specified turing machine or one of the equivalent formalisms. turing ' s initial interest was in the halting problem : deciding when an algorithm describes a terminating procedure. in practical terms computational complexity theory matters more : it includes the puzzling problem of the algorithms called np - complete, which are generally presumed to take more than polynomial time. kelas algoritma [ edit ] aya sababaraha cara keur nyieun kelas algoritma, and the merits of each classification have been the subject of ongoing debate. one way of classifying algorithms is by their design methodology or paradigm. there is a certain number of paradigms, each different from the other. furthermore, each of these categories will include many different types of algorithm. some commonly found paradigms include : - divide and conquer. a divide - and - conquer algorithm reduces an instance of a problem to one or more smaller instances of the same problem ( usually recursively ), until the instances are small enough to be directly expressible in the programming language employed ( what is ' direct ' is often discretionary ). - dynamic programming. when a problem shows optimal substructure, i. e when the optimal solution to a problem consists of optimal solutions to subproblems ( for instance the shortest path between two vertices on a weighted graph consists of the shortest path between all the vertices in between. ) you solve such a problem bottom - up by solving the simplest problems first and then procceding to increasingly difficult problems until you have solved the original problem. this is called a dynamic programming algorithm. - the greedy method. a greedy algorithm is similar to a dynamic programming algorithm, but the difference is that at each stage you don ' t have to have the solutions to the subproblems, you can make a " greedy " choice of what looks best for the moment. - linear programming. when you solve a problem using linear programming you put the program into a number of linear inequalities and then try to maximize ( or minimize ) the inputs. many problems ( such as the maximum flow for directed graphs ) can be stated in a linear programming way, and then be solved by a ' generic ' algorithm such as the simplex algorithm. - search and enumeration. many problems ( such as playing chess ) can be modelled as problems on graphs. a graph exploration algorithm specifies rules for moving around a graph and is useful for such problems. this category also includes the search algorithms and backtracking. - the probabilistic and heuri


playing chess ) can be modelled as problems on graphs. a graph exploration algorithm specifies rules for moving around a graph and is useful for such problems. this category also includes the search algorithms and backtracking. - the probabilistic and heuristic paradigm. algorithms belonging to this class fit the definition of an algorithm more loosely. probabilistic algorithms are those that make some choices randomly ( or pseudo - randomly ) ; for some problems, it can in fact be proved that the fastest solutions must involve some randomness. genetic algorithms attempt to find solutions to problems by mimicking biological evolutionary processes, with a cycle of random mutations yielding successive generations of ' solutions '. thus, they emulate reproduction and " survival of the fittest ". in genetic programming, this approach is extended to algorithms, by regarding the algorithm itself as a ' solution ' to a problem. also there are heuristic algorithms, whose general purpose is not to find a final solution, but an approximate solution where the time or resources to find a perfect solution are not practical. an example of this would be simulated annealing algorithms, a class of heuristic probabilistic algorithms that vary the solution of a problem by a random amount. the name ' simulated annealing ' alludes to the metallurgic term meaning the heating and cooling of metal to achieve freedom from defects. the purpose of the random variance is to find close to globally optimal solutions rather than simply locally optimal ones, the idea being that the random element will be decreased as the algorithm settles down to a solution. another way to classify algorithms is by implementation. a recursive algorithm is one that invokes ( makes reference to ) itself repeatedly until a certain condition matches, which is a method common to functional programming. algorithms are usually discussed with the assumption that computers execute one instruction of an algorithm at a time. those computers are sometimes called serial computers. an algorithm designed for such an environment is called a serial algorithm, as opposed to parallel algorithms, which take advantage of computer architectures where several processors can work on a problem at the same time. the various heuristic algorithm would probably also fall into this category, as their name ( e. g. a genetic algorithm ) describes its implementation. a list of algorithms discussed in wikipedia is available. tempo oge [ edit ] - bulletproof algorithms - numerical analysis - cryptographic algorithms - sort algorithms - search algorithms - merge algorithms - string algorithms - list of algorithms - timeline of algorithms - struktur data - genetic algorithms - randomised


rica dela cruz mentor : dr. monica chander soxr is a redox - sensitive transcriptional dual regulator and activator protein. homologs of this protein, in addition to the specific dna sequences it binds, exist in various bacterial species. traditionally, soxr has been known to be an oxidative stress - defense protein, such as in the enteric bacterium, e. coli. in the presence of oxidative stress agents, soxr ’ s characteristic iron - sulfur clusters become oxidized inducing a conformational change. this allows the protein to bind to a specific dna promoter site to activate the expression of certain genes, which in turn produce various antioxidant proteins. unlike e. coli, however, studies in other bacterial species have suggested that soxr may play a role in the transport and / or modification of small molecules within the cell. for example, it has recently been found that soxr regulates the efflux of the redox - active antibiotic, pyocynin, produced by the bacteria, pseudomonas aeruginosa. analogous to p. aeruginosa, the soil bacterium, streptomyces coelicolor, also seems to show a possible link between soxr and one of the redox - active antibiotic it produces, actinorhodin. though, this has only been shown phenotypically. dna sequences homologous to the consensus sequence of the soxr binding site have been found in promoter regions of s. coelicolor genes, sco2478 and sco4266. it is hypothesized that soxr may either be activating or inhibiting the expression of sco2478 and sco4266 in the presence of endogenous actinorhodin. gel shift assays do show that soxr can bind to these regions in vitro. however, how soxr binds and its downstream mechanisms are still unknown. other consensus sequences of the soxr binding site have also been found in regions upstream of the ecaa, ecab, and ecac genes of s. coelicolor. one goal is to find out whether soxr does bind to these regions. this will be answered by the analysis of gel shift assays. another goal is to find out whether soxr functions to activate or inhibit the expression of these genes : sco2478, sco4266, and possibly the eca genes. thus, quantitative rt - pcr and micro


russia is a transcontinental country that lies on the northern part of asia and europe. it is the world ’ s biggest country and is an eighth of the total land area of earth. it covers the northern part of asia and almost half of europe. it is a nation that spans 11 time zones, is home to more than 142 million people and is the ninth most country populous in the world as of 2007. the russian federation has the most mineral and energy resources on earth, and has the largest forest reserves in the world. due to its enormous land area, russia shares land borders with a number of nations, including finland, poland, ukraine, china, and north korea. moscow is the capital city of russia. it is the largest city in the country and is one of the largest urban areas in the world. moscow is also the largest city in europe. in terms of educational, economic, financial, and transportation, moscow is at the center of russia and holds a very significant role in international trade and business. the city is also home to a number of billionaires, and in 2007 was named the most expensive city in the world for the second time in a row. the russians are known for their craftsmanship and engineering prowess. it is in moscow that one of the most complex transport systems is located. known for its architecture, the metro system of moscow is one of the most admired and busiest in the world. the moscow international business center, also referred to as moscow - city, is a project being developed to be a part of central moscow. this ambitious project is designed to create a city within a city. the idea is to have a separate economic activity center inside the city where living space, business, and entertainment are to be combined. the project started in 1992. the federation tower, upon its completion in 2008, will be the tallest building in europe. the construction of four new transport stations, two of which are already operational, will broaden the metro system of the city. the two other stations will be used for the moscow - city project. | « london | | mumbai » |


by brother nathanael kapner, copyright 2010 real jew news ( jewish propagandists would have us believe that hitler ’ s unfavorable attitude toward jewry was based solely on a “ racial ” hostility between aryans and the jewish people. but as we examine hitler ’ s early views regarding the jewish question, we do not find a predominantly racial line of disputation, but rather, a social line of argumentation. although the future fuhrer did identify jewry as having a “ racial character ” formed by centuries of jewish insulation within their host nations, he did not ground his opposition on genetic predetermination. thus, the accusation that hitler was a “ racist ” is a jewish lie. beginning with a letter written in 1919 in reply to an inquirer on the subject of jewry ’ s influence in the weimar republic, hitler stressed the need for a rational basis for anti - semitism that would oppose the ethos and actions of jewry : “ anti - semitism as a political movement cannot be defined by emotional impulses but by recognition of the facts. the facts are these : first, jewry is absolutely a race and not a religious association. jews never designate themselves as jewish germans, jewish poles, or jewish americans - but always as german, polish, or american jews. through thousands of years of the closest kind of inbreeding, jews have maintained their peculiarities far more distinctly than many of the peoples among whom they have lived. thus there lives amongst us an alien race that neither wishes to neither sacrifice its racial character nor deny its feeling, thinking, and striving. nevertheless, it possesses all the political rights we do. if the ethos of the jews is revealed in the purely material realm, it is even clearer in their thinking and striving. in their dance around the golden calf the value of the individual is no longer decided by his character but by the size of his fortune. the loftiness of a nation is no longer to be measured by the sum of its moral and spiritual powers, but rather by the wealth of its material possessions. this thinking and striving after money and power, and the feelings that go along with it, serve the purposes of the jew who is unscrupulous in the choice of methods and pitiless in their employment. his power is the power of money, which multiplies in his hands through interest, and which forces peoples under the most dangerous of yokes. its golden glitter, so attractive in the beginning, conceal


methods and pitiless in their employment. his power is the power of money, which multiplies in his hands through interest, and which forces peoples under the most dangerous of yokes. its golden glitter, so attractive in the beginning, conceals the ultimately tragic consequences. everything men strive after as a higher goal, be it religion, socialism, democracy, is to the jew only means to an end, the way to satisfy his lust for gold and domination. in his effects and consequences he is like a racial cancer of the nations. thus, an anti - semitism based purely on emotional grounds will find its ultimate expression in the form of the pogrom. but an anti - semitism based on reason must lead to a systematic legal elimination of the privileges of the jews. the ultimate objective of such legislation must, however, be the irrevocable removal of the jews from civil and cultural influence. to this end, the installation of nationally - minded leadership personalities with an inner sense of responsibility is necessary. ” view entire story here. clearly, hitler outlined a “ social ” problem posed by jewry in its materialistic pursuits that acted as a “ cancer ” upon germany. this could only be eliminated by denying the jews civil and cultural influence through legal means. as mentioned above, the relevance of hitler ’ s early views on the jews to today ’ s jewish problem is to be considered. the question must be asked : is a legal denial of jewry ’ s pernicious influence on society the means of ridding ourselves of the jewish menace? this model was set forth not in racial terms, but again, based on the activities pursued by jewry, which hitler viewed as destructive to the culture and destiny of germany. first, let us explore an “ encounter ” the future fuhrer experienced with a religious jew while walking the streets of vienna when still a young artist which acted as a catalyst for his ensuing opposition to jewry : “ in the jew i saw only a man who was of a different religion, and therefore, on grounds of human tolerance, was against the idea that he should be attacked because he had a different faith. once, when passing through the inner city of vienna, i suddenly encountered a phenomenon in a long caftan and wearing black side - locks. my first thought was : ‘ is this a jew? they certainly did not have this appearance in linz. ’ but the longer i gazed at the strange countenance and examined it feature by feature, the more the question shaped itself in my mind : ‘


tiny wiki : fast loading, text only version of wikipedia. redirect6 | pianoforte | earlier versions of the instrument | fortepiano | other uses of " piano " | piano ( disambiguation ) the piano is a musical instrument which is played by means of a keyboard. widely used in western music for solo performances, ensemble use, chamber music, and accompaniment, the piano is also very popular as an aid to composing and rehearsal. although not portable and often expensive, the piano ' s versatility and ubiquity have made it one of the world ' s most familiar musical instruments. pressing a key on the piano ' s keyboard causes a felt covered hammer to strike steel strings. the hammers rebound, allowing the strings to continue vibrating at their resonant frequency. these vibrations are transmitted through a bridge to a sounding board that couples the acoustic energy to the air so that it can be heard as sound. when the key is released, a damper stops the string ' s vibration. pianos are sometimes classified as both percussion and stringed instruments. according to the hornbostel - sachs method of music classification, they are grouped with chordophones. the word ' ' piano ' ' is a shortened form of the word ' ' pianoforte ' ', which is seldom used except in formal language and derived from the original italian name for the instrument, ' ' clavicembalo ' ' [ or ' ' gravicembalo ' ' ] ' ' col piano e forte ' ' ( literally ' ' harpsichord with soft and loud ' ' ). this refers to the instrument ' s responsiveness to keyboard touch, which allows the pianist to produce notes at different dynamic levels by controlling the speed with which the hammers hit the strings. the piano is founded on earlier technological innovations. the first string instruments with struck strings were the hammered dulcimers originating from the persian traditional musical instrument santur. during the middle ages, there were several attempts at creating stringed keyboard instruments with struck strings, the earliest being the hurdy gurdy which has uncertain origins. by the 17th century, the mechanisms of keyboard instruments such as the clavichord and the harpsichord were well known. in a clavichord the strings are struck by tangents, while in a harpsichord they are plucked by quills. centuries of work on the mechanism of the harpsichord in particular had shown the most effective ways to construct the case, soundboard, bridge, and keyboard. the invention of the modern piano is credited


such as high - quality steel, called piano wire, for strings, and precision casting for the production of iron frames. over time, the tonal range of the piano was also increased from the five octaves of mozart ' s day to the 7al or more octaves found on modern pianos. early technological progress owed much to the firm of broadwood. john broadwood joined with another scot, robert stodart, and a dutchman, americus backers, to design a piano in the harpsichord case a€ “ the origin of the " grand ". they achieved this in about 1777. they quickly gained a reputation for the splendour and powerful tone of their instruments, with broadwood constructing ones that were progressively larger, louder, and more robustly constructed. they sent pianos to both joseph haydn and ludwig van beethoven, and were the first firm to build pianos with a range of more than five octaves : five octaves and a fifth during the 1790s, six octaves by 1810 ( beethoven used the extra notes in his later works ), and seven octaves by 1820. the viennese makers similarly followed these trends, however the two schools used different piano actions : broadwoods were more robust, viennese instruments were more sensitive. by the 1820s, the center of innovation had shifted to paris, where the pleyel firm manufactured pianos used by fra©da©ric chopin and the a ‰ rard firm manufactured those used by franz liszt. in 1821, sa©bastien a ‰ rard invented the double escapement action, which permitted a note to be repeated even if the key had not yet risen to its maximum vertical position. this facilitated rapid playing of repeated notes, and this musical device was pioneered by liszt. when the invention became public, as revised by henri herz, the double escapement action gradually became standard in grand pianos, and is still incorporated into all grand pianos currently produced. one of the major technical innovations that helped to create the sound of the modern piano was the use of a strong iron frame. also called the " plate ", the iron frame sits atop the soundboard, and serves as the primary bulwark against the force of string tension. the increased structural integrity of the iron frame allowed the use of thicker, tenser, and more numerous strings. in a modern grand the total string tension can exceed 20 tons. the single piece cast iron frame was patented in 1825 in boston by alpheus babcock, combining the metal hitch pin plate ( 1821,


by the end of the 19th century. improvements have been made in manufacturing processes, and many individual details of the instrument continue to receive attention. history and musical performance much of the most widely admired piano repertoire, for example, that of haydn, mozart, and beethoven, was composed for a type of instrument that is rather different from the modern instruments on which this music is normally performed today. even the music of the romantics, including liszt, chopin, robert schumann, felix mendelssohn and johannes brahms, was written for pianos substantially different from ours. modern pianos come in two basic configurations ( with subcategories ) : the grand piano and the upright piano. in grand pianos, the frame and strings are horizontal, with the strings extending away from the keyboard. there are several sizes of grand piano. a rough generalization distinguishes the " concert grand " ( between about and long ) from the " parlor grand " or " boudoir grand " ( about to ) and the smaller " baby grand ". all else being equal, longer pianos with longer strings have larger, richer sound and lower inharmonicity of the strings. inharmonicity is the degree to which the frequencies of overtones ( known as partials, partial tones, or harmonics ) depart from whole multiples of the fundamental frequency. pianos with shorter, thicker, and stiffer strings ( e. g., baby grands ) have more inharmonicity. the longer strings on a concert grand can vibrate more freely than the shorter, thicker strings on a baby grand, which means that a concert grand ' s strings will have truer overtones. this allows the strings to be tuned closer to equal temperament in relation to the standard pitch with less " stretching " in the piano tuning. full - size grands are usually used for public concerts, whereas smaller grands, introduced by sohmer & co. in 1884, are often chosen for domestic use where space and cost are considerations. a grand piano action has a repetition lever for each key. if the key is pressed repeatedly and fairly quickly this repetition lever catches the hammer close to the strings, which assists the speed and control of repeated notes and trills. upright pianos, also called vertical pianos, are more compact because the frame and strings are vertical. the hammers move horizontally, and are returned to their resting position by springs which are prone to wear and tear. upright pianos with unusually tall frames and long strings are sometimes called " upright grand " pianos. some authors classify modern pianos


strings are vertical. the hammers move horizontally, and are returned to their resting position by springs which are prone to wear and tear. upright pianos with unusually tall frames and long strings are sometimes called " upright grand " pianos. some authors classify modern pianos according to their height and, to modifications of the action that are necessary to accommodate the height. * studio pianos are around 42 to 45 inches tall. this is the shortest cabinet that can accommodate a ' full - sized ' action located above the keyboard. * console pianos have a compact action ( shorter hammers ), and are a few inches shorter than studio models. * the top of a spinet model barely rises above the keyboard. the action is located below, operated by vertical wires that are attached to the backs of the keys. * anything taller than a studio piano is called an upright. toy pianos began to be manufactured in the 19th century. in 1863, henri fourneaux invented the player piano, which " plays itself " from a piano roll without the need for a pianist. a performance is " recorded " onto rolls of paper with perforations, and the player piano replays the performance using pneumatic devices. modern equivalents of the player piano include the ba ¶ sendorfer ceus and the yamaha disklavier, using solenoids and midi rather than pneumatics and rolls. a silent piano is an acoustic piano having an option to silence the strings by means of an interposing hammer bar. they are designed for private silent practice. the transposing piano was invented in 1801 by edward ryley. it has a lever under the keyboard used to move the keyboard relative to the strings so that a pianist can play in a familiar key while the music sounds in a different key. the prepared piano, encountered in some contemporary art music, is a grand piano which has objects placed inside it to alter its sound, or which has had its mechanism changed in some other way. the scores for music for prepared piano specify the modifications, for example instructing the pianist to insert pieces of rubber, or paper, or metal screws or washers, in between the strings. these either mute the strings or alter their timbre. available since the 1980s, digital pianos use digital sampling technology to reproduce the sound of each piano note. digital pianos can be sophisticated, with features including working pedals, weighted keys, multiple voices, and midi interfaces. however, when the damper pedal ( see below ) is depressed on such an instrument, there are no strings to vibrate


note. digital pianos can be sophisticated, with features including working pedals, weighted keys, multiple voices, and midi interfaces. however, when the damper pedal ( see below ) is depressed on such an instrument, there are no strings to vibrate sympathetically. physical models of sympathetic vibration are incorporated into the synthesis software of some higher end digital pianos, such as the yamaha clavinova series, or the kawai mp8 series. with the advent of powerful desktop computers, highly realistic pianos have become available as affordable software modules. some of these modules, such as synthogy ' s ivory released in 2004, use multi - gigabyte piano sample sets with as many as 90 recordings, each lasting many seconds, for each of the 88 ( some have 81 ) keys under different conditions, augmented by additional samples to emulate sympathetic resonance, key release, the drop of the dampers, and simulations of piano techniques like re - pedaling. some other software modules, such as modartt ' s pianoteq released in 2006, use no samples whatsoever and are a pure synthesis of all aspects of the physicalities which go into the creation of a real piano ' s sound. in recent times, piano manufactures have superseded the old fashioned pianola or player piano with new innovative pianos which play themselves via a cd or mp3 player. similar in concept to a player piano, the pianodisc or iq systems installed in select pianos will ' play themselves ' when prompted by a certain file format designed to be interpreted by software installed and connected to the piano. such additions are quite expensive, often doubling the cost of a piano and are available in both upright and grand pianos. almost every modern piano has 36 black keys and 52 white keys for a total of 88 keys ( seven octaves plus a minor third, from a0 to c8 ). many older pianos only have 85 keys ( seven octaves from a0 to a7 ), while some manufacturers extend the range further in one or both directions. some ba ¶ sendorfer pianos extend the normal range downwards to f0, with one other model going as far as a bottom c0, making a full eight octave range. these extra keys are sometimes hidden under a small hinged lid that can be flipped down to cover the keys in order to avoid visual disorientation in a pianist unfamiliar with the extended keyboard. on others, the colors of the extra white keys are reversed ( black instead of white ). the extra keys are added primarily for increased resonance from the associated strings ; that is


played notes. in addition, it alters the overall tone by allowing all strings, even the ones not directly played, to reverberate. the soft pedal or ' ' una corda ' ' pedal is placed leftmost in the row of pedals. in grand pianos, it shifts the entire action, including the keyboard, to the right, so that the hammers hit only one of the three strings for each note ( hence the name ' ' una corda ' ', or ' one string ' ). the effect is to soften the note as well as to change the tone. in uprights, this action is not possible, and so the pedal moves the hammers closer to the strings, allowing the hammers to hit the strings with less kinetic energy to produce a softer sound, but with no change in timbre. on grand pianos, the middle pedal is a sostenuto pedal. this pedal keeps raised any damper that was already raised at the moment the pedal is depressed. this makes it possible to sustain some notes ( by depressing the sostenuto pedal before notes to be sustained are released ) while the player ' s hands are free to play other notes. this can be useful for musical passages with pedal points and other otherwise tricky or impossible situations. on many upright pianos, there is a middle pedal called the ' practice ' or ' ' celeste ' ' pedal. this drops a piece of felt between the hammers and strings, greatly muting the sounds. there are also non - standard variants. on some pianos ( grands and verticals ), the middle pedal can be a bass sustain pedal : that is, when it is depressed, the dampers lift off the strings only in the bass section. this pedal would be used only when a pianist needs to sustain a single bass note or chord over many measures, while playing the melody in the treble section. on the stuart and sons piano as well as the largest fazioli piano, there is a fourth pedal to the left of the principal three. this fourth pedal works in the same way as the soft pedal of an upright piano, moving the hammers closer to the strings. the rare transposing piano, of which irving berlin possessed an example, had a middle pedal that functioned as a clutch which disengages the keyboard from the mechanism, enabling the keyboard to be moved to the left or right with a lever. the entire action of the piano is thus shifted to allow the pianist to play music written in one key so that it sounds


host cell wall ( between the two arrows ) and the deposit at the host cell. scale bar = 1 µm. © r. bauer 1997 the contents of these vesicles ( fig. 1 ) are transferred to the host plasma membrane ( fig. 2 ). two major types are recognized. ( i ) local interaction zones ( fig. 3 ) : short - term production of primary interactive vesicles per interaction site results in local interaction zones, and ( ii ) enlarged interaction zones ( fig. 4 ) : continuous production and exocytosis of primary interactive vesicles results in the continuous deposition of fungal material at the whole contact area with the host cell. fig. 3. transmission electron micrograph showing a local interaction zone ( arrows ) between exobasidium pachysporum ( lower cell ) and its host ( upper cell ). note the interaction apparatus ( arrowheads ) and the deposit at the host cell. scale bar = 0. 5 µm. © r. bauer 1997 fig. 4. transmission electron micrograph showing an enlarged interaction zone between ustacystis waldsteiniae and its host. the haustorium ( h ) is encased by electron - opaque material. scale bar = 2 µm. © r. bauer 1997 cell wall carbohydrate composition prillinger et al. ( 1993 ) distinguished between several types of cell wall carbohydrate composition within the basidiomycota. the ustilaginomycetes have a distinctive type with dominance of glucose and absence of xylose that separates them from the urediniomycetes and hymenomycetes. gottschalk and blanz ( 1985 ) distinguished between a type a and a type b secondary structure of the 5s rrna. the ustilaginomycetes share the type b secondary structure with the hymenomycetes. in contrast with the hymenomycetes, the septal pores of the ustilaginomycetes are without multilayered parenthesomes. in contrast with the urediniomycetes, in most ustilaginomycetes the septal pores are enclosed by distinctive, tripartite membrane caps or discs ( bauer et al. 1995b, bauer et al. 1997, fig. 5 ). fig. 5. transmission electron micrograph showing a typical septal pore apparatus of the ustilaginomycetes ( entyloma callitrichis ) with two membrane


the definition of physical aggression varies from professional to professional. some do not distinguish between aggression directed against objects ( more accurately characterized as " property destruction " ), aggression directed against the self ( more accurately characterized as " self - injurious " behavior ) and aggression directed against others through verbal means ( more accurately characterized as " verbal aggression " ). although the definition of physical aggression may be more or less inclusive of these various behavioral anomalies, several intervention principles are common in addressing aggressive behavior : an immediate limit - setting response is necessary. it is inappropriate to " ignore " aggression, especially if someone is being injured. the immediate limit - setting response must not be reinforcing – if the child wants to leave the room, and you take the child out of the room when he behaves aggressively, then you ’ ve effectively reinforced aggression. it may not be possible, or legally permissible, for the treatment provider to implement " contingent exclusion " without the assistance of the adult caretaker. regulations regarding the use of physical restraint vary from location to location. physical restraint ( holding the child to prevent movement ) is not recommended by most professionals, may jeopardize the health and safety of the child, and may be illegal, depending upon its implementation. the use of physical guidance, physical prompting or other means of redirecting ( moving ) the child to a less - stimulating or less - dangerous setting is usually permissible, but it is always preferable to redirect the child through the use of verbal means. this depends upon the existence of rapport between the child and the treatment provider. the treatment provider is always " icing on somebody else ’ s cake. " in a school, the " cake " is the teacher or classroom aide. at home and in the community, the " cake " is the parent, adult babysitter, or other adult, who is responsible for the child ( daycare staff, etc ). when physical aggression occurs, it is almost always necessary to " get the cake involved " quickly. aggression is usually " the tactic of last resort, " when other modes of communication have failed. to reduce aggressive tendencies in children, it is almost always necessary to work on improving communication skills. to look further to see if having access to more than 500 treatment plans that worked may be helpful to you, see order here popularity : 100 % [? ]


test that uses radiation to take a picture of structures inside the body, including lungs, bladder, kidney, and lymph nodes - bone scan — a nuclear medicine scan that uses radioactive material injected into your body to detect abnormal areas of bone. this is usually not done unless your psa is above 10 ng / ml or you have bone pain. - ct or cat scan — a type of x - ray that uses a computer to make pictures of structures inside the body - prostascint scan — a nuclear medicine scan that uses radioactive material injected into your body to detect prostate cells that may have traveled outside of the prostate. this study is still investigational and has not yet been proven to change disease management. - mri scan — a test that uses magnetic waves to make pictures of structures inside the body - lymph node biopsy — tissue samples are taken from the lymph nodes surrounding the prostate and sent to the laboratory for examination. the tnm staging system is often used to classify cancer of the prostate. the gleason score is often combined with the tnm system to predict the likelihood of survival over the next five years with treatment. the higher the numbers the worse the prognosis. tumor size and local spread ( t ) : - t0 : there is no evidence of tumor. - t1 : the cancer is not felt during a rectal exam nor seen by ultrasound. it is usually found during treatment for benign prostatic hypertrophy or during evaluation of an elevated psa test. - t2 : the cancer can be felt during rectal exam, but is confined to the prostate. - t3 : the cancer has spread just outside the prostate and may involve the seminal vesicles. - t4 : the cancer has spread to local tissues beyond the prostate and seminal vesicles, organs, or lymph nodes. spread to lymph nodes ( n ) : - n0 : there is no evidence of cancer in any lymph node. - n1 : cancer has spread to one nearby lymph node that is < 2 cm in size. - n2 : cancer has spread to one nearby lymph node 2 - 5 cm in size or multiple lymph nodes all < 5 cm in size - n3 : cancer has spread to any nearby lymph nodes > 5 cm in size. spread to distant organs ( m ) : - m0 : there is no evidence of distant spread. - m1 : there is no distant spread to far removed lymph nodes,


this article describes the design of an antenna for " local " contacts on 7mhz, including a simple and efficient matching system that presents a 50ω load to the transmitter. the design objectives are : the antenna is intended to serve mainly local vk contacts. the requirement can be simply met by an antenna with approximately omni - directional characteristics. even though the location is a semi rural one, a horizontal antenna is chosen for best noise performance. vk1od is located in bowral ( abouty 100km sw of sydney ), roughly in the centre of the south east corner of australia where well over half of australia ' s population reside, as illustrated in the map to the right. the table shows the nearby state capital cities ( 2002 ) and the path parameters for 7mhz communications at 0500 utc with ssn = 100. note that radiation angles from 31 to 82 degrees suit these cities. a dipole mounted low to the ground with its legs sloped downwards from the centre was chosen as a reasonably omni - directional horizontal antenna. a mast to support the centre of the dipole at a height of 11m is available, and the legs can be conveniently sloped downwards at about 45° to the horizontal. the impedance of a nominally half wave dipole is quite dependent on frequency, height above ground, the nature of ground, and nearby conductors. the series resistance component changes slowly with about resonance, and reactance changes quite quickly with frequency. fig 1 shows nec modelled r and x for the antenna which is resonant at as the frequency increases, the change in feed point impedance can be expressed as the vswr it would cause on a given feedline. fig 2 shows the vswr in a 75ω line. conversely, as the length of the antenna is increased beyond resonance at a given frequency, vswr ( 75 ) will increase. the objective of the matching scheme used is to cause a vswr of 1. 5 on the 75ω feedline because the effect of that vswr is that there will be points along the feedline where the the ratio of v to i, the impedance, is 50ω purely resistive. in the strictest sense, we want vswr = 1. 5 at the transmitter end of the 75ω line, vswr will be a little higher at the feed point end due to line losses. first step is to erect the dipole with 1 : 1 current balun at the feed point and tune it to obtain vswr = 1. 5 in


a temporary measure and will be replaced with a length of galvanised steel pipe. the winch fitting is a rural fence accessory. fig 8 shows the earthing of the supporting mast to a 2. 4m long 16mm copper clad ground rod driven into wet clay. two 25mm2 conductors bond the mast to the earth rod. the ground rod consistently measures around 12ω resistance indicating a soil resistivity of around 20ωm ( which is quite low ). when connected to the mast in its foundation, the combined resistance consistently measures 9ω to 10ω. the temporary end supports were replaced with 50mm diameter steel posts. this raised the ends of the dipole to about 7m in height ( included angle 135° ) and required a small adjustment in tuning. fig 10 shows the end support posts. they are made from 40mm nb ( ~ 50mm od ) galvanised steel pipe, with cap added and a chain link welded on for rigging attachment. the winch pictured is a permanent fence wire strainer which cost about $ 7 at the local rural hardware shop. the other pics show the lateral guys ( 4mm galvanised fswr ) on the mast at 8m height, and their attachment to an eye in the roof frame and a star picket driven into the ground. the mast was trued up laterally using a theodolite and then the rigging screws and shackle pins wired to prevent loosening. the egg insulators are to prevent unwanted interaction with the dipole. fig 11 above shows a scan with a aimuhf antenna analyser look into the existing 13m of rg6 coax. the capacity loading stingers were adjusted in position to obtain vswr ( 75 ) = 1. 5 at about 7. 070mhz. the vswr lot above is referenced to 75ω, and the cyan cursor shows vswr ( 75 ) = 1. 5 at 7. 059mhz. this is quite close enough, antenna tuning will change a little with ground moisture level etc. in this case, the stingers needed to be move about 100mm to compensate for the new end height which could be expected to affect feed point reactance much more than resistance. having used this stinger design for many years, it was time to improve the design. fig 12 shows the improved design, the 2mm hdc stinger wire is formed around a 6mm round rod, then through the split bolt line tap, and the


are low and difficult to measure. nevertheless, the effects of nr on metabolism " are nothing short of astonishing. " got nicotinamide riboside? the study depended on a series of crucial discoveries by dr. sauve and his laboratory colleagues. nr, related to niacin and other common forms of vitamin b3, was first investigated more than 60 years ago by a stanford researcher and 1959 nobel laureate, arthur kornberg. but little more was known about its effects in mammals until dr. sauve discovered the effect nr had in stimulating levels of nad in mammalian cells — work he published in 2007. nad allows sugars, fats, and proteins to be converted into energy. dr. sauve ' s research provided the first evidence that nr enhances nad levels in the mitochondria in mammalian cells in culture. these findings are published in the current study. these cell - based observations were key to the demonstration that nr could stimulate tissue nad levels in animals, and that it could stimulate nad - dependent sirtuins, which adapt physiology to the low calorie diets that are known to extend the lifespan of many organisms. dr. sauve invented a relatively simple method for efficiently synthesizing nr in large scale so that its health benefits can be studied. this methodology, which makes it possible to make nr commercially available, was patented by cornell ' s center for technology enterprise and commercialization and subsequently licensed to chromadex corporation. the development of a means to synthesize nr in adequate quantities was crucial to the current research, and the sauve lab provided methods and nr to make the study possible. in addition, the biological observations on the effects of nr on nad levels in cells and on mitochondria were key to the study. finally, the sauve laboratory has developed state of the art analytical methods to determine nad levels in cells, tissues and organelles, and the laboratory provided several key metabolic measurements highlighted in the study. " our published scientific work has verified that nr is perhaps the most potent nad enhancing agent ever identified, " he says. his laboratory is also widely recognized for developing an expertise in the measurement of nad metabolism in cell tissues. with this compound, the swiss researchers found that mice on a high - fat diet supplemented with nr gained significantly less weight ( 60 percent ) than mice fed the same diet without nr, even though the mice supplemented with nr ate the same amount of food as mice on the high fat diet not treated with nr. they had improved energy. they were in better shape than


foreign type specifiers here is a list of valid foreign type specifiers for use in accessing external objects. specifies an undefined return value. not allowed as argument type. as argument : any value ( # f is false ( zero ), anything else is true ( non - zero ). as result : anything different from 0 and the null pointer is # t. this type maps to int in both c and c + +. a signed or unsigned character. as an argument, the input scheme character is cast to c char or unsigned char, resulting in an 8 - bit value. a scheme character with an integer value outside 0 - 127 ( signed ) or 0 - 255 ( unsigned ) will be silently truncated to fit ; in other words, don ' t feed it utf - 8 data. as a return type, accepts any valid unicode code point ; the return type is treated as a c int, and converted to a scheme character. an 8 - bit integer value in range - 128 - 127 ( byte ) or 0 - 255 ( unsigned byte ). values are cast to and from c char or unsigned char type, so values outside this 8 - bit range will be unceremoniously truncated. [ type ] short a short integer number in 16 - bit range. maps to c short or unsigned short. [ type ] int an integer number in fixnum range ( - 1073741824 to 1073741823, i. e. 31 bit signed ). unsigned - int further restricts this range to 30 bit unsigned ( 0 to 1073741823 ). int maps to c type int and int32 maps to int32 _ t. as an argument type, these expect a fixnum value, and as a return type they return a fixnum. values outside the ranges prescribed above are silently truncated ; you should use e. g. integer if you need the full 32 - bit range. note : int32 is not recognized as an argument type prior to chicken 4. 7. 2. notes for 64 - bit architectures : - c ' s int is 32 bits on most 64 - bit systems ( lp64 ), so int and int32 are functionally ( if not semantically ) equivalent. - the fixnum type is larger than 32 bits and consequently the entire signed or unsigned 32 - bit range is available for this type on 64 - bit systems. however, for compatibility with 32 - bit systems it is probably unwise to rely on this. if you need a 32 - bit range, you


pointer is returned as # f. note that the string contents are copied into ( automatically managed ) temporary storage with a zero byte appended when passed as an argument. also, a return value of this type is copied into garbage collected memory using strcpy ( 3 ). for the nonnull - variant, passing # f will raise an exception, and returning a null pointer will result in undefined behavior ( e. g. a segfault ). [ type ] c - string * similar to c - string and nonnull - c - string, but if used as a result type, the pointer returned by the foreign code will be freed ( using the c library ' s free ( 3 ) ) after copying. this type specifier is not valid as a result type for callbacks defined with define - external. [ type ] unsigned - c - string same as c - string, nonnull - c - string, etc. but mapping to c ' s unsigned char * type. [ type ] c - string - list takes a pointer to an array of c strings terminated by a null pointer and returns a list of strings. the starred version c - string - list * also releases the storage of each string and the pointer array afterward using free ( 1 ). only valid as a result type, and can only be used with non - callback functions. [ type ] symbol a symbol, which will be passed to foreign code as a zero - terminated string. when declared as the result of foreign code, the result should be a string and a symbol with the same name will be interned in the symbol table ( and returned to the caller ). attempting to return a null string will raise an exception. a blob object, passed as a pointer to its contents. permitted only as argument type, not return type. arguments of type blob may optionally be # f, which is passed as a null pointer. for the nonnull - variant, passing a # f value will raise an exception. [ type ] u8vector a srfi - 4 number - vector object, passed as a pointer to its contents. these are allowed only as argument types, not as return types. the value # f is also allowed and is passed to c as a null pointer. for the nonnull - variants, passing # f will raise an exception. [ type ] ( c - pointer type ) [ type ] ( nonnull - c - pointer type ) an operating - system pointer or a locative


pointer. for the nonnull - variants, passing # f will raise an exception. [ type ] ( c - pointer type ) [ type ] ( nonnull - c - pointer type ) an operating - system pointer or a locative. c - pointer is untyped, whereas ( c - pointer type ) points to an object of foreign type type. the value # f is allowed and is passed to c as a null pointer ; similarly, null is returned as # f. for the two nonnull - variants, passing # f will raise an exception, and returning null will result in a null pointer object. ( note : it is still possible to deliberately pass a null pointer through a nonnull - c - pointer by manually creating a null pointer object, e. g. via ( address - > pointer 0 ). ) [ type ] pointer - vector a vector of foreign pointer objects ; see pointer vectors. permitted only as an argument type, not as return type. this type was introduced in chicken 4. 6. 3. a pointer vector contains a c array of void pointers, and the argument is passed as a void * * pointer to these contents. just as for bytevector types, you must somehow communicate the length of this array to the callee ; there is no sentinel node or null terminator. # f is allowed and passed as a null pointer. for the nonnull - variant, passing a # f value will raise an exception. [ type ] ( ref type ) a c + + reference type. reference types are handled the same way as pointers inside scheme code. [ type ] ( function resulttype ( argumenttype1... [... ] ) [ callconv ] ) a function pointer. callconv specifies an optional calling convention and should be a string. the meaning of this string is entirely platform dependent. the value # f is also allowed and is passed as a null pointer. scheme objects [ type ] scheme - object an arbitrary, raw scheme data object ( immediate or non - immediate ). a scheme - object is passed or returned as a c _ word, the internal chicken type for objects. typically, this consists of an object header and tag bits. it is up to you to build or take apart such objects using the core library routines in chicken. h and runtime. c. more information on object structure can be found in data representation. [ type ] scheme - pointer an untyped pointer to the contents of a non - immediate


take apart such objects using the core library routines in chicken. h and runtime. c. more information on object structure can be found in data representation. [ type ] scheme - pointer an untyped pointer to the contents of a non - immediate scheme object ; for example, the raw byte contents of a string. only allowed as an argument type, not a return type. the value # f is also allowed and is passed as a null pointer. for the nonnull - variant, passing # f will raise an exception. don ' t confuse this type with ( c - pointer... ) which means something different ( a machine - pointer object ). scheme - pointer is typically used to get a pointer to the raw byte content of strings and blobs. but if you pass in a srfi - 4 vector, you will get a pointer to a blob object header ( not the blob ' s contents ), which is almost certainly wrong. instead, convert to a blob beforehand, or use a srfi - 4 specific type. user - defined c types [ type ] ( struct name ) a struct of the name name, which should be a string. structs cannot be directly passed as arguments to foreign functions, nor can they be result values. however, pointers to structs are allowed. [ type ] ( union name ) a union of the name name, which should be a string. unions cannot be directly passed as arguments to foreign functions, nor can they be result values. however, pointers to unions are allowed. [ type ] ( enum name ) an enumeration type. handled internally as an integer. c + + types [ type ] ( instance cname schemeclass ) a pointer to a c + + class instance wrapped into a scheme object instance. cname should designate the name of the c + + class, and schemeclass should be the class that wraps the instance pointer. ( make schemeclass ' this pointer ) ( slot - ref instance ' this ) [ type ] ( instance - ref cname schemeclass ) a reference to a c + + class instance. [ type ] ( template type argtype... ) a c + + template type. for example vector < int > would be specified as ( template " vector " int ). template types cannot be directly passed as arguments or returned as results. however, pointers to template types are allowed. type qualifiers [ type ] ( const type ) the foreign type


int > would be specified as ( template " vector " int ). template types cannot be directly passed as arguments or returned as results. however, pointers to template types are allowed. type qualifiers [ type ] ( const type ) the foreign type type with an additional const qualifier. map of foreign types to c types | foreign type | | c type | | [ nonnull - ] blob | | unsigned char * | | [ nonnull - ] u8vector | | unsigned char * | | [ nonnull - ] u16vector | | unsigned short * | | [ nonnull - ] unsigned - c - string | | unsigned char * | | ( [ nonnull - ] c - pointer type ) | | type * | | ( enum name ) | | enum name | | ( struct name ) | | struct name | | ( ref type ) | | type & | | ( template t1 t2... ) | | t1 < t2,... > | | ( union name ) | | union name | | ( function rtype ( atype... ) [ callconv ] ) | | [ callconv ] rtype ( * ) ( atype,... ) | | ( instance cname sname ) | | cname * | | ( instance - ref cname sname ) | | cname & | previous : accessing external objects


- many birds bred in captivity are hand - reared. hand - rearing allows a greater number of birds to be reared ( initial clutches may be removed and hand - reared, with the birds re - laying ). the abnormal rearing environment may, however adversely affect later behaviour. one potential problem is that birds reared in an abnormal environment may not themselves exhibit normal parental behaviour as adults. - a well - recognised problem, of more concern in some species than in others, is that hand - reared birds may become imprinted on humans and not later recognise their conspecifics as appropriate mates. this is less likely to occur if the birds are reared alongside others of their own species. if reared together with chicks of another species, they may preferentially mate with that species. - hand - reared birds may be less wary than parent - reared birds. this may be useful or detrimental depending on the circumstances. it may increase vulnerability to predation in birds intended for release, but may be useful in producing birds which are less stressed in a captive situation, and therefore more likely to breed : this may be very important in breeding endangered species. - hand - rearing also requires suitable equipment in the form of brooder boxes, runs, heat lamps etc. and requires a considerable input of time and effort. not all species are easy to hand - rear and some require considerable experience and expertise. - hand rearing has the advantages of allowing good control over temperature and food availability. - success with rearing, particularly of duck species, may be greatly increased with hand - rearing. losses due to predation and abandonment, in particular, may be decreased. - once downies have hatched and dried, they should be transferred from the hatching incubator to a heated broody box. broody boxes should have solid sides and a mesh top to prevent active birds from jumping or climbing out. - the most common method of providing heat is by an infra - red heat lamp. this is usually suspended over the brooder box by means of a chain, allowing the lamp to be raised or lowered as required to adjust the temperature inside the box. incandescent bulbs may also be used to provide heat, but are more vulnerable if knocked or splashed with water ( and may shatter ), and do not allow for a period of darkness, which is important for all except arctic - breeding waterfowl. - a thermal gradient should be present from directly under the lamp ( warmest ) to the far end of the box, allowing the downies


- what is a mitzvah? - - judaism on the internet - - the ultimate resource for jews, judaism, jewish education, and torah. — “ what is a mitzvah? - ”, - bar mitzvah party extras bar mitzvah party planning special jewish celebrations here are a few of the elements you are most likely to find in an israeli bar mitzvah celebration. — “ bar mitzvah party special extra party ideas ”, - definition of mitzvah in the online dictionary. meaning of mitzvah. pronunciation of mitzvah. translations of mitzvah. mitzvah synonyms, mitzvah antonyms. information about mitzvah in the free online english dictionary and encyclopedia. bar. — “ mitzvah - definition of mitzvah by the free online dictionary ”, - the term " bat mitzvah " is used to describe a 12 - year - old girl when she becomes a jewish adult. bat mitzvah also refers to the religious ceremony ( and sometimes celebratory party ) that accompanies this important life - cycle event. — “ bat mitzvah - what is a bat mitzvah ”, - find the best bar mitzvah vendors and service providers and get help planning your child ' s bar mitzvah : bar mitzvah catering, bar mitzvah caterers, bar mitzvah djs. — “ bar mitzvah, bar mitzvah vendors, bar mitzvah photographers ”, - for the jewish rite of passage, see bar mitzvah and bat mitzvah. sefer ha - mitzvoth by rabbi yisrael meir kagan ( the " chafetz chaim " ) - this work only deals with the commandments that are valid. — “ mitzvah - wikipedia, the free encyclopedia ”, - mitzvah. mitzvah ( מצוה " commandment ", mitsˈva |, biblical : miswah ; plural mitzvot [ mitsˈvot ] ; biblical : miswoth from צוה siwwah " command " ) is a word used in judaism to refer to the 613 commandments given in the torah and the seven rabbinic commandments. — “ mitzvah ”, - mitzvah n., pl., - voth ( ), or - vahs. a commandment of the jewish law. the fulfillment of such a commandment. — “ mitzvah : definition


“ mitzvah ”, - mitzvah n., pl., - voth ( ), or - vahs. a commandment of the jewish law. the fulfillment of such a commandment. — “ mitzvah : definition from ”, - learn about bar mitzvah gifts on. find info and videos including : when to give a bar mitzvah gift, what is a good gift for a bar mitzvah?, bar mitzvah gift etiquette and much more. — “ bar mitzvah gifts - ”, - wikihow article about how to act at a bar or bat mitzvah. during most services, there will be men walking around the aisles to make sure everyone is paying attention to the bar or bat mitzvah ' s lesson. — “ how to act at a bar or bat mitzvah - wikihow ”, - a mitzvah is an important part of jewish society, just as it is important with other religions as well. in order to successfully fulfill a mitzvah you have to perform an act of kindness that is above and beyond the normal act of kindness. — “ fulfilling a mitzvah - judaism - ”, - mitzvah ( mits - vuh ) ; pl : mitzvot ( mits - voht ) lit. commandment. any of the 613 commandments it can also refer to any jewish religious obligation, or more generally to any good deed. — “ definition : mitzvah ”, - mitzvah ; mitzvot : ( lit. " commandment " ) ; one of the torah ' s 613 divine commandments ; a good deed or religious precept ; according to chassidut, the word mitzvah stems from the root tzavta, attachment, the mitzvah creating a bond between g - d who commands and man who performs. — “ mitzvah ; mitzvot - jewish knowledge base ”, - what is a bar or bat mitzvah? b ' nai mitzvah is more than an event ; as we say in the jewish tradtion, you do not have a bar or bat mitzvah, you become one. a b ' nai mitzvah is not a day, it is a person, i. — “ b ' nai mitzvah - rodef sholom : a reform jewish congregation in ”, - mitzvah ( hebrew : מצווה, " commandment


is not a day, it is a person, i. — “ b ' nai mitzvah - rodef sholom : a reform jewish congregation in ”, - mitzvah ( hebrew : מצווה, " commandment " ; plural, mitzvot ; from צוה, the latter argue that if the reason for each mitzvah could be determined, people might try to achieve what they see as the purpose of the mitzvah, without actually performing the mitzvah itself. — “ mitzvah - new world encyclopedia ”, - mitzvah definition, any of the collection of 613 commandments or precepts in the bible and additional ones of rabbinic origin that relate chiefly to the religio see more. — “ mitzvah | define mitzvah at ”, related images for mitzvah - mitzvah scroll gif - decorated albert spector auditorium - family education is an integral part of our educational system and parents are encouraged to participate not only in mishpachah family programs but also in every aspect of their - mitzvah 8 jpg - mitzvah5 jpg - mitzvah s jpg - mitzvah gallery 15 jpg - mitzvah gallery 6 jpg - mining sluice cleans off the genuine gemstones for your guests to find and keep note sluice is typically for outdoor warm weather events select availability at indoor venues up to 20 people can fit around the gemstone mining sluice at any one time - mitzvah gallery 10 jpg - mitzvah 3 jpg - mitzvah gallery 5 jpg - this is my big sound and light system consisting of jbl subwoofers jbl tower speakers and a 16 foot light truss loaded with special effect lights - very young age a year after her death shlomo married merav a young woman who had been divorced with two small children of her own together shlomo and merav have had seven more children - bat mitzvah 2006 jpg - mitzvah gallery 12 jpg - mass mitzvahs at b u - birthday parties bar and bat mitzvahs * * * tail parties anniversary parties baby showers galas fundraisers etc - beer company s bar mitvah photo contest courtesy of kevin friedman - mitzvah gallery 9 jpg - 2004 mitzvah day 15a jpg - involvement and responsibility are a major component of jewish identity our own and our identification with our brethren all over the world such identification


ap science writer new york ( ap ) - - to millions of people, the christmas tree is a cheerful sight. to scientists who decipher the dna codes of plants and animals, it ' s a monster. we ' re talking about the conifer, the umbrella term for cone - bearing trees like the spruce, fir, pine, cypress and cedar. apart from their yuletide popularity, they play big roles in the lumber industry and in healthy forest ecosystems. scientists would love to identify the billions of building blocks that make up the dna of a conifer. that ' s called sequencing its genome. such analysis is a standard tool of biology, and doing it for conifers could reveal genetic secrets useful for basic science, breeding and forest management. but the conifer genome is dauntingly huge. and like a big price tag on a wished - for present, that has put it out of reach. now, as christmas approaches, it appears the conifer ' s role as a genetic grinch may be ending. in recent months, scientific teams in the united states and canada have released preliminary, patchy descriptions of conifer genomes. and a swedish team plans to follow suit soon in its quest for the norway spruce. " the world changed for conifer genetics, " said david neale of the university of california, davis. it ' s " entering the modern era. " what happened? credit the same recent technological advances that have some doctors predicting that someday, people will have their genomes sequenced routinely as part of medical care. the technology for that has gotten faster and much cheaper. " until just a few years ago, the idea of sequencing even a single conifer genome seemed impossible, " said john mackay of the university of laval in quebec city, who co - directs a multi - institution canadian project that ' s tackling the white spruce. the new technologies changed that, he said. how big is a conifer genome? consider the 80 - foot christmas tree at rockefeller center in new york. it ' s a norway spruce, so its genome is six times bigger than that of anybody skating below it. other conifer genomes are even larger. nobody expects a perfect, finished conifer genome anytime soon. mackay and others say that reaching that goal would probably require some advances in technology. but even partial versions can help tree breeders and basic scientists, researchers say. why bother doing this? for breeders, " genomes can really help you speed up the process and simply do a better job of selecting trees, if


electrical signals in your heart make the heart muscles contract, pumping blood through your body. if the electrical signals are not flowing well through the heart, this can create serious problems. an electrophysiology study is a test where electrode wires are passed through a blood vessel and into your heart. this electrode can record or create electrical activity. this can help find any problems with the flow of electricity in your heart. copyright © nucleus medical media, inc. an electrophysiology study is performed to : find the cause of abnormally slow heart rhythms ( bradycardias ) find the source of abnormally fast heart rhythms ( tachycardias ) provoke and diagnose heart ( irregular heart beats ) that occur infrequently - reveal suspected arrhythmias an electrophysiology study may also be used to assess : - risk for sudden death symptoms of unknown cause - response to anti - arrhythmic therapy need for a - need for an implantable cardioverter defibrillator ( destruction of some heart cells by freezing ) problems from the procedure are rare, but all procedures have some risk. your doctor will review potential problems, like : - excess bleeding - blot clots - injuries to blood vessels or the heart - abnormal heart rhythm - heart attack a person ’ s risk level is very individual. it may relate to the specific arrhythmia suspected and any underlying medical conditions. you doctor may order the following tests : talk to your doctor about any medications, herbs, or supplements you are taking. you may be asked to stop taking some medications up to one week before the procedure, like : or other anti - inflammatory drugs blood - thinning drugs, such as - anti - platelet drugs, such as clopidogrel do not eat or drink anything after midnight the day before your surgery, unless told otherwise by your doctor. a local anesthetic will be given by needle. it will numb the area where the catheter will be inserted. you will also receive a mild sedative through an iv in your arm. this will help you to relax during the test. you will be asked to lie down on an examination table. electrodes will be placed on your chest. the electrodes will help to monitor your heart rhythm during the test. an area on your thigh, neck, or just below your collarbone will be cleaned. a thin electrical wire will be inserted into a blood vessel in that area. the electrode will be passed through the blood vessel and into your heart.


australian bureau of statistics 1301. 0 - year book australia, 2008 previous issue released at 11 : 30 am ( canberra time ) 07 / 02 / 2008 | page tools : print page rss search this product | energy conversion and supply losses the energy conversion sectors accounted for approximately three - quarters ( 4, 317 pj ) of total domestic energy use in 2005 - 06 ( diagram 19. 4 ). the energy conversion sectors ( including electricity generators, petroleum refiners, operators of coke ovens and blast furnaces, and gas manufacturers ) transform primary energy products into more useful, higher value - added derived energy products. for example, petroleum refiners transform crude oil into petroleum products such as petrol and diesel. the electricity generation and petroleum refining sectors are the two main users of energy. in 2005 - 06 these two conversion sectors used 2, 424 pj and 1, 432 pj respectively ( table 19. 12 ). since 2000 - 01, energy use by the electricity generation sector has increased by 12 % and energy use by the petroleum refining sector has declined by 17 %. derived energy products in 2005 - 06 australia produced 2, 461 pj of derived energy products ( diagram 19. 4 ). these products included thermal electricity ( 847 pj ), automotive gasoline ( 570 pj ), diesel ( 397 pj ), aviation turbine fuel ( 192 pj ) and coal products ( 164 pj ) ( table 19. 13 ). the production of derived energy remained essentially the same in 2005 - 06 as it was in 2000 - 01 ( 2, 461 pj in 2005 - 06 compared with 2, 454 pj in 2000 - 01 ). while the production of thermal energy increased from 740 pj to 847 pj ( up 15 % ) in this period, there was a fall in the production of all petroleum products - automotive gasoline ( down 13 % ), aviation turbine fuel ( down 11 % ), fuel oil ( down 38 % ), diesel ( down 25 % ) and briquettes ( down 79 % ). other coal products increased slightly - coke up 3. 4 % and coal by - products up 2. 7 %. significant energy losses are involved in the process of transforming primary energy resources into derived energy products and in the delivery of derived energy products to the market. in 2005 - 06, almost a third ( 1, 856 pj ) of the total energy available for domestic use was lost through the conversion processes and through distribution and transmission systems ( diagram 19.


the delivery of derived energy products to the market. in 2005 - 06, almost a third ( 1, 856 pj ) of the total energy available for domestic use was lost through the conversion processes and through distribution and transmission systems ( diagram 19. 4 ). energy end - use by sector in 2005 - 06 australia ' s end - users of energy, comprising households and industries ( excluding the conversion sectors ), used 3, 785 pj of energy, an increase of 12 % since 2000 - 01 ( table 19. 14 ). the transport sector was the largest end - user of energy, using 1, 316 pj in 2005 - 06. in 2005 - 06 road transport accounted for 78 % ( 1, 021 pj ) of the transport sector ' s energy use, with the remaining contributors being air transport ( 202 pj ), water transport ( 58 pj ) and rail transport ( 35 pj ). the manufacturing sector was the second highest user of energy ( 1, 209 pj ) in 2005 - 06. together with the transport sector, these two sectors account for 67 % of total energy end - use. this page last updated 3 june 2010 unless otherwise noted, content on this website is licensed under a creative commons attribution 2. 5 australia licence together with any terms, conditions and exclusions as set out in the website copyright notice. for permission to do anything beyond the scope of this licence and copyright terms contact us.


locked away in fossils is evidence of a sudden solar cooling. kate ravilious meets the experts who say it could explain a 3, 000 - year - old mass migration – and today ’ s global warming. just under 3, 000 years ago, a group of horse - riding nomads, known as the scythians, started to venture east and west across the russian steppes. at about the same time, african farmers began to explore their continent, and dutch farmers abandoned their land and moved east. all over the world people became restless and started to move – but why? archaeologists have never found a clear answer, but now one scientist thinks the explanation may lie on the surface of the sun. this idea of solar activity causing fluctuations in the earth ’ s climate has been kicking around for some time, largely in relation to past climate changes such as the little ice age, medieval warm period, etc., but was eclipsed ( heh, that pun wasn ’ t intended ) by the recent anthropogenic hypothesis. several researchers have been exploring this in some detail, see for example : rozelot, j. p. 2001. possible links between the solar radius variations and the earth ’ s climate evolution over the past four centuries. journal of atmospheric and solar - terrestrial physics 63 : 375 - 386. parker, e. n. 1999. sunny side of global warming. nature 399 : 416 - 417. update on old story researchers find signs of grain milling, baking 23, 000 years ago archaeologists have found strong evidence that wheat and barley were refined into cereals 23, 000 years ago, suggesting that humans were processing grains long before hunter - gatherer societies developed agriculture. the findings, including the identification of the earliest known oven and hence the oldest evidence of baking, were described in a recent issue of the journal nature. “ this is an observation of key progress in human society, as the beginning of baking was likely a major step forward in nutrition, ” says author ehud weiss, a postdoctoral researcher in harvard university ’ s department of anthropology and peabody museum. “ our work also provides evidence that ancient people held important knowledge that survives to this day. ten thousand years before agriculture developed, humans recognized the value of cereals. ” well, we ’ re not sure what to make of this. certainly, no one believes that the first time people started using grains was also the same time they domesticated them and developed full - fledged agriculture. generally, it ’ s been known for some time that hunter - gather


accessmylibrary provides free access to millions of articles from top publications available through your library. under the right conditions, all children can become more creative thinkers and problem solvers. in this program, students learn strategies for innovative thinking while unlocking " the secret of the volcano. " how do we help children expand their creativity? during the past 25 years, educators have designed many instructional programs in an effort to develop the creative potential of preschool and primary school children. reviews of research on the effectiveness of these programs, however, are discouraging ; most programs did not appear to produce a notable increase in children ' s creative abilities ( mayer 1983 ). this lack of experimental support gives rise to doubts about the extent to which instructional techniques can improve creativity. before accepting this skeptical conclusion, however, let ' s examine five assumptions - ideas i believe are limiting and misleading - shared by many of the methods that have not proven effective. * children are blank slates ; they have no ideas or opinions about creative strategies and must be taught how to be creative. * creativity is a unique mental skill ; thus, learning this single skill will boost creativity. for example, brainstorming - perhaps the best - known creativity technique focuses on the abundant production of unusual ideas in order to promote innovation. * children who are instructed with artificial materials ( such as puzzles and riddles ) are able to spontaneously transfer creative strategies from the training environment to everyday situations. for example, covington, crutchfield, and davis ( 1966 ) based their training on detective stories that children solve by applying a given strategy ; they hoped that students could apply the same strategy in real - life situations. * children will learn to think creatively if they …


glucose - 6 - phosphate - dehydrogenase ( g6pd ) deficiency is an inherited disease that can cause anemia, or a low red blood cell count. g6pd deficiency occurs when a person doesn ' t have enough of an enzyme called glucose - 6 - phosphate - dehydrogenase. this enzyme is important in metabolism. red blood cells, which carry oxygen, don ' t get enough energy when g6pd is lacking. the red blood cells die too soon in this condition, which can cause anemia. anemia can be mild or severe and is often triggered suddenly by illness, foods, or certain medications. some people with g6pd deficiency have no symptoms at all. in others, the symptoms and signs can range from mild to severe, and may include : newborn jaundice, an abnormal yellow color of the skin and eyes that is present at or shortly after birthan enlarged spleen or liver hemolytic crisis is a group of symptoms that occur when many red blood cells suddenly die all at once. the symptoms that result include : weaknesspain in the abdomen or backjaundicedark urinefever and chillssevere fatiguetachycardia, or a rapid heartbeatlow blood pressurekidney failure, known as acute renal failurecongestive heart failure, a condition in which the heart is unable to pump blood effectively throughout the bodyshock g6pd deficiency is inherited on the x chromosome. females have two x chromosomes but males have one x and one y chromosome. this disease is therefore called " x - linked " and usually only occurs in men. this is because men only need to inherit one abnormal gene to get the disease. women, on the other hand, have to inherit two abnormal genes to get the disease. in the us, a mild form of g6pd deficiency is very common in blacks. those from the eastern mediterranean region are at a higher risk for a more severe form of g6pd deficiency. sudden attacks of g6pd deficiency, or a hemolytic crisis, can be caused by : any serious illnessfava beans, in the more rare forms of g6pd deficiencysulfa medications, such as sulfamethoxazole, an antibioticcertain medications used to treat malaria, such as primaquinenitrofurantoin ( i. e., macrobid, macrodantin ), an antibioticaspirin, which doesn ' t usually cause a problem in people with the common form of g6pd deficiency g6pd


in the past few weeks i ’ ve shared a few examples of how science is gradually opening up. we ’ ve had the likes of harvard using crowdsourcing methods in their research into diabetes. in a similar vein was pcori project from michigan, that aims to get patients involved in the medical research process more than they currently do in their role as pharmaceutical guinea pigs. or you ’ ve got the german based social network for scientists to hang out on and collaborate on projects. whilst the bulk of the science done around the world remains very much in the old school, these kind of efforts do represent an interesting shift. adding their considerable grist to the mill in the past few days has been mozilla. they ’ ve announced the launch of the mozilla science lab. it ’ s a project that they hope will apply the open source principles that much of the web was founded upon to scientific endeavour. the aim of the science lab is to foster an ongoing dialogue between the open web community and researchers to tackle this challenge. together they ’ ll share ideas, tools and best practices for using next - generation web solutions to solve real problems in science, and explore ways to make research faster, more agile and collaborative. so in other words, they want to encourage the kind of open and collaborative tools that i highlighted at the start of this post. their initial goals are of the low hanging fruit variety. they ’ re teaming up with software carpentry to try and improve the digital skills amongst those in the science community. it leads me to wonder if they ’ re playing catch - up a bit on a community that is already making great use of social tools in their research. as the saying goes, the future already exists, it ’ s just unevenly distributed, and there are already plenty of positive deviants out there doing great things. hopefully mozilla can help spread the awareness of those isolated projects, and aid the more mainstream science community in following suit. you can keep up to date with the project via their twitter feed – http : / / twitter. com / mozillascience


science fair project encyclopedia knot theory is a branch of topology that was inspired by observations, as the name suggests, of knots. but progress in the field no longer depends on experiments with twine. knot theory concerns itself with abstract properties of theoretical knots — the spatial arrangements that in principle could be assumed by a loop of string. in mathematical jargon, knots are embeddings of the closed circle in three - dimensional space. an ordinary knot is converted to a mathematical knot by splicing its ends together. the topological theory of knots asks whether two such knots can be rearranged to match, without opening the splice. the question of untying an ordinary knot has to do with unwedging tangles of rope pulled tight. a knot can be untied in the topological theory of knots if and only if it is equivalent to the unknot, a circle in 3 - space. knot theory originated in an idea of lord kelvin ' s ( 1867 ), that atoms were knots of swirling vortices in the æther ( also known as ' ether ' ). he believed that an understanding and classification of all possible knots would explain why atoms absorb and emit light at only the discrete wavelengths that they do ( i. e. explain what we now understand to depend on quantum energy levels ). scottish physicist peter tait spent many years listing unique knots under the belief that he was creating a table of elements. when ether was discredited through the michelson - morley experiment, vortex theory became completely obsolete, and knot theory fell out of scientific interest. only in the past 100 years, with the rise of topology, have knots become a popular field of study. today, knot theory is inextricably linked to particle physics, dna replication and recombination, and to areas of statistical mechanics. an introduction to knot theory creating a knot is easy. begin with a one - dimensional line segment, wrap it around itself arbitrarily, and then fuse its two free ends together to form a closed loop. one of the biggest unresolved problems in knot theory is to describe the different ways in which this may be done, or conversely to decide whether two such embeddings are different or the same. the unknot, and a knot equivalent to it before we can do this, we must decide what it means for embeddings to be " the same ". we consider two embeddings of a loop to be the same if we can get from one to the other by


to it before we can do this, we must decide what it means for embeddings to be " the same ". we consider two embeddings of a loop to be the same if we can get from one to the other by a series of slides and distortions of the string which do not tear it, and do not pass one segment of string through another. if no such sequence of moves exists, the embeddings are different knots. a useful way to visualise knots and the allowed moves on them is to project the knot onto a plane - think of the knot casting a shadow on the wall. now we can draw and manipulate pictures, instead of having to think in 3d. however, there is one more thing we must do - at each crossing we must indicate which section is " over " and which is " under ". this is to prevent us from pushing one piece of string through another, which is against the rules. to avoid ambiguity, we must avoid having three arcs cross at the same crossing and also having two arcs meet without actually crossing ( we would say that the knot is in general position with respect to the plane ). fortunately a small perturbation in either the original knot or the position of the plane is all that is needed to ensure this. in 1927, working with this diagrammatic form of knots, j. w. alexander and g. b. briggs, and independently kurt reidemeister, demonstrated that two knot diagrams belonging to the same knot can be related by a sequence of three kinds of moves on the diagram, shown right. these operations, now called the reidemeister moves, are : - twist and untwist in either direction. - move one loop completely over another. - move a string completely over or under a crossing. knot invariants can be defined by demonstrating a property of a knot diagram which is not changed when we apply any of the reidemeister moves. some very important invariants can be defined in this way, including the jones polynomial. you can unknot any circle in four dimensions. there are two steps to this. first, " push " the circle into a 3 - dimensional subspace. this is the hard, technical part which we will skip. now imagine temperature to be a fourth dimension to the 3 - dimensional space. then you could make one section of a line cross through the other by simply warming it with your fingers. two knots can be added by breaking the circles and connecting the pairs of ends. knots in 3 - space form


if a scientist tells you sunny days are ahead – duck and cover! he may be talking about space weather and the giant solar flares that fry satellites and national electrical grids! just in case you haven ’ t had enough stormy weather here on earth, astronomers are warning us to expect some major solar storms over the next few years. coming our way — more solar flares. click to expand! source : nasa solar dynamic observatory here ’ s what they are talking about. the sun is a spinning ball of hot magnetized gas and plasma. as it spins, the magnetic force lines in the sun become tangled. after a few years, the twisted magnetic fields are so tangled that they stick out in giant loops through sun ’ s surface – creating dark sun spots. when the sun is covered with giant storms and sunspots — something has to give. for the three years following the solar peak of activity, something does. like a rubber band stretched beyond endurance, the magnetic fields snap and break. this splatters large hunks of the solar gas and plasma out into space. we call the snapping “ solar flares ”. imagine heating a pot of grease. eventually, when it gets hot enough, the surface of the grease is covered with bubbles. when the bubbles burst, the grease spatters and anyone nearby can get burned. now imagine the splatter bigger than jupiter. fortunately the earth ' s magnetic field is a shield. however, some of the ionized solar particles leak through the north and south magnetic poles. when you look up in the sky, you can see the crackling energy as colorful “ northern lights ” or aurora. scientists warn that these solar “ splatters ” can do enormous damage to technology. the plasma is hot ( 269, ), and generates a strong electrical current. they are particularly dangerous to satellites, where they can fry computer chips or burn out equipment, and electrical power grids. they can create electrical surges that enter and burn out equipment and cause blackouts. the last time we had storms big enough to cause this damage was 1989, when a solar storm caused a major canadian blackout in quebec and hit several satellites. a national science foundation study shows a map of us electrical damage if there was another storm the size of the may 1921 super storm. yikes! parts of the us electrical grid at risk from a may, 1921 sized solar storm. source : nasa science news - john kappenmann, severe space weather events — understanding societal and economic impacts, national academy of sciences,


• hangover • pronunciation : hæng - o - ver • hear it! part of speech : noun meaning : 1. something or someone left over from a prior time period ; a vestige, a holdover, a leftover, a remnant. 2. the unpleasant effects of overdrinking the night before or a short period before, a katzenjammer. notes : today ' s word is an interesting bit of evidence of the importance of word order in language : an overhang is quite a different thing from a hangover. the only derivation ever tried for this word is hangoverish reported in 1939. the word currently appears only 5, 350 times on the web, mostly in dictionaries. in play : first things first : " this dorm must be a hangover from an old insane asylum! " the second meaning was derived from the first by means of narrowing to a strictly pejorative sense : " i had such a hangover from the party last night that i think i might have flunked the chemistry exam. " word history : today ' s good word is obviously a compound comprising hang + over. hang, the verb, is related to hittite gang - " to hang ", sanskrit sankate " wavers ", and latin cunctari " to delay ", so the proto - indo - european root pervaded the indo - european languages pretty thoroughly. the original past tense was hanged, but a northern british form, hung, emerged in the 16th century as the past participle, then moved on to take over as the past tense form. hanged remained only in the legal sense, legalese being more conservative than the general language. stonehenge originally meant " stone gallows ", presumably from the resemblance to gallows of the three - piece ensembles.


the occupational therapy role in driving and community mobility across the lifespan community mobility is defined as " moving around in the community and using public or private transportation, such as driving, walking, bicycling, or accessing and riding in buses, taxi cabs, or other transportation systems " ( aota, 2008, p. 631 ). community mobility is grounded in independence, spontaneity, and identity. it begins when we are passengers in a car seat and on the school bus, and continues as we learn to ride a bike and drive a car. although the mode of transportation may change, the meaning remains constant : transport from one location to another enables participation in the things we want and need to do ( occupations ). because occupational therapy practitioners focus on enabling participation, they are natural professionals to address driving and community mobility across the lifespan. occupational therapy evaluations for community mobility may focus on screening for passenger safety, school system capacity to transport general and special education students, readiness and ability to ride a bicycle, ability to cross the street and negotiate curbs and sidewalks, visual motor skills for reading signs, driving readiness among adolescents, driving ability and safety, ability to use transportation other than a private vehicle, and driver – vehicle fit. interventions may include creating transportation alternatives and networks of community resources, restoring range of motion or strength, providing cognitive retraining, modifying vehicles with adaptive equipment, developing walking programs to improve health and function, and training in public transportation options. infants and children infants, toddlers, and children rely on caregivers to transport and secure them safely. occupational therapy interventions address emerging mobility needs of children that have an impact on safe participation in the community. occupational therapy considerations for this population include appropriate use of car seats and booster seats, children with disabilities who have special securing needs, parents with disabilities who need assistance, bicycling education ( e. g., helmet use ), and safety tips for transport by school bus. adolescents and young adults students with an autism spectrum disorder, nonverbal learning disability, cognitive impairments, spina bifida, cerebral palsy, and other disabilities need to address driving while still in high school. transportation affects a student ' s access to employment, housing, social, educational, and recreational opportunities. occupational therapy can contribute to an adolescent ' s potential to drive by addressing predriving skills that promote independence, such as coordination and quick use of the extremities, crossing streets, managing social interactions, managing time, managing money, handling an emergency,


significance and use it has long been the practice to include in fuel specifications a requirement that the fuel be clear and bright and free of visible particulate matter ( see note 1 ). however, there has been no standard method for making this determination so that practices have differed. this test method provides standard procedures for the test. note 1 — clean and bright is sometimes used in place of clear and bright. the meaning is identical. procedure 1 provides a rapid pass / fail method for contamination in a distillate fuel. procedure 2 provides a gross numerical rating of haze appearance, primarily as a communication tool. other test methods, including test methods d 1744, d 2276, d 2709, and d 4860, permit quantitative determinations of contaminants. no relationship has been established between procedure 2 and various quantitative methods. limited laboratory evaluations of samples that have failed this clear and bright test indicate that an experienced tester can detect as little as 40 ppm of free water in the fuel. 1. 1 this test method covers two procedures for estimating the presence of suspended free water and solid particulate contamination in distillate fuels having distillation end points below 400°c and an astm color of 5 or less. 1. 1. 1 both procedures can be used as field tests at storage temperatures, or as laboratory tests at controlled temperatures. 1. 1. 2 procedure 1 provides a rapid pass / fail method for contamination. procedure 2 provides a gross numerical rating of haze appearance. 1. 2 the values stated in si units are to be regarded as standard. no other units of measurement are included in this standard. 1. 3 this standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. it is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. 2. referenced documents ( purchase separately ) the documents listed below are referenced within the subject standard but are not provided as part of the standard. d1500 test method for astm color of petroleum products ( astm color scale ) d1744 test method for determination of water in liquid petroleum products by karl fischer reagent d2276 test method for particulate contaminant in aviation fuel by line sampling d2709 test method for water and sediment in middle distillate fuels by centrifuge d4057 practice for manual sampling of petroleum and petroleum products d4860 test method for free


would have so many people telling us ' you are crazy, the earth is not moving! ' we would be ridiculed for having no scientific backing for this convoluted moving earth theory. and not only that but then people would say, ' oh then how do you explain a fixed, calm atmosphere and the sun ' s observable movement, how do you explain that? ' imagine saying to people, ' no, no, the atmosphere is moving also but is somehow magically velcroed to the moving - earth. the reason is not simply because the earth is stationary. ' so what we are actually doing is what makes sense. we are saying that the moving - earth theory is nonsense. the stationary - earth theory makes sense and we are being ridiculed. you ' ve got to picture it being the other way around to realize just how ridiculous this situation is. this theory from the government and nasa that the earth is rotating and orbiting and leaning over and wobbling is absolute nonsense and yet people are clinging to it, tightly, like a teddy bear. they just can ' t bring themselves to face the possibility that the earth is stationary though all the evidence shows it : we feel no movement, the atmosphere hasn ' t been blown away, we see the sun move from east - to - west, everything can be explained by a motionless earth without bringing in all these assumptions to cover up previous assumptions gone bad. " - allen daves why do we never see the rotation of the moon? gc : because it doesn ' t rotate. hc : both the moon and the earth are actually rotating but they are doing so in such a way that from our perspective it seems that neither are. the earth is spinning east to west at 1, 000 mph while orbiting the sun at 67, 000 mph. the moon is spinning west to east at 10. 3 mph while orbiting the earth at 2, 288 mph. these motions / speeds perfectly cancel out so that the moon always only shows us one side. " they want you to believe that the moon ' s rotation is perfectly synchronized with its orbit so that ' s why we only ever see one side of the moon, rather than conclude the obvious - that the moon is simply not rotating. moreover, they had to slow down the moon ' s speed by 58, 870 mph and reverse its direction to west - east to successfully sell their phony heliocentricity system to a gullible public. i don ' t think there is one person in many, many thousands -


moon ' s speed by 58, 870 mph and reverse its direction to west - east to successfully sell their phony heliocentricity system to a gullible public. i don ' t think there is one person in many, many thousands - regardless of education - who knows that the copernican model had to turn the moon ' s observable direction around and give it a new speed to accommodate the phases and eclipses. " - marshall hall “ the moon presented a special math problem for the construction of the heliocentricity model. the only way to make the moon fit in with the other assumptions was to reverse its direction from that of what everyone who has ever lived has seen it go. the math model couldn ’ t just stop the moon like it did the sun, that wouldn ’ t work. and it couldn ’ t let it continue to go east to west as we see it go, either at the same speed or at a different speed. the only option was to reverse its observed east to west direction and change its speed from about 64, 000 miles an hour to about 2, 200 miles an hour. this reversal along with the change in speed were unavoidable assumptions that needed to be adopted if the model was to have a chance of mimicking reality. " - bernard brauer why do the stars appear to be fixed along a celestial sphere? gc : because they are. hc : the stars only appear to be fixed along a celestial sphere because they are so incredibly far away. even after hundreds of millions of miles of our ( supposed ) orbit around the sun, the stars appear in the exact same positions at the exact same meridian times because they are many " light - years " away. a light - year is approximately 6 trillion miles away and that is why they falsely seem fixed from our faulty perspective. " take two carefully - bored metallic tubes, not less than six feet in length, and place them one yard asunder, on the opposite sides of a wooden frame, or a solid block of wood or stone : so adjust them that their centres or axes of vision shall be perfectly parallel to each other. now, direct them to the plane of some notable fixed star, a few seconds previous to its meridian time. let an observer be stationed at each tube and the moment the star appears in the first tube let a loud knock or other signal be given, to be repeated by the observer at the second tube when he first sees the same star. a distinct period of time will elapse between the