june 9, 2010 three - dimensional imaging is dramatically expanding the ability of researchers to examine biological specimens, enabling a peek into their internal structures. and recent advances in x - ray diffraction methods have helped extend the limit of this approach. while significant progress has been made in optical microscopy to break the diffraction barrier, such techniques rely on fluorescent labeling technologies, which prohibit the quantitative 3 - d imaging of the entire contents of cells. cryo - electron microscopy can image structures at a resolution of 3 to 5 nanometers, but this only works with thin or sectioned specimens. and although x - ray protein crystallography is currently the primary method used for determining the 3 - d structure of protein molecules, many biological specimens - - such as whole cells, cellular organelles, some viruses and many important protein molecules - - are difficult or impossible to crystallize, making their structures inaccessible. overcoming these limitations requires the employment of different techniques. now, in a paper published may 31 in proceedings of national academy of sciences, ucla researchers and their collaborators demonstrate the use of a unique x - ray diffraction microscope that enabled them to reveal the internal structure of yeast spores. the team reports the quantitative 3 - d imaging of a whole, unstained cell at a resolution of 50 to 60 nanometers using x - ray diffraction microscopy, also known as lensless imaging. researchers identified the 3 - d morphology and structure of cellular organelles, including the cell wall, vacuole, endoplasmic reticulum, mitrochondria, granules and nucleolus. the work may open a door to identifying the individual protein molecules inside whole cells using labeling technologies. the lead authors on the paper are huaidong jiang, a ucla assistant researcher in physics and astronomy, and john miao, a ucla professor of physics and astronomy. the work is a culmination of a collaboration started three years ago with fuyu tamanoi, ucla professor of microbiology, immunology and molecular genetics. miao and tamanoi are both researchers at ucla ' s california nanosystems institute. other collaborators include teams at riken spring 8 in japan and the institute of physics, academia sinica, in taiwan. " this is the first time that people have been able to peek into the 3 - d internal structure of a biological specimen, without cutting it into sections, using x - ray diffraction microscopy, " miao said. " by avoiding use of x - ray lenses, the resolution of


have been able to peek into the 3 - d internal structure of a biological specimen, without cutting it into sections, using x - ray diffraction microscopy, " miao said. " by avoiding use of x - ray lenses, the resolution of x - ray diffraction microscopy is ultimately limited by radiation damage to biological specimens. using cryogenic technologies, 3 - d imaging of whole biological cells at a resolution of 5 to 10 nanometers should be achievable, " miao said. " our work hence paves a way for quantitative 3 - d imaging of a wide range of biological specimens at nanometer - scale resolutions that are too thick for electron microscopy. " tamanoi prepared the yeast spore samples analyzed in this study. spores are specialized cells that are formed when they are placed under nutrient - starved conditions. cells use this survival strategy to cope with harsh conditions. " biologists wanted to examine internal structures of the spore, but previous microscopic studies provided information on only the surface features. we are very excited to be able to view the spore in 3 - d, " tamanoi said. " we can now look into the structure of other spores, such as anthrax spores and many other fungal spores. it is also important to point out that yeast spores are of similar size to many intracellular organelles in human cells. these can be examined in the future. " since its first experimental demonstration by miao and collaborators in 1999, coherent diffraction microscopy has been applied to imaging a wide range of materials science and biological specimens, such as nanoparticles, nanocrystals, biomaterials, cells, cellular organelles, viruses and carbon nanotubes using x - ray, electron and laser facilities worldwide. until now, however, the radiation - damage problem and the difficulty of acquiring high - quality 3 - d diffraction patterns from individual whole cells have prevented the successful high - resolution 3 - d imaging of biological cells by x - ray diffraction. other social bookmarking and sharing tools : - h. jiang, c. song, c. - c. chen, r. xu, k. s. raines, b. p. fahimian, c. - h. lu, t. - k. lee, a. nakashima, j. urano, t. ishikawa, f. tamanoi, j. miao. quantitative 3d imaging of whole, unstained cells by using x - ray diff


caused by methylmercury requires global - scale cooperation on policies and source reductions. negotiations by the united nations environment program are currently underway to address mercury emission levels. " other social bookmarking and sharing tools : - martine bellanger, celine pichery, dominique aerts, marika berglund, argelia castano, maja cejchanova, pierre crettaz, fred davidson, marta esteban, karen exley, marc e fischer, anca elena gurzau, katarina halzlova, andromachi katsonouri, lisbeth e knudsen, marike kolossa - gehring, gudrun koppen, danuta ligocka, ana miklavcic, m fatima reis, peter rudnai, janja snoj tratnik, pal weihe, esben budtz - jørgensen, philippe grandjean. economic benefits of methylmercury exposure control in europe : monetary value of neurotoxicity prevention. environmental health, 2013 ; 12 ( 1 ) : 3 doi : 10. 1186 / 1476 - 069x - 12 - 3 - elsie m sunderland, noelle e selin. future trends in environmental mercury concentrations : implications for prevention strategies. environmental health, 2013 ; 12 ( 1 ) : 2 doi : 10. 1186 / 1476 - 069x - 12 - 2 note : if no author is given, the source is cited instead.


web edition : may 27, 2011 it took no time in december for critics to cast doubt on the remarkable claim that a bacterium force - fed with arsenic incorporated some of the poison into its cells and even its dna. as soon as the science paper by felisa wolfe - simon and colleagues was published, critics took to the airwaves and the blogosphere ; there was even coverage of the coverage. the debate over whether an organism could substitute a normally toxic substance, arsenic, for phosphorus, one of life ’ s six elemental building blocks — and whether wolfe - simon and her colleagues demonstrated an instance that substitution — continues with a formal octet of criticisms published online today in science. and you can take a look for yourself at the whole thing, because the journal has made the papers freely available. some of the objections are with the science done ( or not done ) by the research team. the growth medium for example, in which the microbes known as strain gfaj - 1 were cultured, contained some phosphorous, one researcher notes. others take issue with the math with which the data was analyzed. other scientists cast doubt on the claims not because of the nitty - gritty of the lab work, but because the report challenges a lot of known science, such as the chemical reactions that go into building a dna molecule and how that might work — or not work — if arsenic were swapped for phosphorous. science also published a response by wolfe - simon and her colleagues, in which they address the presented critiques. and so this scientific version of clue continues : was it gfaj - 1, in the lab, with the arsenic? that still isn ’ t clear, but as science notes in its introduction to the debate, science is proceeding as it should.


what is scientology? scientology definiton : scio ( latin ) “ knowing, in the fullest sense of the word, ” logos ( greek ) “ study of. ” thus scientology means “ knowing how to know. ” developed by l. ron hubbard, scientology is a religion that offers a precise path leading to a complete and certain understanding of one ’ s true spiritual nature and one ’ s relationship to self, family, groups, mankind, all life forms, the material universe, the spiritual universe and the supreme being. scientology addresses the spirit — not the body or mind — and believes that man is far more than a product of his environment, or his genes. scientology comprises a body of knowledge which extends from certain fundamental truths. prime among these are : man is an immortal spiritual being. his experience extends well beyond a single lifetime. his capabilities are unlimited, even if not presently realized. the creed of the church of scientology the creed of the church of scientology was written by l. ron hubbard shortly after the church was formed in los angeles on february 18, 1954. after mr. hubbard issued this creed from his office in phoenix, arizona, the church of scientology adopted it as its creed because it succinctly states what scientologists believe. within the vast amount of data which makes up scientology ’ s religious beliefs and practices there are many principles which, when learned, give one a new and broader view of life. knowing the tone scale, for instance, a person can see how best to deal with a grumpy child, mollify an upset friend or get an idea across to a staid employer. these principles amount to a huge area of observation in the humanities. it is a body of knowledge there for the learning. there is nothing authoritarian in it. it is valuable purely as a body of knowledge. who was l. ron hubbard? l. ron hubbard was an author, philosopher, humanitarian and founder of the scientology religion. he was born march 13, 1911, in tilden, nebraska, and passed away january 24, 1986. his long and adventurous road to discovery began at an early age. under the tutelage of his mother, a thoroughly educated woman, he was reading well beyond his years : shakespeare, greek philosophy and an array of later classics. yet his early years were far from bookish and with his family ’ s move to helena, montana, he was soon breaking broncos with the best of the local wranglers. as an inquisitive youth in what was then still a rough


latest news about stars and galaxies stars are giant, luminous spheres of plasma. galaxies consist of stars, stellar remnants, dust, gas, and dark matter, bound together by gravity. learn more about stars and galaxies. nasa ' s nustar mission will peer through the dust and gas to see what what lies in the centers of other galaxies. nasa ' s kepler mission, a space - based telescopic camera, has discovered planets orbiting stars beyond our sun. though an earth - like planet in the " goldilocks zone " hasn ' t yet been positively identified, astronomers believe it ' s just a matter of time. the new photo captures perhaps 1 percent of our galaxy ' s stars. nasa ' s spitzer space telescope is designed to study objects in infrared light. the new image shows more than 200, 000 galaxies that each contains billions of stars. the globular cluster at the center of our galaxy contains stars twice as old as the sun. new observations support the idea that galaxies expel gas and then suck it back in to create baby stars. a new survey of distant galaxies provides new clues about how these cosmic objects evolved. this cool space wallpaper shows a massive, young stellar grouping, called r136, is only a few million years old and resides in the 30 doradus nebula, a turbulent star - birth region in the large magellanic cloud, a satellite galaxy of the milky way. the hercules cluster is unlike many other neighboring galaxy groups. this stunning space wallpaper reveals the natural - color image of the galaxies was taken with nasa ' s hubble space telescope and with the canada - france - hawaii telescope in hawaii. infrared observations of the orion nebula show young stars as they mature into adulthood. these outflows could shape the growth of black holes and dictate star formation in their host galaxies. this mind - bending look at our day and night sky – including some auroras – was cut together by randy halverson ( dakotalapse. com ). the score was composed by bear mccreary ( battlestar galactica, the walking dead, eureka, etc. ). the galaxies are said to be in a smooth, curved line making them appear to be connected in a chain. the extremely bright x - ray source in the andromeda galaxy was first detected in late 2009. the carina nebula is home to several of the brightest and most massive known stars.


hope for spinal - injury victims canterbury university research is aimed at giving people with spinal - cord injuries improved movement and stability. phd student cindy allison plans to draw on the work of israeli physicist moshe feldenkrais to develop a group programme for disabled people that would be accessible and affordable. the feldenkrais method aims to restore the sensory system through specific movements and attention to sensory feedback, with research showing it could reduce pain, fatigue, stress and medical costs, while improving mobility, stability, co - ordination and breathing. allison said kevin hitchcock, a former director of news at channel ten in sydney, was told he would be paralysed from the neck down for the rest of his life after a diving accident, but had made an almost full recovery using the feldenkrais method. american molly hale broke her neck in 1995 and was told she would be paralysed from the shoulders down, but this year was able to walk unassisted for the first time since her accident. irene lober, of germany, was able to ski, despite being told she would need a wheelchair for the rest of her life. most disabled people who used the method did so individually. " working in a group setting, you get the added benefit of inspiration and frequent humour from others in the group, she said. " they also get a bit of an understanding of the method so they can do things on their own during the week. " - © fairfax nz news would you like to see a bike - share scheme in christchurch? related story : free bikes plan for christchurch


short - chain fructo - oligosaccharides are obtained from sugar beet, by means of an enzyme produced by aspergillus niger, a microscopic fungus widely used in the food industry. the effects of short - chain oligosaccharides have been demonstrated in over 150 scientific and medical studies, which have investigated the effects of daily consumption of 2. 5 g. ¤ fructo - oligosaccharides selectively nourish the bifidobacteria that benefit intestinal flora. a notable positive effect on the proliferation of these bacteria was observed at a dose of 2. 5 g fructo - oligosaccharides a day, an effect which increased with doses up to 10 g a day. the bifidogenic effect is apparent after only four days of taking fructo - oligosaccharides. ¤ fructo - oligosaccharides : - improve digestive health : - promote a healthy colon and digestive system. taking fructo - oligosaccharides stimulates production of short - chain fatty acids, particularly butyrate, the fuel ' of the colon. by increasing butyrate levels from intestinal fermentation, fructo - oligosaccharides help maintain a healthy intestinal mucous membrane. they also have a tendency to reduce the colon ' s ph, linked to the production of short chain fatty acids. this decrease in ph helps maintain the colon in a healthy state ; - after 6 weeks ' consumption, abdominal pain was reported to have decreased significantly. 96 % of subjects observed a noticeable improvement in their digestion and 83 % reported an improvement in their general well - being, - taking 5 g fructo - oligosaccharides a day over six week reduced the intensity and occurrence of digestive problems, improving the digestion and quality of life of 105 volunteers with mild intestinal problems ; - a dose of 8 g a day has a beneficial effect on the lipid profile ; - 10 g a day boosts magnesium and calcium absorption ; several studies have shown that it increases the absorption of isoflavones in food and improves bone mineral density. ¤ a number of studies have demonstrated a beneficial effect on the immune system, with a strengthening effect on the intestinal barrier and a reduction in potentially pathogenic bacteria in the intestinal system. by modulating intestinal flora and fermentation, they have a major effect on resistance to diseases such as cancer or


today ’ s market demands require the balancing of many competing priorities. specifically, in dealing with the interior furnishings of both residential and commercial projects, there are many factors to consider when selecting the most appropriate decorative panel, including price - point, durability, cutting edge design and overall sustainability. the selection of surface materials is one key to making all of this happen. this continuing education course will guide you through the evolution of decorative surface materials to help you navigate and select the best engineered overlay for any commercial and residential application. part 1 : a revolutionary evolution no introduction to decorative surface materials would be complete without paying homage to the technological history of plastic laminates and the stage that has been set for future advances. the machine age [ roughly 1905 - 1945 ] during the machine age scientists around the world were working to develop synthetic plastics. they came to understand that plastic is an amorphous solid consisting of long - chain molecules known as polymers, which do not break apart when flexed and are usually made from artificial resins. plastics were defined as thermosets and thermoplastics, and both would be used to engineer decorative surface materials. in the early 1900 ’ s the first plastic laminate material was made by impregnating kraft paper ( similar to brown bag paper ) with phenolic resin and compressing it under high temperatures and pressure in a process called thermosetting that irreversibly cured the resin. the resulting material was resistant to heat, water, chemicals and electrical current. originally it was used as an insulator for industrial products, but designers soon recognized the material ’ s uniform character and durability and started using it for other applications such as radio exteriors. the machine age also saw the emergence of high - speed printing presses and large - scale roduction machinery. in the 1920 ’ s, decor papers ( printed with solid colors, woodgrains, natural and abstract designs ) were added on top of kraft paper before thermosetting to give the finished plastic laminate product different visual effects. phenolic resins are known for their hardness, durability and resistance to moisture, but they are also dark in color. so in the 1930 ’ s a resin called melamine, which produces a clear surface, was developed. in contemporary manufacturing of plastic laminate ( commonly referred to as high - pressure laminate or hpl ), the top two layers, typically a transparent wear layer and decor paper design, are impregnated with melamine resin, and the bottom kraft layers


manufacturing of plastic laminate ( commonly referred to as high - pressure laminate or hpl ), the top two layers, typically a transparent wear layer and decor paper design, are impregnated with melamine resin, and the bottom kraft layers use phenolic resins. during this same period industrial chemists were also developing thermoplastic plastics. these turn into a liquid when heated, and solidify when sufficiently cooled. they include polyethylene polymers such as vinyl ( pvc ), which is flame, water and corrosion resistant – characteristics that made it an excellent insulating material for the wires on u. s. military ships. despite vinyl ’ s practical beginnings, one of its most remarkable characteristics has proven to be its versatility, making it the second largest selling plastic in the world today. for the production of thermoplastic decorative surface materials, a thin sheetof pvc film is membrane vacuum pressed or profi le wrapped to a substrate. pvc films can be solid color or carry printed designs such as wood grains and abstracts. the atomic age [ roughly 1945 - 1985 ] from their inception, decorative surface materials derived from plastics offered designers excellent performance. as the visual design offerings improved so did the markets for these materials. by the 1950 ’ s, hpl plastic laminate was a popular decorative surface material for everything from cruise ships and soda fountains to high - end kitchens and furniture. vinyl products, with their characteristic low - cost versatility, were specified for tabletops, seating upholstery and wall coverings, as well as carpets, textiles, plastic wrap and pipes. the early part of this period reflects the end of wartime and the promise of a brighter future built on mankind ’ s ingenuity and collective work. this philosophy, combined with the ever - evolving palette of available building materials and decorative surfaces, gave architects and designers more room to dream. one result of this was googie architecture. though the space age motifs and giant tiki ’ s of googie faded away by the mid - 1960 ’ s, the movement itself stretched the imagination of design professionals and consumers alike. around the same time that googie lost its luster, advances in printing technology brought a new standard of consistency and realism to decor printing. rotogravure printing is the historical printing process of choice for fine art and photography reproduction due to its remarkable color density light to dark gradient. it is also the industry standard for decor printing. one of the advantages of using decorative surface materials is the infinite design possibilities of


printing is the historical printing process of choice for fine art and photography reproduction due to its remarkable color density light to dark gradient. it is also the industry standard for decor printing. one of the advantages of using decorative surface materials is the infinite design possibilities of decor printing, which can be done on paper of varying thickness ( typically with water - based pigments ) or on plastic films ( typically with solvent - based inks ). the photorealistic quality of gravure printing allows designers to replicate natural designs with great fidelity. at the same time, the process makes it possible to create decor papers and films with patterns and dimensionality that do not exist in nature. rotogravure printing involves engraving the design image onto an image carrier, which in the case of rotary printing is a cylinder. the development of electro - mechanical cylinder engraving in 1968 greatly increased the fidelity of the engraved designs. during the gravure process, the engraved cylinder is partially submerged into an ink fountain, which then fills the recessed cells with ink. the rotational motion of the cylinder draws the ink out of the fountain, and a doctor blade scrapes the excess color from the non - printing areas of the cylinder before it makes contact with the paper, which is generally fed through the press from large rolls rather than sheets. the paper ( or plastic film ) is sandwiched between the gravure cylinder and an impression roller, which applies the force that transfers the ink to the paper. this method ensures maximum saturation of ink. each color in a design requires its own printing unit ( engraved cylinder ). the paper goes through a dryer to make sure it is completely dry between color units. in addition to its aesthetic appeal, the performance of laminated surfaces was getting more attention during this period. hpl countertops offered consumers a viable option to solid wood ( which was said to crack, warp and hold bacteria ) and stone ( which was said to be heavy, costly and porous ). kitchens decked out in hpl and vinyl furniture, cabinets and counter tops were the height of fashion. often these materials were intended to look like what they were, which is to say plastic. while this was initially considered futuristic and cutting edge, it soon would appear dated. the information age [ roughly 1985 until early 2000 ’ s ] this early part of this time frame might be characterized as the pre - pubescence of laminated decorative surface materials. it was a time of great growth and opportunity, as well as some awkwardness and misunderstanding. new techniques were developed to expand


s ] this early part of this time frame might be characterized as the pre - pubescence of laminated decorative surface materials. it was a time of great growth and opportunity, as well as some awkwardness and misunderstanding. new techniques were developed to expand the usage of decorative surface materials. some of them improved the performance of plastic laminates, such as the 20 - fold increase of durability that evolved with the introduction of laminate flooring products. a classic example is vertical surfaces. hpl is an extremely high performance product. it is perfect for usage in horizontal work surface and high - traffic areas. “ value - engineered ” new products were designed and introduced to meet the needs of similar applications with lower manufacturing costs. a good example of this is thermally fused melamine ( tfm ), which is essentially the top layers of hpl ( decor paper impregnated with melamine resins ), thermally fused to particleboard or mdf forming a stand - alone decorative panel. as these derivative products emerged they were not always specified based on the value of their performance, but often purely on cost. this had a negative effect on the perception of laminated decorative surfaces and the term “ laminate ” took on the connotation of a low quality imitation product, an unfortunate misconception. in a sense, engineered products were victims of their own genius, particularly considering how quickly technology advanced in the information age. but all was not lost, and savvy professionals knew that to maximize the use of any material it was important to understand its strengths and limitations. this explains the resurgence of design interest in the potential of laminated decorative surface materials. in addition to specialized performance, decorative surfaces were undergoing a paradigm shift in visual realism during this period. computers and digital scanning technology now allow decor designers to replicate any material with unprecedented fidelity and dimensionality. imaging software has made it possible to bring any design that can be imagined into being. laser engraving of rotogravure cylinders enables sharper contrast and more subtle tonal gradients than was previously possible. it has also expedited the process of decor development and sampling. new digital ink - jet printing technologies are driving decor development to move beyond commodity designs and into experimental boutique fashions and customized surfaces such as logos and murals. advanced surface treatments and overlay technologies also play important roles in the development of decorative surface materials, enhancing both the visual and tactile qualities of the products. one technique uses engineered press plates to create embossed texture “ in register ” with the


advanced surface treatments and overlay technologies also play important roles in the development of decorative surface materials, enhancing both the visual and tactile qualities of the products. one technique uses engineered press plates to create embossed texture “ in register ” with the decor paper design. this can include ticking that matches wood grain, or variations in gloss levels to enhance geometric or stone designs. another method for adding interest to decorative surfaces is the addition of a transparent overlay called an “ inclusion ” that is embedded with fibers or particles. inclusions of metal filings, organic materials ( such as banana fibers and coffee beans ) and textiles are all used to add an extra layer of interest on top of solid or printed decor papers. the connected age [ early 2000 ’ s to present ] according to web technologist anna zelenka, “ the defining characteristic of the information age is the creation and management of information to produce knowledge goods. the subtle shift into the connected age is the use of web - based communication tools to create and manage relationships across knowledge goods, hardware and people. ” this seemingly subtle shift in technology is manifested in one of the most important developments in decorative surface material manufacturing : cross product matching programs. after a quick and revolutionary history over the past 100 years, we ’ re now seeing decorative designs available across a broad range of surface materials and manufacturers thanks to these matching programs. this allows designers to value - engineer end products based on the specific performance demands of each component, ensuring the highest quality in design, value and durability. for example, matched materials can be used to construct a desk that incorporates printed papers in drawer and cabinet interiors, tfm or printed paper for the vertical exterior panels, hpl on the high - wear horizontal work surface and 3dl for contoured drawer fronts. despite each of these materials ’ unique performance characteristics, they share the same visual. matching programs make it easier for design professionals to maximize performance and cost without sacrificing design integrity. the next age is hard to predict, but it starts with a better understanding of the basic materials in use today. complete a questionnaire to receive a complimentary 1 - year subscription to surface & panel, the only magazine focused exclusively on the design, manufacture and marketing of panel - based furniture and casegoods. fill out the questionnaire


s official profession was that of a surgeon to the duke of orleans. that afforded him a laboratory, some spare time, and a reasonable supply of money – enough to indulge his interest in chemistry and crystallisation. when the french academy of sciences in 1783 offered a prize of 2400 livres to whoever might develop an economically viable process for the production of soda ash ( sodium carbonate ) from sea salt, leblanc could not resist. leblanc, like other researchers looking to solve the challenge, began by heating sea salt in the presence of a source of sulpur ( in this case, sulphuric acid ) to produce sodium sulphate. his breakthrough was mixing the sodium sulphate with charcoal and adding calcium carbonate, at a temperature of 1000°c. this reaction yields sodium carbonate and sodium sulphate, which are fairly easy to separate. the king was delighted. the neighbours less so : leblanc had not just created one of the earliest industrial chemical processes but also one of the first major pollution problems. per ton of soda ash, the process produces 7 t of calcium sulphate waste and 5. 5 t of hydrogen chloride, which was released straight to the atmosphere, killing trees and blighting the landscape for miles around. in the uk, where leblanc ’ s process saw widespread use, this resulted in one of the earliest pieces of air pollution regulation – the alkali act of 1863. leblanc, alas, did not get to enjoy the fruits of his labour. the french revolution intervened, and leblanc had to reveal the details of his process, which was used to set up competing factories. his own sole soda factory was seized, his paymaster, the duke of orleans, executed, and leblanc and his family evicted from their home. of the 2400 livres for developing the process he only ever saw 60. leblanc eventually committed suicide in 1806. his legacy lives on though : leblanc soda plants laid the foundation to chemical sites near glasgow and liverpool, and the production of soda ash was the key driver of the nascent chemical industry in the mid - 19th century. getting to the bottom of it what do you do when your employer, a big consumer goods company, has just acquired several paper mills and now has more paper than it knows what to do with? well, obviously, you dream up a new and revolutionary product that just so happens to use huge quantities of paper. for victor mills, head of the exploratory products division of procter


- innovators – specifically, the father - and - son team bill and bob gore. wilbert ‘ bill ’ gore had spent 16 years working for dupont, during which time he ’ d become involved with the company ’ s fluorochemicals business, where he was working on ptfe – commonly known as teflon. bill was convinced that teflon had potential beyond non - stick frying pans. ptfe has outstanding electrical properties and can withstand extreme temperatures without getting brittle, so bill, working after hours in his basement, developed it as an electrical wire insulator. the product worked, bill quit his job, and the resulting multi - tet cable was so useful in the early computer industry it even made it to the moon landings. ptfe ’ s transformation from spacefaring insulator to fisherman ’ s friend came courtesy of bill ’ s son bob, who was trying to stretch extruded polymer to create a material fit for the aforementioned plumbing tape. the material refused to cooperate, no matter how carefully bob tried to stretch it. the breakthrough came when bob gave it a fast, hard yank – perhaps out of frustration – and much to his surprise found it had stretched by a factor of 1, 000. quite accidentally, he had created microporous ptfe, a honeycomb - like material which, because it contains 70 % air, is a first - rate insulator. not only that but its fine pores created a fabric that was wind - and waterproof and yet remained breathable. once the inevitable teething troubles were straightened out, gore - tex was set to become the ubitquitous outdoor material it is today, found in everything from all - weather clothing for skiing, golfing or dogwalking to surgical implants and even dental floss and guitar strings. full article published in : tce 840, june 2011 driving units and progress arthur d little if chemical engineering is the application of science to industry, then one of its most influential pioneers was arthur d little. founder of the international consultancy that bears his name, little ’ s achievements stretch much further : he developed the concept of unit operations – still a cornerstone of the profession – and used it to define the role of chemical engineering in industrial chemistry. he was also one of six founding members of the american institute of chemical engineers and the driving force behind the creation of the chemical engineering practice school at the massachusetts institute of technology in 1920. little was far ahead of his time in recognising the importance of long - term industrial research


on average it cost one slave life per two tons of sugar. juice was extracted from the cut cane by crushing it in a three - roller mill, initially driven by mules and later by steam engines. a wooden gutter would transport the juice into the boiling house, where it entered a series of flat - bottomed copper kettles of decreasing size ( the so - called jamaica train ), in which the juice was repeatedly boiled to produce a thick syrup. milk of lime and ox blood were added to clarify the solution, and slaves would skim off the impurities, before the syrup was poured into pots to set into semi - refined sugar. howard ’ s contribution was to replace the open jamaica train with a vacuum pan and filter units. reducing the pressure meant that the sugar juice could be boiled at much lower temperatures, cutting the risk of burns and reducing caramelisation and allowing the evaporation step to continue till the sugar crystallised, resulting in much better, purer sugar. rillieux improved howard ’ s vacuum pans further by using the hot steam from the first evaporator to heat the second and so on. this improved the energy of the process so drastically that the installation of rillieux ’ improved multi - effect evaporator paid for itself within a year. both howard and rillieux saw the success of their innovations during their lifetime though rillieux, because of his colour ( he was one quarter black ), occasionally found it difficult to enjoy the fruits of his labour. as for slaves, the improvement in their lot was only temporary : while the improved evaporators made processing sugar safer and less arduous, the increased capacity of the processing plants meant that ever - more sugar had to be planted and harvested – equally backbreaking and dangerous work. but vacuum evaporation and multiple - effect evaporators are still very much with us today. from calculator to flat - screen tv we owe a greater debt to pocket calculators than we might think – for every flat - screen lcd ( liquid crystal display ), be it the tv at home, the mobile phone in your pocket or the computer monitor in the office, is essentially the grandchild of a pocket calculator launched by japan ’ s sharp corporation in 1973. the el - 805 calculator ( no prizes for a catchy name ) was the first commercial electronic device to use an lcd screen. the 1960s and 70s saw the so - called ‘ calculator wars ’ – a period of fierce price competition between


norm. such a low octane rating makes a fuel very likely to combust prematurely, causing serious engine knock – which in turn makes it impossible to use efficient high - compression engines. haensel was looking for a suitable catalyst for the cracking process and was convinced that platinum would be perfect for the job. except, of course, that platinum was extremely rare and prohibitively expensive – “ it cannot be done ” was the received wisdom. but what, thought haensel, if he could make do with a vanishingly small quantity of platinum? what if on top of that he could regenerate any fouled catalyst in situ, allowing him to – in theory at least – run the process indefinitely? his refusal to accept conventional wisdom led to the creation of a heterogeneous alumina - supported platinum catalyst that would very effectively dehydrogenate the hydrocarbons in the c6 – c10 paraffins and transform the resulting unsaturated hydrocarbons into nice aromatic rings. by working with a highly - dispersed catalyst with extremely small platinum particles, haensel managed to reduce the platinum content in the catalyst to as little as 0. 01 %. the so - called ‘ platforming ’ ( platinum reforming ) process was born. the first platforming unit started up in 1949 and is still very much with us – some minor improvements aside. today the vast majority of our fuels are produced through a platforming process. without haensel ’ s determination, we could say goodbye to today ’ s supercars and hello to the backfiring smoke - belching cars of the 1930s. reginald gibson, eric fawcett, michael perrin and dermot manning polyethylene ( pe ) is everywhere. from shopping bags to tupperware boxes, from plastic toys to water pipes and even hip replacements, it ’ s pe ’ s versatility that makes it the world ’ s most common plastic. its commercial success came courtesy of two ici chemists, reginald gibson and eric fawcett, who in 1933 experimented with ethylene and benzaldehyde at high pressure. the reaction yielded a mysterious waxy solid but the reaction was fickle – attempts to reproduce it would as often as not result in a very loud bang and a mixture of hydrogen and carbon. nobody could work out initially why the experiment would result in these quite spectacular failures, and ici eventually decided to stop the research before someone came to serious grief. it later transpired that the key to making the experiment work was oxygen : if


carbon. nobody could work out initially why the experiment would result in these quite spectacular failures, and ici eventually decided to stop the research before someone came to serious grief. it later transpired that the key to making the experiment work was oxygen : if there ’ s too little, nothing happens, too much and the mixture explodes. it had been pure luck that some of the ethylene bottles used in the early experiments had been contaminated with just the right amount of oxygen. with high - pressure chemistry still in its infancy, there was little off - the - shelf equipment, and it fell to the team ’ s resident engineer, dermot manning, to design and build most of the reaction vessels. a key problem was sealing the vessels, as the standard lens ring would not hold gas at pressures above 300 atm – and ici wase working at well over 1, 000 atm here. manning devised a self - sealing wave ring, which used the rising internal pressure to seal the wavy circumference of the ring into its seat, which overcame the problem. full - scale production of pe started the very day germany invaded poland, and a polymer that had been destined for telecommunications cable was used to insulate airborne radar instead. this proved to be an important advantage, as it enabled the british forces to create a radar system that was light enough to place on fighter planes, which helped their supply ships avoid german submarines. vote now for your favourite on https : / / www. surveymonkey. com / s / changedtheworld2011. votes close 9 january 2012. pfizer ’ s penicillin pioneers jasper kane and john mckeen sometimes it ’ s not the innovation itself that matters – it ’ s making it available in quantity and at the right time. scale - up, in other words. ensuring that there was sufficient penicillin to treat the hundreds of thousands of soldiers that took part in the d - day landings during world war ii was not the work of alexander fleming ; it was chemical engineers who made that happen. while many worked on scaling up production of penicillin, it was pfizer chemist jasper kane and chemical engineer john mckeen who arguably made the biggest contribution. the two cracked the problem of production via deep - tank fermentation. since penicillin requires air to grow, the biggest problem was designing an aerated, stirred tank that would reliably and efficiently produce quantities of the notoriously fickle drug. war - time materials shortages forced pfizer to take a huge commercial gamble


midgley ’ s innovation, freon – were the workhorse of the refrigeration industry and the propellant of choice in just about any hairspray, deodorant or insecticide spray. unlike the available alternatives, freon was neither toxic, flammable nor explosive. at the time of midgley ’ s untimely death at the age of 55, he was highly celebrated and decorated, holder of numerous awards and prestigious offices. his legacy stayed with us for many years more, though perhaps not in the way he and his contemporaries might have anticipated. full article published in tce 829 / 30, july / august 2010 carl von linde and william hampson the liquefaction and separation of air is one of those processes that many engineers worked on over the years, but only one – or rather two – would succeed at. two very similar processes for the liquefaction of air were independently developed in germany and the uk and patented within weeks of each other ; the first by the mechanical engineer carl von linde, the second by a hitherto unknown, classics graduate and barrister william hampson. both used air itself as a refrigerant, exploiting the joule thompson effect, which describes how gas gets colder as it expands. the effect is even more pronounced if the gas was previously compressed and chilled. harnessing the effect in a virtuous cycle, by allowing compressed cooled air to expand in a counter - current heat exchanger so it cools the incoming compressed air to ever - lower temperatures, both inventors eventually cooled the air to - 190ºc : the point at which it turns liquid. it might have taken von linde three days of running increasingly cold air through an incredibly long steel tube which he ’ d packed in wool for insulation, but on 29 may 1895, he eventually got there : “ with clouds rising all around it, the pretty bluish liquid was poured into a large metal bucket, ” he writes in his autobiography. “ the hourly yield was about three litres. for the first time on such a scale air had been liquefied, and using tools of amazing simplicity compared to what had been used before. ” where von linde was an engineer, industrialist and already an expert in refrigeration before he started, hampson was a complete unknown, with no relevant training and no record of what might have perked his interest in sciences and engineering. nevertheless, his process was both simpler and more efficient than von linde ’ s, liquefying air in


started, hampson was a complete unknown, with no relevant training and no record of what might have perked his interest in sciences and engineering. nevertheless, his process was both simpler and more efficient than von linde ’ s, liquefying air in a mere 20 minutes compared with the three days of von linde ’ s early attempts. the hampson - linde cycle gave rise to the modern industrial gases industry, provided pure gases for countless industrial processes and paved the way for the discovery of several rare gases. full article published in tce 831, september 2010 degrees of separation there are those who have hailed chromatography as one of the most significant developments of the 20th century, and yet few people outside a chemistry lab would have any understanding of what chromatography is, or what it is used for. a classic ‘ behind the scenes ’ technology, chromatography is the workhorse of analytical chemistry, and finds extensive use in healthcare, quality control, and drug discovery to name but a few fields. pharmaceutical companies use it to isolate active ingredients and ensure accurate dosing, hospitals use it to identify poisons or drugs in patients ’ blood ; environmental laboratories rely on it to check for contaminants ; forensic scientists apply it to analyse samples from a crime scene ; industrial chemists rely on it to determine the composition of petroleum oil, check the level of additives in foods, monitor pesticide contamination, and so on. key to making the process widely applicable was the adaptation of gas chromatography to liquids. this opened up its use for the separation of organic and biological molecules, many of which are involatile and too fragile for vaporization. that achievement goes to the hungarian born chemical engineer, csaba horvath, the father of modern high performance liquid chromatography. horwath took an early interest in separation sciences and – unusually for a chemical engineer during the 1960s – in biochemical engineering. adapting recent advances in gas chromatography to the nascent science of liquid chromatography, horvath dramatically speeded up throughput and ramped up sensitivity while reducing the size of the equipment. today, hplc is so sensitive that the characteristic patterns of peaks not only identify different molecules in a sample, but – thanks to very subtle differences in production processes and batch chemistry that give chemicals a very unique “ fingerprint ” also the production plant they came from. csaba horvath may not be a household name, but without him, the world would be a


, physical, and spiritual survival. the idea that the world should pay in some way for the essential utility services provided by the rainforests ( after all, we already pay for our water, gas, and electricity ) is not a new one. but there does, at last, appear to be agreement that this is one way we can quickly begin to reduce emissions and, thus, buy urgently needed time in the battle against catastrophic climate change. through a constructive process, countries have been able to find a mutually agreeable approach that i hope, in the months ahead, will lead to the kind of international cooperation that could make a decisive difference. while initiatives like this will need to be a part of the solution, they are not, i believe, the whole answer. in some ways the climate challenge is not first and foremost due to an absence of sound policy ideas or technology, but more a crisis of perception. as we have become progressively more separate from nature, and more reliant on technological inventiveness to solve our problems, we have become less able to see our predicament for what it really is — namely as being utterly out of balance, having lost any sense of harmony with the earth ' s natural rhythms, cycles, and finite systems. the fact that we generally regard economics as being separate from nature is just one, albeit quite fundamental, sign of this imbalance. forging a reconnection with nature and reintegrating our societies and economies with her capacities is, as far as i can see, the real challenge to which we must rise. the copenhagen summit will, i hope, contribute to a shift at this deeper level, as well as set out the plan for transition to a low - carbon economy based on official targets, policies, and technologies. as things stand, the world is not short of all these — what it does lack, however, is a mindset fit for the situation we face. while time may not be on our side, our ability to cooperate and innovate to find solutions appears to be with us still. we have in the past faced huge challenges and prevailed. this time the challenge seems greater than ever before, but i hope with all my heart that in copenhagen we will be able to exploit these very human attributes to the full. it is the very least we can do for future generations.


the city ' s 1. 1 million students have suffered from post - traumatic stress disorder post - traumatic stress disorder ( ptsd ), mental disorder that follows an occurrence of extreme psychological stress, such as that encountered in war or resulting from violence, childhood abuse, sexual abuse, or serious accident.. the study, " effects of the world trade center attacks on nyc nyc new york city nyc new york city public school students, " suggests that districts expand existing mental health services health services managed care the benefits covered under a health contract within schools, and develop a citywide system for routine screening and referral for major mental health problems. san francisco state university • • [ created a professional development program, called understanding the world after september 11, for teachers. and brown university created a five - day curriculum on terrorism, which more than 1, 000 high schools say they will follow, according to according to 1. as stated or indicated by ; on the authority of : according to historians. 2. in keeping with : according to instructions. 3. a report in the new york new york, state, united states new york, middle atlantic state of the united states. it is bordered by vermont, massachusetts, connecticut, and the atlantic ocean ( e ), new jersey and pennsylvania ( s ), lakes erie and ontario and the canadian province of times. what follows are the thoughts of educators around the country on the fallout from that day, how it has impacted their lives and school district policies. shelley harwayne superintendent, community school district no. 2, new york city collector of works for messages to ground zero : children respond to september 11th ( heinemann, 2002 ) in any district you have trauma and tragedy... the loss of a parent, a teacher getting ill. to have a situation with such big numbers swept us off our feet.... i think it has caused us to reexamine re · ex · am · ine also re - ex · am · ine tr. v. re · ex · am · ined, re · ex · am · in · ing, re · ex · am · ines 1. to examine again or anew ; review. 2. law to question ( a witness ) again after cross - examination. all our safety plans, our crisis teams, our environmental issues. district 2 is a district where instructional issues are on our front burner noun 1. front burner - top priority ; " the work was moved to the front burner in order to meet deadlines "


, our crisis teams, our environmental issues. district 2 is a district where instructional issues are on our front burner noun 1. front burner - top priority ; " the work was moved to the front burner in order to meet deadlines " precedence, precedency, priority - status established in order of importance or urgency ; ".... this has been a year where we ' ve had to add other things to our agenda. we had to get very good at taking care of all aspects of children ' s lives.... [ we realized ] how important it is to have smart people at the helm of every school. i have smart principals who are not only brilliant but brave. i think [ the messages to ground zero book ] will be a powerful closure. the section on hope is important. it would be a lovely book to read aloud on september 11 - - to tell kids what the children close to ground zero were thinking. people all over the country have asked me to talk about what i ' ve learned. kids need art more than ever. we can ' t ever eliminate the arts from our schools. so many children couldn ' t talk about their reactions, but they could [ express through art and words ] what they were feeling. when i looked at the [ messages sent to new york city children ] from all over the country, kids were using writing for so many more reasons than we thought possible. clearly our new york city kids were writing to bear witness. i think it was incredible to see that children could write to lift others ' spirits. these were not fill - in - the - blank stories. kids had important things to say, and they had the voice to say it. joanne mcdaniel director for the center for prevention of school violence raleigh, n. c. in some ways, the terrorism of september 11 was less of a shock to school districts across the country than it was to others. with columbine columbine, in botany columbine ( kol ` əmbin ), any plant of the genus aquilegia, temperate - zone perennials of the family ranunculaceae ( buttercup family ), popular both as wildflowers and as garden flowers. and other violent incidents prompting districts to pay attention to physical security prior to september 11, the new national emphasis on such security required districts to revisit and update security plans rather than create new ones. importantly, many districts tried to balance physical security with the provision of learning environments that communicated a sense of normal


security prior to september 11, the new national emphasis on such security required districts to revisit and update security plans rather than create new ones. importantly, many districts tried to balance physical security with the provision of learning environments that communicated a sense of normalcy nor · mal · cy noun 1. normalcy - being within certain limits that define the range of normal functioning normality and safety. many districts did take actions to ready themselves to handle bioterrorism and similar types of threats. christie winkelmann kyrene district spokeswoman kyrene elementary school elementary school : see school. district 28 phoenix, ariz. area after 9 / 11, a subsequent bomb threat affected several of our schools simultaneously. kyrene took several more steps to ensure the safety of its schools. these additional efforts involved a parent working committee, two safety audits and a written agreement for how schools and police departments will work together in the event of a crisis. first, the kyrene safety committee - - a group of parents that assisted district schools in developing more comprehensive emergency communication plans - - was created. parents on this committee provided feedback about how they would like to be kept informed in a crisis. the committee recommended district - wide emergency communication parameters that were later accepted and implemented in all schools as well as in the district ' s athletic and on - site childcare programs. david weiss there are several individuals of note named david weiss, including : obviously the events of 9 / 11 have created a new focus in the classroom. we find that students are very interested in learning more about the mideast and arab world “ arab states ” redirects here. for the political alliance, see arab league. the arab world ( arabic : العالم العربي ; transliteration : al - ` alam al - ` arabi ) stretches from the atlantic ocean in the. as a department, [ we may ] develop an elective for students that would deal with the influence of the muslim or the arab world.... of the 31 workshops scheduled [ at nsssa ' s convention in november ], at least five of them are going to deal directly with the aftermath of 9 / 11. [ the terrorist attacks have also ] provided social studies teachers with the vehicle to [ teach ] tolerance. our country was ready for rejuvenation rejuvenation in extreme old age, restored to youth by medea. [ rom. myth. : llei, i : 322 ] apples of perpetual youth by tasting the


[ teach ] tolerance. our country was ready for rejuvenation rejuvenation in extreme old age, restored to youth by medea. [ rom. myth. : llei, i : 322 ] apples of perpetual youth by tasting the golden apples kept by idhunn, the gods preserved their youth. [ scand. myth. in that area. we ' d become a very cynical nation, into our own world and not the greater world and the greater good. [ in u. s. history, ] the focus has not been on the influence of the arab world in our country. now it will. when the curriculum gets to the period immediately following world war ii, we can take a look at the me of israel. the students can see how that one event has implications 50 years later. i started teaching in the late ' 60s - - those were tough times.... it wasn ' t cool [ for students ] to be patriotic. i am a vietnam veteran this article is about veterans of the vietnam war. for the french psychedelic musical group, see vietnam veterans. vietnam veteran is a phrase used to describe someone who served in the armed forces of participating countries during the vietnam war.. students now have a clear focus. they understand why our country has done things in the past. why was there a vietnam? why did our country get involved? they can see [ that ] through terrorism, our country has now become vulnerable. they see it ' s imperative that our country unites again - - to understand that we are a country of many. from many come one, e pluribus unum e pluribus unum ( e plr ` ibəs y ` nəm ) [ lat.. mary minner former school counselor a school counselor is a counselor and educator who works in schools, and have historically been referred to as " guidance counselors " or " educational counselors, " although " professional school counselor " is now the preferred term. rosemary hills primary school, silver spring, md. in my experience of being with children who have felt stressed in a variety of circumstances, including 9 / 11, i ' ve seen how important it is to teach them how to be " quiet on the inside. " [ this ] is a feeling of calmness no matter what is going on.... fear can become an emotion that overcomes and overwhelms us. crisis can be an opportunity to see what we ' re thinking about. what we think about grows. and we


of calmness no matter what is going on.... fear can become an emotion that overcomes and overwhelms us. crisis can be an opportunity to see what we ' re thinking about. what we think about grows. and we become what we think about. " genie stowers associate dean, college of behavioral and social sciences, san francisco state university organizer of " understanding the world after september 11, " a summer academy for k - 12 teachers terrorism ] certainly is a current event, but i think it ' s going to go beyond that. students want to understand what they ' re hearing in the media everyday. [ it ' s ] really pointing out the importance of understanding social studies. the approach we took [ with the academy ] was interdisciplinary. we [ had ] people from a variety of different disciplines come and speak. this cannot really be understood from the point of view within one discipline. kenneth roy director of science and safety, glastonbury ( conn. ) public schools several years ago, districts fell victim to their own form of domestic - type terrorism - - columbine. with this event, we developed terrorist action and workplace violence protocols. after the tragedy of 9 / 11, workplace safety / security was again addressed and upgraded ; e. g., security audits to determine weaknesses in facilities, employee security training, security drills in the form of lockdowns and evacuations, and id badges for all employees and students, to name a few. safety / security of the four walls with the future inside is our mission. gregory thomas executive director of the student and safety prevention services division new york city ' s board of education. as the events unfolded on the morning of sept. 11, 2001, students and staff in schools across new york city were forced to make split - second decisions to ensure their safety. that we were successful in safely evacuating over 9, 000 students and hundreds of staff from eight schools in the vicinity of the world trade center complex and were able to reunite re · u · nite tr. & intr. v. re · u · nit · ed, re · u · nit · ing, re · u · nites to bring or come together again. [ - niting, - nited the other students in new york city to their families, is a credit to all of the administrators and students and to proper planning at the school level. while no school district can ever imagine or plan for a disaster of this magnitude, a very important lesson was


other students in new york city to their families, is a credit to all of the administrators and students and to proper planning at the school level. while no school district can ever imagine or plan for a disaster of this magnitude, a very important lesson was learned in the midst adv. 1. in the midst - the middle or central part or point ; " in the midst of the forest " ; " could he walk out in the midst of his piece? " midmost of going through this experience ; proactive planning and creativity are essential elements in ensuring the safety of staff and students during an emergency. stanley teitel principal, stuyvesant high school stuyvesant high school, commonly referred to as stuy, is a new york city public high school that specializes in mathematics and science. the school opened in 1904 on manhattan ' s east side and moved to a new building in battery park city in 1992. ( located three blocks from ground zero ) our south windows faced the twin towers. many of the students witnessed things on the morning of 9 / 11 that weren ' t pleasant. we evacuated just before the second tower collapsed. after that, we had to vacate to annul, set aside, or render void ; to surrender possession or occupancy. the term vacate has two common usages in the law. with respect to real property, to vacate the premises means to give up possession of the property and leave the area totally devoid of contents. the building for four weeks. the result is that some students have had difficulty coping with day - to - day living. the same is true for some of the staff. for example, a fire alarm went off late in the spring, and three students ended up in the guidance office very upset. it was a false alarm, but they were shaken. we ' ve had counselors come in and meet with individual students and talk to groups. we ' ve also established new security measures noun 1. security measures - measures taken as a precaution against theft or espionage or sabotage etc. ; " military security has been stepped up since the recent uprising " security. now all students must present a photo id to enter the building in the morning. we ' ve put security cameras on every door to monitor the comings and goings of every one in the building.


p. summerhayes vice - president geological society of london and emeritus associate scott polar research institute, cambridge. 8 february 2013 professor robert carter and professor vincent courtillot respond : dear dr peiser, thank you for your invitation on behalf of the foundation to reply to dr summerhayes ’ letter about geological evidence in relation to the hypothesis of dangerous anthropogenic global warming ( dagw ) that is favoured by the intergovernmental panel on climate change ( ipcc ). we are in agreement with many of dr summerhayes ’ preliminary remarks about the geological context of climate change. this reflects that a large measure of scientific agreement and shared interpretation exists amongst most scientists who consider the global warming issue. points of commonality in the climate discussion include : * that climate has always changed and always will, * that earth has often been warmer than it is today, and that its present climatic condition is that of a warm interglacial during a punctuated icehouse world, * that carbon dioxide is a greenhouse gas and warms the lower atmosphere ( though debate remains as to the magnitude and timescale of the warming ), * that a portion of human emissions are accumulating in the atmosphere, * that a global warming of around 0. 5°c occurred in the 20th century, but that there has been no global temperature rise over the last 16 years. the first two points are rooted in geological evidence ( as discussed in more detail by dr summerhayes ), the third is based upon physical principle and the last three are mostly matters of instrumental measurement ( i. e. observation ). despite the disparate scientific disciplines involved, all these points are relevant to achieving a quantitative understanding of climate change, together with several other disputed scientific matters such as those that we discuss below. one of the disputed scientific matters is represented by dr summerhayes ’ assertion that cooling over the last 34 million years “ was directly associated with a decline in the amount of co2 in the atmosphere ”. the word “ associated ” is ambiguous. it may simply mean that temperature and co2 were correlated, in the sense that their trends were parallel. but as everyone knows correlation is not causality and whether one drives the other, or the two are driven by a third forcing factor, or the correlation is the result of chance, requires careful analysis and argument. though it may be true that a broad correlation exists between atmospheric co2 content and global temperature, at least on some timescales, it remains unclear whether the primary effect is one of


correlation is the result of chance, requires careful analysis and argument. though it may be true that a broad correlation exists between atmospheric co2 content and global temperature, at least on some timescales, it remains unclear whether the primary effect is one of increasing co2 causing warming ( via the greenhouse effect ) or of warming causing co2 increase ( via outgassing from the ocean ). we are familiar with the argument that the currently decreasing carbon isotope ratio in the atmosphere is consistent with a fossil fuel source for incremental co2 increases, and therefore with the first of these two possibilities, but do not find it compelling because other natural sources ( soil carbon, vegetation ) also contribute isotopically negative carbon to the atmosphere. a second area of uncertainty, related to the point just discussed, is the rate, scope and direction of the various feedbacks that apply during a natural glacial - interglacial climatic cycle. dr summerhayes provides a confident, and perhaps plausible, account as to how changing insolation ( controlled by orbital change ), melting sea - ice and increasing co2 and ch4 jointly drive the asymmetrical glacial - interglacial cycles that have characterised recent planetary history. however, our knowledge of the climate system and its history currently remains incomplete ; some of the forcing mechanisms and feedbacks may not be known accurately, or even at all. for example, we do not yet know whether clouds exert a net warming or cooling effect on the climate. similarly, variations in ultraviolet radiation and high - energy particle emission from the sun, in atmospheric electricity and in galactic cosmic rays may all play larger roles in controlling climate change than is currently assumed, yet these effects are absent from most of the current generation of deterministic computer models of the future climate. the temperature projections made by these models may well be affected by our ignorance of the magnitude, the sign, or even the existence of some of the forcings and feedbacks that are actually involved. thirdly, dr summerhayes also briefly discusses the issue of sea level change. he quotes an estimated increase of 15 m in sea level associated with a temperature increase of 6 – 10°c 55 million years ago. he then quotes a range of 10 – 25 m rise for a 2 – 3°c warming 3 million years ago. to this we might add the further examples of the 125 m sea level rise that has accompanied the 6°c temperature rise since the last glacial maximum, and the 0. 2 - m rise associated with the ~ 0. 5


3 million years ago. to this we might add the further examples of the 125 m sea level rise that has accompanied the 6°c temperature rise since the last glacial maximum, and the 0. 2 - m rise associated with the ~ 0. 5°c 20th century warming. it appears from these examples that a 1°c temperature rise can be associated with a sea level rise of as little as 0. 4 m or as much as 8 m, and all values in between! this indicates an uncertainty in our understanding of the temperature / co2 / sea - level connection that surely lessens its value for contributing to policy formulation. figure 1. temperature curve reconstructed from oxygen isotope measurements in a greenland ice core over the last 10, 000 years ( lappi 2010 after alley, 2000 ). fourth, and last, dr summerhayes says that because orbitally - forced climate periodicity is currently in a cooling phase “ the earth should be cooling slightly. evidently it is not ”. the statement is tendentious, because whether earth is seen to be cooling or warming depends upon the length of climate record that is considered. trends over 1, 10, 100 or 1000 years are not the same thing, and their differences must be taken into account carefully. we reproduce two figures that may be used to demonstrate that earth is currently not warming on either the longer - term millennial timescale ( figure 1 ) or the short - term decadal / meteorological timescale ( figure 2 ). we note also that on the intermediate centennial timescale ( 1850 – 2010 ) the temperature trend has been one of a slight ( 0. 5°c ) rise. in assessing which of these timescales is the “ proper ” one to consider in formulating climate policy, we observe that the results conveyed in figure 2 have little scientific ( and therefore policy ) meaning unless they are assessed in the context of the data in figure 1. figure 2. mean temperature of lower atmosphere : hadcrut4 annual means 1997 - 2011 we acknowledge that the data in figure 1, which are drawn from a greenland ice core, represent regional rather than global climate. but a similar pattern of holocene long - term cooling is seen in many other records from around the world, including from antarctic ice cores. also, evidence for a millenial solar cycle has been accumulating over the past years, and, representing that rhythm, the medieval warming ( also called medieval climatic optimum ) appears to have been both global and also warmer than today ’ s climate


, evidence for a millenial solar cycle has been accumulating over the past years, and, representing that rhythm, the medieval warming ( also called medieval climatic optimum ) appears to have been both global and also warmer than today ’ s climate. regarding figure 2, the data demonstrate that no warming has occurred since 1997. in response, some leading ipcc scientists have already acknowledged that should the temperature plateau continue, or turn into a statistically significant cooling trend, then the mainstream ipcc view will need revision. it is noteworthy, too, that over the 16 years during which global temperature has remained unchanged ( 1997 - 2012 ), atmospheric carbon dioxide levels have increased by 8 %, from 364 ppm to c. 394 ppm. given a mixing time for the atmosphere of about 1 year, these data would invalidate the hypothesis that human - related carbon dioxide emissions are causing dangerous global warming. in any case, observed global temperatures are currently more remote than ever from the most recent predictions set out in ipcc ar4. the areas of uncertainty in the prevailing argument over dagw are therefore not only geological but also instrumental and physical. current debate, which needs to be resolved before climate policy is set, centres on the following three issues : * whether any definite evidence exists for dangerous warming of human causation over the last 50 years, * the amount of net warming that is, or will be, produced by human - related emissions ( the climate sensitivity issue ), and * whether the ipcc ’ s computer models can provide accurate climate predictions 100 years into the future. in assessing these issues, our null hypothesis is that the global climate changes that have occurred over the last 150 years ( and continue to occur today ) are mainly natural in origin. as summarised in the reports of the nongovernmental international panel on climate change ( nipcc ), literally thousands of papers published in refereed journals contain facts or writings consistent with this null hypothesis, and plausible natural explanations exist for all the post - 1850 global climatic changes that have been described so far. in contrast, no direct evidence exists, and nor does the geological society point to any, that a measurable part of the mild late 20th century warming was definitely caused by human - related carbon dioxide emissions. the possibility of human - caused global warming nonetheless remains, because carbon dioxide is indubitably a greenhouse gas. the major unknown is the actual value of climate sensitivity, i. e. the amount of temperature increase that would result from doubling the atmospheric concentration of


of human - caused global warming nonetheless remains, because carbon dioxide is indubitably a greenhouse gas. the major unknown is the actual value of climate sensitivity, i. e. the amount of temperature increase that would result from doubling the atmospheric concentration of co2 compared to pre - industrial levels. ipcc models estimate that water vapour increases the 1°c effect that would be seen in a dry atmosphere to 2. 5 - 4. 5°c, whereas widely cited papers by lindzen & choi ( 2011 ) and spencer & braswell ( 2010 ) both describe empirical data that is consistent with negative feedback, i. e. sensitivity less than 1°c. the conclusion that climate sensitivity is significantly less than argued by the ipcc is also supported by a range of other empirical or semi - empirical studies ( e. g., forster & gregory, 2006 ; aldrin et al., 2012 ; ring et al., 2012 ). gathering these various thoughts together, we conclude that the risk of occurrence of damaging human - caused global warming is but a small one within the much greater and proven risks of dangerous natural climate - related events ( not to mention earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, tsunamis and landslides, since we are dealing here with geological topics ). moreover, the property damage and loss of life that occurred in the floods in the uk in 2007 ; in the 2005 katrina and 2012 sandy storms in the usa ; and in deadly bushfires in australia in 2009 and 2013 all attest that even wealthy and technologically sophisticated nations are often inadequately prepared to deal with climate - related hazard. the appropriate response to climate hazard is to treat it in the same way as other geological hazards. which is to say that national policies are needed that are based on preparing for and adapting to all climate events as and when they happen, and irrespective of their presumed cause. every country needs to develop its own understanding of, and plans to cope with, the unique combination of climate hazards that apply within its own boundaries. the planned responses should be based upon adaptation, with mitigation where appropriate to cushion citizens who are affected in an undesirable way. the idea that there can be a one - size - fits - all global solution to deal with just one possible aspect of future climate hazard, as recommended by the ipcc, and apparently supported by dr summerhayes on behalf of the geological society, fails to deal with the real climate and climate - related hazards to which all parts of the world are episodically exposed


software developer google has open sourced its zopfli data compression algorithm. google encourages its engineers to work on personal projects as part of their " 20 percent time " and occasionally some of those are made public and open sourced for third party developers. that ' s why the firm has open sourced its zopfli data compression algorithm, claiming it produces three to eight percent smaller files compared to zlib. google ' s zopfli algorithm is based on the deflate algorithm but has been optimised to produce smaller file sizes at the expense of compression speed. the firm said the compression library, written in c, is based on iterative entropy modelling and a shortest path algorithm, adding that it is bit - stream compatible, meaning that it can be used with gzip, zip and most importantly http requests. lode vandevenne, a software engineer on google ' s compression team who implemented the zopfli algorithm said, " due to the amount of cpu time required - two to three orders of magnitude more than zlib at maximum quality - zopfli is best suited for applications where data is compressed once and sent over a network many times. " ultimately vandevenne ' s algorithm might be costly when it comes to cpu cycles for compression - he claims there is no performance hit in decompression - but the fact is that cpu cycles are significantly cheaper than network bandwidth. developers such as opera have worked hard on web compression to speed up webpage rendering in markets where 3g connectivity is patchy or non - existent. source code for the zopfli data compression library is available here. µ companies need to rate limit posts based on keywords, warns trend micro uses 20 percent less power than traditional systems sign up for inqbot – a weekly roundup of the best from the inq


using short, self - assembling bio - degradable protein nanofibres impregnated with a blood - vessel growth factor, scientists have been able to prevent some of the negative changes that occur in the heart following a heart attack and boost cardiac recovery. writing in science translational medicine, yi - dong lin and his colleagues at the academica sinica in taiwan made a biochemical cocktail containing the growth factor vegf ( vascular endothelial growth factor ), which promotes the growth of new vessels, and some artificial protein sequences called oligopeptides which plait themselves into short, biocompatible nanofibres when exposed to the salt solution found in body fluids. the idea was to inject this mix into regions of the heart injured by a heart attack. these fibres would then behave like a slowly - squeezed sponge, steadily releasing the vegf to boost the blood supply to the damaged area while also providing structural support. a group of heart - attack afflicted rats were injected with the nanofibre - growth factor mixture at the injury sites in their hearts. a second group of control rats received just vegf or saline injections without any protein nanofibres. a month later, the nanofibre - vegf - treated animals had significantly better cardiac function, showing fewer signs of heart failure, smaller injury sites and less pathological deposition of fibrous tissue compared with the controls. repeated on pigs, a much closer correlate to humans, the results were the same. the sustained release of vegf, the team found, was promoting the formation of nourishing arteries, while the nanofibre structures themselves were encouraging stem cells, both from the blood and from elsewhere in the heart, to migrate into and persist within the heart attack site, helping to promote vessel formation, enact repair and prevent the deposition of harmful fibrous tissue. according to the team, the nanofibres create a three - dimensional vascular niche that captures circulating cells capable of promoting repair and also provides a scaffold, stabilising the development of new small arteries, to nourish the site. the nanofibres themselves, the team found, breakdown slowly as the heart repairs itself. about 70 % of the injected material still remained one month after injection. " in conclusion, " they say, " nfs are able to create an in - vivo microenvironment for cardiovascular regeneration and also provide positive therapeutic effects after mi in both small and large animals...


the age of reason, as it was called, was spreading rapidly across europe. in the late 17th century, scientists like isaac newton and writers like john locke were challenging the old order. newton ' s laws of gravity and motion described the world in terms of natural laws beyond any spiritual force. in the wake of political turmoil in england, locke asserted the right of a people to change a government that did not protect natural rights of life, liberty and property. people were beginning to doubt the existence of a god who could predestine human beings to eternal damnation and empower a tyrant for a king. europe would be forever changed by these ideas. in america, intellectuals were reading these ideas as well. on their side of the atlantic, enlightened ideas of liberty and progress had a chance to flourish without the shackles of old europe. religious leaders began to change their old dogmatic positions. they began to emphasize the similarities between the anglican church and the puritan congregationalists rather than the differences. even cotton mather, the massachusetts minister who wrote and spoke so convincingly about the existence of witches advocated science to immunize citizens against smallpox. harvard ministers became so liberal that yale college was founded in new haven in 1707 in an attempt to retain old calvinist ideas. this attempt failed and the entire faculty except one converted to the church of england in 1722. by the end of the century, many new england ministers would become unitarians, doubting even the divinity of christ. new ideas shaped political attitudes as well. john locke defended the displacement of a monarch who would not protect the lives, liberties, and property of the english people. jean - jacques rousseau stated that society should be ruled by the " general will " of the people. baron de montesquieu declared that power should not be concentrated in the hands of any one individual. he recommended separating power among executive, legislative, judicial branches of government. american intellectuals began to absorb these ideas. the delegates who declared independence from britain used many of these arguments. the entire opening of the declaration of independence is thomas jefferson ' s application of john locke ' s ideas. the constitutions of our first states and the united states constitution reflect enlightenment principles. the writings of benjamin franklin made many enlightenment ideas accessible to the general public. the old way of life was represented by superstition, an angry god, and absolute submission to authority. the thinkers of the age of reason ushered in a new way of thinking. this new way championed the accomplishments of humankind. individuals did not have to accept despair


interesting article by carolyn handler miller, about the origins of digital storytelling. excerpt : on the vast timetable of human achievements, computer - based interactive storytelling is a mere infant, only coming into being in the mid - twentieth century with the development of modern electronic computer technology. these narratives are also characterized by attributes rarely found in other forms of storytelling : they are interactive ; they are immersive ; they are nonlinear ; and they are participatory, meaning that the audience not only takes part in them but can make choices that directly impact the story. furthermore, the fictional characters in these stories commonly breach the fourth wall – the invisible barrier that separates the story world on one side and the real world on the other. in interactive narratives, it is extremely common for the fictional characters and the audience to communicate with each other and even for audience members to step into the story and play a direct role in it. given the fact that these narratives are so new and that they differ in so many important regards from other forms of storytelling, one might wonder if they are an entirely modern invention. did they enter the world like the greek goddess athena, who sprung into the world from the head of her father, zeus, fully formed, dressed and armed? in other words, are these unique types of works that came into existence only because the development of the electronic computer made them possible? or do the characteristics that make them so different from other forms of narrative possibly have roots in earlier types of storytelling and other human activities?


the array object is used to store multiple values in a single variable. create an array, and assign values to it : you will find more examples at the bottom of this page. an array is a special variable, which can hold more than one value at a time. if you have a list of items ( a list of car names, for example ), storing the cars in single variables could look like this : however, what if you want to loop through the cars and find a specific one? and what if you had not 3 cars, but 300? the solution is an array! an array can hold many values under a single name, and you can access the values by referring to an index number. an array can be created in three ways. the following code creates an array object called mycars : you refer to an element in an array by referring to the index number. this statement access the value of the first element in mycars : this statement modifies the first element in mycars : | is the first element in an array. is the second..... ( indexes start with 0 ) | because of this, you can have variables of different types in the same array. you can have objects in an array. you can have functions in an array. you can have arrays in an array : the array object has predefined properties and methods : for a complete reference of all properties and methods, go to our complete array object reference. the reference contains a description ( and more examples ) of all array properties and methods. the example above makes a new array method that transforms array values into upper case. your message has been sent to w3schools.


seniors. a vehicle that switches modes nereus ( rhymes with “ serious ” ) keeps with a tradition in the whoi deep submergence laboratory of naming vehicles for mythical greek figures. among others in the whoi - operated fleet of vehicles are jason ( a fabled adventurer and ocean explorer ), argo ( a ship used by jason ), and medea ( the mythical wife of jason ). several teams proposed names for the new vehicle taken from mythology, including the japanese dragon god ryujin, the greek god of wind aiolos, and the greek god of the sea poseidon. ultimately, bowen said nereus was selected because “ the name most appropriately represented the vehicle ’ s ability to switch modes as needed by scientists. ” the $ 5 - million, battery - operated vehicle will be the first ever designed to transform from a guided, tethered robot to a free - swimming vehicle. each capability offers advantages to deep - sea researchers. in its autonomous mode, the vehicle will be able to fly on pre - programmed missions over swaths of ocean bottom to map the seafloor, to gather remote data, or to search for scientific targets such as hydrothermal vents. in its tethered mode, it will remain connected via a hair - thin, 25 - mile long cable that will enable scientists on the surface ship to send instant commands to the mechanical arm, used for gathering samples of interesting undersea rocks and organisms. scheduled for launch in 2007 sea trials will take place offshore woods hole in early 2007, and scientists will plan to use it for research later that year at challenger deep, a trench in the pacific ocean southwest of guam. it is the deepest area of any ocean, deeper than mount everest is high, extending almost 11, 000 meters ( 36, 000 feet ) beneath the sea surface. the panel of judges involved in the name selection included engineers from whoi as well as engineering consultants working on the vehicle at the johns hopkins university in baltimore and the space and naval warfare systems center in san diego. several teams suggested names inspired by wildlife, including the color - switching lizard chameleon, the aquatic salamander siren, the hawaiian owl pueo, and the scientific name for lobster, homarus. others proposed people names. a newfoundland team suggested jacques, after famed underwater explorer jacques cousteau. harvey, proposed by a florida team, acknowledged marine artist guy harvey. audrey, the only female name, came from a california team honoring the late audrey mestre, who died in 2002 attempting to set a


contemporary industrial organization : a quantitative approach december 2010, ©2011 part i microeconomic foundations. 1 industrial organization and imperfect competition : what, how, and why? 1. 1 what is industrial organization? 1. 2 how we analyze imperfect competition. 1. 3 why : antitrust policy and industrial organization theory. appendix – excerpts from key antitrust statutes. 2 basic microeconomics. 2. 1 competition versus monopoly : the poles of market performance. 2. 2 intertemporal considerations and constraints on monopoly power. 3 technology and cost relationships. 3. 1 production technology and cost function for single - product firms. 3. 2 cost relations for multiproduct firms. 3. 3 non - cost determinants of market structure. 3. 4 empirical application : cost function estimation, scale and scope economies. 4 market structure and market power. 4. 1 measuring market structure. 4. 2 measuring market power — the lerner index again. 4. 3 empirical application : monopoly power : how bad is it? part ii price and nonprice tactics for firms with market power. 5 price discrimination and monopoly. 5. 1 the feasibility of price discrimination. 5. 2 first - degree price discrimination. 5. 3 price discrimination with less information. 5. 4 second - degree price discrimination : menu pricing. 6 price discrimination, product variety, bundling & tying. 6. 1 price discrimination and product quality. 6. 2 price discrimination and product variety. 6. 3 bundling and tying. 6. 4 empirical application : price discrimination, product variety, and monopoly versus competition. part iii oligopoly and strategic interaction. 7 static games and quantity versus price competition. 7. 1 a brief introduction to game theory. 7. 2 dominant and dominated strategies. 7. 3 the static cournot model. 7. 4 the bertrand model. 7. 5 strategic substitutes and complements. 7. 6 empirical application : brand competition and consumer preferences — evidence from the california retail gasoline market. 8 dynamic games and first and second movers. 8. 1 the stackelberg model of quantity competition. 8. 2 sequential price competition 8. 3 sequential quality choice. 8. 4 commitment and credibility in dynamic games. 8. 5 the chain - store paradox. 9 entry deterrence and predation. 9. 1 market structure over time ; random process & stylized facts. 9. 2 deterring entry. 9. 3 predation and asymmetric information. 9. 4 long - term contracts as a barrier to entry. 9.


predation. 9. 1 market structure over time ; random process & stylized facts. 9. 2 deterring entry. 9. 3 predation and asymmetric information. 9. 4 long - term contracts as a barrier to entry. 9. 5 predatory conduct and public policy. 9. 6 empirical application : entry deterrence in the pharmaceutical industry. 10 price fixing and repeated games. 10. 1 the cartel ' s dilemma. 10. 2 repeated games. 10. 3 empirical application 1 : estimating the effects of price - fixing. 10. 4 cartels in practice : facilitating factors and practices. 10. 5 antitrust policy toward cartels ; deterrence and detection. 10. 6 empirical application : an experimental investigation of leniency programs. part iv contractual relationships between firms. 11 horizontal mergers. 11. 1 horizontal mergers and the merger paradox. 11. 2 mergers and cost synergies. 11. 3 merged firms as stackelberg leaders. 11. 4 sequential mergers. 11. 5 horizontal mergers and product differentiation. 11. 6 public policy and horizontal mergers. 11. 7 application : evaluating the impact of mergers with computer simulation. 12 vertical and conglomerate mergers. 12. 1 procompetitive vertical mergers. 12. 2 vertical mergers, price discrimination, and competition. 12. 3 vertical mergers, oligopoly, and foreclosure. 12. 4 a reappraisal : the ge - honeywell merger once more. 12. 5 a note on conglomerate mergers. 12. 6 empirical application : vertical integration in the ready - mixed concrete industry. 13 vertical restraints. 13. 1 vertical price restraints and antitrust policy : a brief history. 13. 2 vertical price restraints and suppressed competition. 13. 3 arguments in support of vertical price restraints. 13. 4 retail price maintenance and uncertain demand. 13. 5 nonprice vertical restraints. 13. 7 empirical application : exclusive dealing in the u. s. beer industry. part v topics in nonprice competition : advertising and research and development. 14 advertising, market power, and information. 14. 1 advertising and monopoly power : the dorfman - steiner condition. 14. 2 advertising as consumer information. 14. 3 advertising, information, and competition. 14. 4 complements, advertising, and brand names. 14. 5 empirical application : advertising, information, and prestige. 15 research and development. 15. 1 a taxonomy of innovations. 15. 2 market structure and the incentive to innovate. 15. 3 a more complete model


and brand names. 14. 5 empirical application : advertising, information, and prestige. 15 research and development. 15. 1 a taxonomy of innovations. 15. 2 market structure and the incentive to innovate. 15. 3 a more complete model of competition and innovation. 15. 4 evidence on the schumpeterian hypothesis. 15. 5 product and process innovation : cournot versus bertrand. 15. 6 r & d cooperation between firms. 15. 7 empirical application : r & d spillovers in practice. 16 patents and patent policy. 16. 1 optimal patent length. 16. 2 optimal patent breadth. 16. 3 patent races. 16. 4 monopoly power and “ sleeping patents. ” 16. 5 patent licensing. 16. 6 recent patent policy developments. 16. 7 empirical application : patent law and patent practice in the semiconductor industry. part vi special topics : networks and strategic trade policy. 17 network markets. 17. 1 market provision of a network service. 17. 2 networks, competition, and complementary services. 17. 3 systems competition and the battle over industry standards. 17. 4 application : network externalities in computer software — spreadsheets. 18 strategic commitments : confronting potential entrants and international rivalry. 18. 1 the strategic value of commitment. 18. 2 strategic complements and substitutes : cats, dogs, and the lean and hungry look. 18. 3 strategic commitments in international markets. 18. 4 trade agreements and commitment devices. answers to selected problems. - concise, calculus - based introduction to industrial organization in the imperfect market conditions of the real world. - 14 optional empirical real - world applications plus significant coverage on econometric studies. - robust integration of calculus, game theory, information economics, econometric studies, contracting issues, useful derivations and reality checkpoints. - clear writing by a successful and established author team conveys the vitality and relevance of industrial organization theory and practice. - current research on real business behavior and public policy. - regulation and antitrust issues, including coverage of european enforcement of american firms. - - james dana, northeastern university “ the authors have implemented their vision quite successfully, in my opinion. calculus - based arguments and formal models are employed throughout the text. i think that the authors do a good job of describing the issue / problem of interest and then proceed to how one might think of this problem in the context of a formal model. ” - - jennifer f. reinganum, vanderbilt university “ it is very concise, yet the explanations and applications


dictionary of wisconsin history search results for : the letter ' n ' term : north freedom [ origin of place name ] definition : village located in the northern part of the town of freedom, hence north freedom. where the roads meet in the center of the section was originally called hackett ' s corners from the families residing there. when the railroad was built two plats were made, one called bloom for george w. bloom and one called north freedom. afterwards, bloom station was changed to north freedom. iron ore used for paint was later discovered and the name became bessemer in honor of sir henry bessemer, who invented the process of reducing iron ore. the name of north freedom was later decided upon. [ source : cole. baraboo and other place names of sauk county. ] 340 records found nabob [ origin of place name ] nabob, washington co. nagawicka lake, waukesha co. nagawicka [ origin of place name ] nager, edward 1927 naleid, roy e. 1901 namakagon [ origin of place name ] namakagon, town of, bayfield co. namekagon ( town and river ) [ origin of place name ] namekagon river ( historic marker erected 1967 ) namekagon, bayfield co. namekagon, town of, bayfield co. namekagon - court oreilles portage ( historic marker namur, door co. nancy, town of, washburn co. naples, town of, buffalo co. narrow gauge ( railroads ) narrows creek, sauk co. nasbro, dodge co. nasewaupee [ origin of place name ] nasewaupee, town of, door co. nash, charles dennis 1819 - 1897 nash, charles w. 1864 - 1948 nash, philleo 1909 nash, william francis 1847 - 1916 nashotah ( town ) [ origin of place name ] nashotah lakes, waukesha co. nashotah mission ( historic marker erected 1968 ) nashotah, village of, waukesha co. nashotah, waukesha co. nashville, forest co. nashville, town of, forest co. nasonville [ origin of place name ] nasonville, wood co. nass, stephen l. 1952 nation ' s first cooperative generating station ( his nation ' s first watershed project ( historic marker national soldiers ' home ( historic marker erected 1 national soldiers ' home ( milwaukee ) national women ' s party nattestad, ole knudsen