, "token_count": 368, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T11:31:47.467180"} {"text": "international healthcare worker safety center global initiative for healthcare worker safety a forum for sharing research and best practices worldwide in the prevention of needlesticks and occupational exposures to bloodborne pathogens defining the problem... healthcare workers are a critical resource in every corner of the globe - - the infrastructure without which healthcare cannot exist. but in caring for us, they place themselves at risk daily of contracting life - threatening infections from bloodborne pathogens, including hiv, hepatitis b and hepatitis c. injuries from needles and other sharp medical devices, along with accidental exposures to blood and body fluids from splashes and sprays, are the most serious occupational hazard faced by healthcare workers. ( read more )... and the solution. who should use this site? devices with engineered sharps injury protection are highly effective in reducing the risk of needlesticks and sharps injuries. we know that a combination of safer devices, hepatitis b vaccine and basic barrier garments save lives. the challenge is to get protective devices and products into the hands of healthcare workers who need them most - - in every corner of the globe. - occupational health and infection control practitioners looking for training and educational resources in needlestick prevention and - researchers looking for the latest articles and abstracts related to occupational - hospital and healthcare administrators looking for information about epinet, a sharps injury surveillance program - epinet users worldwide who want to share ask technical questions - medical device manufacturers looking to improve their products and participate in the global strategy for healthcare worker protection we welcome your comments, questions, and suggestions for additions to this website. to submit a comment, please click here. to learn more about the center ' s global initiative for healthcare worker safety and how you can participate, click here.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5064561409842011, "token_count": 349, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T11:31:47.469928"} {"text": "unique to middle europe. likewise, equating the disintegration of the holy roman empire with the disintegration of the german state gives central european history a uniquely anarchic and \" backward \" character. this in turn implies that german history in particular is cursed with a lingering barbarism, preventing germans from forming a modern state. the rulers of central european states like austria, bavaria, prussia, and wurttemberg thus appear as purely destructive forces of decentralization rebelling against an imaginary german kingdom that never was. any reconsideration of the empire ' s place in european history really depends on emancipating ourselves from the nationalist presuppositions of the last two centuries and beginning with entirely new categories. but to ask whether the nation - state was the inevitable culmination of some developmental sequence is ultimately to question whether historical outcomes are always predetermined. one way to approach this question is to examine the emerging science of \" chaos. \" according to evolutionary paleontologist stephen jay gould, a distinction must be made between historical and experimental knowledge. while theoretical physics may attempt to deduce universal laws which can be tested in the lab, historical explanations depend on \" contingent detail \" that occurs only once. although \" we can explain an event after it occurs, \" gould argues that \" contingency precludes its repetition, even from an identical starting point. \" 3 astro nomer stephen dole affords an example of this contingency on a vast scale. with the aid of a computer program known as acrete, dole suggests how the present planetary system might have evolved from a primeval gas cloud. specifying the exact size and shape of the gas, dole simulated the evolution of a number of alternative solar systems out of more or less the same cloud. some of the solar systems generated featured planets even larger than jupiter, while others ended up with a number of smaller planets. in a later discussion of dole ' s work, richard isaacman and carl sagan noted that it was possible to generate very different solar systems by only slightly varying the initial conditions. 4 if isaacman and sagan are correct, the history of our solar system apparently depended on contingencies which preclude that history being repeated, even if one started with more or less the same conditions. at some point in the historical process, the chance collision of two gas molecules might have set in motion a chain of events leading to the formation of a very different solar system. moreover, even if we", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5682719383393051, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T11:31:47.488132"} {"text": "one started with more or less the same conditions. at some point in the historical process, the chance collision of two gas molecules might have set in motion a chain of events leading to the formation of a very different solar system. moreover, even if we accept the inevitability of our solar system and the formation of earth as we know it, the human species ' rise to prominence was by no means guaranteed. gould thus argues that humanity ' s ascension to dominance was the result of a \" curious chain of events \" that \" would probably never happen again. \" 5 a matter of probability now, i would argue that the history of europe lends itself to a chaos approach. although authors of the major texts write as if nationalism was some ineluctable component of \" modernity, \" the emergence of nations such as france or germany may have actually been a mere matter of probability. if the carolinian empire had either held together or fallen apart completely, the history of the west would have been radically different. even the treaty of verdun in 843 was, according to geoffrey barraclough, \" the result not of racial or provincial differences, but simply of dynastic conflicts within the royal house \" in which power was up for grabs. 6 in this context, the emergence of the various states in the west appears as a fortuitous accretion of territorial units not unlike the emergence of our solar system out of some primeval gas cloud. while the cloud ( europe ) might have resolved itself into a single star ( empire ) or fragmented into billions of asteroids ( anarchy ), it ended up slowly resolving itself into a number of small planets ( nations ). that the western frankish kingdom eventually resolved itself into one state while the eastern developed into a number of states may have been the result of a series of unpredictable choices made by real individuals at crucial points in the historical process. the constant division and redivision of the carolinian realm after verdun meant that any rival king within that realm had the right to take the imperial power if he was strong enough. no supposed \" national character \" predisposed otto the great, rather than his royal contemporary across the rhine, to take the imperial title. not only was the imperial title not reserved for the eastern ( as opposed to the western ) franks, but otto ' s assumption of the imperial crown was a kind of accident. if otto had died or a west frankish ruler of equal ability had arisen, the latter might have taken the imperial crown, intervened in papal affairs and fragmented", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5526881463170699, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T11:31:47.489347"} {"text": ", if chance events could have enormous long - run consequences, we can ask ourselves what might have happened if the emperors had been successful in creating a chinese - like europe dominated by a universal empire, or if the west frankish rather than the east frankish rulers had taken the imperial crown. clearly, a different europe with different national boundaries, or perhaps no nations at all as we understand them, might have resulted. by opening up a new appreciation of the unpredictability of the historical process, the study of the holy roman empire might well have a truly universal significance to students of history after all. lawrence birken teaches history at ball state university. his most recent book is hitler as philosophe : remnants of the enlightenment in national socialism ( new york : praeger, 1995 ). he is currently working on a new intellectual history of modern europe. 1. see john gagliardo, reich and nation : the holy roman empire as idea and reality, 17631806 ( bloomington : indiana university press, 1980 ), 3. 2. thomas greer and galvin lewis, a brief history of the western world, 6th ed. ( new york : harcourt brace jovanovich, 1992 ), 214 ; marvin perry, western civilization : a brief history, 3rd ed. ( boston : houghton mifflin, 1997 ), 260. 3. stephen jay gould, wonderful life : the burgess shale and the nature of history ( new york : w. w. norton and co., 1989 ), 278. 4. stephen dole, \" computer simulation of the formation of planetary systems, \" icarus 13 ( 1970 ) : 494508 ; richard isaacman and carl sagan, \" computer simulation of planetary accretion dynamics : sensitivity to initial conditions, \" icarus 31 ( 1977 ) : 530. 5. gould, wonderful life, 285. 6. geoffrey barraclough, factors in german history ( westport, conn. : greenwood, 1979 ), 6. 7. d. j. a. matthew, \" reflections on the medieval roman empire, \" history 77 ( october 1992 ), 36869, 390. 8. geoffrey barraclough, turning points in world history ( london : thames and hudson, 1977 ), 2122. 9. james a. vann, the making of a state : wurttemberg, 15931793 ( ithaca : cornell university, 1984 ), 1819, 3435. 10. mary fulbrook, a concise history of germany ( new", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.5435402576273556, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T11:31:47.493935"} {"text": "smte will develop, research, and evaluate an instructional model and a prototypical six - week hybrid learning experience that consists of an educational computer game with screen - based 3 - d design simulations ( three weeks ) and follow - up hands - on physical modeling activities and reflection time ( three weeks ). the game will situate the students in an inhospitable environment and invite them to undertake a quest that requires solving technological design problems to sustain themselves. the quest will contextualize grades 6 - 8 standards for technological literacy ( pi hacker was a member of the stl development team ) and apply standards - based mathematics and science. development of materials will be guided by the process described by wiggins and mctigue in understanding by design ( ubd ), and will be informed by nrc \u2019 s how people learn and by research on anchored instruction. the project will follow the planning process described in ubd : 1 ) identify desired results, 2 ) determine acceptable evidence, and 3 ) plan learning experiences and instruction. grant and denise wiggins will serve as project consultants to ensure congruence with the ubd model. the project will foster a thoughtful pedagogical approach to design that will serve as the core instructional strategy. the nsf - developed informed design model melds guided inquiry with open - ended design and leads students to develop conceptual understanding before they engage in design activity. consequently, students approach design from a more \u201c informed \u201d perspective. ctl co - directors burghardt and hacker will embed the informed design pedagogy into both the 3 - d simulations and the physical modeling. bloomsburg university \u2019 s institute for interactive technologies will provide the expertise in gaming, game development, and instructional design. bloomsburg faculty and students will build the active 3 - d worlds, design the background scenery, and develop animated human - like characters ( avatars ). knowledge and skill builder activities ( see informed design text box ), designed to teach important stem background concepts and skills, will be presented as realistic 3 - d simulations. the simulations will be driven by a knowledge - based engineering ( kbe ) framework. using kbe ( an object - oriented programming language tightly integrated with a geometric modeling tool ), developers capture knowledge about a design process, so that users, aided by 3 - d simulations, can evaluate the effect of design changes. tom robertson, president and ceo, kinetics inc., chapel hill, nc, is one of the nation \u2019 s foremost kbe experts. he will serve as a", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5403536727815843, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T11:31:47.521427"} {"text": "the fruit of the church is holiness. it was therefore natural for the long process of the establishment of the orthodox church in america to be climaxed by witness of holiness - - the canonization of the holy elder herman of alaska. for those who participated in the ceremonies of the canonization in alaska, as well as for those who prayed to the newly glorified saint in churches throughout the united states and canada, this holiness was manifested in the depth of the holy elder ' s humility and in the strength of his faith. the act of canonization eclipsed everything else - - human plans for the future, fears, accomplishments, successes and failures. all this was illumined by new light, the light of sanctity now shining above america - - a light surpassing human reason and bringing the fullness of divine grace into the life of the church. in the course of its 175 - year existence the russian orthodox greek catholic church in america and canada went through many phases of a sociological and psychological nature. it began with the missionary efforts of the valaam monks and was at first totally involved in the christian enlightenment of the aleut natives and in the planting of christian morality and christian socio - economic foundations among them. it spread throughout the american continent and began to create new pan - orthodox units in america, continuing to be concerned about mission among the americans on the one hand, and organizing the first parishes for orthodox immigrants o all national origins on the other. when the orthodox immigrants were divided into more definite ethnic groups in which orthodoxy began to coincide with and sometimes was even replaced by ethnic aspirations, the church naturally began to expend much energy on the organization of our socio - ethnic \" ghettos. \" in these ghettos all that was brought from the old world was not developed but \" preserved \", beginning with recipes and ending with language, culture and provincial politics. this period, which continued for a considerable time, had an undisputed significance in the process of church growth and development. thanks to this period a number of important principles in the areas of liturgical life, piety, traditions, character and order were preserved. it also created a prolonged crisis which caused members of our younger generations who were leaving their ethnic and parochial ghetto and associated it with something totally contradictory to the \" american way of life \" to reject not only their sociological roots but orthodoxy as well - - orthodoxy being so closely associated with sociological factors. in the last two or three decades a new current has appeared in our church life. the desire to \" conserve \" traditional values", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5131622966454128, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T11:31:47.534560"} {"text": "of life \" to reject not only their sociological roots but orthodoxy as well - - orthodoxy being so closely associated with sociological factors. in the last two or three decades a new current has appeared in our church life. the desire to \" conserve \" traditional values, so predominant in the sociological ghetto, began to be replaced gradually by the attempt to integrate orthodoxy into american life. these efforts were not always successful ; quite often they carried with them the danger simply of replacing what is russian, carpatho - russian, ukrainian by what is american. this, in terms of its quality, threatened to be as provincial as everything that preceded it. at the same time there was a growth of the healthy tendency to accomplish the \" churching of americanism, \" if one may put it that way, rather than the \" americanization of orthodoxy. \" there began an era of the discovery of orthodoxy in all it untarnished value of orthodoxy as a self - sufficient principle, to which all other principles must be subordinate. there began a rediscovery of the church ' s sacramental life, in which were to be found the sources of spiritual and intellectual sustenance. at first, orthodoxy was an \" embarrassment \" because it was a \" foreign faith, \" because it was something contradictory to \" american culture. \" later, orthodoxy became a source of \" pride, \" as one can be \" proud \" of exotic costumes, traditions and background. now, glory be to god, we have begun to live orthodoxy, that is, to understand fully that orthodoxy is not a museum, not a repository, not exoticism, but life. for many long years our ecclesiastical and social interests were concentrated almost exclusively upon ourselves, upon our own problems. even when we thought we were speaking about america our point of departure was our ethnic identity. america for us was \" they \" and not \" we \". if, as a church, we participated in the life of the nation, this participation expressed itself first of all in the fact that we sent our children to the front, where they fought heroically for the country ' s freedom. as for the rest, our reactions always concentrated on negative things : we warned the country ( and were justified in doing so ) about political, moral and social dangers. although a portion of our participation was directed to creative ends, basically our participation was concentrated upon ourselves and the solution of our \" internal problems. \" we are accustomed to this approach ; it will not be easy for us to survive the crisis which has been placed before us by the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5023763068960693, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T11:31:47.535801"} {"text": "participation was directed to creative ends, basically our participation was concentrated upon ourselves and the solution of our \" internal problems. \" we are accustomed to this approach ; it will not be easy for us to survive the crisis which has been placed before us by the course of historical and ecclesiastical events. the resolution of this crisis is the major theme of the extremely important test to which our autocephaly has called us. it is useful to remember that in greek the world \" crisis \" means \" judgment \". now the meaning of this word is relevant for us in the most direct way. god ' s judgment is being done to us, the judgment of history and the judgment of our conscience. in the light of this judgment we will have to justify the gift which has been handed to us by the church, the gift of maturity and independence. we wanted this and our desire has been fulfilled. looking with gratitude to all our past, to the entire and great tradition of russian and ecumenical orthodoxy which we have inherited, we should see in this a good and favorable wind and not a crutch for our support nor eyeglasses through which we can look at the reality of life. in accepting autocephaly we witnessed to our maximal loyalty to the historical road of america and canada. in accepting autocephaly our church accepted american and canadian citizenship ; the acceptance of citizenship always implies liberation from and rejection of any other historical and political loyalties. in turning from the 14th all - american sobor of the metropolia to the first council of the orthodox church in america we close the last volume of our 175 - year history and place it together with the other volumes on the shelf of experience and respect, simultaneously opening a fresh page of a new book of our ecclesiastical life. the title page of this book bears the inscription \" orthodox church in america. \" what will appear on the pages after the title depends on us. and so our autocephaly has placed our church face to face with america. all those things which earlier could stand between us psychologically - - \" russian heritage, \" our \" emigre identity, \" \" tradition \" and all similar factors - - have now disappeared. there is nothing that can shelter us from the reality before which god has placed us. to what extent does american life need us as a christian spiritual force, and to what degree do we need american reality? the second part of this question is so clear that no one is asking it : american life is our life. even those of us who have become american not by", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.531947694086716, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T11:31:47.536794"} {"text": "excessive \" freedom, police control of the population. the profound causes of the crisis are on the spiritual level ; therefore its solution requires a colossal effort of the spiritual strength of the nation. doubtless at the root of the crisis there is a wrong understanding of freedom. the error extends in two directions. those who wish to limit freedom forget that the limitation of freedom has no end - - how can we know when to stop, how can we make certain that the limitation of freedoms will not lead to a police state and concentration camps for dissenters. those who lean in the other direction forget ( or do not want to remember ) that freedom without responsibility is not freedom but arbitrariness, anarchy, nihilism. those who struggle against the establishment do not think about the fact that \" anti - system \" can become a much more frightful system than the \" establishment. \" therefore the country is torn by the radicalism of two beliefs, both of which are intent on tearing the country apart. in addition to all this, and notwithstanding all the horrors that are so zealously described in our press, we must remember, first of all, the great majority represented by those whom the president has called the \" silent majority. \" these words are often repeated ironically, but they are a very good description of the mass of american people to which most of us belong and which, like a working horse, pulls the country out of moral, economic and political crises. secondly, among the young ( and sometimes not so young ) representatives of the \" new culture \" who give us such a fright and whom we are ready to bury in the mass grave of historical forgetfulness it is good to look for those who depart from \" normal \" american life for a number of reasons deserving our full attention. due to a lack of spiritual guidance as well as because of inbred american conformity, they often take the wrong road and perish ignominiously and uselessly. it is good to scrutinize the fundamental themes, the motivations, which drive these young people out of well - to - do homes, a successful life, practical materialism. close analysis inevitably leads us to the fact that youth is repulsed by complacent satisfaction with american well - being, by the false sense of security, by the exaggerated individualism that pushes people into loneliness and isolation, by the rationalization of even religious experience, by social injustice. these are negative themes. the positive ones are a desire for spiritual experience, for liberation from captivity to material values", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.5442240571193417, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T11:31:47.538950"} {"text": "security, by the exaggerated individualism that pushes people into loneliness and isolation, by the rationalization of even religious experience, by social injustice. these are negative themes. the positive ones are a desire for spiritual experience, for liberation from captivity to material values, a search for spiritual reality and mystical experience, for a sacramental justification of life in all its details - - love, sex, friendship, race, and so on. there is a search for the realities of life and death, which were so long concealed by our \" funeral home culture \" and were so cruelly revealed by the conflict in vietnam. youth is only partially responsible for the uncontrolled spiritualistic experimentation which has brought and is bringing so many of them to a tragic end ; a great - - much greater - - responsibility lies on those who did not support, reveal, teach, be an example in time. we also bear responsibility, particularly because we - - our church - - have long possessed first - class answers to all these questions. what can we, as a church, as the heirs of a spiritual experience of many centuries, say to contemporary young america? even on the basis of our historical experience, on a purely negative plane, we can witness to the ease with which freedom can be lost. the trouble is that freedom, like good health, the comforts of life, or even hot water every day, is understood best when it is no longer available. we know very well what not - freedom is. what it is to be endangered when you think, to be in even greater danger when you speak, and to invite catastrophe when you set thoughts on paper. we know what it is to be unfree to believe, to pray, to go to church when you choose. what it is to be unfree to leave your country when you wish. what it is to be unfree to organize your life as you see fit. it is our holy duty to share our negative experience with all politically naive people, with all those who are easily caught in the net of the demonic propaganda of the other side, where man means nothing. where \" the death of one man is a tragedy - - the death of ten thousand is a statistic, \" in the words of one ideologist on the \" other side. \" this is not a political statement, for it concerns not only \" political freedoms \" but, first of all, the freedom of the spirit. this is witnessing to the real presence of the demonic in politics, in history, in sociology, of demonism", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5212296202007863, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T11:31:47.540359"} {"text": "the term \u201c heart failure \u201d can be very alarming. while it does not mean the heart has \u201c failed \u201d or stopped working, it is a serious condition. congestive heart failure ( chf ) means the heart does not pump as well as it should to meet the body \u2019 s oxygen demands, often due to heart diseases such as cardiomyopathy or cardiovascular disease. chf can result from either a reduced ability of the heart muscle to contract or from a mechanical problem that limits the ability of the heart \u2019 s chambers to fill with blood. when weakened, the heart is unable to keep up with the demands placed upon it ; blood returns to the heart faster than it can be pumped out so that it gets backed up or congested \u2014 hence the name of the disorder. chf occurs most frequently in those over age 60 and is the leading cause of hospitalization and death in that age group. in over 50 percent of cases, sudden death occurs due to a cardiac arrhythmia, or irregular heartbeat. unfortunately, antiarrhythmic medications may not be effective in controlling arrhythmias caused by chf. patients with chf can enjoy better health if they treat the underlying cause, if possible. for many patients the outlook is uncertain and depends on the extent of the disease and the patient \u2019 s response to therapy. however, in other cases, restricted salt intake and medication are used to ease the strain on the heart and to relieve symptoms. while chf is a serious health risk, it is possible for patients to live with chf and manage many symptoms effectively with proper treatment if they adhere to prescribed regimens. noncompliance with a doctor \u2019 s recommendations regarding diet or medication increases the risk that the disease will worsen. when to call an ambulance call an ambulance immediately if you experience severe breathlessness or crushing chest pain with or without nausea, vomiting, profuse sweating, weakness or intense feelings of dread. such symptoms may indicate a heart attack. - make an appointment with a doctor if you regularly experience fatigue and shortness of breath after mild physical activity. - call your doctor if you experience any of the following during treatment for congestive heart failure : fever, rapid or irregular heartbeat, wheezing, severe shortness of breath or any worsening of the other symptoms of congestive heart failure. congestive heart failure is a progressive process and should not be confused with a heart attack, which involves sudden tissue death of the heart muscle. although heart failure may occur suddenly in", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5010766955832079, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T11:31:47.556785"} {"text": "may be given a portable ecg device, known as a holter monitor, to measure the heart \u2019 s electrical activity over a 24 - hour period. - exercise stress tests, also known as treadmill tests, help determine irregular heart rhythms during exercise. during this test, the heart \u2019 s electrical activity is monitored through small metal sensors applied to your skin while you exercise on a stationary bicycle or treadmill. - your doctor may order an echocardiogram to evaluate heart function. during this test, sound waves bounced off the heart are recorded and translated into images. the pictures can reveal abnormal heart size, shape and movement. echocardiography also can be used to calculate the ejection fraction, or volume of blood pumped out to the body when the heart contracts. - coronary angiography, or x - ray of the heart \u2019 s blood vessels, may be performed to evaluate pressures in the heart chambers and the pumping function. in this procedure, a tiny catheter is inserted into an artery of a leg or arm and threaded up into the coronary arteries. a contrast material is then injected from the end of the catheter into the coronary arteries, which provides a clear image of the blood vessels on x - ray. for more information about terms used in this section, please visit our heart and circulatory system glossary. the johns hopkins cardiomyopathy and heart failure practice, as described in the previous section, evaluates and manages patients with heart failure due to any cause. core components of treatment : - clinical care of patients with heart failure and following cardiac transplantation. - basic science, hemodynamic, genetic and clinical research pertaining to cardiomyopathy, heart failure and cardiac transplantation. - education directed at both patients and professionals regarding cardiomyopathy, heart failure and cardiac transplantation. - all facets of clinical care of patients with cardiomyopathy, heart failure or cardiac transplantation. - left ventricular assist devices. - novel research programs for patients with cardiomyopathy or heart failure. - endomyocardial biopsy. possible courses of treatment : - lifestyle changes such as reducing salt intake ( salt contributes to fluid retention and swelling ), eating smaller, more frequent meals ( less effort is required to digest smaller portions ) and avoiding caffeine ( which can exacerbate heartbeat irregularities ) may be helpful. - wearing support stockings can help reduce swelling in the legs. - most often, some type of medication is prescribed for heart failure patients. - va", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.5305206994296466, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T11:31:47.563990"} {"text": "london, dec mber 6 : a new has demonstrated for the first time that a simple breath test could be used for colorectal cancer screening. cancer tissue has different metabolism compared to normal healthy cells and produces some substances which can be detected in the breath of these patients. analysis of the volatile organic compounds ( vocs ) linked to cancer is a new frontier in cancer screening. led by donato f. altomare, md, of the department of emergency and organ transplantation at the university aldo moro of bari, researchers collected exhaled breath from 37 patients with colorectal cancer and 41 healthy controls which was processed offline to evaluate the voc profile. vocs of interest had been identified and selected, and voc patterns able to discriminate patients from controls set up. a probabilistic neural network ( pnn ) was used to identify the pattern of vocs that better discriminated between the two groups. results showed that patients with colorectal cancer have a different selective voc pattern compared with healthy controls, based on analysis of 15 of 58 specific compounds in exhaled breath samples. the pnn in this study was able to discriminate patients with colorectal cancer with an accuracy of over 75 percent, with the model correctly assigning 19 patients. \u201c the technique of breath sampling is very easy and non - invasive, although the method is still in the early phase of development, \u201d altomare notes. \u201c our study \u2019 s findings provide further support for the value of breath testing as a screening tool. \u201d the study has been published in bjs. ( ani )", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.5079815420638096, "token_count": 323, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T11:31:47.591903"} {"text": "recent medical advancements have made it seem possible that the fountain of youth is only a decade away from reality. but even if we could develop something that enables us to achieve immortality, should we? recently, morgan freeman asked a tantalizing question on sci fi \u2019 s popular show \u201c through the wormhole. \u201d it is a question that has baffled scientists, doctors, adventurers and philosophers since humans \u2019 earliest times. the question of \" can we live forever \" is beyond fascinating for many of us, and even if it were possible, is that a good thing and is it really \" possible \" according to the laws of physics? first though, one must consider the broader implications of such a scientific breakthrough that extends beyond the planet earth and even human beings. for example, if in the hypothetical sequence posed, eternal life actually became common, how does it escape most accepted theories of the universe, which explicably say the universe has a beginning and an end? furthermore, there seems to be two competeting theories on the universe and its beginning and demise. the almost collectively accepted theory of the \u201c big bang \u201d seems to satisfy a genesis for the universe, whereas its end is controversial. physicists differ on how the universe may end in what are called \" the big rip \" and \" the big freeze \" or \" big crunch. \" see, astronomers have discovered that other stars are moving away from our star, the sun, at a faster rate than light would seemingly allow. this presents a major problem for scientists, because it seemingly violates the laws of physics. but because the universe is filled with exotic things such as dark matter and dark energy, it is impossible to truly calculate why this phenomenon is happening. so let us assume that this dark energy is something that naturally occurred before the big bang, so therefore it does not violate any natural laws, and it explains the faster - than - light growth of the universe and it would give credence to \" the big rip \" theory. this means, all matter would rip apart, which includes \" us, \" regardless of how long you have lived. in the other scenario, the universe expands like a big fat balloon and then, presumably gravity, contracts the universe and bang, it crunches \" us \" all. so again, regardless of age, there seems to be no escape. but, some scientists have explained there are other dimensions that could, again in theory, connect us to other universes \u2019, which could hypothetically extend life. but until that is proven, it is a long", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5534802296807594, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T11:31:47.638588"} {"text": ", there seems to be no escape. but, some scientists have explained there are other dimensions that could, again in theory, connect us to other universes \u2019, which could hypothetically extend life. but until that is proven, it is a long shot, and even if true, these other universes could be inhospitable to us. so why are we fascinated with living forever then, when if you look at the science, even if we prolong life, we will still \" die \" anyway? well, let us look at the recent fountain of youth advancements that may enable this philosophical paradox to even exist. currently, most data and scientists seem to conclude that the answer for longevity is in the dna. while some believe that singling out specific dna sequencing could help slow the aging process, others look to something called \u201c removing the garbage. \u201d essentially, this is based on the belief that proper cell division is hindered because too much \u201c garbage \u201d accumulates around the cells, causing them and us to advance more rapidly towards death. it seems that of all the data presented, a combination of gene therapy would be needed, because even if you slow the aging process or remove the dna sequence that makes death inevitable, we would just stay young longer and maybe not as active, or we would just live long but become old and handicapped. either of those two is not ideal, and only when combined is the fountain of youth humans desire accomplished. but again, the eventual death of the universe and the adverse societal impact it would have, makes the fountain of youth a scary proposition. if a sort of combined gene therapy were created that could keep us young and forever living, it would not only be groundbreaking, but dangerous. as we have witnessed with divisive debate over the recent health care bill that simply wanted to allow universal health care, a fountain of youth pill could create a massive war. who would be allowed to live forever? when we look at our current political climate, which even routine things such as raising the debt ceiling are impossible tasks, how could we ever develop a fair system based off of something so naturally intoxicating? well, i do not believe we could, so even if we could develop a form of therapy to allow eternal life, it is pointless for two specific reasons. for one, it still only prolongs the inevitable and it would probably cause the end of the world because something so good would allow people to believe it is ok to kill over, like we have done numerous times through out our history. so", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5658373059590707, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T11:31:47.639527"} {"text": "depression ), alcoholism or some other form of substance abuse. by definition, in generalized anxiety disorder, the person has persistent worry or anxiety that lasts for at least six months. this worry or anxiety is excessive, troubling and hard to control, and it often interferes with a person ' s ability to function at home, at work or in social situations. to be diagnosed with generalized anxiety disorder, a person has to have at least three of the following symptoms : people with generalized anxiety disorder also may have a wide range of anxiety - related physical symptoms that may seem like symptoms of heart disease, respiratory illness, digestive diseases and other medical illnesses. you may consult a primary care doctor first if you suspect your physical symptoms are part of a medical illness. your doctor may do tests to check for medical problems. if the results are normal, your doctor may ask about your family history, your history of any mental distress, current anxieties, recent stresses, and daily use of prescription and nonprescription drugs. some drugs can cause anxiety symptoms. the doctor then may refer you to a psychiatrist for care. your psychiatrist will diagnose generalized anxiety disorder based on a full psychiatric evaluation that includes : the psychiatrist also may order diagnostic tests, if necessary, to check for a medical illness. these won ' t be needed if they already have been done by the doctor who referred you to the psychiatrist. symptoms of generalized anxiety disorder can last for many months, but the condition can last longer ( many years ) especially without treatment, with symptoms occurring over many years. since stress is a normal part of life, there is usually no way to prevent generalized anxiety disorder in someone who is vulnerable. however, once diagnosed, various treatments can effectively reduce symptoms. if you have generalized anxiety disorder, the most effective treatment is usually a combination of medications and psychotherapy. research shows that using both has a more lasting positive effect than either one alone. your doctor may also offer treatment for other conditions that may be making matters worse, such as a medical problem or depression. you may need to try more than one approach before you find the right one. many different kinds of medications can relieve anxiety. here are the most common categories prescribed : a number of psychotherapy techniques may be helpful. here are some examples : your therapist may combine any of the above approaches or may discuss others - - for example, meditation, hypnosis or exercise - - with you so that the approach fits your specific problems and needs. when to call a professional see your doctor if you are troubled", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5002472797559987, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T11:31:47.649715"} {"text": "taqwa with their lord gardens of bliss \" ; salvation from the fire because of his words \" then we will save the ones who had taqwa \". there are ten things which awaken taqwa : fear of punishment in the next life ; fear [ of punishment in ] this life ; hope of worldly reward ; hope of the reward of the next world ; fear of the reckoning ; shyness and bashfulness before the gaze of allah, and this is the station of fearful watchfulness ( muraqabah ) ; showing gratitude for his blessings by obeying him ; knowledge, because of his words, \" they only fear allah, of his slaves, the ones who have knowledge \" ; exalting and honouring his majesty, and it is the station of awe ; sincerity in love because of the words of the one who said : \" you disobey god while you make apparent that you love him, this, by my life, in analogy is a marvel. if your love were sincere you would obey him, truly, the lover towards the one he loves is obedient. \" and to allah be attributed the good of the one who said : \" she said, and she had asked about the state of her lover, ' for allah ' s sake, describe him and do not omit nor exceed! ' i said, ' if he had feared death from thirst, and you had said, \" stop! don ' t approach the water! \" then he would not have approached. ' \" the third section there are five degrees of taqwa : that the slave should protect himself from kufr ( covering over the truth ), and that is the station of islam ; that he should protect himself from acts of disobedience and forbidden things, and it is the station of turning or repentance ( tawbah ) ; that he should protects himself from doubtful matters, and that is the station of caution or carefulness ( wara ' ) ; that he should protect himself from even those things that are permitted, and that is the station of doing without ( zuhd ) ; that he should protect himself from the presence of other than allah in his heart, and it is the presence of witnessing ( mushahadah ). that ends what ibn juzayy al - kalbi wrote on taqwa. edited by administrator", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5149326564039282, "token_count": 480, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T11:31:47.668270"} {"text": "you have been there before. the best part of any professional development activity is the collaboration with other teachers. hearing the struggles and successes of others helps us to articulate our own ideas and spark new excitement in our own curriculum. we hope to strengthen the community of chemistry educators and provide a place for discussion and collaboration right here at this site. summer is one of my favorite times as a teacher! like most teachers i like to take a little time away from school, but, once i ' ve rested a bit, its my favorite time to do research as well. i encourage you to take time this summer to explore labs and activities that you think may work for your classroom, but just didn ' t have time to examine with your busy teaching schedule. call for symposia and workshops for the 23rd bcce at grand valley state university \u2013 greener on the grand : empowering chemical educators for a greener tomorrow, august 3 \u2013 7, 2014 i \u2019 d like to report on one of the end - of - year research projects that two of my general chemistry students completed during class this year. if you \u2019 d like read more about these end - of year research projects in general, click here. wow! talk about an interesting idea! a very neat experiment, called \u201c hydroglyphics \u201d, has been published by philseok kim, jack alvarenga, joanna aizenberg and raymond sleeper in the journal of chemical education. i came across a simple, yet interesting experiment that was first described by elizabeth sumner walter in 2001. she merely had students pour water into a dish containing some gobstoppers candies. i showed this experiment to some of my college chemistry students while they were workin inquiry is a fluid concept. there are some truly fabulous activities on grand valley state university ' s target inquiry ( ti ) website ( www. gvsu. edu / targetinquiry ). yes, i am biased as i was part of the first ti cohort, but there are several labs now that were written later and they, too, are terrific.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5792744682242732, "token_count": 421, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T11:31:47.683165"} {"text": ". 5 million. the construction of a modern highway system has constricted the ability of the landscape to drain and recycle water. technological societies like israel and the united states have manipulated environments with determination but little understanding of the long - term impacts. lining riverbeds with concrete, as with the ayalon and throughout los angeles, gives the illusion of mastering nature. in average years, the consequences are mostly invisible ; the absence of thriving ecosystems is apparent, but not the failure of the aquifers to be recharged. then, the inevitable flooding causes surprise. when it comes to environmental issues, liberal democratic societies have been partially self - correcting. they periodically take steps, like dismantling dams in the pacific northwest and reflooding parts of the huleh basin, to ameliorate and undo negative conditions. arguably, however, israel \u2019 s environmental progress is slipping, a victim of both politics and economics. still, if israel and the united states have been environmentally overconfident and insensitive, other countries have been catastrophically cruel. the communist legacy of environmental destruction in russia, eastern europe, and china is nearly beyond description. soviet engineers reversed the flow of entire rivers and nearly emptied the entire aral sea, leaving a chemical - laden dustbowl. communist politics demanded that technology master and subjugate nature to demonstrate the wisdom and superiority of the party. zionists were never so absolute ; they were and, one hopes, are capable of learning to work with nature. the flooding in israel and elsewhere shows that nature will not be mastered. the response to the hundred - year storm or, worse, the earthquake and tsunami, can be planned up to a point \u2014 after which matters are in god \u2019 s hands. humans push the limits, ignoring, minimizing, or rationalizing risks as only they can. but flooded highways are gentle reminders that nature has its own reclamation project, which will triumph over ours. comments are closed for this article.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.5118342028225173, "token_count": 406, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T11:31:47.698948"} {"text": "any wages. the jews were also reported, apparently, to be transferring businesses to german figureheads in order to alleviate the results of this persecution ; accordingly the committee declared that any property so transferred was to be considered as jewish for the purpose of the boycott ( 2154 - ps ). it is therefore clear that early in 1933 streicher was taking a leading part, as appointed by the government, in the persecution against the jews. further extracts from streicher ' s newspapers illustrate the form which his propaganda developed as the years went on. an article in the new year ' s issue of a new paper founded and edited by streicher - - a semimedical paper called \" the people ' s health through blood and soil \" - - is an example of the remarkable lengths to which he went in propagandizing against the \" it is established for all eternity ; alien albumen is the sperm of a man of alien race. the male sperm in cohabitation is partially or completely absorbed by the female, and thus enters her bloodstream. one single cohabitation of a jew with an aryan woman is sufficient to poison her blood forever. together with the alien albumen she has absorbed the alien soul. never again will she be able to bear purely aryan children, even when married to an aryan. they will all be bastards, with a dual soul and a body of a mixed breed. their children will also be crossbreeds ; that means, ugly people of unsteady character and with a tendency to illnesses. now we know why the jew uses every artifice of seduction in order to ravish german girls at as early an age as possible ; why the jewish doctor rapes his patients while they were under anaesthetic. he wants the german girl and the german woman to absorb the alien sperm of the jew. she is never again to bear german children. but the blood products of all animals right down to the bacteria like the serum, lymph, extracts from internal organs etc., are all alien albumen. they have a poisonous effect if directly introduced into the blood stream either by vaccination or by injection. by these products of sick animals the blood is ravished, the aryan is impregnated with an alien species. the author and abettor of such action is the jew. he has been aware of the secrets of the race question for centuries, and therefore plans systematically the annihilation of the nations which are superior to him. science and authorities are his instruments for the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5161978087184553, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T11:31:47.735004"} {"text": "what may be the meaning of all this? ' she asked herself and her heart was pounding. and again she thought of the warning of her leader in the league of german girls. \" inge was already waiting for an hour. again she takes the journals in an endeavor to read. then the door opens. inge looks up. the jew appears. she screams. in terror she drops the paper. horrified she jumps up. her eyes stare into the face of the jewish doctor. and this face is the face of the devil. in the middle of this devil ' s face is a huge crooked nose. behind the spectacles two criminal eyes. and the thick lips are grinning, a grinning that expresses : ' now i got you at last, you little \" and then the jew approaches her. his fleshy fingers stretch out after her. but now inge has composed herself. before the jew can grab hold of her, she smacks the fat face of the jew doctor with her hand. one jump to the door. breathlessly inge runs down the stairs. breathlessly she escapes the jew house. \" ( 1778 - ps ). another photograph shows youthful admirers standing around looking at streicher ' s picture, with the following \" ' without a solution of the jewish question there will be no salvation for mankind. ' that is what he shouted to us. all of us could understand him. and when, at the end, he shouted ' sieg heil ' for the fuehrer, we all acclaimed him with tremendous enthusiasm. for two hours streicher spoke at that occasion. to us it appeared to have been but a few minutes. \" the effect of all this propaganda is evident from the columns of \" der stuermer \" itself. in april 1936 there was published a letter, which is typical of many others that appear in other copies from children of all ages. the third paragraph of this letter, signed by the boys and girls of the national socialist youth hostel at grossmuellen, reads : \" * * * today we saw a play on how the devil persuades - the jew to shoot a conscientious national socialist. in the course of the play the jew did it too. we all heard the shot. we would have all liked to jump up and arrest the jew. but then the policeman came and after a short struggle took the jew along. you can imagine, dear stuermer, that we heartily cheered the policeman. in the whole play not one name was mentioned,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.520394964481325, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 19, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T11:31:47.752947"} {"text": "simulink basics tutorial simulink is a graphical extension to matlab for modeling and simulation of systems. in simulink, systems are drawn on screen as block diagrams. many elements of block diagrams are available, such as transfer functions, summing junctions, etc., as well as virtual input and output devices such as function generators and oscilloscopes. simulink is integrated with matlab and data can be easily transfered between the programs. in these tutorials, we will apply simulink to the examples from the matlab tutorials to model the systems, build controllers, and simulate the systems. simulink is supported on unix, macintosh, and windows environments ; and is included in the student version of matlab for personal computers. for more information on simulink, contact the mathworks. the idea behind these tutorials is that you can view them in one window while running simulink in another window. system model files can be downloaded from the tutorials and opened in simulink. you will modify and extend these system while learning to use simulink for system modeling, control, and simulation. do not confuse the windows, icons, and menus in the tutorials for your actual simulink windows. most images in these tutorials are not live - they simply display what you should see in your own simulink windows. all simulink operations should be done in your simulink windows. simulink is started from the matlab command prompt by entering the following command : alternatively, you can hit the new simulink model button at the top of the matlab command window as shown below : when it starts, simulink brings up two windows. the first is the main simulink window, which appears as : the second window is a blank, untitled, model window. this is the window into which a new model can be drawn. in simulink, a model is a collection of blocks which, in general, represents a system. in addition, to drawing a model into a blank model window, previously saved model files can be loaded either from the file menu or from the matlab command prompt. as an example, download the following model file by clicking on the following link and saving the file in the directory you are running matlab from. open this file in simulink by entering the following command in the matlab command window. ( alternatively, you can load this file using the open option in the file menu in simulink,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5234070242363962, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T11:31:47.803984"} {"text": "in the directory you are running matlab from. open this file in simulink by entering the following command in the matlab command window. ( alternatively, you can load this file using the open option in the file menu in simulink, or by hitting ctrl + o in simulink. ) the following model window should appear. a new model can be created by selecting new from the file menu in any simulink window ( or by hitting ctrl + n ). there are two major classes of items in simulink : blocks and lines. blocks are used to generate, modify, combine, output, and display signals. lines are used to transfer signals from one block to another. there are several general classes of blocks : blocks have zero to several input terminals and zero to several output terminals. unused input terminals are indicated by a small open triangle. unused output terminals are indicated by a small triangular point. the block shown below has an unused input terminal on the left and an unused output terminal on the right. - sources : used to generate various signals - sinks : used to output or display signals - discrete : linear, discrete - time system elements ( transfer functions, state - space models, etc. ) - linear : linear, continuous - time system elements and connections ( summing junctions, gains, etc. ) - nonlinear : nonlinear operators ( arbitrary functions, saturation, delay, etc. ) - connections : multiplex, demultiplex, system macros, etc. lines transmit signals in the direction indicated by the arrow. lines must always transmit signals from the output terminal of one block to the input terminal of another block. on exception to this is a line can tap off of another line, splitting the signal to each of two destination blocks, as shown below ( click the figure to download the model file called split. mdl ). lines can never inject a signal into another line ; lines must be combined through the use of a block such as a summing junction. a signal can be either a scalar signal or a vector signal. for single - input, single - output systems, scalar signals are generally used. for multi - input, multi - output systems, vector signals are often used, consisting of two or more scalar signals. the lines used to transmit scalar and vector signals are identical. the type of signal carried by a line is determined by the blocks on either end of the the simple model ( from the model file section ) consists of three blocks : step, transfer fc", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5206952628812582, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T11:31:47.804926"} {"text": "the lines used to transmit scalar and vector signals are identical. the type of signal carried by a line is determined by the blocks on either end of the the simple model ( from the model file section ) consists of three blocks : step, transfer fcn, and scope. the step is a source block from which a step input signal originates. this signal is transfered through the line in the direction indicated by the arrow to the transfer function linear block. the transfer function modifies its input signal and outputs a new signal on a line to the scope. the scope is a sink block used to display a signal much like an oscilloscope. there are many more types of blocks available in simulink, some of which will be discussed later. right now, we will examine just the three we have used in the simple model. a block can be modified by double - clicking on it. for example, if you double - click on the \" transfer fcn \" block in the simple model, you will see the following dialog box. this dialog box contains fields for the numerator and the denominator of the block ' s transfer function. by entering a vector containing the coefficients of the desired numerator or denominator polynomial, the desired transfer function can be entered. for example, to change the denominator to s ^ 2 + 2s + 1, enter the following into the denominator [ 1 2 1 ] and hit the close button, the model window will change to the which reflects the change in the denominator of the transfer function. the \" step \" block can also be double - clicked, bringing up the following the default parameters in this dialog box generate a step function occurring at time = 1 sec, from an initial level of zero to a level of 1. ( in other words, a unit step at t = 1 ). each of these parameters can be changed. close this dialog before continuing. the most complicated of these three blocks is the \" scope \" block. double clicking on this brings up a blank oscilloscope screen. when a simulation is performed, the signal which feeds into the scope will be displayed in this window. detailed operation of the scope will not be covered in this tutorial. the only function we will use is the autoscale button, which appears as a pair of binoculars in the upper portion of the window. to run a simulation, we will work with the following model file : download and open this file in simulink following the previous", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5451888383463686, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T11:31:47.805876"} {"text": "field. close the dialog box. - double - click your gain block. change the gain to 2. 5 and close the dialog box. - double - click the leftmost transfer function block. change the numerator to [ 1 2 ] and the denominator to [ 1 0 ]. close the dialog - double - click the rightmost transfer function block. leave the numerator, but change the denominator to [ 1 2 4 ]. close the dialog box. your model should appear as : - change the name of the first transfer function block by clicking on the words \" transfer fcn \". a box and an editing cursor will appear on the block ' s name as shown below. use the keyboard ( the mouse is also useful ) to delete the existing name and type in the new name, \" pi controller \". click anywhere outside the name box to finish editing. - similarly, change the name of the second transfer function block from \" transfer fcn1 \" to \" plant \". now, all the blocks are entered properly. your model should appear as : connecting blocks with lines now that the blocks are properly laid out, you will now connect them together. follow these steps. - drag the mouse from the output terminal of the step block to the upper ( positive ) input of the sum block. let go of the mouse button only when the mouse is right on the input terminal. do not worry about the path you follow while dragging, the line will route itself. you should see the following. the resulting line should have a filled arrowhead. if the arrowhead is open, as shown below, it means it is not connected to anything. you can continue the partial line you just drew by treating the open arrowhead as an output terminal and drawing just as before. alternatively, if you want to redraw the line, or if the line connected to the wrong terminal, you should delete the line and redraw it. to delete a line ( or any other object ), simply click on it to select it, and hit the delete key. - draw a line connecting the sum block output to the gain input. also draw a line from the gain to the pi controller, a line from the pi controller to the plant, and a line from the plant to the scope. you should now have the following. - the line remaining to be drawn is the feedback signal connecting the output of the plant to the negative input of the sum block. this line is", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_computing", "similarity_score": 0.5056383755644056, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T11:31:47.810102"} {"text": "icmake part 2 icmake source files are written according to a well - defined syntax, closely resembling the syntax of the c programming language. this is no coincidence. since the c programming language is so central in the unix operating system, we assumed that many people using the unix operating system are familiar with this language. providing a new tool which is founded on this familiar programming language relieves everybody of the burden of learning yet another dialect, thus simplifying the use of the new system and allowing its new users to concentrate on its possibilities rather than on its grammatical form. considering icmake ' s specific function, we have incorporated a lot of familiar constructs from c into icmake : most c operators were implemented in icmake, as were some of the standard c runtime functions. in this respect icmake ' s grammar is a subset of the c programming language. however, we have taken the liberty of defining two datatypes not normally found in c. there is a datatype ` string ' ( yes, its variables contain strings ) and a datatype ` list ', containing lists of strings. we believe these extensions to the c programming language are so minor that just this paragraph would probably suffice for their definition. however, they will be described in somewhat greater detail in the following sections. also, some elements of c + + are found in icmake ' s grammar : some icmake - functions have been overloaded ; they do different but comparable tasks depending on the types of arguments they are called with. again, we believe this to be a minor departure from the ` pure c ' grammar, and think this practice is very much in line with c + + ' s philosophy. one of the tasks of the preprocessor is to strip the makefile of comment. icmake recognizes two types of comment : standard c - like comment and end - of - line comment, which is also recognized by the gnu c compiler and by microsoft ' s c compiler. standard comment must be preceded by / * and must be closed by * /. this type of comment may stretch over more than one line. end - of - line comment is preceded by / / and ends when a new line starts. lines which start with #! are skipped by the preprocessor. this feature is included to allow the use of executable makefiles. apart from the #! directive, icmake recognizes two more preprocessor directives : # include and # define.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5432705821944307, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T11:31:47.819437"} {"text": "skipped by the preprocessor. this feature is included to allow the use of executable makefiles. apart from the #! directive, icmake recognizes two more preprocessor directives : # include and # define. all preprocessor directives start with a ` # ' - character which must be located at the first column of a line in the makefile. the # include directive must obey the following syntax : when the preprocessor icm - pp encounters this directive, ` filename ' is read. the filename may include a path specification. when the filename is surrounded by double quotes, icm - pp attempts to access this file exactly as stated. when the filename is enclosed by < and >, icm - pp attempts to access this file relative to the directory pointed to by the environment variable im. using the # include directive, large icmake scripts may be modularized, or a set of standard icmake source scripts may be used to realize a particular icmake script. the # define directive is a means of incorporating constants in a makefile. the directive follows the following syntax : # define identifier redefinition - of - identifier the defined name ( the name of the defined constant ) must be an identifier according to the c programming language : the first character must be an underscore or a character of the alphabet ; subsequent characters may be underscores or alphanumerics. the redefinition part of the # define directive consists of spaces, numbers, or whatever is appropriate. the preprocessor simply replaces all occurrences of the defined constant following the # define directive by the redefinition part. note that redefinition ' s are not further expanded ; an already defined name which occurs in the redefinition part is not processed but is left as - is. also note that icm - pp considers the redefinition part to be all characters found on a line beyond the defined constant. this would also include comment, if found on the line. consequently, it is normally not a good idea to use comment - to - end - of - line on lines containing # define directives. | non - linux foss : libnotify, os x style | | jun 18, 2013 | | containers \u2014 not virtual machines \u2014 are the future cloud | | jun 17, 2013 | | lock - free multi - producer multi - consumer queue on ring buffer", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5260117883985116, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T11:31:47.820347"} {"text": "foss : libnotify, os x style | | jun 18, 2013 | | containers \u2014 not virtual machines \u2014 are the future cloud | | jun 17, 2013 | | lock - free multi - producer multi - consumer queue on ring buffer | | jun 12, 2013 | | weechat, irssi ' s little brother | | jun 11, 2013 | | one tail just isn ' t enough | | jun 07, 2013 | | introduction to mapreduce with hadoop on linux | | jun 05, 2013 | - containers \u2014 not virtual machines \u2014 are the future cloud - non - linux foss : libnotify, os x style - linux systems administrator - validate an e - mail address with php, the right way - lock - free multi - producer multi - consumer queue on ring buffer - senior perl developer - technical support rep - ux designer - rss feeds - introduction to mapreduce with hadoop on linux free webinar : hadoop how to build an optimal hadoop cluster to store and maintain unlimited amounts of data using microservers realizing the promise of apache\u00ae hadoop\u00ae requires the effective deployment of compute, memory, storage and networking to achieve optimal results. with its flexibility and multitude of options, it is easy to over or under provision the server infrastructure, resulting in poor performance and high tco. join us for an in depth, technical discussion with industry experts from leading hadoop and server companies who will provide insights into the key considerations for designing and deploying an optimal hadoop cluster. some of key questions to be discussed are : - what is the \u201c typical \u201d hadoop cluster and what should be installed on the different machine types? - why should you consider the typical workload patterns when making your hardware decisions? - are all microservers created equal for hadoop deployments? - how do i plan for expansion if i require more compute, memory, storage or networking?", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.514484341000747, "token_count": 393, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T11:31:47.821245"} {"text": "homocysteine, total, plasma as an aid for screening patients suspected of having an inherited disorder of methionine metabolism including : - cystathionine beta - synthase deficiency ( homocystinuria ) - methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase deficiency ( mthfr ) and its thermolabile variants : - methionine synthase deficiency - cobalamin ( cbl ) metabolism : - combined methyl - cbl and adenosyl - cbl deficiencies : cbl c2, cbl d2, and cbl f3 deficiencies - methyl - cbl specific deficiencies : cbl d - var1, cbl e, and cbl g deficiencies - transcobalamin ii deficiency : - adenosylhomocysteinase ( ahcy ) deficiency - glycine n - methyltransferase ( gnmt ) deficiency - methionine adenosyltransferase ( mat ) i / iii deficiency clinical information discusses physiology, pathophysiology, and general clinical aspects, as they relate to a laboratory test to be used in conjunction with plasma amino acids and urine organic acids to aid in the biochemical screening for primary and secondary disorders of methionine metabolism. homocysteine is an intermediary in the sulfur - amino acid metabolism pathways, linking the methionine cycle to the folate cycle. inborn errors of metabolism that lead to homocysteinemia / - uria include cystathionine beta - synthase deficiency ( homocystinuria ) and various defects of methionine re - methylation. genetic defects in vitamin cofactors ( vitamin b6, b12, and folate ) and nutritional deficiency of b12 and folate also lead to abnormal homocysteine accumulation. homocysteine concentration is an indicator of acquired folate or cobalamin deficiency, and is a contributing factor in the pathogenesis of neural tube defects. homocysteine also was thought to be an independent predictor of cardiovascular disease ( atherosclerosis, heart disease, thromboembolism ), as early observational studies prior to 2000 linked homocysteine to cardiovascular risk and morbidity and mortality. however, following fda - mandated folic acid supplementation in 1998, homocysteine concentrations decreased by approximately 10 % without a similar change in cardiovascular or ischemic events. currently, the use of homocysteine", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.5046111157235829, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T11:31:47.869855"} {"text": "a cortisol level is a blood test that measures the amount of cortisol, a steroid hormone produced by the adrenal gland. how the test is performed a blood sample is needed. for information on how this is done, see : venipuncture how to prepare for the test usually, the health care provider will ask that the test be done in the morning. this is important, because cortisol levels vary throughout the day. the health care provider may ask you to stop taking drugs that can affect the test. drugs that can increase cortisol measurements include : human - made ( synthetic ) glucocorticoids, such as prednisone and prednisolone drugs that can decrease cortisol measurements include : how the test will feel when the needle is inserted to draw blood, some people feel moderate pain, while others feel only a prick or stinging sensation. afterward, there may be some throbbing. why the test is performed the test is done to check for increased or decreased cortisol production. cortisol is a steroid hormone released from the adrenal gland in response to acth, a hormone from the pituitary gland in the brain. cortisol affects many different body systems. it plays a role in : metabolism of fats, carbohydrates, and protein different diseases, such as cushing ' s disease and addison ' s disease, can lead to either too much or too little production of cortisol. cortisol levels are often measured to help diagnose these conditions and to evaluate how well the pituitary and adrenal glands are working. normal values for a blood sample taken at 8 in the morning are 6 - 23 micrograms per deciliter ( mcg / dl ). the examples above are common measurements for results for these tests. normal value ranges may vary slightly among different laboratories. some labs use different measurements or may test different specimens. talk to your doctor about the meaning of your specific test results. what abnormal results mean higher than normal levels may indicate : the pituitary gland near the brain makes too much of the hormone acth ( called cushing ' s disease ) because of excess growth of the pituitary gland, or a tumor in the pituitary gland or elsewhere in the body ( such as the pancreas, lung, and thyroid ) veins and arteries vary in size from one patient to another and from one side of the body to the other. obtaining a blood sample from", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5077655923790362, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.5, "created_at": "2025-12-19T11:31:47.896868"}