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a land whose rich cultural heritage is discovered not only from within the walls of numerous museums, galleries and churches, many of which today, as zero category monuments are included in a part of the unesco world heritage list, but also in that magical place on the mediterranean, where even the shortest stroll becomes a journey down a staircase thousands of years old, which takes one through a history that is at the same time turbulent, exciting and glorious. with as many as seven cultural phenomena - the festivity of saint blaise, lace - making in lepoglava, hvar and pag, the bell ringers from the kastav region, the hvar procession za krizem, ( ‘ following the cross ’ ), two - part singing in the istrian scale, in istria and hrvatsko primorje, the spring procession of ‘ ljelje ’ and traditional manufacture of wooden toys in the hrvatsko zagorje region, croatia is among the countries with the most protected intangible cultural heritage elements, recorded on the unesco list. the famous scientist nikola tesla ( 1856 - 1943 ), inventor of alternating current. was born in smiljan, croatia, died in new york, usa. dog breed dalmatian originates from these areas? in a small franciscan monastery in zaostrog, there is a painting from 1724 which for the first time depicts a dalmatian dog … slavoljub eduard penkala in 1906, a croat slavoljub eduard penkala for the first time applied for a patent for a ballpoint ( penkala ) and a holder for a fountain pen. from time immemorial, the tie has been a part of the croatian national costume, which was preserved by the croats to the more recent times, who moved to central europe in the 16th century. it was later taken over by the croatian soldiers who were fighting in europe, and a part of their uniform was assumed by the french in the 17th century. under the leadership of the french „ god of sun " louis xiv there was a horsemen unit, the so - called royal cravate, who wore mostly red collar ribbons. the custom of wearing ribbons from the croats dates back to this time, which was later expanded around europe and the world, and today is inevitably the most important detail in men ' s fashion, and also an original croatian souvenir. the word « kravata » ( tie ) originates from the word « kroate »... the world
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, high energy physics, astrophysics, fusion, nanosciences … information and health technologies : it tackles micro and nano - technologies for telecommunication and nuclear medicine for radiotherapy and medical imaging, it researches programs on biotechnology, molecular labelling, biomolecular engineering and structural biology, it shares its knowledge and know - how through education and training through the national institute for nuclear sciences and technologies ( instn ), it manages over 300 priority patents and is active in the creation of clusters. defense and national security : it conceives, builds, maintains then dismantles the nuclear warhead of the french deterrence force, it helps to fight against nuclear, biological and chemical weapons ( nrbc program ). the missions of the cea are similar to the department of energy in the united states. the cea has a network of counselor or representatives in french embassies around the world ( see joint map ). the french nuclear safety authority ( asn ) created in 2006, from the former dsin ( directorate for the safety of nuclear facilities ), the french nuclear safety authority is an independent administrative authority which is tasked with regulating nuclear safety and radiation protection in order to protect workers, patients, the public and the environment from the risks involved in nuclear activities. it also contributes to informing the public. like the nuclear regulatory commission in the united states, it carries out inspections and may pronounce sanctions, up to and including suspension of operation of an installation. french institute for radioprotection and nuclear safety ( irsn ) created in 2001 by merging the protection and nuclear safety institute ( ipsn ) and the ionizing radiations protection office ( opri ), the institute for radioprotection and nuclear safety is a public establishment of an industrial and commercial nature placed under the joint authority of the ministries of the environment, health, industry, research and defense. it is the expert in safety research and specialized assessments into nuclear and radiological risk serving public authorities whose work is complementary to the asn. its scope of activities includes : environment and response, human radiological protection, research on the prevention of major accidents, power reactor safety, fuel cycle facility safety, research installation safety, waste management safety ; nuclear defense expertise. national radioactive waste management agency ( andra ) created in 1991, the french national agency for radioactive waste management is a public industrial and commercial organization that operates independently of waste producers. it is responsible for the long - term management of radioactive waste produced in france under the supervision of the french ministries for energy,
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- action research ( 6 posts ) - artist cpd ( 11 posts ) - barriers to participation ( 2 posts ) - change management ( 8 posts ) - co - construction ( 3 posts ) - community cohesion ( 12 posts ) - creative curriculum development ( 13 posts ) - creative teaching and learning ( 28 posts ) - cross - curricular working ( 21 posts ) - developing school ethos ( 6 posts ) - disability awareness ( 4 posts ) - diversity ( 3 posts ) - exchanges and trips ( 4 posts ) - experiential learning ( 6 posts ) - extracurricular work ( 3 posts ) - learning outcomes for artists ( 23 posts ) - learning outcomes for teachers ( 27 posts ) - learning outcomes for young people ( 37 posts ) - learning styles ( 13 posts ) - mentoring ( 2 posts ) - outdoor learning environment ( 1 post ) - parent engagement ( 4 posts ) - participation and engagement ( 29 posts ) - partnerships ( 37 posts ) - role of the practitioner ( 32 posts ) - school networks ( 2 posts ) - teacher cpd ( 17 posts ) - whole school working ( 13 posts ) - young people in decision making role ( 9 posts ) - youth leadership ( 5 posts ) - youth voice ( 16 posts ) select from the categories above, and scroll over the thumbnails to view information about each resource. you can download many of the resources as pdfs, view film or listen to audio. a new direction schools forum : effective partnership workingthis resource summarises key ideas from schools and arts & cultural organisations from a series of discussions around six different … a personal journey through preferred learning stylesan essay written by a creative practitioner who undertook action research into students ' preferred learning styles and creativity. artists and teachers partnershipsan essay exploring partnerships between creative practitioners and teachers from an early years setting and a secondary school. arts beyond the classrooma film documenting the experiences of the pupils and parents in the arts beyond the classroom project. beneath the hooda pack including a poignant film portrait of students at a pru, poetry cards and a resource guide for similar … building partnershipsan essay describing three effective partnership projects delivered in two primary schools and one fe college. co - construction of learninga case study exploring examples of creative projects which supported young people to guide school change through ' co - construction '. connecting countries : london to vancouvera film of a group of secondary school students who journey to vancouver for the 2010 winter paralympic games. creative interventions in the english facultyan essay providing an arts organisation ' s perspective of creative teaching strategies within
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- construction '. connecting countries : london to vancouvera film of a group of secondary school students who journey to vancouver for the 2010 winter paralympic games. creative interventions in the english facultyan essay providing an arts organisation ' s perspective of creative teaching strategies within an east london school ' s english curriculum. creative teaching and learninga case study discussing the ways creative programmes have supported the development of creative teaching and learning. creativity and changean essay exploring structural and institutional change through creative programmes in three primaries and one special school. cross - curricular creative projectsan essay describing cross - curricular approaches in 3 primary schools and 1 secondary school in east london. developing a learning strategy for artsadmina paper detailing the development of an arts organisation ' s education programme in partnership with artists and local schools. engaging parents creatively in the foundation stagea paper presenting two examples that aimed to increase parental engagement and community involvement in the pupils ' work. forensic science murder mysterya film documenting a cross - curricular drama project with secondary school students inspired by a tv crime series. grove park special school takes over the borough of brenta film made by students with a range of physical and learning disabilities who investigate their local area. imaginationa film charting an 18 month whole school cross - curricular project culminating in a community carnival. imagine nationa short film of a poem and set of accompanying activities for literacy lessons exploring creativity and imagination. institutional changea paper exploring two different approaches to whole school change in a special school and a secondary school. ipc media schools design programmean essay describing the ipc media schools design programme, a graphic design work - related learning programme initiated in 2005. learning about learning : preferred learning styles and creativitya publication exploring education approaches to preferred learning styles. essays and a toolkit of lesson activities are included. london to beijing - a dance traveloguea film about dance students from a further education college who visit a dance school in beijing, china. making things happen - herea project case study and two films. a group of primary schools imagine something extraordinary for their community. olympics literacy resourcea set of classroom resources for all year groups for creating poetry around the theme of the olympics.
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south america. uses sound to communicate living in landscapes dominated by human agriculture. having body symmetry such that the animal can be divided in one plane into two mirror - image halves. animals with bilateral symmetry have dorsal and ventral sides, as well as anterior and posterior ends. synapomorphy of the bilateria. found in coastal areas between 30 and 40 degrees latitude, in areas with a mediterranean climate. vegetation is dominated by stands of dense, spiny shrubs with tough ( hard or waxy ) evergreen leaves. may be maintained by periodic fire. in south america it includes the scrub ecotone between forest and paramo. uses smells or other chemicals to communicate helpers provide assistance in raising young that are not their own an animal that mainly eats the dung of other animals active at dawn and dusk having markings, coloration, shapes, or other features that cause an animal to be camouflaged in its natural environment ; being difficult to see or otherwise detect. animals that use metabolically generated heat to regulate body temperature independently of ambient temperature. endothermy is a synapomorphy of the mammalia, although it may have arisen in a ( now extinct ) synapsid ancestor ; the fossil record does not distinguish these possibilities. convergent in birds. an animal that mainly eats leaves. referring to a burrowing life - style or behavior, specialized for digging or burrowing. an animal that mainly eats seeds an animal that eats mainly plants or parts of plants. offspring are produced in more than one group ( litters, clutches, etc. ) and across multiple seasons ( or other periods hospitable to reproduction ). iteroparous animals must, by definition, survive over multiple seasons ( or periodic condition changes ). having the capacity to move from one place to another. the area in which the animal is naturally found, the region in which it is endemic. the business of buying and selling animals for people to keep in their homes as pets. having more than one female as a mate at one time specialized for leaping or bounding locomotion ; jumps or hops. communicates by producing scents from special gland ( s ) and placing them on a surface whether others can smell or taste them breeding is confined to a particular season remains in the same area reproduction that includes combining the genetic contribution of two individuals, a male and a female associates with others of its species ; forms social groups. places a food item in a special place to be eaten later. also called " hoarding " uses touch to communicate that region of
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combining the genetic contribution of two individuals, a male and a female associates with others of its species ; forms social groups. places a food item in a special place to be eaten later. also called " hoarding " uses touch to communicate that region of the earth between 23. 5 degrees north and 60 degrees north ( between the tropic of cancer and the arctic circle ) and between 23. 5 degrees south and 60 degrees south ( between the tropic of capricorn and the antarctic circle ). living on the ground. defends an area within the home range, occupied by a single animals or group of animals of the same species and held through overt defense, display, or advertisement uses sight to communicate reproduction in which fertilization and development take place within the female body and the developing embryo derives nourishment from the female. young are relatively well - developed when born chavez, a., f. bozinovic, l. peichl, a. palacios. 2003. retinal spectral sensitivity, fur coloration, and urine reflectance in the genus octodon ( rodentia ) : implications for visual ecology. investigative opthalmology & visual science, 44 / 5 : 2290 - 2296. contreras, l., j. torres - mura, j. yanez. 1987. biogeography of octodontid rodents : an eco - evolutionary hypothesis. fieldiana : zoology, new series, 39 : 401 - 411. ebensperger, l., f. bozinovic. 2000. energetics and burrowing behaviour in the semifossorial degu octadon degus ( rodentia : octodontidae ). journal of zoology, 252 : 179 - 186. ebensperger, l., a. caiozzi. 2002. male degus, octodon degus, modify their dustbathing behavior in response to social familiarity of previous dustbathing marks. revista chilena de historia natural, 75 : 157 - 163. ebensperger, l., m. hurtado. 2005. on the relationship between herbaceous cover and vigilance activity of degus ( octodon degus ). ethology, 111 / 6 : 593 - 608. ebensperger, l., m. hurtado. 2005. seasonal changes in the time budget of degus, octadon degus.. behaviour, 142 : 91 - 112. ebensperger, l.
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than other citizens ' and their rights can be limited due to security or other penological concerns. because of the particular challenges administrators face running prisons, the supreme court has acknowledged there is a compelling government interest which warrants limiting prisoners ' rights. courts have been deferential to prison officials ' assessments of security threats, and sensitive to their related regulatory decisions, even if such decisions impact inmates ' first amendment rights. a prison regulation that impinges on an inmate ' s constitutional rights will be upheld in court if that regulation is reasonably related to legitimate penological objectives. this means that, generally, prison officials can ban extremist materials from prisons because of concerns that the distribution of such material will undermine prison security. extremist books, leaflets, and magazines have been forbidden to prisoners on this basis. such material has not been allowed through the mail and has not been kept in the prison library. however, prisons have less discretion to limit inmates ' religious practices than other first amendment rights due to a new federal law. because of the religious land use and institutionalized persons act ( rluipa ), prison officials ' discretion in limiting access to extremist material may depend in part on whether such material is related to an inmate ' s religious exercise. therefore, prison regulations that affect religious exercise, including access to religious literature, will be reviewed carefully if challenged in court. 3. what legal standard is used to determine the constitutionality of prison regulations? the supreme court announced the standard under which it would review the constitutionality of prison regulations in turner v. safley, a case involving a challenge to a complete prohibition on inmate marriage. as noted earlier, a prison regulation is constitutional if it is reasonably related to legitimate penological objectives. under this standard, courts have upheld regulations based on the consideration of certain factors : - is there a valid, rational connection between the prison regulation and the legitimate governmental interest put forward to justify it? - are there alternative means of exercising the assert - ed right that remain open to inmates? - how great a negative impact will accommodating the inmates ' rights have on guards, other inmates, a nd on the allocation of prison resources? courts will consider the existence of obvious and easy alternatives to a challenged regulation as evidence of a regulation ' s arbitrariness. 4. is the same legal standard used to determine the constitutionality of prison regulations that implicate an inmate ' s right to free exercise of religion? no, the same standard is not applicable to determining the constitutionality of prison regulations
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of review of such decisions. courts have tended to find prison regulations that ban all literature from particular groups unconstitutional. however, the determination of the constitutionality of a given regulation or the implementation of the regulation has tended to be very fact - specific. courts look not only at the regulation at issue but also consider the nature of the prison ( high, medium, or low security ) and the particular administrative challenges faced by the prison ( such as crowding and quantity of incoming mail ) in determining reasonableness, or the practical existence of less restrictive alternative measures. 6. can prison officials apply the same restrictions to outgoing prison material? the supreme court does not allow content regulation with respect to outgoing mail from inmates. while outgoing mail can be searched for contraband, 2 content regulation of outgoing mail is also more restricted because it implicates the first amendment rights of non - prisoner addressees. 3 in addition, outgoing material does not pose a threat to internal prison security ; therefore content limitations have been considered less urgent. however, regulations can limit the content of outgoing mail categorically. for example, escape plans, threats, running a business, and blackmail are categories that have been disallowed. therefore, correspondence from prisoners to extremist groups cannot be banned outright because of its content. however, inmates can be prevented from distributing a newsletter from prison when doing so constitutes running a business. 2 special rules exist with respect to attorney - client correspondence or mail that implicates an inmate ' s right to access the courts that are beyond the scope of this discussion. 3 however, prison officials can forbid all correspondence between incarcerated individuals. 7. can extremist " missionaries " be prevented from visiting prisons? prison officials can ban categories of prison visitors, such as former inmates or visitors who have previously broken visiting rules. an extremist " missionary " can be barred from a prison because of generally applicable rules. in addition, prisons can create procedures for requesting visiting ministers, and impose conditions on the selection of the ministers, such as sponsorship by an outside religious organization. prison officials can also exclude prison " missionaries " if they are advocating violence or otherwise fomenting prison unrest by encouraging racial tension. however, under rluipa, the prison would have to show that any restrictions on visiting clergy are the least restrictive means of achieving its end. prison officials do not have a responsibility to hire a minister for each religious denomination represented in the prison population. however, if visiting ministers of one denomination are compensated, visiting ministers of other denominations must be equally compensated. security
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restrictive means of achieving its end. prison officials do not have a responsibility to hire a minister for each religious denomination represented in the prison population. however, if visiting ministers of one denomination are compensated, visiting ministers of other denominations must be equally compensated. security limitations can be placed on inmate - led prayer or services, but again, under rluipa, the prison would have to show that any restrictions on such gatherings is the least restrictive means of achieving its end. for example, it is more likely that the prison could limit the frequency of such meetings, the number of attendees and require supervision than that such gatherings could be banned outright. 8. under what circumstances must prisons accommodate prisoners ' religious dietary requirements? accommodating religiously based dietary rules has become an issue when dealing with extremists because incidents have raised concern that extremists " adopt " religious practices that are not based on sincere beliefs in order to obtain special privileges, such as specialized diets. generally, if an inmate ' s request for a special diet is because of a sincerely held belief and religious in nature, the inmate has a constitutionally protected interest. under rluipa, a request for a special religious diet can only be refused based on a compelling prison interest and if it is the least restrictive means possible for the prison protecting that interest. prisons may offer more limited food selection to prisoners with religious dietary limitations, such as providing only cold kosher meals rather than hot food. in the past, when determining whether a prison was required to provided a special diet for a prisoner, courts have considered whether the dietary restrictions were central to the prisoner ' s religious observance. under rluipa, such a determination would probably not be relevant. the threshold question in evaluating the prison ' s obligation to accommodate a request would still be whether the inmate ' s dietary request arose out of sincerely held beliefs that were religious in nature.
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wikipedia sobre fisica de particulas rapidinho. me falaram que a definicao de fisica de particulas da wikipedia era muito ruim. e de fato, era assim : particle physics is a branch of physics that studies the elementary particle | elementary subatomic constituents of matter and radiation, and their interactions. the field is also called high energy physics, because many elementary particles do not occur under ambient conditions on earth. they can only be created artificially during high energy collisions with other particles in particle accelerators. particle physics has evolved out of its parent field of nuclear physics and is typically still taught in close association with it. scientific research in this area has produced a long list of particles. mas hein? particulas que so podem ser criadas em aceleradores? fisica de particulas e ensinada junto com fisica nuclear? a pesquisa produz particulas ( essa e otima! )? em que mundo essa pessoa vive? reescrevi : particle physics is a branch of physics that studies the existence and interactions of particles, which are the constituents of what is usually referred as matter or radiation. in our current understanding, particles are excitations of quantum fields and interact following their dynamics. most of the interest in this area is in fundamental fields, those that cannot be described as a bound state of other fields. the set of fundamental fields and their dynamics are summarized in a model called the standard model and, therefore, particle physics is largely the study of the standard model particle content and its possible extensions. eu acho que ficou bem melhor. vamos ver em quanto tempo algum editor esquentado da wikipedia vai demorar para reverter. atualmente esta um saco participar da wikipedia por causa dessas pessoas.
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- published : 19 mar 2013 - views : 42 - author : t. a. b possibly testing on weans, that worries me http : / / www. bbc. co. uk / news / world - us - canada - 21849808. a vaccine is a biological preparation that improves immunity to a particular disease. a vaccine typically contains an agent that resembles a disease - causing microorganism, and is often made from weakened or killed forms of the microbe, its toxins or one of its surface proteins. the agent stimulates the body ' s immune system to recognize the agent as foreign, destroy it, and " remember " it, so that the immune system can more easily recognize and destroy any of these microorganisms that it later encounters. vaccines can be prophylactic ( example : to prevent or ameliorate the effects of a future infection by any natural or " wild " pathogen ), or therapeutic ( e. g. vaccines against cancer are also being investigated ; see cancer vaccine ). the term vaccine derives from edward jenner ' s 1796 use of cow pox ( latin variola vaccinia, adapted from the latin vaccin - us, from vacca, cow ), to inoculate humans, providing them protection against smallpox. vaccines do not guarantee complete protection from a disease. sometimes, this is because the host ' s immune system simply does not respond adequately or at all. this may be due to a lowered immunity in general ( diabetes, steroid use, hiv infection, age ) or because the host ' s immune system does not have a b cell capable of generating antibodies to that antigen. even if the host develops antibodies, the human immune system is not perfect and in any case the immune system might still not be able to defeat the infection immediately. in this case, the infection will be less severe and heal faster. adjuvants are typically used to boost immune response. most often aluminium adjuvants are used, but adjuvants like squalene are also used in some vaccines and more vaccines with squalene and phosphate adjuvants are being tested. larger doses are used in some cases for older people ( 50 – 75 years and up ), whose immune response to a given vaccine is not as strong. the efficacy or performance of the vaccine is dependent on a number of factors : when a vaccinated individual does develop the disease vaccinated against, the disease is likely to be milder than without vaccination. the
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immunization. attenuated vaccines have some advantages and disadvantages. they have the capacity of transient growth so they give prolonged protection, and no booster dose is required. but they may get reverted to the virulent form and cause the disease. toxoid vaccines are made from inactivated toxic compounds that cause illness rather than the micro - organism. examples of toxoid - based vaccines include tetanus and diphtheria. toxoid vaccines are known for their efficacy. not all toxoids are for micro - organisms ; for example, crotalus atrox toxoid is used to vaccinate dogs against rattlesnake bites. protein subunit – rather than introducing an inactivated or attenuated micro - organism to an immune system ( which would constitute a " whole - agent " vaccine ), a fragment of it can create an immune response. examples include the subunit vaccine against hepatitis b virus that is composed of only the surface proteins of the virus ( previously extracted from the blood serum of chronically infected patients, but now produced by recombination of the viral genes into yeast ), the virus - like particle ( vlp ) vaccine against human papillomavirus ( hpv ) that is composed of the viral major capsid protein, and the hemagglutinin and neuraminidase subunits of the influenza virus. subunit vaccine is being used for plague immunization. conjugate – certain bacteria have polysaccharide outer coats that are poorly immunogenic. by linking these outer coats to proteins ( e. g. toxins ), the immune system can be led to recognize the polysaccharide as if it were a protein antigen. this approach is used in the haemophilus influenzae type b vaccine. a number of innovative vaccines are also in development and in use : while most vaccines are created using inactivated or attenuated compounds from micro - organisms, synthetic vaccines are composed mainly or wholly of synthetic peptides, carbohydrates or antigens. vaccines may be monovalent ( also called univalent ) or multivalent ( also called polyvalent ). a monovalent vaccine is designed to immunize against a single antigen or single microorganism. a multivalent or polyvalent vaccine is designed to immunize against two or more strains of the same microorganism, or against two or more microorganisms. in certain cases a monovalent vaccine may be preferable for rapidly developing a strong
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that the boy did not catch smallpox. further experimentation demonstrated the efficacy of the procedure on an infant. since vaccination with cowpox was much safer than smallpox inoculation, the latter, though still widely practiced in england, was banned in 1840. louis pasteur generalized jenner ' s idea by developing what he called a rabies vaccine, and in the nineteenth century vaccines were considered a matter of national prestige, and compulsory vaccination laws were passed. the twentieth century saw the introduction of several successful vaccines, including those against diphtheria, measles, mumps, and rubella. major achievements included the development of the polio vaccine in the 1950s and the eradication of smallpox during the 1960s and 1970s. maurice hilleman was the most prolific of the developers of the vaccines in the twentieth century. as vaccines became more common, many people began taking them for granted. however, vaccines remain elusive for many important diseases, including malaria and hiv. | | the neutrality of this section is disputed. please see the discussion on the talk page. please do not remove this message until the dispute is resolved. ( october 2011 ) | | | this article is missing information about scientific rebuttal to the attacks. this concern has been noted on the talk page where whether or not to include such information may be discussed. ( october 2011 ) | opposition to vaccination, from a wide array of vaccine critics, has existed since the earliest vaccination campaigns. although the benefits of preventing suffering and death from serious infectious diseases greatly outweigh the risks of rare adverse effects following immunization, disputes have arisen over the morality, ethics, effectiveness, and safety of vaccination. some vaccination critics say that vaccines are ineffective against disease or that vaccine safety studies are inadequate. some religious groups do not allow vaccination, and some political groups oppose mandatory vaccination on the grounds of individual liberty. in response, concern has been raised that spreading unfounded information about the medical risks of vaccines increases rates of life - threatening infections, not only in the children whose parents refused vaccinations, but also in other children, perhaps too young for vaccines, who could contract infections from unvaccinated carriers ( see herd immunity ). one challenge in vaccine development is economic : many of the diseases most demanding a vaccine, including hiv, malaria and tuberculosis, exist principally in poor countries. pharmaceutical firms and biotechnology companies have little incentive to develop vaccines for these diseases, because there is little revenue potential. even in more
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is economic : many of the diseases most demanding a vaccine, including hiv, malaria and tuberculosis, exist principally in poor countries. pharmaceutical firms and biotechnology companies have little incentive to develop vaccines for these diseases, because there is little revenue potential. even in more affluent countries, financial returns are usually minimal and the financial and other risks are great. most vaccine development to date has relied on " push " funding by government, universities and non - profit organizations. many vaccines have been highly cost effective and beneficial for public health. the number of vaccines actually administered has risen dramatically in recent decades. [ when? ] this increase, particularly in the number of different vaccines administered to children before entry into schools may be due to government mandates and support, rather than economic incentive. the filing of patents on vaccine development processes can also be viewed as an obstacle to the development of new vaccines. because of the weak protection offered through a patent on the final product, the protection of the innovation regarding vaccines is often made through the patent of processes used on the development of new vaccines as well as the protection of secrecy. vaccine production has several stages. first, the antigen itself is generated. viruses are grown either on primary cells such as chicken eggs ( e. g., for influenza ), or on continuous cell lines such as cultured human cells ( e. g., for hepatitis a ). bacteria are grown in bioreactors ( e. g., haemophilus influenzae type b ). alternatively, a recombinant protein derived from the viruses or bacteria can be generated in yeast, bacteria, or cell cultures. after the antigen is generated, it is isolated from the cells used to generate it. a virus may need to be inactivated, possibly with no further purification required. recombinant proteins need many operations involving ultrafiltration and column chromatography. finally, the vaccine is formulated by adding adjuvant, stabilizers, and preservatives as needed. the adjuvant enhances the immune response of the antigen, stabilizers increase the storage life, and preservatives allow the use of multidose vials. combination vaccines are harder to develop and produce, because of potential incompatibilities and interactions among the antigens and other ingredients involved. vaccine production techniques are evolving. cultured mammalian cells are expected to become increasingly important, compared to conventional options such as chicken eggs, due to greater productivity and low incidence of problems with contamination. recombination technology that produces genetically detoxified vaccine is expected to grow
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2025-12-19T07:35:31.867039
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evolving. cultured mammalian cells are expected to become increasingly important, compared to conventional options such as chicken eggs, due to greater productivity and low incidence of problems with contamination. recombination technology that produces genetically detoxified vaccine is expected to grow in popularity for the production of bacterial vaccines that use toxoids. combination vaccines are expected to reduce the quantities of antigens they contain, and thereby decrease undesirable interactions, by using pathogen - associated molecular patterns. in 2010, india produced 60 percent of world ' s vaccine worth about $ 900 million. many vaccines need preservatives to prevent serious adverse effects such as staphylococcus infection that, in one 1928 incident, killed 12 of 21 children inoculated with a diphtheria vaccine that lacked a preservative. several preservatives are available, including thiomersal, phenoxyethanol, and formaldehyde. thiomersal is more effective against bacteria, has better shelf life, and improves vaccine stability, potency, and safety, but in the u. s., the european union, and a few other affluent countries, it is no longer used as a preservative in childhood vaccines, as a precautionary measure due to its mercury content. although controversial claims have been made that thiomersal contributes to autism, no convincing scientific evidence supports these claims. there are several new delivery systems in development [ when? ] that will hopefully make vaccines more efficient to deliver. possible methods include liposomes and iscom ( immune stimulating complex ). the latest developments [ when? ] in vaccine delivery technologies have resulted in oral vaccines. a polio vaccine was developed and tested by volunteer vaccinations with no formal training ; the results were positive in that the ease of the vaccines increased. with an oral vaccine, there is no risk of blood contamination. oral vaccines are likely to be solid which have proven to be more stable and less likely to freeze ; this stability reduces the need for a " cold chain " : the resources required to keep vaccines within a restricted temperature range from the manufacturing stage to the point of administration, which, in turn, may decrease costs of vaccines. a microneedle approach, which is still in stages of development, uses " pointed projections fabricated into arrays that can create vaccine delivery pathways through the skin ". a nanopatch is a needle free vaccine delivery system which is under development. a stamp - sized patch similar to an adhesive bandage contains about 20, 000
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2025-12-19T07:35:31.867945
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uses " pointed projections fabricated into arrays that can create vaccine delivery pathways through the skin ". a nanopatch is a needle free vaccine delivery system which is under development. a stamp - sized patch similar to an adhesive bandage contains about 20, 000 microscopic projections per square inch. when worn on the skin, it will deliver vaccine directly to the skin, which has a higher concentration of immune cells than that in the muscles, where needles and syringes deliver. it thus increases the effectiveness of the vaccination using a lower amount of vaccine used in traditional syringe delivery system. the use of plasmids has been validated in preclinical studies as a protective vaccine strategy for cancer and infectious diseases. however, in human studies this approach has failed to provide clinically relevant benefit. the overall efficacy of plasmid dna immunization depends on increasing the plasmid ' s immunogenicity while also correcting for factors involved in the specific activation of immune effector cells. vaccinations of animals are used both to prevent their contracting diseases and to prevent transmission of disease to humans. both animals kept as pets and animals raised as livestock are routinely vaccinated. in some instances, wild populations may be vaccinated. this is sometimes accomplished with vaccine - laced food spread in a disease - prone area and has been used to attempt to control rabies in raccoons. where rabies occurs, rabies vaccination of dogs may be required by law. other canine vaccines include canine distemper, canine parvovirus, infectious canine hepatitis, adenovirus - 2, leptospirosis, bordatella, canine parainfluenza virus, and lyme disease among others. vaccine development has several trends : principles that govern the immune response can now be used in tailor - made vaccines against many noninfectious human diseases, such as cancers and autoimmune disorders. for example, the experimental vaccine cyt006 - angqb has been investigated as a possible treatment for high blood pressure. factors that have impact on the trends of vaccine development include progress in translatory medicine, demographics, regulatory science, political, cultural, and social responses. | modern vaccine and adjuvant production and characterization, genetic engineering & biotechnology news | the world news ( wn ) network, has created this privacy statement in order to demonstrate our firm commitment to user privacy. the following discloses our information gathering and dissemination practices for wn. com, as well
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2025-12-19T07:35:31.868846
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, genetic engineering & biotechnology news | the world news ( wn ) network, has created this privacy statement in order to demonstrate our firm commitment to user privacy. the following discloses our information gathering and dissemination practices for wn. com, as well as e - mail newsletters. we do not collect personally identifiable information about you, except when you provide it to us. for example, if you submit an inquiry to us or sign up for our newsletter, you may be asked to provide certain information such as your contact details ( name, e - mail address, mailing address, etc. ). we may retain other companies and individuals to perform functions on our behalf. such third parties may be provided with access to personally identifiable information needed to perform their functions, but may not use such information for any other purpose. in addition, we may disclose any information, including personally identifiable information, we deem necessary, in our sole discretion, to comply with any applicable law, regulation, legal proceeding or governmental request. we do not want you to receive unwanted e - mail from us. we try to make it easy to opt - out of any service you have asked to receive. if you sign - up to our e - mail newsletters we do not sell, exchange or give your e - mail address to a third party. e - mail addresses are collected via the wn. com web site. users have to physically opt - in to receive the wn. com newsletter and a verification e - mail is sent. wn. com is clearly and conspicuously named at the point ofcollection. if you no longer wish to receive our newsletter and promotional communications, you may opt - out of receiving them by following the instructions included in each newsletter or communication or by e - mailing us at michaelw ( at ) wn. com the security of your personal information is important to us. we follow generally accepted industry standards to protect the personal information submitted to us, both during registration and once we receive it. no method of transmission over the internet, or method of electronic storage, is 100 percent secure, however. therefore, though we strive to use commercially acceptable means to protect your personal information, we cannot guarantee its absolute security. if we decide to change our e - mail practices, we will post those changes to this privacy statement, the homepage, and other places we think appropriate so that you are aware of what information we collect, how we use it, and under what circumstances, if any, we disclose it. if we make material
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2025-12-19T07:35:31.869914
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the sludge into ethanol. a pelletizer compresses undigested waste into pellets that are fed into a gasification unit, which produces composite gas. the ethanol, composite gas and a 10 - percent diesel drip are injected into a diesel generator to produce electricity, according to scientists. it takes about six hours for the tiger to power up. when it works, the device can power a 60 - kilowatt generator. the prototypes are being tested at camp victory in baghdad initial runs proved successful. the prototypes have been used to power an office trailer. at their peak, they could power two to three trailers. in recent weeks, the scientists suffered a setback : the above - 100 degree temperatures caused a chiller device to overheat and shut off occasionally. a new chiller from edgewood just arrived at the site, kennedy said. after the 90 - day testing phase that ends aug. 10, the army will decide whether to fund the project further. its developers envision the device being used to respond to crises such as hurricane katrina, when there is no lack of garbage but a great need for electricity. spiller, of the army ' s rapid equipping force, said he is optimistic. " the mere fact we wrote a check means we think it ' s got a high chance of success, " spiller said.
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subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics
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2025-12-19T07:35:31.884062
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belgian physicist francois englert, left, speaks with british physicist … ( fabrice coffrini / afp / getty … ) for physicists, it was a moment like landing on the moon or the discovery of dna. the focus was the higgs boson, a subatomic particle that exists for a mere fraction of a second. long theorized but never glimpsed, the so - called god particle is thought to be key to understanding the existence of all mass in the universe. the revelation wednesday that it - - or some version of it - - had almost certainly been detected amid more than hundreds of trillions of high - speed collisions in a 17 - mile track near geneva prompted a group of normally reserved scientists to erupt with joy. for the record los angeles times friday, july 06, 2012 home edition main news part a page 4 news desk 1 inches ; 48 words type of material : correction large hadron collider : in some copies of the july 5 edition, an article in section a about the machine used by physicists at the european organization for nuclear research to search for the higgs boson referred to the $ 5 - billion large hadron collider. the correct amount is $ 10 billion. peter higgs, one of the scientists who first hypothesized the existence of the particle, reportedly shed tears as the data were presented in a jampacked and applause - heavy seminar at cern, the european organization for nuclear research. " it ' s a gigantic triumph for physics, " said frank wilczek, an mit physicist and nobel laureate. " it ' s a tremendous demonstration of a community dedicated to understanding nature. " the achievement, nearly 50 years in the making, confirms physicists ' understanding of how mass - - the stuff that makes stars, planets and even people - - arose in the universe, they said. it also points the way toward a new path of scientific inquiry into the mass - generating mechanism that was never before possible, said ucla physicist robert cousins, a member of one of the two research teams that has been chasing the higgs boson at cern. " i compare it to turning the corner and walking around a building - - there ' s a whole new set of things you can look at, " he said. " it is a beginning, not an end. " leaders of the two teams reported independent results that suggested the existence of a previously unseen subatomic particle with a mass of about 125 to 126 billion electron volts. both groups got
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subdomain_quantum_field_theory
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2025-12-19T07:35:31.914997
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he said. " it is a beginning, not an end. " leaders of the two teams reported independent results that suggested the existence of a previously unseen subatomic particle with a mass of about 125 to 126 billion electron volts. both groups got results at a " five sigma " level of confidence - - the statistical requirement for declaring a scientific " discovery. " " the chance that either of the two experiments had seen a fluke is less than three parts in 10 million, " said uc san diego physicist vivek sharma, a former leader of one of the higgs research groups. " there is no doubt that we have found something. " but he and others stopped just shy of saying that this new particle was indeed the long - sought higgs boson. " all we can tell right now is that it quacks like a duck and it walks like a duck, " sharma said. in this case, quacking was enough for most. " if it looks like a duck and quacks like a duck, it ' s probably at least a bird, " said wilczek, who stayed up past 3 a. m. to watch the seminar live over the web while vacationing in new hampshire. certainly cern leaders in geneva, even as they referred to their discovery simply as " a new particle, " didn ' t bother hiding their excitement. the original plan had been to present the latest results on the higgs search at the international conference on high energy physics, a big scientific meeting that began wednesday in melbourne. but as it dawned on cern scientists that they were on the verge of " a big announcement, " cousins said, officials decided to honor tradition and instead present the results on cern ' s turf. the small number of scientists who theorized the existence of the higgs boson in the 1960s - - including higgs of the university of edinburgh - - were invited to fly to geneva. for the non - vip set, lines to get into the auditorium began forming late tuesday. many spent the night in sleeping bags. all the hubbub was due to the fact that the discovery of the higgs boson is the last piece of the puzzle needed to complete the so - called standard model of particle physics - - the big picture that describes the subatomic particles that make up everything in the universe, and the forces that work between them. over the course of the 20th century, as physicists learned more about the standard model, they struggled to answer one very basic question : why does
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2025-12-19T07:35:31.918032
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" helplessness " and " confusion " are words that easily come to mind when the issue of sick building syndrome is mentioned. it is a problem that does not have a regulatory solution, and is bound with engineering, medicine and emotions that will challenge the best of school administrators. a careful management style and knowledgeable use of technologies in medicine, toxicology and property maintenance are a school administrator ' s best allies in preparing to deal with or prevent this new generation of health and safety challenges. defining sick building syndrome there is no regulatory definition for sick building syndrome. although it often relates to indoor - air - quality problems, it simply means that the environment of a building is inspiring complaints of discomfort and / or disease. fundamentally, the causes of sick buildings relate to architecture and engineering patterns institutionalized in school construction following world war ii. schools of glass, rock and wood, with high ceilings, cross - ventilation via a transom over the door, and windows and radiators that could be adjusted by teachers no longer were built. these schools were being replaced with new, factory - like buildings featuring a temperamental, eccentric system of master controls for indoor environment. buildings were constructed with no regard to the environment around them or to people within the property. today, allowing for the ambiguity in defining sick buildings, somewhere between 1 - in - 5 and 1 - in - 15 school facilities are in a situation where discomfort and disease can be attributed to operations of the building. health symptoms in a sick building are highly variable, but generally split into three categories : - radical reaction - - a number of people clearly and suddenly ill. this usually involves limited air exchange combined with a " smoking gun, " which can include a new chemical cleaner, misbatched chlorine in a pool area, a weather inversion preventing a kiln from venting properly or a failure of a mechanical air - exchange system. - unhealthy atmosphere - - many people experiencing ongoing subtle illness or discomfort. the most common symptoms involve the dehydration of sensitive tissue, including sore eyes, throat or nasal membranes ; a feeling of lethargy ; a higher incidence of upper - respiratory infection ; asthmatic reactions ; low - grade headaches ; and a continuum of muscle pain and general discomfort among building occupants. much of this relates to oxygen deprivation typically caused by oxygen being displaced by other compounds, and occasionally by infestation of microbes as a result of excessive moisture remaining within the property. - hypersensitive reaction or multiple chemical sensitivity reaction - - one or two individuals extremely
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subdomain_quantum_mechanics
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<urn:uuid:f673350f-8b06-4580-b54b-a3217aacfede>
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2025-12-19T07:35:31.933234
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oxygen deprivation typically caused by oxygen being displaced by other compounds, and occasionally by infestation of microbes as a result of excessive moisture remaining within the property. - hypersensitive reaction or multiple chemical sensitivity reaction - - one or two individuals extremely ill. this can result if even tiny exposures occur to anyone that has a highly sensitive reaction to certain chemicals. typically, these complaints should be viewed as warnings that some low - level toxin is in the area. although sick building syndrome usually relates to the general nature of the building itself, there are some specifics that account for most indoor - air problems : * combustibles ; any possible introduction of carbon monoxide. * moisture as it may relate to mold ( look for growths on drywall ). * moisture as it may relate to airborne infectious agents ( standing water and consequent growths ). * volatile organic compounds ( vocs ), usually cleaning agents or building materials, which may give off unpleasant, sometimes toxic gases. * formaldehydes in new carpet, pressed wood or other building products. * any new or newly exposed particleboard. * applied poisons ( pesticides, insecticides, rodenticides, herbicides ). a proactive approach administrators are dealing with a generation of post - world war ii properties prone to indoor - air - quality problems, particularly buildings constructed or remodeled during the 1970s energy crisis. a school district should take several steps before a problem strikes. first, initiate patterns for preventing air - quality problems. second, establish baseline information that will profile the building to facilitate an efficient, inexpensive and confidence - inspiring response. building occupants and the community need to see a clear and confident administrative approach should a problem arise in the future. the proactive investigation of the building should involve a limited amount of basic testing, particularly a professional review of the microbial matrix within the building - - the number of colony - forming units or what kinds of microbes presently are nesting in the building. understanding what is living in the ambient air can help administrators understand if there is a problem or, more importantly, can help to quickly isolate the exact nature of a problem. similarly, administrators should consider hiring an outside contractor to review how air - handling and mechanical - engineering systems are managed. a knowledgeable person should walk the area and observe the mechanical systems to see how the filtering system, the air - dispersion system and the air - dilution patterns of the building are operating. finally, a reliable epidemiological profile of comparative absenteeism should
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subdomain_quantum_mechanics
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2025-12-19T07:35:31.934267
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varying densities. these particles within the matter are kinetic and in constant motion. the slower the motion of the particles, the more dense the matter becomes. also, as the particles are pushed closer together, the matter also becomes more dense. the best way to slow down kinetic molecules is to cool the matter. the best way to get them to move closer together is to add pressure to the matter. inversely, when you remove the pressure or heat any material, the molecules within the material moves faster and further apart, thus making the material less dense. the least dense form of matter is, of course, gas. if a gas is cooled and compressed, at some point it will become a liquid. if that liquid is then cooled further, then at some point it will become a solid. also, when you take the pressure off any gas or liquid, that material will grow less dense and expand. this is essentially what happens to the gaseous molecules of our atmosphere. our atmosphere contains approximately 79 % nitrogen and 21 % oxygen, a constant ratio until you reach an altitude of about 270, 000 feet. so the question that always comes up is ; " if i have 21 % oxygen at sea level and 21 % at 40, 000 feet, why do i succumb to the effects of hypoxia within 20 seconds at that altitude? " the answer is, atmospheric pressure! if you could picture all the gaseous nitrogen and oxygen molecules in the atmosphere, they would stack up from the surface of the earth to the fringe of space. all these molecules stacking on top each other create a great deal of weight, or pressure. at sea level, one square - inch of any surface has about 15 pounds of air sitting on top of it. at 18, 000 feet, that same square inch has only 7. 5 pounds per square - inch ( psi ) exerted on it. what has caused this atmospheric pressure drop? the answer is simple : there is more air stacked up at sea level than above 18, 000 feet, and therefore, more weight. as you recall, when molecules are subjected to this pressure, they are going to move closer together. this will make the air more dense with oxygen and nitrogen molecules. for example, if at sea level you take in a breath of air that has an atmospheric pressure of 15 psi, then that air may contain 500 billion molecules of oxygen ( this a fictitious number to be used only as an example ) ; if you go to 18, 000 feet and take the same breath where atmospheric pressure
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2025-12-19T07:35:31.951227
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, alterations may be made in the constitution ” through the amendment process. delegates agreed to add the language “ not exceeding ” to the one representative for 40, 000 citizen ratio, making that a ceiling and not a floor. controversy over this provision would re - emerge before the end of the convention, however. the specter of slavery likewise, controversy would emerge about slavery. consideration of the apportionment of representatives raised the question of whether slaves would be included within that ratio. morris rose on august 8 and gave a withering criticism of the institution. moving to specify that this ratio would include only “ free ” inhabitants, morris called slavery “ a nefarious institution, ” and “ the curse of heaven ”. comparing free with slave states, morris noted, on the one hand, “ a rich and noble cultivation [ which ] marks the prosperity and happiness of the people, ” and on the other “ the misery and poverty which overspread the barren wastes of virginia, maryland, and the other states having slaves. ” morris ’ s motion was defeated 10 - 1, but the issue of how slavery would be addressed by the new union was by no means resolved. for more detailed information on the constitutional convention, please visit prof. gordon lloyd ’ s web companion to the philadelphia convention. posted in countdown to the constitution
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2025-12-19T07:35:31.995559
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in 2006, two scientists announced that they had cooked an egg by placing it in between two cell phones. it has been thrououghly disproven and analyzed since the surface of the claim, but it is still an excellent opportunity to use the scientific thinking principles on! # 1 : ruling out rival hypotheses this principle isn ' t the most relevant because the experiment doesn ' t exactly prove any hypotheses. but it can still apply to the attempt to cook an egg between two cell phones because there could be other effects causing that outcome. # 2 : correlation vs. causation there are so many other reasons that the egg could ' ve cooked! maybe it was really hot out? or the cell phone egg set up was within a microwave? not the most probable of all possible causations, but it proves the point. there could be many other ways this egg could ' ve cooked ( or in actuality, the fact that it didn ' t cook at all ) that we need to examine or at least acknowledge that they could be there. this claim is very out there so it has a really good chance of being able to be falsified. as we will see in # 4, after replicating the incident one can find almost instantly that it is in fact a hoax. as many people did, reproducing the egg cooking experiement will prove that it is in fact a hoax. every reproduction that was prodcued failed to yield the same results as the first, which made everything make sense when the site ' s webmaster that published the article stepped forward to say it was in fact completely fake. # 5 : extraordinary claims the claim that you can cook an egg with two cell phones is pretty extraordinary yet there is no extraordinary evidence to back it up! in fact, it is just too extraordinary to be real. # 6 : occam ' s razor in my mind, the simpliest explaination would be that it simply is not true. the end. i ' m not going to lie, if this claim was true i would be thrilled. in addition to being in awe of the power of technology, it would make cooking meals for myself in my dorm room a whole lot easier! unfortunately though, this is a hoax. with the help of the six principles of scientific thinking, i will never fall for this or any other raw food cooking claim ever again!
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2025-12-19T07:35:32.002382
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how to win at science fairs ( dec, 1960 ) how to win at science fairs by ronald benrey you can win at a science fair as long as one thing interests you more than winning does. this is your project itself. it is going to be judged on scientific thought, creative ability, and presentation. you will really have to know the field your project is concerned with. this takes effort. since you lack the means of a professional laboratory, you will have to do much with little. this takes trial and error and just plain work. your presentation must be attractive and clear. this means good workmanship, which takes time and care. you are going to have to show some originality. after all, there is no use doing what everybody else is doing : be different. for this, you have to have the other three under control. by the way, the “ laymen ” who see your exhibit will ask all kinds of questions. have good answers at your fingertips. the judges won ’ t be laymen, and any double - talk will scream to them that you don ’ t know your subject. it may also make them suspect that the best parts of your project are not your work. this would be unjust, perhaps, but deadly. now, whether your entry covers a large table top or can just be tucked under your arm, it is going to be a big job. it can ’ t be left for a “ crash program ” in the last few weeks before the fair. it is going to eat up big portions of your time, energy, and spending money for the next several months. all this demands your interest. but it isn ’ t simply a matter of “ fun. ” licking this challenge may be a turning point in your life. with or without a scholarship prize, your career may begin with it. as a reader of electronics illustrated your project will probably deal with electronics or applied physics rather than with biological or earth sciences. select your topic carefully from a broad subject that really interests you. a massive effort in the direction of a passing fancy will result in a mediocre project at best. take a limited subtopic that you think worth investigating and that you feel able to handle. to ease financial strain, plan now to build your project over a long period of time, say six months, on a pay - as - you - build basis. once you have a rough idea of your project ’ s general form, don ’ t dash into construction. visit technical libraries and learn all you can about current professional
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subdomain_quantum_entanglement
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2025-12-19T07:35:32.009530
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this is an important judging criterion. remember, how you solved your problem is what counts at a science fair, and not merely that you solved it. also, neatness counts! aside from being impossible to troubleshoot, a rat ’ s nest of wiring is typical of losing projects. time spent color - coding leads, installing wire harness and cable clamps will result in a much more attractive and more reliable project. but know what you are doing! don ’ t harness leads in a circuit that demands point - to - point wiring, or cable grid and plate leads together in an amplifier circuit. read up on layout and construction techniques, and allow yourself time to make and correct mistakes. prior planning will also pay off in dollars and cents, since you can save by purchasing some components ( like resistors ) in quantity, and if you live near a big city you can shop around for some items in the military surplus stores, modifying your design if necessary to take odd - value components. now, sit back and start your thinking. the time to start is right now. is your winning project here? radio telescope : home - built sensitive low - noise receiver, simple antenna system. try to make simple “ radio map. ” guidance system : for model ear. can be programmed to run around science fair grounds without hitting anything, or to reach pre - chosen destination. solar cells : home - built unit as part of demonstration of basic physics of solar cells : display on recent professional research results : off - beat practical applications ( eyeglass type hearing aid? ). moon mouse : “ to be landed on the moon. ” self - propelled, radio controlled from earth, instrumented and transmitter equipped. some functions solar powered? these are only suggestions. you may come up with ideas regarding fuel cells, space communications, navigation, etc.
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2025-12-19T07:35:32.014334
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with the development of science and technology, computer has become more and more popular in our daily life, which is intended to be a part of our life. but at the same time it also brings the safety problem, because increasing number of bad people would like to break into computer systems to steal the secret information. it seems that computer safety has been a serious problem by now. maybe you could learn something about the safety terms in microsoft so that you could adopt the different methods according to different cases. what is malware? in fact malware, short for “ malicious software ”, is any kind of software which is installed without your complete permission and is not in need at all. the famous malware areviruses, worms, and trojan horses, which are almost known to us all. even though you are not familiar with them, you must have heard of it at ordinary times. if you want to protect your computer from the malware, you could make sure that the automatic updating is turned on all the time to get the latest updates. 2 antispyware software antispyware software helps protect your computer, and prevent the pop - ups, slow performance, and security threats caused by spyware and other adverse software. every computer user must keep antispyware software up to date in order to keep in touch with the latest spyware. aimed at protecting our computer, we could use microsoft security essentials, free download software, to be against spyware and other malicious software. a firewall is used to help screen out hackers, viruses, and worms that try to attack your computer through the internet. in fact, if you are the one who use the computer at home, the most efficient and important step is to enable firewall when you start your computer. a virus will slip through and infect you ; the only effective way by protecting yourself is using a firewall. a firewall monitors your internet connections and allows you to specify which programs are allowed to connect and which are not. 4 antivirus software antivirus software is a kind of computer program which can be used to test, defend, and take actions to remove or delete malicious software program. as we all know, computer virus is some programs, which can specially disturb computer operation. so we should update antivirus software in regular time to prevent against the latest virus. 5 windows password besides the above mentioned software, you could have an alternative at the same time, namely windows password. with a password like this, you can prevent your privacy from being let out
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subdomain_quantum_cryptography
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HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu
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2025-12-19T07:35:32.017306
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just as there are many variants and forms of electronic malware and internet - based threats around the globe, so there are many forms of protection against these threats. signature - based detection is one of the multifarious forms of defense that have been developed in order to keep us safe from malicious content. although signature - based detection can be argued to have been overshadowed by more sophisticated methods of protection in some environments, it remains as a core ‘ technique ’ featuring in the anti - virus controls of packages and suites that work to protect a user ’ s system today. how does signature - based detection work? signature - based detection works by scanning the contents of computer files and cross - referencing their contents with the “ code signatures ” belonging to known viruses. a library of known code signatures is updated and refreshed constantly by the anti - virus software vendor. if a viral signature is detected, the software acts to protect the user ’ s system from damage. suspected files are typically quarantined and / or encrypted in order to render them inoperable and useless. clearly there will always be new and emerging viruses with their own unique code signatures. so once again, the anti - virus software vendor works constantly to assess and assimilate new signature - based detection data as it becomes available, often in real time so that updates can be pushed out to users immediately and zero - day vulnerabilities can be avoided. next - generation signature - based detection new variants of computer virus are of course developed every day and security companies now work to also protect users from malware that attempts to disguise itself from traditional signature - based detection. virus authors have tried to avoid their malicious code being detected by writing “ oligomorphic “, “ polymorphic ” and more recently “ metamorphic ” viruses with signatures that are either disguised or changed from those that might be held in a signature directory. despite these developments, the internet at large does of course still function on a daily basis. populated as it is by users who not only have up to date security software installed, but also by those who have educated themselves as to the type of risks discussed here.
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subdomain_quantum_cryptography
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2025-12-19T07:35:32.029833
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by jason kohn, contributing columnist like many of us, scientific researchers tend to be creatures of habit. this includes research teams working for the national oceanic and atmospheric administration ( noaa ), the u. s. government agency charged with measuring the behavior of oceans, atmosphere, and weather. many of these climate scientists work with massive amounts of data – for example, the national weather service collecting up - to - the - minute temperature, humidity, and barometric readings from thousands of sites across the united states to help forecast weather. research teams then rely on some the largest, most powerful high - performance computing ( hpc ) systems in the world to run models, forecasts, and other research computations. given the reliance on hpc resources, noaa climate researchers have traditionally worked onsite at major supercomputing facilities, such as oak ridge national laboratory in tennessee, where access to supercomputers are just steps away. as researchers crate ever more sophisticated models of ocean and atmospheric behavior, however, the hpc requirements have become truly staggering. now, noaa is using a super - high - speed network called “ n - wave ” to connect research sites across the united states with the computing resources they need. the network has been operating for several years, and today transports enough data to fill a 10 - gbps network to full capacity, all day, every day. noaa is now upgrading this network to allow even more data traffic, with the goal of ultimately supporting 100 - gbps data rates. “ our scientists were really used to having a computer in their basement, ” says jerry janssen, manager, n - wave network, noaa, in a video about the project. “ when that computer moved a couple thousand miles away, we had to give them a lot of assurances that, one, the data would actually move at the speed they needed it to move, but also that they could rely on it to be there. the amount of data that will be generated under this model will exceed 80 - 100 terabits per day. ” the n - wave project means much more than just a massive new data pipe. it represents a fundamental shift in the way that scientists can conduct their research, allowing them to perform hugely demanding supercomputer runs of their data from dozens of remote locations. as a result, it gives noaa climate scientists much more flexibility in where and how they work. “ for the first time, noaa scientists and engineers in completely separate parts of the country, all the way to places
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subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics
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2025-12-19T07:35:32.033371
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from dozens of remote locations. as a result, it gives noaa climate scientists much more flexibility in where and how they work. “ for the first time, noaa scientists and engineers in completely separate parts of the country, all the way to places like alaska and hawaii and puerto rico, will have the bandwidth they need, without restriction, ” says janssen. “ noaa will now be able to do things it never thought it could do before. ” in addition to providing fast, stable access to hpc resources, n - wave is also allowing noaa climate scientists to share resources much more easily with scientists in the u. s. department of energy and other government agencies. ideally, this level of collaboration and access to supercomputing resources will help climate scientists continue to develop more effective climate models, improve weather forecasts, and allow us to better understand our climate. powering vital climate research the high - speed nationwide hpc connectivity capability provided by n - wave is now enabling a broad range of noaa basic science and research activities. examples include : - basic data dissemination, allowing research teams to collect up - to - the - minute data on ocean, atmosphere, and weather from across the country, and make that data available to other research teams and agencies nationwide. - ensemble forecasting, where researchers run multiple hpc simulations using different initial conditions and modeling techniques, in order to refine their atmospheric forecasts and minimize errors. - severe weather modeling, where scientists draw on hpc simulations, real - time atmospheric data, and archived storm data to better understand and predict the behavior of storms. - advancing understanding of the environment to be able to better predict short - term and long - term environmental changes, mitigate threats, and provide the most accurate data to inform policy decisions. all of this work is important, and will help advance our understanding of earth ’ s climate. and it is all a testament to the amazing networking technologies and infrastructure that scientists now have at their disposal, which puts the most powerful supercomputing resources in the world at their fingertips – even when they are thousands of miles away.
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subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics
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HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu
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2025-12-19T07:35:32.034151
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- november 15th, 2008 - derek robertson - comments : 7 comments » tags : consolarium, endless ocean, games based learning, wii endless ocean for the nintendo wii was one of those games that immediately caught my eye. a wonderful world in which the player can become immersed in a rich, vibrant and somewhat hypnotically therapeutic underwater world. i ’ ve written about how i thought it might be used to drive learning before but my initial ideas have been put into place and extended beyond recognition by some really creative teachers. last week i went with margaret cassidy from stirling council to cowie ps to see a teacher that was using endless ocean with her class : mrs bullivant and her class of p. 6 children treated me to an afternoon of sheer joy. i walked in to a class that had been turned into an underwater world that was awash with a tide of enthusiastic and industrious learnning. - streamers of various shades of blue were hung from two lines that criss - crossed the class. from these lines also hung starfish, sharks and other underwater creatures that the children had made. - the wii was hooked up to the whiteboard and the gameplay was integral to the learning. - the children were divided into ‘ dive teams ’ and their ‘ dive leader ’ had to manage certain aspects of how the children worked together. - children were engaged with a teacher led leson that investigated buoyancy. - children were searching the web to find out more about some of the creatures that they discovered in the game. - a spreadsheet activity detailing the range of creatures that they had discovered was in place. - a shipwreck ( created by the janitor ) was sitting in the class. this helped drive much of the creative writing work. - the children created treasure maps and were using these to look at grid references. - mermaids were created in art and design and very lifelike they were too! - reference books were in great demand when i was in the class and the initial stimulus of the game appeared to drive a real interest for what could be found in the complementary resource that was the book. - children actively encouraged to measure exactly how long 7 metres is as a result of finding out that that was how long a great white shark was. this was just a wonderful visit and an example of what learning in class can be. yes we need creative teachers to lead this but isn ’ t that what we are meant to be. the work that was in evidence in this class was delightful to witness and further cemented my ideas of
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subdomain_quantum_gravity
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HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu
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2025-12-19T07:35:32.040917
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public papers - 1991 white house fact sheet on the strategic arms reduction treaty ( start ) today, the united states and the soviet union signed the strategic arms reduction treaty. this treaty marks the first agreement between the two countries in which the number of deployed strategic nuclear weapons will actually be reduced. reductions will take place over a period of 7 years, and will result in parity between the strategic nuclear forces of the two sides at levels approximately 30 percent below currently deployed forces. deeper cuts are required in the most dangerous and destabilizing systems. start provisions are designed to strengthen strategic stability at lower levels and to encourage the restructuring of strategic forces in ways that make them more stable and less threatening. the treaty includes a wide variety of very demanding verification measures designed to ensure compliance and build confidence. the treaty sets equal ceilings on the number of strategic nuclear forces that can be deployed by either side. in addition, the treaty establishes an equal ceiling on ballistic missile throw - weight ( a measure of overall capability for ballistic missiles ). each side is limited to no more than : - - 1600 strategic nuclear delivery vehicles ( deployed intercontinental ballistic missiles [ icbm ' s ], submarine launched ballistic missiles [ slbm ' s ], and heavy bombers ), a limit that is 36 percent below the soviet level declared in september 1990 and 29 percent below the u. s. level. - - 6000 total accountable warheads, about 41 percent below the current soviet level and 43 percent below the current u. s. level. - - 4900 accountable warheads deployed on icbm ' s or slbm ' s, about 48 percent below the current soviet level and 40 percent below the current u. s. level. - - 1540 accountable warheads deployed on 154 heavy icbm ' s, a 50 - percent reduction in current soviet forces. the u. s. has no heavy icbm ' s. - - 1100 accountable warheads deployed on mobile icbm ' s. - - aggregate throw - weight of deployed icbm ' s and slbm ' s equal to about 54 percent of the current soviet aggregate throw - weight. ballistic missile warhead accountability the treaty uses detailed counting rules to ensure the accurate accounting of the number of warheads attributed to each type of ballistic missile. - - each deployed ballistic missile warhead counts as 1 under the 4900 ceiling and 1 under the 6000 overall warhead ceiling. - - each side is allowed 10 on - site inspections each year to verify that deployed ballistic missiles contain no more warheads than the number that is attributed to them under the
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subdomain_quantum_field_theory
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2025-12-19T07:35:32.065071
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1 under the 4900 ceiling and 1 under the 6000 overall warhead ceiling. - - each side is allowed 10 on - site inspections each year to verify that deployed ballistic missiles contain no more warheads than the number that is attributed to them under the treaty. downloading ballistic missile warheads the treaty also allows for a reduction in the number of warheads on certain ballistic missiles, which will help the sides transition their existing forces to the new regime. such downloading is permitted in a carefully structured and limited fashion. - - the u. s. may download its three - warhead minuteman iii icbm by either one or two warheads. the soviet union has already downloaded it ' s seven warhead ss - n - 18 slbm by four warheads. - - in addition, each side may download up to 500 warheads on two other existing types of ballistic missiles, as long as the total number of warheads removed from downloaded missiles does not exceed 1250 at any one time. the treaty places constraints on the characteristics of new types of ballistic missiles to ensure the accuracy of counting rules and prevent undercounting of missile warheads. - - the number of warheads attributed to a new type of ballistic missile must be no less than the number determined by dividing 40 percent of the missile ' s total throw - weight by the weight of the lightest rv tested on that missile. - - the throw - weight attributed to a new type must be no less than the missile ' s throw - weight capability at specified reference ranges ( 11, 000 km for icbm ' s and 9, 500 km for slbm ' s ). start places significant restrictions on the soviet ss - 18 heavy icbm. - - a 50 - percent reduction in the number of soviet ss - 18 icbm ' s ; a total reduction of 154 of these soviet missiles. - - new types of heavy icbm ' s are banned. - - downloading of heavy icbm ' s is banned. - - heavy slbm ' s and heavy mobile icbm ' s are banned. - - heavy icbm ' s will be reduced on a more stringent schedule than other strategic arms. because mobile missiles are more difficult to verify than other types of ballistic missiles, start incorporates a number of special restrictions and notifications with regard to these missiles. these measures will significantly improve our confidence that start will be effectively verifiable. - - nondeployed mobile missiles and non - deployed mobile launchers are numerically and geographically limited so as to limit
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subdomain_quantum_cryptography
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2025-12-19T07:35:32.065939
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offensive arms. start will have a duration of 15 years, unless it is superseded by a subsequent agreement. if the sides agree, the treaty may be extended for successive 5 - year periods beyond the 15 years. noncircumvention and third countries start prohibits the transfer of strategic offensive arms to third countries, except that the treaty will not interfere with existing patterns of cooperation. in addition, the treaty prohibits the permanent basing of strategic offensive arms outside the national territory of each side. air - launched cruise missiles ( alcm ' s ) start does not directly count or limit alcm ' s. alcm ' s are limited indirectly through their association with heavy bombers. - - only nuclear - armed alcm ' s with a range in excess of 600 km are covered by start. - - long - range, conventionally armed alcm ' s that are distinguishable from nuclear - armed alcm ' s are not affected. - - long - range nuclear - armed alcm ' s may not be located at air bases for heavy bombers not accountable as being equipped for such alcm ' s. - - multiple warhead long - range nuclear alcm ' s are banned. sea launched cruise missiles ( slcm ' s ) slcms are not constrained by the treaty. however, each side has made a politically binding declaration as to its plans for the deployment of nuclear - armed slcm ' s. conventionally - armed slcm ' s are not subject to such a declaration. - - each side will make an annual declaration of the maximum number of nuclear - armed slcm ' s with a range greater than 600 km that it plans to deploy for each of the following 5 years. - - this number will not be greater than 880 long - range nuclear - armed slcm ' s. - - in addition, as a confidence building measure, nuclear - armed slcm ' s with a range of 300 - 600 km will be the subject of a confidential annual data exchange. the soviet backfire bomber is not constrained by the treaty. however, the soviet side has made a politically binding declaration that it will not deploy more than 800 air force and 200 naval backfire bombers, and that these bombers will not be given intercontinental capability. the start agreement consists of the treaty document itself and a number of associated documents. together they total more than 700 pages. the treaty was signed in a public ceremony by presidents bush and gorbachev in st. vladimir ' s hall in the kremlin. the associated documents were signed in a private ceremony at novo
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subdomain_quantum_cryptography
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HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu
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<urn:uuid:61022017-5b85-4840-958f-d37f75698705>
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2025-12-19T07:35:32.067797
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first - you might want to redefine you search. are you looking for happiness or rather positive affect? happiness is fairly ambigious term, and it ' s much more associated with positive psychology studies on well - being. if you are interested in more global definition of happiness, check the work of mihaly csikszentmihalyi. on the other hand, there is a large number of studies on physiological measurements of positive affect. one such physiological measurement is electromyography ( emg ) - recording the electrical activity produced by skeletal muscles. emg will detect very brief smiles or higher activity in cheek muscles ( zygomaticus major ) which are correlated with positive affect. there is quite classic ( but very quoted ) paper on that : cacioppo jt, petty re, losch me, kim hs. ( 1986 ) electromyographic activity over facial muscle regions can differentiate the valence and intensity of affective reactions. j pers soc psychol., 50 ( 2 ) : 260 - 8. download another simple physiological assesment is heart rate measured by the interbeat interval ( ibi ). for example, study by brosschot & thayer ( 2003 ) shows that heart rate response is longer after negative emotions than after positive emotions. brosschot jf, thayer jf. ( 2003 ) heart rate response is longer after negative emotions than after positive emotions. int j psychophysiol., in fact, the full spectrum of somatic measurements have been used along heart rate including pulse transmission time to the finger, skin conductance level or pupil dilation ( partala, 2003 ). all those are a bit less reliable methods and usually they detect arousal rather then indicate physiological differences between positive and negative affect. partala t. ; surakka v. ( 2003 ) pupil size variation as an indication of affective processing. international journal of human - computer studies, finally, i would advise browsing literature on measurements of negative affect. you are likely to find some interesting methods there, like in this paper on the psychophysiology of crying ( gross et al., 1994 ). gross jj, frederickson bl, levenson rw. ( 1994 ) the psychophysiology of crying. psychophysiology, 31 ( 5 ) : 460 - 8. download
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subdomain_quantum_optics
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HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu
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2025-12-19T07:35:32.103654
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bone thickness and signs of wear along the borders of the holes, products of extended burial in the soil, indicate that openings made by cheek teeth were at first less rounded and slightly smaller, the researchers hold. moreover, the simultaneous pressure of an upper and lower tooth produced a set of opposing holes, one partial and one complete, they maintain. prehistoric, carnivore - chewed bear bones in two spanish caves display circular punctures aligned in much the same way as those on the slovenian find. in the march antiquity, francesco d ' errico of the institute of quaternary prehistory and geology in talence, france, and his colleagues describe the spanish bones. in a different twist, bob fink, an independent musicologist in canada, has reported on the internet ( http : / / www. webster. sk. ca / greenwich / fl - compl. htm ) that the spacing of the two complete and two partial holes on the back of the slovenian bone conforms to musical notes on the diatonic ( do, re, mi... ) scale. the bone is too short to incorporate the diatonic scale ' s seven notes, counter nowell and chase. working with pennsylvania musicologist robert judd, they estimate that the find ' s 5. 7 - inch length is less than half that needed to cover the diatonic spectrum. the recent meeting presentation is " a most convincing analysis, " comments j. desmond clark of the university of california, berkeley, although it ' s possible that neandertals blew single notes through carnivore - chewed holes in the bone. " we can ' t exclude that possibility, " nowell responds. " but it ' s a big leap of faith to conclude that this was an intentionally constructed flute. " to the editor, science news ( reply by bob fink, may 1998 ) ( see an update of this discussion on bob fink ' s web site, november 2000 ) the doubts raised by nowell and chase ( april 4th, doubts aired over neanderthal bone ' flute ' ) saying the neanderthal bone is not a flute have these weaknesses : the alignment of the holes - - all in a row, and all of equivalent diameter, appear to be contrary to most teeth marks, unless some holes were made independently by several animals. the latter case boggles the odds for the holes ending up being in line. it also would be strange that animals homed in on this one bone in a cave full of bones, where no reports of
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subdomain_quantum_gravity
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HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu
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<urn:uuid:f166f15d-9976-40ed-8a49-8bed360001ff>
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2025-12-19T07:35:32.112876
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for manipulation of food, explaining why animals might chew on its ends later. it is also well - known that dogs chase and maul even sticks, despite their non - nutritional nature. what appears " weak " is not the case for a flute, but the case against it by nowell and chase. letter to the editor : antiquity journal : " a bone to pick " by bob fink i have a bone to pick with francesco d ' errico ' s viewpoint in the march issue of antiquity ( article too long to reproduce here ) regarding the neanderthal flute found in slovenia by ivan turk. d ' errico argues the bone artifact is not a flute. d ' errico omits dealing with the best evidence that this bone find is a flute. regarding the most important evidence, that of the holes being lined up, neither d ' errico nor turk make mention of this. this line - up is remarkable especially if they were made by more than one carnivore, which apparently they ' d have to be, based on turk ' s analysis of the center - spans of the holes precluding their being made by a single carnivore or bite ( turk, * pp. 171 - 175 ). to account for this possible difficulty, some doubters do mention " one or more " carnivores ( chase & nowell, science news 4 / 4 / 98 ). my arguments over the past year pointed out the mathematical odds of the lining up of the holes occurring by chance - chewing are too difficult to believe. the appendix in my essay ( " neanderthal flute - - a musicological analysis " ) proves that the number of ways a set of 4 random holes could be differently spaced ( to produce an audibly different set of tones ) are 680 ways. the chances a random set would match the existing fragment ' s spacing [ which also could produce a match to four diatonic notes of the scale ] are therefore only one in hundreds. if, in calculating the odds, you also allowed the holes to be out of line, or to be less than 4 holes as well, then the chance of a line - up match is only one from many tens of thousands. and yet randomness and animal bites still are acceptable to account for holes being in line that could also play some notes of the scale? this is too much coincidence for me to believe occurred by chance. d ' errico mentions my essay in his article and what he thought it was about, but he overs
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subdomain_quantum_field_theory
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HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu
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<urn:uuid:f166f15d-9976-40ed-8a49-8bed360001ff>
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2025-12-19T07:35:32.114773
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ento, fishes, herps, iz, mammals, ms, or paleo and querystring is ( use a plus - sign to separate words ) : - one or more catalog numbers, e. g. - one or more barcodes, e. g. - the name of a type specimen, e. g. : - the name of a specimen or object, e. g. : - the name ( qn ) and / or type status ( qt ) of a specimen, and / or its collector ( co ), and / or the collection ( cn ) it is part of, e. g. : ( holotypes whose name includes torre and bartsch collected by webb and part of the henderson collection ) - to open the collections search to a specific search tab, e. g. tabs are numbered left to right, beginning with zero. - iz /? ti = 1 ( invertebrate zoology keywords search ) - mammals /? ti = 3 ( mammals whale collection search ) there are ways to speed up your queries ( or slow them down! ) and to find specific information. - the more specific you make your queries the faster they will execute. using more, rather than fewer, terms will very likely speed up your search. - these following special characters modify the interpretation of search terms ( use with as many other terms as possible to avoid slowing your search ) : - * matches any number of characters, e. g. * pseudo * -? matches a single character, e. g. young? lus frank? -! negates the presence of a term, e. g.! new - ~ matches all terms with the given stem, e. g. ~ spear for spear, spears, spearing, etc. - = match is case - sensitive, e. g. = paris - query results are typically limited to 5000 records. avoid general queries, when you can, that are likely to bring back very large numbers of records, e. g. searching for poaceae. - long running queries are automatically terminated, with no results returned. please use the feedback page to report back any problems you find with the data, or with using these search pages.
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subdomain_quantum_gravity
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HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu
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2025-12-19T07:35:32.123400
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, who also played the role of literary man ( typically badly ). the talent therefore went into a repertory of new and dazzling mannerisms, which teuffel calls " utter unreality. " crutwell picks up this theme : the foremost of these [ characteristics ] is unreality, arising from the extinction of freedom … hence arose a declamatory tone, which strove by frigid and almost hyterical exaggeration to make up for the healthy stimulus afforded by daily contact with affairs. the vein of artificial rhetoric, antithesis and epigram … owes its origin to this forced contentment with an uncongenial sphere. with the decay of freedom, taste sank … in crutwell ' s view ( which had not been expressed by teuffel ), silver latin was a " rank, weed - grown garden ", a " decline. " cruttwell had already decried what he saw as a loss of spontaneity in golden latin. that teuffel should regard the silver age as a loss of natural language and therefore of spontaneity, implying that the golden age had it, is passed without comment. instead, tiberius brought about a " sudden collapse of letters. " the idea of a decline had been dominant in english society since edward gibbon ' s decline and fall of the roman empire. once again, cruttwell evidences some unease with his stock pronouncements : " the natural history of pliny shows how much remained to be done in fields of great interest. " the idea of pliny as a model is not consistent with any sort of decline ; moreover, pliny did his best work under emperors at least as tolerant as augustus had been. to include some of the best writings of the silver age, cruttwell found he had to extend the period through the death of marcus aurelius, 180 ad. the philosophic prose of that good emperor was in no way compatible with either teuffel ' s view of unnatural language or cruttwell ' s depiction of a decline. having created these constructs, the two philologists found they could not entirely justify them ; apparently, in the worst implications of their views, there was no classical latin by the ancient definition at all and some of the very best writing of any period in world history was a stilted and degenerate unnatural language. writers of the silver age include the following. of the additional century granted by cruttwell and
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subdomain_quantum_mechanics
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HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu
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2025-12-19T07:35:32.167631
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by the ancient definition at all and some of the very best writing of any period in world history was a stilted and degenerate unnatural language. writers of the silver age include the following. of the additional century granted by cruttwell and others of his point of view to silver latin but not by teuffel the latter says " the second century was a happy period for the roman state, the happiest indeed during the whole empire … but in the world of letters the lassitude and enervation, which told of rome ' s decline, became unmistakeable … its forte is in imitation. " teuffel, however, excepts the jurists ; others find other " exceptions, " recasting teuffels ' s view. the style of language refers to repeatable features of speech that are somewhat less general than the fundamental characteristics of the language. the latter give it a unity allowing it to be referenced under a single name. thus old latin, classical latin, vulgar latin, etc., are not considered different languages, but are all referenced under the name of latin. this is an ancient practice continued by moderns rather than a philological innovation of recent times. that latin had case endings is a fundamental feature of the language. whether a given form of speech prefers to use prepositions such as ad, ex, de for " to ", " from " and " of " rather than simple case endings is a matter of style. latin has a large number of styles. each and every author has a style, which typically allows his prose or poetry to be identified by experienced latinists. the problem of comparative literature has been to group styles finding similarities by period, in which case one may speak of old latin, silver latin, late latin as styles or a phase of styles. the ancient authors themselves first defined style by recognizing different kinds of sermo, or " speech. " in making the value judgement that classical latin was " first class " and that it was better to write with latinitas they were themselves selecting the literary and upper - class language of the city as a standard style and all sermo that differed from it was a different style ; thus in rhetoric cicero was able to define sublime, intermediate and low styles ( within classical latin ) and st. augustine to recommend the low style for sermons ( from sermo ). style therefore is to be defined by differences in speech from a standard. teuffel defined that standard as golden latin.
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subdomain_quantum_field_theory
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HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu
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<urn:uuid:ca387b2a-7df2-4bb1-8e2d-9e82dcdc8b5a>
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2025-12-19T07:35:32.168493
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i will only point out two caveats : - we cannot assume that click speakers of the african southwest are necessarily indigenous to that region, and - it is possible that, the greater phonemic diversity is due to ancient admixture between quite divergent peoples who possessed two different types of phonemic inventories, while most africans inherited only the phonemic inventory of one of these peoples, which then decayed as per the author ' s theory away from africa. science 15 april 2011 : vol. 332 no. 6027 pp. 346 - 349 phonemic diversity supports a serial founder effect model of language expansion from africa quentin d. atkinson human genetic and phenotypic diversity declines with distance from africa, as predicted by a serial founder effect in which successive population bottlenecks during range expansion progressively reduce diversity, underpinning support for an african origin of modern humans. recent work suggests that a similar founder effect may operate on human culture and language. here i show that the number of phonemes used in a global sample of 504 languages is also clinal and fits a serial founder – effect model of expansion from an inferred origin in africa. this result, which is not explained by more recent demographic history, local language diversity, or statistical non - independence within language families, points to parallel mechanisms shaping genetic and linguistic diversity and supports an african origin of modern human languages.
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subdomain_quantum_gravity
| 0.532122
| 278
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HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu
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<urn:uuid:af093004-a8aa-4f38-b0df-c09a73298010>
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2025-12-19T07:35:32.169831
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date : august 2010 creator : allen, evette l. description : family communication has the potential to affect a variety of youth behavioral outcomes including adolescent sexual risk behavior. within chapter 1, i present past literature on adolescent sexual risk behaviors, family communication patterns, and the gaps associated with those areas. in chapter 2, i review previous literature on adolescent sexual risk behavior, parent - child communication and family communication patterns. in chapter 3, i present the method which includes a description of the participants, procedures, measures, and data analysis used. in chapter 4, i present the results of the study. according to the results of the study, father - child communication is not a better predictor of adolescent sexual risk behavior. a higher quantity of parent - child communication does not lead to less adolescent sexual risk behavior. participants with a pluralistic family type do significantly differ from laissez - faire and protective family types in regards to levels of parent - child communication. participants with a consensual family type do have significantly higher levels of parent - child communication in comparison to laissez - faire family types, but not protective family types. finally, in chapter 5, i present the discussion with a review of previous research ( consistent or inconsistent with the current findings ), limitations and conclusions for the current study. contributing partner : unt libraries
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subdomain_quantum_field_theory
| 0.550646
| 269
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<urn:uuid:eeed63e4-ccb3-480f-bd77-7d8de8b6555e>
| 0
| 0.5
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2025-12-19T07:35:32.183437
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in some people, macular degeneration advances so slowly that it has little effect on their vision. but in others, the disease progresses faster and may lead to vision loss. sometimes only one eye is affected, while the other eye remains free of problems for many years. people with dry macular degeneration in one eye often do not notice any changes in their vision. with one eye seeing clearly, they can still drive, read, and see fine details. some people may notice changes in their vision only if macular degeneration affects both of their eyes. both dry and wet macular degeneration cause no pain. symptoms of macular degeneration include : blurred vision — this is an early sign. an example of early findings is that you may need more light for reading and other tasks. difficulty seeing details in front of you — you may have a difficult time seeing words in a book or faces. blind spot — a small, growing blind spot will appear in the middle of your field of vision. this spot occurs because a group of cells in the macula have stopped working properly. over time, the blurred spot may get bigger and darker, taking more of your central vision. crooked lines — an early symptom of wet macular degeneration is straight lines that will appear crooked or wavy. this happens because the newly formed blood vessels leak fluid under the macula. the fluid raises the macula from its normal place at the back of the eye and distorts your vision. lighting — images appear more gray in color and colors are not as bright contact your ophthalmologist immediately for an eye exam if you notice : - visual distortions - sudden decrease in central vision - a central blind spot - any other visual problems - reviewer : christopher cheyer, md - update date : 09 / 01 / 2011 -
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subdomain_quantum_optics
| 0.502684
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HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu
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<urn:uuid:6aba2b8d-0f86-4d64-b8af-a03c21e98c63>
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2025-12-19T07:35:32.197119
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survey data is a snapshot of a population, a moment captured in numbers, like vital signs : height, weight, temperature, blood pressure, etc. people build trend lines and watch for changes, shifting strategies as they make educated guesses about what ’ s going on. what ’ s holding steady? what ’ s spiking? what ’ s on the decline? just as a thermometer makes no judgment, the pew research center provides data about the changing world around us. we don ’ t advocate for outcomes or recommend policies. rather, we provide an updated record so that others can make those pronouncements and recommendations based on facts. the latest in our health research series is being released today. health online 2013 finds that internet access and interest in online health resources are holding steady in the u. s. for a quick overview, read on … what is new? 1 in 3 u. s. adults use the internet to diagnose themselves or someone else – and a clinician is more likely than not to confirm their suspicions. this is the first time we – or anyone else – has measured this in a straightforward, national survey question. 1 in 4 people looking online for health info have hit a pay wall. this is the first data i know of that begins to answer the important question : what is the public impact of closed - access journals? we added three new health topics : - 11 % of internet users have looked online for information about how to control their health care costs. - 14 % of internet users have looked online for information about caring for an aging relative or friend. - 16 % of internet users have looked online for information about a drug they saw advertised. ( a full list of all the health topics we ’ ve included, 2002 - 10, is available here. ) what has changed? the percentage of people who have consulted online reviews of drugs and medical treatments dropped ( and i don ’ t know why — do you have a theory? please post a comment. ) related : why aren ’ t health care review sites catching on? pew internet has tracked a boom in consumer reviews of other services and products — why not health care? what to keep an eye on? one of my favorite survey questions is asked of all adults and attempts to capture a broad portrait of health care resources that someone might tap into when they ’ re sick. it ’ s a useful question for keeping online resources in perspective. i think it ’ s also going to prove useful in the coming years as the landscape shifts and people have more
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subdomain_quantum_field_theory
| 0.510369
| 512
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HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu
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<urn:uuid:06a1d3e1-b436-41ec-b891-5dc64a3f53ac>
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2025-12-19T07:35:32.217297
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volume 4 number 2 ©the author ( s ) 2002 the continuity framework : a tool for building home, school, and community partnerships abstractwe will need to become savvy about how to build relationships, how to nurture growing, evolving things. all of us will need better skills in listening, communicating, and facilitating groups, because these are the talents that build strong relationships. ( wheatley, 1992, p. 38 ) in the face of today ' s challenging social and family issues, many new efforts are underway to help children and families. one solution that many communities have adopted is the establishment of a collaborative partnership that involves all the relevant partners — home, school, and community — in the planning and monitoring of services for children. unfortunately, achieving a strong partnership with meaningful participation can often be difficult and time - consuming. this article focuses on a set of training materials that has been developed to assist community partnerships in their efforts. these materials highlight eight elements of continuity and successful partnerships : ( 1 ) families as partners, ( 2 ) shared leadership, ( 3 ) comprehensive / responsive services, ( 4 ) culture and home language, ( 5 ) communication, ( 6 ) knowledge and skill development, ( 7 ) appropriate care and education, and ( 8 ) evaluation of partnership success. results from a field study that included more than 200 reviewers and 8 pilot sites are summarized. results indicate that a majority of reviewers found the training materials easy to understand, relevant to their work, and up - to - date. in addition, data gathered from the pilot sites indicate that the partnerships found the materials practical and useful for addressing a variety of issues, including time constraints, communication gaps, differences in professional training, and funding limitations. communities face a host of problems that threaten the health and well - being of their children and families. poverty, unemployment, inadequate care / education, and poor health care are just a few of the difficult issues that communities must confront. what makes these issues particularly challenging is that children and families who experience one problem are often likely to experience other problems as well. compounding the problem is that delivery of services to help children and families is typically fragmented and scattered. even efforts designed to increase the quality and supply of services to children and families have, at times, created greater fragmentation and discontinuity. in previous years, those who sought to improve outcomes for children concentrated only on the child. today, however, many service providers have come to understand that the best way to serve and preserve children is to serve and preserve the supportive networks that benefit
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subdomain_quantum_field_theory
| 0.54014
| 512
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HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu
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<urn:uuid:5796c026-a8b2-4a00-ac9d-d935eecfa46f>
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2025-12-19T07:35:32.249455
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, and no two collaboratives operate in exactly the same way. however, certain guidelines seem to help smooth the way for a more successful partnership, including ( north central regional educational laboratory, 1993 ) : - involve all key stakeholders ; - establish a shared vision of how the partnership will operate and expected outcomes for the children and families served ; - build in ownership at all levels ; - establish communication and decision - making processes that are open and allow conflict to be addressed constructively ; - institutionalize changes through established policies, procedures, and program mandates ; - provide adequate time for partners to meet, plan, and carry out activities. the process of establishing and maintaining a collaborative partnership is not easy, and in the end, each partnership must find a way to proceed that is consistent with its community and unique set of circumstances. however, a number of resources and tools are available to help communities get started creating an effective system for delivering services. in this article, we describe one such tool that assembles elements essential to building a successful collaborative partnership. development of continuity framework materials for the past eight years, the 10 regional educational laboratories ( rels ) serving each region of the country have studied effective strategies for strengthening collaboration and increasing continuity among programs for young children and their families. the rels are overseen by the u. s. department of education ' s office of educational research and improvement [ now the institute of education sciences ], and their primary purpose is ensuring that those involved in educational improvement have access to the best information from research and practice. during the contract period of 1995 - 2000, the rels established a program called the laboratory network program ( lnp ), which convened representatives from each laboratory as a national network working on common issues. in 1995, the early childhood lnp developed continuity in early childhood : a framework for home, school, and community linkages ( u. s. department of education, 1995 ), a document designed with two key purposes in mind : first, an emphasis on the need for children and families to receive comprehensive and responsive services, reflected in the eight elements of continuity outlined in the framework ( see figure 1 ). taken together, the elements are intended to promote a comprehensive understanding of continuity and transition during early childhood. second, the framework offered a set of guidelines that partnerships could use to compare and assess their current policies and practices, as well as identify areas in need of improvement. figure 1. elements of continuity ( u. s. department of education, 1995 ) an extensive field review of the framework indicated that although the document was helpful
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subdomain_quantum_field_theory
| 0.523911
| 512
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HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu
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<urn:uuid:5796c026-a8b2-4a00-ac9d-d935eecfa46f>
| 2
| 0.5
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2025-12-19T07:35:32.251646
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compare and assess their current policies and practices, as well as identify areas in need of improvement. figure 1. elements of continuity ( u. s. department of education, 1995 ) an extensive field review of the framework indicated that although the document was helpful and informative, many community partnerships continued to have difficulty " getting started. " as a result, a trainer ' s guide was developed to support the use of the framework and assist community partnerships in the first stages. these materials were developed by the early childhood lnp in collaboration with the national center for early development & learning. the trainer ' s guide provides an overview of the content and potential uses of the framework and includes all activities and materials necessary to conduct training sessions. the guide itself consists of four training sessions that are organized around the eight elements of continuity. the materials are designed so that a local partnership has everything needed to conduct the training : background information, scripts, handouts, transparencies, sample agendas, and checklists for additional equipment and supplies : - the first session, understanding continuity, is designed to introduce participants to the framework document and help participants develop a greater understanding and appreciation for continuity. - the second session, developing a continuity team, highlights the importance of broad representation and shared leadership among partnership members. - the third session, planning for continuity, emphasizes the need for a comprehensive approach to service delivery and encourages participants to examine their current partnership practices and policies. - the final session, formalizing continuity, focuses on the importance of effective communication among group members and provides participants with an opportunity to formulate action plans. the guide is designed to be a flexible training tool, adaptable to meet the needs of a particular audience. the intended audience includes local partnerships for children and families ( including smart start partnerships in north carolina ), head start program representatives, public schools, and communities. the overall objectives of the training are ( 1 ) to enhance the collaborative ' s knowledge and understanding of continuity, ( 2 ) to strengthen and support collaborative groups in their efforts to work as partners, and ( 3 ) to maximize the benefit they might receive from using the framework. what follows is a description of the field test that was designed to assess the use and effectiveness of the trainer ' s guide. the field test focused exclusively on the framework materials - - no other instructional sources were employed. we will present the major findings of the field test and summarize recommendations based on those findings. in addition, we will highlight the work of several collaborative partnerships that took part in the field study, and we will
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subdomain_quantum_field_theory
| 0.517568
| 512
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HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu
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<urn:uuid:5796c026-a8b2-4a00-ac9d-d935eecfa46f>
| 3
| 0.5
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2025-12-19T07:35:32.252738
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no other instructional sources were employed. we will present the major findings of the field test and summarize recommendations based on those findings. in addition, we will highlight the work of several collaborative partnerships that took part in the field study, and we will describe some of the problems they encountered, how they used the framework materials to address those problems, and where they are today. specifically, the evaluation will explore : - to what extent is the information contained in the framework and trainer ' s guide relevant and useful to community partnerships? - what is the perceived impact of the training and framework on partnership activities? - how do partnerships incorporate elements of the framework into their ongoing activities? - of the review sites that indicated interest in the training materials, what proportion actually conducted the training? the overall usefulness and effectiveness of the trainer ' s guide was studied in two phases. phase one consisted of document review and feedback from individuals working in the early childhood field. in phase two of field testing, the training was actually piloted in eight partnership sites. phase one : document review reviewers for the trainer ' s guide were solicited through the laboratory network program ( lnp ) and at conferences related to early childhood issues. three hundred thirteen individuals / organizations requested a set of the framework materials ( participant manual, trainer ' s guide, and a sample color transparency ) and feedback form. feedback questions centered on four areas : ( 1 ) information ' s relevancy and accuracy, ( 2 ) format and organization of the trainer ' s guide, ( 3 ) specific training needs, and ( 4 ) possible barriers to conducting training. of the 313 requesting materials, 215 ( 68. 7 % ) reviewers returned feedback forms. twenty - one percent ( n = 45 ) of the respondents were members of a smart start partnership ( north carolina initiative ), 19 % ( n = 40 ) worked in head start agencies, and 11 % ( n = 24 ) worked in family resource centers. others included representatives from state agencies, school personnel, and university faculty. a majority ( 89 % ) of the respondents indicated that they are actively involved in a community partnership. final follow - up with select reviewer sites. of the original 215 organizations / individuals who reviewed the framework materials, 80 indicated an interest in conducting the training in its entirety and requested a complete set of transparencies. ( the original materials included one sample color transparency, and the rel offered a complete set of framework transparencies to all organizations making the request. ) approximately one year after receiving the materials, interviews were conducted with representatives
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subdomain_quantum_field_theory
| 0.504159
| 512
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HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu
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<urn:uuid:5796c026-a8b2-4a00-ac9d-d935eecfa46f>
| 4
| 0.5
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2025-12-19T07:35:32.253857
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set of transparencies. ( the original materials included one sample color transparency, and the rel offered a complete set of framework transparencies to all organizations making the request. ) approximately one year after receiving the materials, interviews were conducted with representatives who received transparencies. the purpose of these follow - up telephone calls was to determine if the materials had been used and the degree to which outside support or assistance might be needed to conduct the training. phase two : pilot training during the second phase of the field testing, the training was piloted in eight collaborative partnerships from across the nation ( see table 1 ). these sites were recruited through the lnp and selected based on their interest in the project. to assist with logistical details, a liaison, identified at each site, coordinated training dates and assisted with data collection. sites varied according to demographics, partnership maturity, and sponsoring or lead agency. | site location | | community type | | sponsor / lead agency | | beaufort, sc | | rural | | success by 6 | | dothan, al | | urban | | family resource center | | walnut cove, nc | | rural | | smart start | | valdosta, ga | | rural | | family connections / county commission | | wheeling, wv | | rural | | head start | | troy, nc | | rural | | smart start | | concord, wv | | rural | | family resource center | five of the partnerships described themselves as existing collaboratives ( two years or more ), while the remaining three indicated that they were in the planning stages of building a collaborative partnership. sponsors of the partnerships included smart start ( 2 ) ; head start, family resource centers ( 2 ) ; success by 6 ; a public school system ; and a county task force. across the eight sites, a total of 160 individuals participated in the training. approximately 64 % of the attendees were white, 27 % were african american, and the remainder were either hispanic, american indian / alaskan native, or multiracial. several of the partnerships invited persons who were not part of the collaborative partnership to attend the training. as a result, slightly more than half ( 54 % ) of the participants reported that they were current members of the partnership. the majority of these had been members less than one year ( 53 % ). early childhood specialists represented the largest group attending the training ( 29 % ), followed by program administrators ( 18 % ), teachers / caregivers ( 14 % ), and parents ( 10 % ). other groups
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subdomain_quantum_entanglement
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HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu
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<urn:uuid:5796c026-a8b2-4a00-ac9d-d935eecfa46f>
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2025-12-19T07:35:32.254835
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" or " excellent. " participants tended to rate the second day of training as higher in quality and more effective than the first day of training ( m = 4. 392 and m = 4. 17, respectively, based on a 5 - point scale ). participants also evaluated the effects of the training and estimated its impact on future partnership practices. using a four - point likert - type scale, participants rated the extent to which they agreed with each statement. table 3 summarizes participants ' appraisal of the training and reinforces the focus of the original training objectives. objective 1 : to enhance the collaborative ' s knowledge and understanding of continuity | as a result of the training, i believe that i am motivated to build and strengthen continuity efforts in my community. | | 3. 44 | |. 65 | | as a result of the training, i believe that i have a better understanding of continuity and why it is important. | | 3. 41 | |. 65 | | i believe that this training will have an impact on increasing awareness of new skills and knowledge for our team. | | 3. 31 | | 63 | objective 2 : to strengthen and support collaborative groups in their efforts to works as partners | as a result of the training, i believe that i am better able to participate as a member of a home, school, and community partnership. | | 3. 40 | |. 65 | | i believe that this training will have an impact on how decisions are made and the planning we do for services. | | 3. 25 | |. 59 | | i believe that this training will have an impact on changing / enhancing the quality of community practices. | | 3. 23 | |. 58 | objective 3 : to maximize the benefit the collaborative might receive from using the framework | as a result of the training, i believe that i am better able to use the framework as a tool for exploring continuity and transition | | 3. 26 | |. 63 | | i believe that this training will have an impact on positively affecting outcomes for children and families. | | 3. 31 | |. 63 | | * note : according to the scale, 1 = strongly disagree and 4 = strongly agree. | in addition to participant ratings immediately following the training, data were collected on regular partnership activities after the training. analysis of materials such as meeting minutes revealed that during the six months following completion of the training, five of the eight sites reported that they continued to use the framework materials. exactly how the materials were used varied
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subdomain_quantum_field_theory
| 0.503679
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HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu
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<urn:uuid:5796c026-a8b2-4a00-ac9d-d935eecfa46f>
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2025-12-19T07:35:32.259624
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children is to create a system that encourages service providers to work together and promotes continuity for children and their families. members of the partnership began by using the framework to build their own knowledge and skills about continuity ; however, they soon recognized the need to inform others of the importance of continuity in children ' s lives. as a result, the partnership conducted a series of focus groups and meetings among parents and family members within the community. they used information from elements 3 ( comprehensive / responsive services ) and 7 ( developmentally appropriate care / education ) to explain what was needed to support continuity and its potential benefits for children. these meetings were also an opportunity to inform families of the various resources and supports available within the community. later, the focus groups were expanded to include all stakeholders ( e. g., child care, kindergarten, head start, school administrators, special needs coordinators, etc ). the information gathered from these meetings has been used to guide the development and implementation of policies and practices that promote continuity. final interview with liaisons. in the final interview conducted with site liaisons, five of the seven liaisons reported that the overall goal of their partnership is to improve services for children and their families by connecting agencies and strengthening the collaborative bonds between those agencies. three of the liaisons specifically mentioned the need to improve transitions and create a system of responsive and comprehensive services. in addition, liaisons were asked to talk about their reasons for participating in the field - test process. at least three of the liaisons cited low levels of collaboration across agencies and indicated that partnership meetings were used primarily as a time for sharing information. others saw the training as an opportunity to invite additional partners to the table and begin a discussion of how they could better work together. finally, liaisons were asked to rate the extent to which the framework materials had been helpful in accomplishing their overall partnership goal. using a five - point scale, five of the liaisons rated the framework materials as either " helpful " ( 4 ) or " very helpful " ( 5 ). the remaining two liaisons rated the framework materials as at least " somewhat helpful " ( 3 ). developing and maintaining a community collaborative is hard work, and it is a challenge that requires a great deal of commitment and cooperation from those involved. training and resource materials available to help community partnerships build a more responsive system must address such issues as time constraints, communication gaps, differences in professional training, and funding limitations. given these challenges, the continuity framework and its trainer ' s guide seem to be important and useful tools for
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subdomain_quantum_field_theory
| 0.515476
| 512
|
HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu
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<urn:uuid:5796c026-a8b2-4a00-ac9d-d935eecfa46f>
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| 0.5
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2025-12-19T07:35:32.263209
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the framework materials. framework training was provided over two consecutive days and built into the inservice training schedule of the elementary school. in addition to staff and faculty from the elementary school, representatives from other agencies and organizations participated, including the health department, the idaho department of disabilities, news media, schools, early childhood education, even start, parents, university students, attorneys, community leaders, and businesses. according the site liaison, the framework materials were used : - to improve awareness of key issues in providing high - quality services. the framework provides direction to help develop a program that really works. - to provide a common language and for internal communication enhancement. now everyone " speaks the same language. " - as an external communication tool. according to the liaison, " it is so much easier to talk with funding sources when you use the structure of the elements as a base. " - to validate their progress toward providing the best practices in early childhood education. - as a piece of the bovill elementary school improvement plan. positive impact on individual partnership members was cited as another basis for success of the training. many indicated they had a better understanding of continuity and were more motivated to continue to work on the difficult issues that often arise as part of the collaborative process. an added value of the training was the opportunity to spend time together and develop relationships with persons from other agencies. often, these individual relationships help form the basis for collaborative work within the partnership. based on the sites that continued to use the materials, the continuity framework and its trainer ' s guide seem to be equally useful to both existing and newly established partnerships. a common experience in the maturation of partnerships is that they are prone to lose initial momentum, often stagnating into " easy " roles such as simple information sharing. a serendipitous discovery of this study is that such partnerships evidenced rejuvenation of their efforts after participating in the training ( see the valdosta, georgia, example ). valdosta, georgia, collaborative the lowndes county / valdosta commission for children and youth has been in existence for more than a decade, and during this time, the partnership has experienced various " ups and downs. " according to site liaison vickie elliott, cycles are a normal part of the collaborative process, " they may be the result of staff turnover or changes in the board chair and / or board members. " she reports that participation in the training provided members with practical, research - based information. this information served as a reminder to members that
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subdomain_quantum_gravity
| 0.503306
| 512
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HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu
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<urn:uuid:5796c026-a8b2-4a00-ac9d-d935eecfa46f>
| 13
| 0.5
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2025-12-19T07:35:32.265263
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process, " they may be the result of staff turnover or changes in the board chair and / or board members. " she reports that participation in the training provided members with practical, research - based information. this information served as a reminder to members that they were doing good work and that their work was important. since the training, the partnership has continued to use framework materials as a reference and resource. for example, during a recent meeting, members began a discussion regarding the evaluation of partnership activities. they used element 8 : evaluation of partnership success to help shape and guide this discussion. in addition, the partnership has applied for and received a 21st century learning community grant. because of the knowledge and understanding they gained during the training, members requested funds for a case manager position to be based at each school and conducting home visits. it is hoped that this strategy will facilitate communication and create greater continuity of services for students and families. finally, the data indicate that change takes place slowly. participants reported that the training had had some impact on their community but felt that the greatest impact was yet to come. bringing everyone to the table is not enough. true collaboration that produces continuity in services for children takes place over a long period of time, as agencies that have not previously worked together begin to get to know each other and slowly modify procedures and practices. marshall county tadpole team, wheeling, wv efforts to collaborate are often driven by the realization that single agencies cannot solve problems alone. partners must be willing to jointly plan and implement new ventures, as well as pool resources such as money and personnel. nowhere is this need to collaborate and pool resources more crucial than in marshall county, wv. located in the northern part of west virginia, marshall county remains a predominantly rural county. with a population of approximately 36, 000, marshall county has seen a decline in the number of residents over the past two to three years, largely attributed to the economic hardships of the area. this part of west virginia relies heavily on the coal and steel industries, and as these industries have fallen on hard times, so too have many families. as a result, many families have moved away to find other employment ; however, many others have sought support from social services agencies within the community. in order to make the most of the limited resources and support available within the county, many of the local agencies ( e. g., northern panhandle head start, starting points center, tadpoles team ) came together to form a community collaborative. although their collaborative meetings began more as a time
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subdomain_quantum_field_theory
| 0.524808
| 512
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HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu
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<urn:uuid:5796c026-a8b2-4a00-ac9d-d935eecfa46f>
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| 0.5
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support available within the county, many of the local agencies ( e. g., northern panhandle head start, starting points center, tadpoles team ) came together to form a community collaborative. although their collaborative meetings began more as a time for sharing information, members soon realized that to be a true " working group, " they would need to broaden the meeting agendas and formalize the collaborative relationships. using the framework materials as an assessment tool, members worked through each element identifying the gaps in services and generating ideas for possible programs and procedures to address those gaps. this shift encouraged members to devote meeting times to discussing specific issues facing the community. moreover, it encouraged members to formalize the partnership with written agreements. these agreements have allowed members to make a solid commitment to the collaborative, as well as clarify specific roles and responsibilities for services. beyond the content of the training and issues related to the collaborative process, the field study underscored the importance of training structure and design. many study participants praised the framework materials for flexibility and relevance to a variety of contexts. the training materials were designed so that particular attention was devoted to issues such as target audience attributes ( e. g., varied educational and professional development backgrounds ), which dictate the appropriate level of sophistication as well as the need for course module structure ( i. e., overall organization and scripting ) to be highly adaptable to local training needs. the field studies indicate that community partnerships benefit from training and technical assistance that help with the process of getting started, as well as recapturing momentum and focus. additional research is needed to document the ongoing efforts of these communities and explore whether the framework materials continue to have an impact on community practices and outcomes, as many of the participants predicted. further study also is needed to determine what other kinds of training or technical assistance might be useful to these partnerships as they work to build capacity and expand or grow new programs. bronfenbrenner, urie. ( 1979 ). the ecology of human development. cambridge, ma : harvard university press. bruner, charles ; kunesh, linda ; & knuth, randy. ( 1992 ). what does research say about interagency collaboration? [ online ]. oak brook, il : north central regional educational laboratory. available : http : / / www. ncrel. org / sdrs / areas / stw _ esys / 8agcycol. htm [ 2002, october 22 ]. editor ' s note : this ur
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central regional educational laboratory. available : http : / / www. ncrel. org / sdrs / areas / stw _ esys / 8agcycol. htm [ 2002, october 22 ]. editor ' s note : this url is no longer active. family support america. ( 1996 ). making the case for family support [ online ]. chicago : author. available : http : / / www. familysupportamerica. org / content / pub _ proddef. htm [ 2002, october 22 ]. editor ' s note : this url is no longer active. hoffman, stevie ( ed. ). ( 1991 ). educational partnerships : home - school - community [ special issue ]. elementary school journal, 91 ( 3 ). kagan, sharon lynn. ( 1992 ). the strategic importance of linkages and the transition between early childhood programs and early elementary school. in sticking together : strengthening linkages and the transition between early childhood education and early elementary school ( summary of a national policy forum ). washington, dc : u. s. department of education. ed 351 152. kunesh, linda. ( 1994 ). integrating community services for children, youth, and families. oak brook, il : north central regional educational laboratory. melaville, atelia ; blank, martin ; & asayesh, gelareh. ( 1996 ). together we can : a guide for crafting a profamily system of education and human services ( rev. ed. ). washington, dc : u. s. department of education. available : http : / / eric - web. tc. columbia. edu / families / twc / editor ' s note : this url is no longer active. [ 2002, october 22 ]. ed 443 164. north central regional educational laboratory. ( 1993 ). ncrel ' s policy briefs : integrating community services for young children and their families. oak brook, il : author. available : http : / / www. ncrel. org / sdrs / areas / issues / envrnmnt / go / 93 - 3toc. htm [ 2002, october 22 ]. u. s. department of education and u. s. department of health and human services. ( 1995 ). continuity in early childhood : a framework for home, school, and community linkages [ online ]. washington, dc : author. available : http : / / www. sedl. org / prep / hs
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and human services. ( 1995 ). continuity in early childhood : a framework for home, school, and community linkages [ online ]. washington, dc : author. available : http : / / www. sedl. org / prep / hsclinkages. pdf [ 2002, october 22 ]. ed 395 664. wheatley, margaret j. ( 1992 ). leadership and the new science. san francisco : berrett - koehler. dr. glyn brown is a senior program specialist with serve regional educational laboratory. she studied at the university of alabama ( b. s. ), the university of southern mississippi ( m. s. ), and completed her ph. d. in family and child development at auburn university. prior to coming to serve, dr. brown worked as a children ' s therapist in a community mental health program. as a program specialist with serve, dr. brown provides training and direct consultation to school personnel, child care providers, and community partnerships. serve regional educational laboratory 1203 governor ' s square blvd., suite 400 tallahassee, fl 32301 carolynn amwake, a program specialist at the serve regional educational laboratory, has extensive experience working with families, child care providers, teachers, administrators, and community partners. she received her b. s. from radford university in early childhood education and special education and has taught children with special needs in elementary schools, children ' s homes, and child care centers. her experiences as an educator and parent led to an interest in improving the quality and continuity of early childhood transitions for both children and families. serve regional educational laboratory 1203 governor ' s square blvd., suite 400 tallahassee, fl 32301 timothy speth is a research associate at northwest regional educational laboratory ( nwrel ). he received his b. s. in psychology from south dakota state university and his m. a. from san diego state university. he has extensive training and experience in research design, statistics, and program evaluation. mr. speth is currently involved with several research and evaluation projects throughout the northwest, as a research associate of nwrel ' s child and family program. he is the primary external evaluator for six alaska schools participating in the comprehensive school reform demonstration project ( csrd ) and assists in csrd - related activities throughout the northwest. northwest regional educational laboratory 101 s. w. main street, suite 500 portland, or 97204 - 3297 catherine scott - little, ph. d., is
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using the moon as a high - fidelity analogue environment to study biological and behavioural effects of long - duration space exploration goswami, nandu and roma, peter g. and de boever, patrick and clement, gilles and hargens, alan r. and loeppky, jack a. and evans, joyce m. and stein, t. peter and blaber, andrew p. and van loon, jack j. w. a. and mano, tadaaki and iwase, satoshi and reitz, guenther and hinghofer - szalkay, helmut g. ( 2012 ) using the moon as a high - fidelity analogue environment to study biological and behavioural effects of long - duration space exploration. planetary and space science, epub ahead of print ( in press ). elsevier. doi : 10. 1016 / j. pss. 2012. 07. 030. full text not available from this repository. due to its proximity to earth, the moon is a promising candidate for the location of an extra - terrestrial human colony. in addition to being a high - fidelity platform for research on reduced gravity, radiation risk, and circadian disruption, the moon qualifies as an isolated, confined, and extreme ( ice ) environment suitable as an analogue for studying the psychosocial effects of long - duration human space exploration missions and understanding these processes. in contrast, the various antarctic research outposts such as concordia and mcmurdo serve as valuable platforms for studying biobehavioral adaptations to ice environments, but are still earth - bound, and thus lack the low - gravity and radiation risks of space. the international space station ( iss ), itself now considered an analogue environment for long - duration missions, better approximates the habitable infrastructure limitations of a lunar colony than most antarctic settlements in an altered gravity setting. however, the iss is still protected against cosmic radiation by the earth magnetic field, which prevents high exposures due to solar particle events and reduces exposures to galactic cosmic radiation. on moon the ice environments are strengthened, radiations of all energies are present capable of inducing performance degradation, as well as reduced gravity and lunar dust. the interaction of reduced gravity, radiation exposure, and ice conditions may affect biology and behavior - - and ultimately mission success - - in ways the scientific and operational communities have yet to appreciate, therefore a long - term or permanent human presence on the moon would ultimately provide invaluable high - fidelity opportunities for integrated multidisci
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and behavior - - and ultimately mission success - - in ways the scientific and operational communities have yet to appreciate, therefore a long - term or permanent human presence on the moon would ultimately provide invaluable high - fidelity opportunities for integrated multidisciplinary research and for preparations of a manned mission to mars. | title : | | using the moon as a high - fidelity analogue environment to study biological and behavioural effects of long - duration space exploration | | journal or publication title : | | planetary and space science | | in open access : | | no | | in isi web of science : | | yes | | volume : | | epub ahead of print ( in press ) | | keywords : | | physiology, orthostatic tolerance, muscle deconditioning, behavioural health, psychosocial adaptation, radiation, lunar dust, genes, proteomics | | hgf - research field : | | aeronautics, space and transport, aeronautics, space and transport | | hgf - program : | | space, raumfahrt | | hgf - program themes : | | w ew - erforschung des weltraums, r ew - erforschung des weltraums | | dlr - research area : | | space, raumfahrt | | dlr - program : | | w ew - erforschung des weltraums, r ew - erforschung des weltraums | | dlr - research theme ( project ) : | | w - vorhaben msl - radiation ( old ), r - vorhaben msl - radiation | | institutes and institutions : | | institute of aerospace medicine > radiation biology | | deposited by : | | kerstin kopp | | deposited on : | | 27 aug 2012 08 : 05 | | last modified : | | 07 feb 2013 20 : 40 | repository staff only : item control page
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in this section we will describe some basis of hardware involved in nano. block diagram power supply jz4720 support 3 different boot sources. the boot sequence is controlled by boot _ sel pin values [ 1 : 0 ]. the configuration of boot _ sel1 and boot _ sel1 [ 1 : 0 ] is showed as below : | 0 | | 0 | | boot from external rom at cs4 | | 0 | | 1 | | boot from usb device | | 1 | | 0 | | boot from 512 page size nand flash at cs1 | | 1 | | 1 | | boot from 2048 page size nand flash at cs1 | arquitectura general it is necessary, for the operation of the nanonote board to store many sections of executable programs in volatile and non - volatile memories. the volatile memories are used like random access memories ( ram ) due to its low access time and unlimited number of read / write cycles. on the other hand, the non - volatile memories ( nand, sd ) stores for long periods of time the required information to operate the embedded system. universal serial bus ( usb ) is a way of setting up communication between a computer and peripheral devices. usb is intended to replace many varieties of serial and parallel ports. usb can connect computer peripherals such as mice, keyboards, pdas, gamepads and joysticks, scanners, digital cameras, printers, personal media players, flash drives, and external hard drives. for many of those devices, usb has become the standard connection method. a usb system has an asymmetric design, consisting of a host, a multitude of downstream usb ports, and multiple peripheral devices connected in a tiered - star topology. additional usb hubs may be included in the tiers, allowing branching into a tree structure with up to five tier levels. a usb host may have multiple host controllers and each host controller may provide one or more usb ports. up to 127 devices, including the hub devices, may be connected to a single host controller. serial and jtag the nand in the ben nanonote : - has pages that are 4096 bytes in length - has blocks that are 128 pages in length - has 4096 blocks of storage in total - 4096 × 128 × 4096 = 2147483648 bytes ( 2 gb ) root @ ben : / # cat / proc / mtd dev : size erasesize name mtd0 : 00400000 0008000
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unicef decided to discontinue their halloween collection boxes, citing safety and administrative concerns ; after consultation with schools, they instead redesigned the program. games and other activities there are several games traditionally associated with halloween parties. one common game is dunking or apple bobbing, which may be called " dooking " in scotland in which apples float in a tub or a large basin of water and the participants must use their teeth to remove an apple from the basin. the practice is thought by some to have derived from the roman practices in celebration of pomona. a variant of dunking involves kneeling on a chair, holding a fork between the teeth and trying to drop the fork into an apple. another common game involves hanging up treacle or syrup - coated scones by strings ; these must be eaten without using hands while they remain attached to the string, an activity that inevitably leads to a very sticky face. some games traditionally played at halloween are forms of divination. a traditional scottish form of divining one ' s future spouse is to carve an apple in one long strip, then toss the peel over one ' s shoulder. the peel is believed to land in the shape of the first letter of the future spouse ' s name. unmarried women were told that if they sat in a darkened room and gazed into a mirror on halloween night, the face of their future husband would appear in the mirror. however, if they were destined to die before marriage, a skull would appear. the custom was widespread enough to be commemorated on greeting cards from the late 19th century and early 20th century. another game / superstition that was enjoyed in the early 1900s involved walnut shells. people would write fortunes in milk on white paper. after drying, the paper was folded and placed in walnut shells. when the shell was warmed, milk would turn brown therefore the writing would appear on what looked like blank paper. folks would also play fortune teller. in order to play this game, symbols were cut out of paper and placed on a platter. someone would enter a dark room and was ordered to put her hand on a piece of ice then lay it on a platter. her " fortune " would stick to the hand. paper symbols included : dollar sign - wealth, button - bachelorhood, thimble - spinsterhood, clothespin - poverty, rice - wedding, umbrella - journey, caldron - trouble, 4 - leaf clover - good luck, penny - fortune, ring - early marriage, and key - fame. the telling of ghost stories and
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sabermetrics is the specialized analysis of baseball through objective evidence, especially baseball statistics that measure in - game activity. the term is derived from the acronym sabr, which stands for the society for american baseball research. it was coined by bill james, who is one of its pioneers and is often considered its most prominent advocate and public face. general principles the sabermetric manifesto by david grabiner ( 1994 ) begins : bill james defined sabermetrics as " the search for objective knowledge about baseball. " thus, sabermetrics attempts to answer objective questions about baseball, such as " which player on the red sox contributed the most to the team ' s offense? " or " how many home runs will ken griffey hit next year? " it cannot deal with the subjective judgments which are also important to the game, such as " who is your favorite player? " or " that was a great game. " it may, however, attempt to settle questions such as " was willie mays faster than mickey mantle? " by establishing several possible parameters for examining speed in objective studies ( how many triples each man hit, how many bases each man stole, how many times he was caught stealing ) and then reaching a tentative conclusion on the basis of these individual studies. sabermetricians frequently question traditional measures of baseball skill. for instance, they doubt that batting average is as useful as conventional wisdom says it is because team batting average provides a relatively poor fit for team runs scored. sabermetric reasoning would say that runs win ballgames, and that a good measure of a player ' s worth is his ability to help his team score more runs than the opposing team. this may imply that the traditional rbi ( runs batted in ) is an effective metric ; however, sabermetricians also reject rbi, for a number of reasons. rather, sabermetric measures are usually phrased in terms of either runs or team wins. for example, a player might be described as being worth 54 offensive runs more than a replacement - level player at the same position over the course of a full season, as the sabermetric statistic vorp can indicate. sabermetrics is concerned both with determining the value of a player or team in current or past seasons and with attempting to predict the value of a player or team in the future. many areas of study are still in development, specifically in the area of performance measurement. early history sabermetrics research began in the middle of the 20th century. earnshaw cook was one of the earliest researchers of sabermetrics. cook gathered the
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. many areas of study are still in development, specifically in the area of performance measurement. early history sabermetrics research began in the middle of the 20th century. earnshaw cook was one of the earliest researchers of sabermetrics. cook gathered the majority of his research in his 1964 book, percentage baseball. the book was the first of its kind to gain national media attention, although it was widely criticized and not accepted by most baseball organizations. - base runs ( bsr ) - batting average on balls in play ( babip ) - defense independent pitching statistics ( dips ) - defensive runs saved ( drs ) - equivalent average ( eqa ) - fantasy batter value ( fbv ) - late - inning pressure situations ( lips ) - on - base plus slugging ( ops ) - pecota ( player empirical comparison and optimization test algorithm ) - peripheral era ( pera ) - pythagorean expectation - range factor - runs created - secondary average - similarity score - speed score - super linear weights - total player rating, or batter - fielder wins ( tpr, bfw ) ; total pitcher index, or pitcher wins ( tpi, pw ) - ultimate zone rating ( uzr ) - value over replacement player ( vorp ) - win shares - wins above replacement ( war ) notable proponents - russ brandon : team president and ceo of the buffalo bills is going to incorporate sabermetrics to contracts, and use in conjunction with scouting and player analysis beginning in 2013. - sandy alderson : former general manager of the oakland athletics, alderson began focusing on sabermetric principles toward obtaining relatively undervalued players in 1995. he became gm of the new york mets in late 2010. - billy beane : athletics ' general manager since 1997. although not a public proponent of sabermetrics, it has been widely noted that beane has steered the team during his tenure according to sabermetric principles. in 2003, michael lewis published moneyball about billy beane ' s use of a more quantitative approach. in 2011, a film based on lewis ' book which dramatised beane ' s use of sabermetrics was released, starring brad pitt in the role of beane. - carson cistulli : senior editor of fangraphs, member of the bbwaa - earnshaw cook : early researcher and proponent of statistical baseball research. his 1964 book percentage baseball was the first book of baseball statistics studies to gain national media attention. - paul depodesta : a key figure in
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( arabic : كتابة الكتاب, which means " writing the book " ), a period that ranges from a few months to a year or more to get used to living with one another. after this time period, a wedding takes place and fulfills the marriage. muslims tend to marry other muslims only. unable to find other suitable muslim syrian americans, many muslim syrian american have married other muslim americans. syrian american marriages are usually very strong ; this is reflected by the low divorce rates among syrian americans, which are below the average rates in the united states. generally, syrian american partners tend to have more children than average american partners ; syrian american partners also tend to have children at early stages of their marriages. according to the united states 2000 census, almost 62 % of syrian american households were married - couple households. syrian americans, including the earliest immigrants, have always placed a high premium on education. like many other americans, syrian americans view education as a necessity. generally, syrian and other arab americans are more highly educated than the average american. in the 2000 census it was reported that the proportion of syrian americans to achieve a bachelor ' s degree or higher is one and a half times that of the total american population. many syrian americans now work as engineers, scientists, pharmacists, and physicians. syrians are mainly arabic speakers. while some may speak the formal literary arabic, many syrians speak syrian arabic, a dialect which belongs to the levantine arabic family of dialects. there are also sub - dialects in syrian arabic ; for example, people from aleppo have a distinct and distinguishable accent, one that differs considerably from that of people from homs or al - hasakah. syrians can usually comprehend and understand the dialects of most arabs, especially those who speak any form of levantine arabic. many old syrian american families have lost their linguistic traditions because many parents do not teach their children arabic. newer immigrants, however, maintain their language traditions. the 2000 census shows that 79. 9 % of syrian americans speak english " very well ". throughout the united states, there are schools which offer arabic language classes ; there are also some eastern orthodox churches which hold arabic services. notable people and contributions sometimes some confusion occurs between greater syria and the modern syria when determining the place of origin of the earliest syrian americans. however, the following list comprises notable americans who are originally people of modern syrian heritage. - paula abdul ( born june 19, 1962 ), is a television personality, jewelry designer, multi - platinum
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menezes, pradeep l and kishore, * and kailas, satish v ( 2006 ) studies on friction and transfer layer using inclined scratch. in : tribology international, 39 ( 2 ). pp. 175 - 183. restricted to registered users only download ( 562kb ) | request a copy friction influences the nature of transfer layer formed at the interface between die and sheet during forming. in the present investigation, basic studies were conducted using ' inclined scratch test ' to understand the mechanism of transfer layer formation during sliding of pins made of an al - mg alloy on en8 steel flats of different surface roughness under dry and lubricated conditions. the surfaces produced can be categorized into three different types : ( a ) uni - directional ( b ) 8 - ground and ( c ) random. rubbing the en8 flat in a uni - directional manner and a criss - cross manner on emery sheets produced the uni - directional and 8 ground surfaces. the random surfaces were produced by polishing the en8 flats using various abrasive powders. the influence of the ' nature of surface roughness ' on material transfer and coefficient of friction were investigated. scanning electron microscopy studies were performed on the contact surfaces of the al - mg alloy pins and en8 steel flats to reveal the morphology of the transfer layer obtained. it was seen that the transfer layer is dependant on the coefficient of friction. the coefficient of friction, which has two components - the adhesion component and the plowing component, is controlled by the ' nature of surface '. a surface that promotes plane strain conditions near the surfaces increases the plowing component of friction. | item type : | | journal article | | additional information : | | copyright for this article belongs to elsevier. | | keywords : | | friction ; nature of surface ; inclined scratch | | department / centre : | | division of mechanical sciences > materials engineering ( formerly metallurgy ) division of mechanical sciences > mechanical engineering | date deposited : | | 19 jan 2006 | | last modified : | | 19 sep 2010 04 : 23 | actions ( login required )
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fauziah, catur khurotul ( 2007 ) hubungan antara religiusitas dengan kepuasan hidup pada lanjut usia. other thesis, university of muhammadiyah malang. download ( 58kb ) | preview religiosity is an appreciation, confidence, experience or individual conscience against religious teachings are realized in practice worship and religious rituals. terbinanya religiosity properly, can raises life satisfaction for the elderly. where life satisfaction is a state which includes feelings of passion in it, have assertiveness and tough or resilient, the match between the desire to achievement of goals, have positive self concept, and mood calm. the purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between religiosity to life satisfaction in elderly. this study uses a quantitative approach. the subject of this research is the elderly who followed the routine recitation in boarding school nurul ulum. the sampling technique used is total sampling. with number of study subjects 50 people. data collection methods used there are 2 kinds of scales are scales of religiosity and life satisfaction scale. data collected and then analyzed by using correlation product moment using the computer program spss for windows version 10. results obtained from this study indicate that there is a relationship positive and highly significant correlation between religiosity to life satisfaction in advanced age ( r = 0. 419 p = 0. 002 ). this means that the higher the religiosity which is owned the higher the person ' s life satisfaction, and vice versa the lower the religiosity of a person will get low life satisfaction. the effective contribution of religiosity to the satisfaction living elderly by 17. 6 %, while 82, 4 % influenced by other variables had not been examined. | item type : | | thesis ( other ) | | subjects : | | b philosophy. psychology. religion > bf psychology | | divisions : | | faculty of psychology > department of psychology | | depositing user : | | zainul afandi | | date deposited : | | 29 may 2012 09 : 29 | | last modified : | | 29 may 2012 09 : 29 | actions ( login required )
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rodrigues, a. s. l., andelman, s. j., bakarr, m. i., boitani, l., brooks, t. m., cowling, r. m., fishpool, l. d. c., da fonseca, g. a. b., gaston, k. j., hoffmann, m., long, j. s., marquet, p. a., pilgrim, j. d., pressey, r. l., schipper, j., sechrest, w., stuart, s. n., underhill, l. g., waller, r. w., watts, m. e. j. and yan, x. ( 2004 ) effectiveness of the global protected area network in representing species diversity. nature, 428 ( 6983 ). pp. 640 - 643. issn 0028 - 0836full text available as : the fifth world parks congress in durban, south africa, announced in september 2003 that the global network of protected areas now covers 11. 5 % of the planet ' s land surface. this surpasses the 10 % target proposed a decade earlier, at the caracas congress, for 9 out of 14 major terrestrial biomes. such uniform targets based on percentage of area have become deeply embedded into national and international conservation planning. although politically expedient, the scientific basis and conservation value of these targets have been questioned. in practice, however, little is known of how to set appropriate targets, or of the extent to which the current global protected area network fulfils its goal of protecting biodiversity. here, we combine five global data sets on the distribution of species and protected areas to provide the first global gap analysis assessing the effectiveness of protected areas in representing species diversity. we show that the global network is far from complete, and demonstrate the inadequacy of uniform — that is, ' one size fits all ' — conservation targets. | copyright, publisher and additional information : | | © 2004 nature publishing group | | academic units : | | the university of sheffield > faculty of science ( sheffield ) > school of biological sciences ( sheffield ) > department of animal and plant sciences ( sheffield ) | | depositing user : | | repository officer | | date deposited : | | 12 jan 2005 | | last modified : | | 08 feb 2013 16 : 47 | actions ( login required )
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2025-12-19T07:35:32.558111
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the socialist doctrine. you know their doctrine ; crime is a protest against the abnormality of the social organisation and nothing more, and nothing more ; no other causes admitted!... ” “ you are wrong there, ” cried porfiry petrovitch ; he was noticeably animated and kept laughing as he looked at razumihin, which made him more excited than ever. “ nothing is admitted, ” razumihin interrupted with heat. “ i am not wrong. i ’ ll show you their pamphlets. everything with them is ‘ the influence of environment, ’ and nothing else. their favourite phrase! from which it follows that, if society is normally organised, all crime will cease at once, since there will be nothing to protest against and all men will become righteous in one instant. human nature is not taken into account, it is excluded, it ’ s not supposed to exist! they don ’ t recognise that humanity, developing by a historical living process, will become at last a normal society, but they believe that a social system that has come out of some mathematical brain is going to organise all humanity at once and make it just and sinless in an instant, quicker than any living process! that ’ s why they instinctively dislike history, ‘ nothing but ugliness and stupidity in it, ’ and they explain it all as stupidity! that ’ s why they so dislike the living process of life ; they don ’ t want a living soul! the living soul demands life, the soul won ’ t obey the rules of mechanics, the soul is an object of suspicion, the soul is retrograde! but what they want though it smells of death and can be made of india - rubber, at least is not alive, has no will, is servile and won ’ t revolt! and it comes in the end to their reducing everything to the building of walls and the planning of rooms and passages in a phalanstery! the phalanstery is ready, indeed, but your human nature is not ready for the phalanstery — it wants life, it hasn ’ t completed its vital process, it ’ s too soon for the graveyard! you can ’ t skip over nature by logic. logic presupposes three possibilities, but there are millions! cut away a million, and reduce it all to the question of comfort! that ’ s the easiest solution of the problem! it ’ s seductively clear and you musn ’ t think about it. that ’ s the great thing, you mustn
|
subdomain_quantum_gravity
| 0.560225
| 512
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HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu
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<urn:uuid:842792ff-9ed5-4959-9a6a-526b7eed61ac>
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|
2025-12-19T07:35:32.602514
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interested. ” “ i analysed, if i remember, the psychology of a criminal before and after the crime. ” “ yes, and you maintained that the perpetration of a crime is always accompanied by illness. very, very original, but … it was not that part of your article that interested me so much, but an idea at the end of the article which i regret to say you merely suggested without working it out clearly. there is, if you recollect, a suggestion that there are certain persons who can … that is, not precisely are able to, but have a perfect right to commit breaches of morality and crimes, and that the law is not for them. ” raskolnikov smiled at the exaggerated and intentional distortion of his idea. “ what? what do you mean? a right to crime? but not because of the influence of environment? ” razumihin inquired with some alarm even. “ no, not exactly because of it, ” answered porfiry. “ in his article all men are divided into ‘ ordinary ’ and ‘ extraordinary. ’ ordinary men have to live in submission, have no right to transgress the law, because, don ’ t you see, they are ordinary. but extraordinary men have a right to commit any crime and to transgress the law in any way, just because they are extraordinary. that was your idea, if i am not mistaken? ” “ what do you mean? that can ’ t be right? ” razumihin muttered in bewilderment. raskolnikov smiled again. he saw the point at once, and knew where they wanted to drive him. he decided to take up the challenge. “ that wasn ’ t quite my contention, ” he began simply and modestly. “ yet i admit that you have stated it almost correctly ; perhaps, if you like, perfectly so. ” ( it almost gave him pleasure to admit this. ) “ the only difference is that i don ’ t contend that extraordinary people are always bound to commit breaches of morals, as you call it. in fact, i doubt whether such an argument could be published. i simply hinted that an ‘ extraordinary ’ man has the right … that is not an official right, but an inner right to decide in his own conscience to overstep … certain obstacles, and only in case it is essential for the practical fulfilment of his idea ( sometimes, perhaps, of benefit to the whole of humanity ). you say that my article
|
subdomain_quantum_field_theory
| 0.53847
| 512
|
HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu
|
<urn:uuid:842792ff-9ed5-4959-9a6a-526b7eed61ac>
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| 0.5
|
2025-12-19T07:35:32.608269
|
that it ’ s somewhat arbitrary, but i don ’ t insist upon exact numbers. i only believe in my leading idea that men are in general divided by a law of nature into two categories, inferior ( ordinary ), that is, so to say, material that serves only to reproduce its kind, and men who have the gift or the talent to utter a new word. there are, of course, innumerable sub - divisions, but the distinguishing features of both categories are fairly well marked. the first category, generally speaking, are men conservative in temperament and law - abiding ; they live under control and love to be controlled. to my thinking it is their duty to be controlled, because that ’ s their vocation, and there is nothing humiliating in it for them. the second category all transgress the law ; they are destroyers or disposed to destruction according to their capacities. the crimes of these men are of course relative and varied ; for the most part they seek in very varied ways the destruction of the present for the sake of the better. but if such a one is forced for the sake of his idea to step over a corpse or wade through blood, he can, i maintain, find within himself, in his conscience, a sanction for wading through blood — that depends on the idea and its dimensions, note that. it ’ s only in that sense i speak of their right to crime in my article ( you remember it began with the legal question ). there ’ s no need for such anxiety, however ; the masses will scarcely ever admit this right, they punish them or hang them ( more or less ), and in doing so fulfil quite justly their conservative vocation. but the same masses set these criminals on a pedestal in the next generation and worship them ( more or less ). the first category is always the man of the present, the second the man of the future. the first preserve the world and people it, the second move the world and lead it to its goal. each class has an equal right to exist. in fact, all have equal rights with me — and _ vive la guerre eternelle _ — till the new jerusalem, of course! ” “ then you believe in the new jerusalem, do you? ” “ i do, ” raskolnikov answered firmly ; as he said these words and during the whole preceding tirade he kept his eyes on one spot on the carpet. “ and … and do you believe in god? excuse my curiosity.
|
subdomain_quantum_field_theory
| 0.542729
| 512
|
HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu
|
<urn:uuid:842792ff-9ed5-4959-9a6a-526b7eed61ac>
| 14
| 0.5
|
2025-12-19T07:35:32.610115
|
considerable danger here, and you really need not be uneasy for they never go very far. of course, they might have a thrashing sometimes for letting their fancy run away with them and to teach them their place, but no more ; in fact, even this isn ’ t necessary as they castigate themselves, for they are very conscientious : some perform this service for one another and others chastise themselves with their own hands …. they will impose various public acts of penitence upon themselves with a beautiful and edifying effect ; in fact you ’ ve nothing to be uneasy about …. it ’ s a law of nature. ” “ well, you have certainly set my mind more at rest on that score ; but there ’ s another thing worries me. tell me, please, are there many people who have the right to kill others, these extraordinary people? i am ready to bow down to them, of course, but you must admit it ’ s alarming if there are a great many of them, eh? ” “ oh, you needn ’ t worry about that either, ” raskolnikov went on in the same tone. “ people with new ideas, people with the faintest capacity for saying something new, are extremely few in number, extraordinarily so in fact. one thing only is clear, that the appearance of all these grades and sub - divisions of men must follow with unfailing regularity some law of nature. that law, of course, is unknown at present, but i am convinced that it exists, and one day may become known. the vast mass of mankind is mere material, and only exists in order by some great effort, by some mysterious process, by means of some crossing of races and stocks, to bring into the world at last perhaps one man out of a thousand with a spark of independence. one in ten thousand perhaps — i speak roughly, approximately — is born with some independence, and with still greater independence one in a hundred thousand. the man of genius is one of millions, and the great geniuses, the crown of humanity, appear on earth perhaps one in many thousand millions. in fact i have not peeped into the retort in which all this takes place. but there certainly is and must be a definite law, it cannot be a matter of chance. ” “ why, are you both joking? ” razumihin cried at last. “ there you sit, making fun of one another. are you serious, rodya? ” ras
|
subdomain_quantum_field_theory
| 0.549688
| 512
|
HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu
|
<urn:uuid:842792ff-9ed5-4959-9a6a-526b7eed61ac>
| 16
| 0.5
|
2025-12-19T07:35:32.616006
|
be a definite law, it cannot be a matter of chance. ” “ why, are you both joking? ” razumihin cried at last. “ there you sit, making fun of one another. are you serious, rodya? ” raskolnikov raised his pale and almost mournful face and made no reply. and the unconcealed, persistent, nervous, and discourteous sarcasm of porfiry seemed strange to razumihin beside that quiet and mournful face. “ well, brother, if you are really serious … you are right, of course, in saying that it ’ s not new, that it ’ s like what we ’ ve read and heard a thousand times already ; but what is really original in all this, and is exclusively your own, to my horror, is that you sanction bloodshed in the name of conscience, and, excuse my saying so, with such fanaticism …. that, i take it, is the point of your article. but that sanction of bloodshed by conscience is to my mind … more terrible than the official, legal sanction of bloodshed …. ” “ you are quite right, it is more terrible, ” porfiry agreed. “ yes, you must have exaggerated! there is some mistake, i shall read it. you can ’ t think that! i shall read it. ” “ all that is not in the article, there ’ s only a hint of it, ” said raskolnikov. “ yes, yes. ” porfiry couldn ’ t sit still. “ your attitude to crime is pretty clear to me now, but … excuse me for my impertinence ( i am really ashamed to be worrying you like this ), you see, you ’ ve removed my anxiety as to the two grades getting mixed, but … there are various practical possibilities that make me uneasy! what if some man or youth imagines that he is a lycurgus or mahomet — a future one of course — and suppose he begins to remove all obstacles …. he has some great enterprise before him and needs money for it … and tries to get it … do you see? ” zametov gave a sudden guffaw in his corner. raskolnikov did not even raise his eyes to him. “ i must admit, ” he went on calmly, “ that such cases certainly must arise. the vain and foolish are particularly apt to fall into that snare ; young people
|
subdomain_quantum_field_theory
| 0.514711
| 512
|
HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu
|
<urn:uuid:842792ff-9ed5-4959-9a6a-526b7eed61ac>
| 17
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2025-12-19T07:35:32.616932
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. raskolnikov did not even raise his eyes to him. “ i must admit, ” he went on calmly, “ that such cases certainly must arise. the vain and foolish are particularly apt to fall into that snare ; young people especially. ” “ yes, you see. well then? ” “ what then? ” raskolnikov smiled in reply ; “ that ’ s not my fault. so it is and so it always will be. he said just now ( he nodded at razumihin ) that i sanction bloodshed. society is too well protected by prisons, banishment, criminal investigators, penal servitude. there ’ s no need to be uneasy. you have but to catch the thief. ” “ and what if we do catch him? ” “ then he gets what he deserves. ” “ you are certainly logical. but what of his conscience? ” “ why do you care about that? ” “ simply from humanity. ” “ if he has a conscience he will suffer for his mistake. that will be his punishment — as well as the prison. ” “ but the real geniuses, ” asked razumihin frowning, “ those who have the right to murder? oughtn ’ t they to suffer at all even for the blood they ’ ve shed? ” “ why the word ought? it ’ s not a matter of permission or prohibition. he will suffer if he is sorry for his victim. pain and suffering are always inevitable for a large intelligence and a deep heart. the really great men must, i think, have great sadness on earth, ” he added dreamily, not in the tone of the conversation. he raised his eyes, looked earnestly at them all, smiled, and took his cap. he was too quiet by comparison with his manner at his entrance, and he felt this. everyone got up. “ well, you may abuse me, be angry with me if you like, ” porfiry petrovitch began again, “ but i can ’ t resist. allow me one little question ( i know i am troubling you ). there is just one little notion i want to express, simply that i may not forget it. ” “ very good, tell me your little notion, ” raskolnikov stood waiting, pale and grave before him. “ well, you see … i really don ’ t know how to express it properly …. it ’ s a playful, psychological idea …. when you were writing your article, surely
|
subdomain_quantum_cryptography
| 0.512191
| 512
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HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu
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<urn:uuid:842792ff-9ed5-4959-9a6a-526b7eed61ac>
| 18
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|
2025-12-19T07:35:32.617856
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uveitis is inflammation of the uvea, which is made up of the iris, ciliary body and choroid. together, these form the middle layer of the eye between the retina and the sclera ( white of the eye ). the eye is shaped like a tennis ball, with three different layers of tissue surrounding the central gel - filled cavity, which is called the vitreous. the innermost layer is the retina, which senses light and helps to send images to your brain. the outermost layer is the sclera, the strong white wall of the eye. the middle layer between the sclera and retina is called the uvea. the uvea contains many blood vessels — the veins, arteries and capillaries — that carry blood to and from the eye. because the uvea nourishes many important parts of the eye ( such as the retina ), inflammation of the uvea can damage your sight. there are several types of uveitis, defined by the part of the eye where it occurs. - iritis affects the front of your eye. also called anterior uveitis, this is the most common type of uveitis. iritis usually develops suddenly and may last six to eight weeks. some types of anterior uveitis can be chronic or recurrent. - if the uvea is inflamed in the middle or intermediate region of the eye, it is called pars planitis ( or intermediate uveitis ). episodes of pars planitis can last between a few weeks to years. the disease goes through cycles of getting better, then worse. - posterior uveitis affects the back parts of your eye. posterior uveitis can develop slowly and often lasts for many years. - panuveitis occurs when all layers of the uvea are inflamed. next page : uveitis causes
|
subdomain_quantum_optics
| 0.508993
| 386
|
HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu
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<urn:uuid:33687e0d-90f9-4e53-ac31-257283325d4f>
| 0
| 0.5
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2025-12-19T07:35:32.626726
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basic use to make a new number, a simple initialization suffices : var foo = 0 ; / / or whatever number you want foo = 1 ; / / foo = 1 foo + = 2 ; / / foo = 3 ( the two gets added on ) foo - = 2 ; / / foo = 1 ( the two gets removed ) number literals define the number value. in particular : they appear as a set of digits of varying length. negative literal numbers have a minus sign before the set of digits. floating point literal numbers contain one decimal point, and may optionally use the e notation with the character e. an integer literal may be prepended with " 0 ", to indicate that a number is in base - 8. ( 8 and 9 are not octal digits, and if found, cause the integer to be read in the normal base - 10 ). an integer literal may also be found with " 0x ", to indicate a hexadecimal number. the math object unlike strings, arrays, and dates, the numbers aren ' t objects. the math object provides numeric functions and constants as methods and properties. the methods and properties of the math object are referenced using the dot operator in the usual way, for example : var varone = math. ceil ( 8. 5 ) ; var varpi = math. pi ; var sqrt3 = math. sqrt ( 3 ) ; methods random ( ) generates a pseudo - random number. var myint = math. random ( ) ; max ( int1, int2 ) returns the highest number from the two numbers passed as arguments. var myint = math. max ( 8, 9 ) ; document. write ( myint ) ; / / 9 min ( int1, int2 ) returns the lowest number from the two numbers passed as arguments. var myint = math. min ( 8, 9 ) ; document. write ( myint ) ; / / 8 floor ( float ) returns the greatest integer less than the number passed as an argument. var myint = math. floor ( 90. 8 ) ; document. write ( myint ) ; / / 90 ; ceil ( float ) returns the least integer greater than the number passed as an argument. var myint = math. ceil ( 90. 8 ) ; document. write ( myint ) ; / / 91 ; round ( float ) returns the closest integer to the number passed as an argument. var myint = math. round ( 90.
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subdomain_quantum_field_theory
| 0.513852
| 512
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HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu
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<urn:uuid:eecdd55e-49d8-40e4-9834-6f3dce28fa4c>
| 0
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2025-12-19T07:35:32.635235
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large, flat network, the point can be reached when it is continually in topology change status. the resulting high level of flooding can lead to an unstable stp environment. to deal with this problem, vendors have come up with ways to avoid tcn generation for certain events. for example, the network manager can configure the bridge so that it issues a tcn when a server is power cycled, but not when client devices are power cycled. if a bridge port going up or down is not deemed an important event, this event too can be programmed not to issue a tcn. source - route bridging ( srb ) is used in the token - ring environment as the method by which a station establishes a route through a multiple - ring network to its destination. the first step for a station to reach another is to create a packet called an explorer. this packet is copied by all bridges in the network, with each of them adding information about itself before passing it on. the explorer packet ’ s routing information field ( rif ) contains the information of where it has traversed through the network and within the rif ; a route descriptor stores the path it has taken through the network. as the explorer packet is constructed on its way through the network, the destination station will start receiving data packets from the originating station. based on the contents of the explorer packet, the destination station will then decide which route to use to send data packets back to the originating station. or it will send its own explorer packet so that the originating station can determine its own route. the explorer packet is limited in terms of how many rings it can hold in the routing information field. although the rif can hold a total of 14 rings, ibm long ago limited this to seven. other vendors also adopted this limitation. consequently, an explorer packet that has traversed seven rings will be dropped in the network. to control traffic in the network with more precision, parameters can be set in the bridge to decrease this number even further, so that packets that reach x number of rings ( any number below seven ) will be dropped. while explorers are limited to traversing only seven rings, in a meshed ring environment, one explorer can finish being copied by many bridges, which can cause too many explorers. explorer storms can be prevented in redundant network topologies by setting the bridge to filter out explorers that have already been forwarded once. since explorer traffic can be distinguished from regular source route traffic, the network manager can issue commands that check the bridge for various parameters
|
subdomain_quantum_cryptography
| 0.552384
| 512
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HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu
|
<urn:uuid:e16b4240-d208-4ee2-8272-ce223fa2146e>
| 2
| 0.5
|
2025-12-19T07:35:32.660593
|
storms can be prevented in redundant network topologies by setting the bridge to filter out explorers that have already been forwarded once. since explorer traffic can be distinguished from regular source route traffic, the network manager can issue commands that check the bridge for various parameters, such as the number of explorers that were dropped outbound on that interface. while ethernet has become the network of choice for new installations, there is still a good amount of token ring in use, making it necessary to mix the two environments for data exchange. doing so is complicated because some very fundamental differences between ethernet and token ring must be reconciled. token ring has functional addresses, while ethernet primarily relies on broadcasts. furthermore, mac addresses on the ethernet are different from mac addresses on the token ring. ethernet does not have a source - route bridging capability and token ring has a routing information field. finally, token ring and ethernet use different methods to read the bits into their adapters. to unify the two environments, vendors have come up with various methods such as translation bridging. this is a type of bridging that is implemented on networks that use different mac sublayer protocols, providing a method of resolving differences in header formats and protocol specifications. since there are no real standards in how communication between two media types should occur, however, no single translation implementation can be called correct. the only consideration for network managers is to select a method of translation and implement it uniformly throughout the network. essentially, the bridges reorder source and destination address bits when translating between ethernet and token - ring frame formats. the problem of embedded mac - addresses can be resolved by programming the bridge to look for various types of mac addresses. some translation - bridges simply check for the most popular embedded addresses. if others are used, the bridge must be programmed to look for them as well. but if translation - bridging software runs in a multi - protocol router, which is very common today, these protocols can be routed and the problem avoided entirely. token ring ’ s rif field has a component that indicates the largest frame size that can be accepted by a particular source - route bridging implementation. translation bridges that send frames from the transparent - bridging domain to the srb domain usually set the maximum transfer unit ( mtu ) field to 1, 500 bytes to limit the size of token - ring frames entering the transparent - bridging domain, because this is the maximum size of ethernet frames. some hosts cannot process this field correctly, in which case translation bridges are forced to drop
|
subdomain_quantum_cryptography
| 0.546048
| 512
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HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu
|
<urn:uuid:e16b4240-d208-4ee2-8272-ce223fa2146e>
| 3
| 0.5
|
2025-12-19T07:35:32.665392
|
to 1, 500 bytes to limit the size of token - ring frames entering the transparent - bridging domain, because this is the maximum size of ethernet frames. some hosts cannot process this field correctly, in which case translation bridges are forced to drop the frames that exceed ethernet ’ s mtu size. bits representing token - ring functions that are absent in ethernet are discarded by translation bridges. for example, token ring ’ s priority, reservation, and monitor bits are discarded during translation. and token ring ’ s frame status bits are treated differently, depending on the bridge manufacturer ; the products of some manufacturers may even ignore these bits. sometimes, the bridge will have the c bit set, indicating that the frame has been copied, but not the a bit set, indicating that the destination station recognizes the address. in the former case, a token - ring source node determines if the frame it sent has become lost. advocates of this approach claim that reliability mechanisms, such as the tracking of lost frames, are better left for implementation in layer 4 of the osi model. advocates of setting the c bit argue that this bit must be set to track lost frames, but that the a bit cannot be set because the bridge is not the final destination. translation bridges also can be used to create a software gateway between the token ring and ethernet domains. to the srb end stations, the translation bridge has a ring number and a bridge number associated with it, so it looks like a standard source - route bridge. in this case, the ring number reflects the entire transparent - bridging domain. to the transparent - bridging domain, the translation bridge is just another transparent bridge. when bridging from the srb domain to the transparent - bridging domain, srb information is removed. token ring ’ s routing information fields usually are cached for use by any subsequent return traffic. when bridging from the transparent bridging to the srb domain, the translation bridge checks the frame to see if it has a multicast or unicast destination. if the frame has a multicast or broadcast destination, it is sent into the srb domain as a spanning - tree explorer. if the frame has a unicast address, the translation bridge looks up the destination in the rif cache. if a path is found, it is used and the rif information is added to the frame ; otherwise, the frame is sent as a spanning - tree explorer. another solution to unify the ethernet and token - ring environments is source - route
|
subdomain_quantum_cryptography
| 0.557006
| 512
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HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu
|
<urn:uuid:e16b4240-d208-4ee2-8272-ce223fa2146e>
| 4
| 0.5
|
2025-12-19T07:35:32.666830
|
. if a path is found, it is used and the rif information is added to the frame ; otherwise, the frame is sent as a spanning - tree explorer. another solution to unify the ethernet and token - ring environments is source - route translation bridging ( srtlb ). this entails the addition of bridge groups to the interfaces of both the token ring and ethernet bridges to create a transparent bridge domain between the two environments. the bridges at each end are responsible for establishing the path through the network. when a bridge on a token ring receives a packet from an ethernet, for example, path establishment is handled as follows ( see figure 5. 2 ) : figure 5. 2 : source - route translation bridging, from token ring to ethernet. bridge - 1 receives a packet from the ethernet. this is from pc - 1 to the host. bridge - 1 needs a rif to reach the host, so it creates an explorer to learn the path to reach the host. after bridge - 1 receives the response, it sends the response ( without a rif ) to the ethernet station. pc - 1 sends an exchange identifier ( xid ) to the host mac address. bridge - 1 gets the ethernet packet, attaches the rif to the host, and sends the packet on its way. as far as the host is concerned, the ethernet is sitting on a pseudo ring. this is configured with the source - bridge transparent command on the bridge. the pseudo ring makes the host treat the ethernet as if it were a token ring. | < day day up > | lans to wans ( c ) the complete management guide authors : muller n. j. published year : 2003
|
subdomain_quantum_cryptography
| 0.543945
| 346
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HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu
|
<urn:uuid:e16b4240-d208-4ee2-8272-ce223fa2146e>
| 5
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2025-12-19T07:35:32.667485
|
releases its heat by radiation. as environmental temperatures approach your body temperature, you lose less heat through radiation. in fact, people working on hot summer days actually gain heat through radiation from the sun. this leaves evaporation as the only way to effectively control body temperature. water loss your body is about half water. you lose about 2 quarts every day ( breathing, urinating, bowel movements and sweat ). a working adult can produce 2 quarts of sweat per hour for short periods and up to 15 quarts per day. because the body ' s water absorption rate of 1. 5 quarts per hour is less than the body ' s 2 quarts per hour sweat rate, dehydration results. this happens because you cannot drink enough water to keep up with your sweat losses. if you drink only when you are thirsty, you are dehydrated already. thirst is not a good guide for when to drink water. in fact, in hot and humid conditions, you may be so dehydrated by the time you become thirsty that you will have trouble catching up with your fluid losses. one guideline regarding your water intake is to monitor your urine. you are getting enough water if you produce clear urine at least five times a day. cloudy or dark urine, or urinating less than five times a day, means you should drink more. in the gulf war, american armed forces followed the practice of the israeli army : drinking a minimum of 1 quart of fluid per hour. this tactic resulted in zero deaths from heat illness. in contrast, during the six day war of 1967, more than 20, 000 egyptian soldiers died3 / 4with no visible wounds3 / 4most likely from dehydration and heat illness because they were restricted to 3 quarts daily. while working in hot weather, drink 8 ounces of water every 20 minutes. generally, 16 ounces is the most a person can comfortably drink at once. you cannot " catch up " by drinking extra water later because only about 1 quart of water per hour can pass out of the stomach. therefore, if possible, workers should begin drinking water before they start work. cool water ( 50of ) is easier for the stomach to absorb than warm water, and a little flavoring may make the water more tasty. the best fluids are those that leave the stomach fast and contain little sodium and some sugar ( less than 8 percent ). you should avoid coffee and tea because they contain caffeine, which is a diuretic that
|
subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics
| 0.557929
| 512
|
HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu
|
<urn:uuid:4b4eb0e1-7746-4f13-a3ba-67961d4c7971>
| 1
| 0.5
|
2025-12-19T07:35:32.706085
|
data structures for manipulating ( biological ) sequences. generally supports both nucleotide and protein sequences, some functions, like revcompl, only makes sense for nucleotides. | a sequence is a header, sequence data itself, and optional quality data. sequences are type - tagged to identify them as nucleotide, amino acids, or unknown type. all items are lazy bytestrings. the offset type can be used for indexing. | a sequence consists of a header, the sequence data itself, and optional quality data. the type parameter is a phantom type to separate nucleotide and amino acid sequences | an offset, index, or length of a seqdata | the basic data type used in sequences | quality data is normally associated with nucleotide sequences | basic type for quality data. range 0.. 255. typical phred output is in the range 6.. 50, with 20 as the line in the sand separating good from bad. | quality data is a qual vector, currently implemented as a bytestring. | read the character at the specified position in the sequence. | return sequence length. | return sequence label ( first word of header ) | return full header. | return the sequence data. | check whether the sequence has associated quality data. | return the quality data, or error if none exist. use hasqual if in doubt. | adding information to header | modify the header by appending text, or by replacing all but the sequence label ( i. e. first word ). | converting to and from [ char ] | convert a string to seqdata | convert a seqdata to a string returns a sequence with all internal storage freshly copied and with sequence and quality data present as a single chunk. by freshly copying internal storage, defragseq allows garbage collection of the original data source whence the sequence was read ; otherwise, use of just a short sequence name can cause an entire sequence file buffer to be retained. by compacting sequence data into a single chunk, defragseq avoids linear - time traversal of sequence chunks during random access into | map over sequences, treating them as a sequence of ( char, word8 ) pairs. this will work on sequences without quality, as long as the function doesn ' t try to examine it. the current implementation is not very efficient. | phantom type functionality, unchecked conversion between sequence types | nucleotide sequences contain the alphabet [ a, c, g, t ]. iup
|
subdomain_quantum_gravity
| 0.545534
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the function doesn ' t try to examine it. the current implementation is not very efficient. | phantom type functionality, unchecked conversion between sequence types | nucleotide sequences contain the alphabet [ a, c, g, t ]. iupac specifies an extended nucleotide alphabet with wildcards, but it is not supported at this point. | complement a single character. i. e. identify the nucleotide it can hybridize with. note that for multiple nucleotides, you usually want the reverse complement ( see revcompl for that ). | calculate the reverse complement. this is only relevant for the nucleotide alphabet, and it leaves other characters unmodified. | calculate the reverse complent for seqdata only. | for type tagging sequences ( protein sequences use amino below ) | proteins are chains of amino acids, represented by the iupac alphabet. | translate a nucleotide sequence into the corresponding protein sequence. this works rather blindly, with no attempt to identify orfs or otherwise qa the result. | convert a sequence in iupac format to a list of amino acids. | convert a list of amino acids to a sequence in iupac format. | display a nicely formated sequence. | a simple function to display a sequence : we generate the sequence string and | call putstrln | returns a properly formatted and probably highlighted string | representation of a sequence. highlighting is done using ansi - escape | default type for sequences | produced by haddock version 2. 6. 1 |
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subdomain_quantum_gravity
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contemporary world politics make it necessary for nations to integrate into international unions in the interest of their own national security and economy. in these international unions, which are usually based upon geographic location, such factors as natural resources, trading blocs, and even cultural values play an important role. many neighboring countries combine their resources under the auspices of such organizations, create defensive alliances, and cooperate on a wide array of issues. the goal of such unions is to preserve peace, control the arms race, resolve disputes through diplomacy, promote socioeconomic development, and protect fundamental human rights and democracy. at the present time, nato, the osce, the eu, nafta, opec, asean, the g - 8, the d - 8, and apec are the foremost international political, military, and economic unions. these institutions are subject to organizational reforms because of new members or a widening of scope. all of these organizations, formed in the aftermath of the second world war, have contributed to creating stability and order in the world and have played a major role in global socioeconomic development. member nations protect their economic and military interests, and also acquire a stronger regional and international position. even the developed world perceives the necessity of such partnerships. the creation of free trade zones, regional trade agreements, abolished customs controls, and even a common currency ( as in the eu ) safeguard the future of member states. defensive pacts enable member states to reduce military expenditures and to divert those resources to cultural and educational fields. a similar organization will provide considerable benefits to muslim nations. for those that are desperate for technological as well as economic development, the foremost step toward stability is the creation of a central organization or, in other words, a unified islamic world under the auspices of the islamic union. economic development and increasing prosperity economic cooperation is necessary on two counts : stability and development. muslim nations must bring stability and solidity to their economies. developing industries and making the required investments is vital, as is the need for a comprehensive development plan and the simultaneous development of education, economy, culture, science, and technology. while various sectors are developed technologically, the labor force ' s educational levels and standards must be raised accordingly. society must be motivated to become more productive, and the resulting economic cooperation will play a major role in eradicating poverty, illiteracy, the unjust distribution of wealth, and other socioeconomic problems rampant in muslim countries. this partnership can be formed only by the creation of free trade zones, customs unions, and common economic areas. most muslim
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subdomain_quantum_cryptography
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eradicating poverty, illiteracy, the unjust distribution of wealth, and other socioeconomic problems rampant in muslim countries. this partnership can be formed only by the creation of free trade zones, customs unions, and common economic areas. most muslim countries have geostrategic importance as well as rich natural resources ( e. g., natural gas and crude oil ). these resources and strategic opportunities, however, are not being used effectively. in the islamic world, 86 % of the population ' s living standards fall below $ 2, 000, 76 % under $ 1, 000, and 67 % under $ 500 per year. when the islamic world ' s total resources are considered, ( 1 ) this is quite a paradox : roughly half of the petrol consumed in the west is exported from the islamic world, as is 40 % of the world ' s agricultural production. ( 2 ) many economists and strategists freely admit that the world economy depends upon the islamic world ' s oil and gas exports, in particular those of the persian gulf. ( 3 ) the persian gulf holds two - thirds of the planet ' s discovered crude oil reserves. data obtained from research concludes that saudi arabia alone holds 25. 4 % of the world ' s oil reserves, or 262 billion barrels. a further 11 % is found in iraq, 9. 6 % in the uae, 9. 2 % in kuwait, 8. 6 % in iran, 13 % in other opec member states. the rest is distributed across the remainder of the world. ( 4 ) research commissioned by the u. s. department of energy shows that between 2000 and 2020, oil exports from the area will increase by 125 %. ( 5 ) this means that the world will continue to meet most of its energy needs by imports from the gulf region. moreover, the middle east has 40 % of the global natural gas reserves ; 35 % of these reserves are in the gulf region. ( 6 ) algeria, libya, and other north african countries have 3. 7 % of the world ' s reserves. the caucasus and central asia are also rich in oil, natural gas, and other natural resources. for instance, kazakhstan has between 10 - 17. 6 billion barrels of proven oil reserves, and its natural gas reserves are estimated at between 53 and 83 trillion cubic feet. turkmenistan hasbetween 98 and 155 trillion cubic feet of natural gas reserves, making it the fourth largest producer. ( 7 ) some other muslim countries have valuable mineral resources. for instance, uzbekistan and kyrgyzstan are two
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53 and 83 trillion cubic feet. turkmenistan hasbetween 98 and 155 trillion cubic feet of natural gas reserves, making it the fourth largest producer. ( 7 ) some other muslim countries have valuable mineral resources. for instance, uzbekistan and kyrgyzstan are two of the world ' s leading gold producers. turkey has one of the world ' s richest boron reserves, only recently discovered to be very important, and tajikistan has the world ' s largest aluminum producing facilities. these advantages will become more important in the twenty - first century, which some have already christened the " energy century. " energy is an essential element of modern society in terms of the military, industry, urbanization, and transport. given that economic activity and manufacturing depend primarily upon energy, nations will do their best to achieve control over these energy resources. the islamic world is not using its resources effectively, for many of its members lack the infrastructure and technology to increase the production and use their natural resources to develop their industries. therefore, the resources ' contributions to the country ' s economy are limited to export earnings. these countries do not have the means to process their own crude oil, use it in their industrial complexes, or to develop their industries. worse still, some muslim nations do not even have the necessary means to explore and research their natural resources or to discover and extract them. explorations undertaken by foreign companies reveal that other muslim nations have oil and gas reserves, but they cannot benefit from their resources. naturally, the ineffective use of natural resources is not the islamic world ' s only economic problem. however, solving this problem can begin the process of solving many other problems. the economies of muslim nations contain differences in structure and functioning. some nations ' economies depend upon mineral resources, such as the members of opec, while other nations ' depend upon agriculture. these differences are also reflected, to some extent, in their social structures, such as the widely varying degrees of rural and urban populations. developing complementary relationships and helping each other in their respective areas of expertise can turn these differences into a source of riches. all of this will be possible with the islamic union. joint ventures and project partnerships will be an important step in the right direction, for they will enable countries to benefit from one another ' s experiences and the income earned from investment projects will benefit all of the participating countries. such mutual financial support is compatible with islamic morality, for helping the needy and having a sense of social responsibility are important characteristics that muslims strive to acquire. many verses in the qur ’ an remind muslims to watch over the
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subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics
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benefit all of the participating countries. such mutual financial support is compatible with islamic morality, for helping the needy and having a sense of social responsibility are important characteristics that muslims strive to acquire. many verses in the qur ’ an remind muslims to watch over the needy. society ' s internal cohesion must be extended to international relations. as international cooperation within a partnership cannot be one - sided, employment and income levels will rise in both countries. for example, one country will produce oil and another one will process it, and agriculturally dependent countries will be able to import the food they need from agriculturally developed countries. a manpower - poor country ’ s need will be met by another islamic country, while rich countries will be able to invest in and help out a manpower - rich country that does not have enough jobs for its people. this will be to the benefit of both. sharing know - how and experience will increase prosperity, and all muslims will benefit from technological developments. joint ventures that realize the islamic world ' s unification of opportunities and means will enable muslims to produce hi - tech products. the islamic common market will enable muslim - made products to be marketed in other muslim countries without the hindrance of customs, quotas, and other cross - border obstacles. the marketplace will grow, the market share and exports of all muslim nations will rise, industrialization will speed up, and economic development will bring progress in technology. the living standards and wealth of muslim nations will increase, and their existing inequalities will disappear. some free trade agreements are already in place between countries in the gulf, the pacific rim, and north africa. trade agreements signed by turkey are already operational in the islamic world. bilateral cooperation exists in some regions ; however, their scope must be widened. such cooperation will safeguard the rights and interests of all muslim nations and lead to all of them becoming developed — a result from which all of them will derive a far greater benefit than if they do not cooperate with each other. all of these can be realized only under a central authority ' s leadership and coordination. achieving this will be possible if muslim nations adopt the qur ' an ' s values and the prophet ' s ( may god bless him and grant him peace ) sunnah, or, in other words, if they adopt islamic culture. the islamic union must lead the way to this cultural awakening, as well as the resulting political and economic cooperation. mutual cooperation among muslims, part of the islamic code, must be adhered to by all muslims, for god commands people to refrain from avarice
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subdomain_quantum_cryptography
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contemporary full brown calf. small paper spine label. boards triple ruled in blind. edges speckled red. boards and joints rubbed and bumped. head and tale of the spine chipped. some toning and browning throughout, but mainly to preliminary and final leaves. leaves a2 and a3 with some chipping along fore - edge, not affecting text. a bit of marginal worming, not affecting text. previous owner ' s old ink signature on title - page and some instances of marginalia and text corrections in the same hand. overall a very good copy. “ bacon ’ s major contribution to the development of science lies in his natural philosophy, his philosophy of scientific method, and in his projects for the practical organization of science. during the last years of his life, he expounded these ideas in a series of works, of which the twoo bookes was the first. the only work bacon ever published in english, it was later expanded and latinized into de augmentis scientiarum ( 1623 ). in the twoo bookes, bacon concerned himself primarily with the classification of philosophy and the sciences and with developing his influential view of the relation between science and theology. while preserving the traditional distinction between knowledge obtained by divine revelation and knowledge acquired through the senses, bacon saw both theoretical and applied science as religious duties, the first for a greater knowledge of god through his creation, and the second for the practice of charity to one ’ s fellows by improving their condition. this view of science as a religious function maintained its authority throughout the seventeenth and early eighteenth centuries, and was an important factor in the public success of the scientific movement ” ( norman library ). gibson 82. stc 1165. hbs # 65822 $ 850
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in the early 1900s, a dispute arose over who controlled greenland — norway or denmark. the case was submitted to the permanent court of international justice in 1933. the court ruled in denmark ’ s favor. after wwii, the united states developed a geopolitical interest in greenland. in 1946, they offered to buy the country from denmark for $ 100 million dollars. denmark refused to sell though. they did, however, allow the us to reopen thule air base in 1950. from 1951 and 1953, the base was greatly expanded as a part of a nato cold war defense strategy. it is still the us air forces ’ northernmost base, located inside the arctic circle. though xerxes did not found the achaemenid persian empire, he ruled it at its greatest size, and made it the global force that it was at the time. his failed invasion of greece has secured him a legendary place in not just asian, but also western culture. if once a man indulges himself in murder, very soon he comes to think little of robbing ; and from robbing he next comes to drinking and sabbath - breaking, and from that to incivility and procrastination. — thomas de quincey ( 1785 - 1859 ) tritones is a musical interval that spans three whole tones. this interval, the gap between two notes played in succession or simultaneously, was branded diabolus in musica or the devil ’ s interval by medieval musicians. one historian said, on the tritone : “ it apparently was the sound used to call up the beast. there is something very sexual about the tritone. in the middle ages when people were ignorant and scared, when they heard something like that and felt that reaction in their body they thought ‘ uh oh, here come the devil ’. ” the devil ’ s interval came back into vogue under wagner, of all people, who used it in his operas. since then, the tritone has been used for everything from acdc to the simpson ’ s theme song. the first light portrait and first human portrait every taken. from october or november, 1839. it is a self - portrait by robert cornelius. a caricature of europe right before wwi. for a full explanation of the imagery for each country, click on the image. around 300 bce, the maya began adopting a hierarchical system of government with rule by nobles and kings. this civilization developed into highly structured kingdoms during the classic period, around 200 - 900 ce. their society consisted of many independent states, each with a
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subdomain_quantum_optics
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business language learning from apec hrdwg wiki as part of international education week 2010, apec has expanded on several themes of the seminar on " language education : an essential for a global economy, " to provide a guide for students and instructors interested in the critical importance of business language for strengthening business relations in a global context. these themes include business in the 21st century ; cross cultural awareness for 21st century business ; language for 21st century business ; business language learning ; and business language policy. in business language instruction, we learn that different economies use different methodologies by which to teach and learn the subject of business. we find that conflict may arise when these differing methodologies come together in a single classroom. another application of advanced communications technologies may be found in the classroom, where traditional textbooks may be supplemented with electronic media such as video clips, as well as live information from internet newsfeeds, essentially making textbook materials come alive. students today may not learn history, geography, and science as it was taught a few years ago. they may actually view and experience events via the internet as if they were present during the moment in which they took place. video conferencing in the classroom may have other applications, such as providing students access to language teachers in foreign countries and to subject matter experts thousands of miles away, who can appear in the classroom and guest lecture as if they were actually there. these powerful new communications technologies have enhanced business language instruction in schools and universities, as evidenced from the scenario presented below. - technology provides web - based content to expand, complement, and supplement textbooks and teacher instruction. - online educational materials blend face - to - face learning with digital teaching and curricula. - technology such as virtual classroom fosters peer - to - peer and instructor - peer relationship building, collaboration, and social networking. - when designing lesson plans for international students, educators must consider how cultural values affect the way students respond to specific assignments. - technology contributes to a green environment by saving paper and reducing travel. in the fictional scenario below, teaching and learning methodologies from different economies clash as they are brought together into a single classroom, made possible only by advancements in telecommunications technologies. a prestigious university located in collectivist economy a invited a marketing professor from a renowned university in individualistic economy b teach a year - long course on the fundamentals of marketing to first - year business students. the professor had recently published a book on mcburger, the hamburger chain, and its success in economy a. the students in economy a viewed
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subdomain_quantum_gravity
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2025-12-19T07:35:32.793591
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economy b teach a year - long course on the fundamentals of marketing to first - year business students. the professor had recently published a book on mcburger, the hamburger chain, and its success in economy a. the students in economy a viewed his book as a premier marketing book in the field of international business. conducted virtually over internet video stream, the course was the first [ ed note : for which economy? using a mix of traditional and technology - mediated instruction is not that new. it may be a stretch to say it was the first time for such a mix. ] to integrate traditional methods of teaching with new technologies. the professor would present a traditional lecture from the university ' s video conferencing room in economy b and the students in economy a would view the lecture and participate in discussion as if the professor were in their classroom. students would submit all assignments and exams to the professor through a " digital drop box, " and the professor would return graded materials back to students via this medium. using advanced technology in the classroom allowed students to learn from a renowned professor while enrolling in a " green course, " one in which the professor did not need to travel to the economy and no paper would be used for assignments. to prepare for the course, the professor chose various marketing, advertising, and strategy cases from around the world. on the first day of class, he presented a case study on boca rola, and its advent into economy c. he gave the students 30 minutes to read the case study, and then encouraged the students to share their views about : ( 1 ) boca rola ’ s strategy to enter the market in economy c, ( 2 ) the barriers boca rola faced in entering the market, ( 3 ) perceptions of foreign products previously unavailable in a particular economy, and ( 4 ) consumers ' reaction to the new product. he found the students reluctant to share their individual views in the class. thus, he presented his own views from the perspective of an outsider to economy c, and shared his views about how boca rola ’ s business culture may be different than the culture of economy c in which it was operating. at the end of class, the professor gave the students a list of questions about the case study. he asked the students to form small groups of 3 - 4 students and discuss the answers to the questions. after they discussed the questions, he asked each team to submit a 5 - 6 page summary of the responses in three days. additionally, he assigned another case study for the students to read
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subdomain_quantum_field_theory
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2025-12-19T07:35:32.794689
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of 3 - 4 students and discuss the answers to the questions. after they discussed the questions, he asked each team to submit a 5 - 6 page summary of the responses in three days. additionally, he assigned another case study for the students to read – one that focused on a large multinational company ’ s entry into the beauty care segment in economy d for future discussion. when the professor reviewed the students ’ responses to the boca rola case study, he discovered that the 20 students had submitted 5 separate sets of case study responses, as required. however, each group provided the same responses to the same questions, with no variation. he knew that this could not be a blatant incidence of cheating. when the next class reconvened, he asked the students why they turned in identical sets of answers. the students looked surprised, believing that they had followed his instructions, but had perhaps misinterpreted them. finally, one student raised his hand and stated that the class had formed groups of 3 - 4 students, but that each group tackled one question, and then shared the answers with the other groups. the students believed that it was not time efficient to discuss each question. rather, they decided that each group would respond to just one question, and then share the response with the other groups, who would do the same. the professor smiled in exasperation, and, frustrated by his inability to engage the students in an open discussion, began discussing the beauty company ’ s entry into economy d. points to consider - how has technology enhanced international educational opportunities for both students and instructors? other than the examples cited, what other ways can technology facilitate international educational opportunities? - to what extent did the professor understand the students ’ motivation to learn, the context in which they learn, and their willingness to experiment and use different approaches to demonstrate what they can do and what they know? - why was the strategy of open classroom discussion widely popular in economy b and a widely used strategy to introduce opposing views, and to encourage critical thinking? - to what extent can strategies such as lesson study encourage students in economy a to demonstrate problem solving skills, critical thinking, and creativity? - what could the professor do to model how each group could engage in separate discussions to understand the various perceptions about boca rola ’ s strategy to enter the market in economy c? - individualistic cultures are those cultures in which the opinion of the individual is greatly sought after and deeply valued, even though it may differ from the views of the group. these cultures believe that it is
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subdomain_quantum_field_theory
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2025-12-19T07:35:32.796809
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s strategy to enter the market in economy c? - individualistic cultures are those cultures in which the opinion of the individual is greatly sought after and deeply valued, even though it may differ from the views of the group. these cultures believe that it is a variety of individual opinions that produce the best solutions to problems and that promote success, whether in social relationships or in the workplace. - collectivist cultures, on the other hand, value group consensus and harmony. these cultures believe that an environment conducive for business and personal success can only be created when members of the group align in sync with one another. members of groups will first debate the merits of a question among themselves, and then choose the opinion that they deem most valuable before presenting it to a higher authority. - the professor from economy b was used to receiving individual responses to his case discussion questions, responses that varied greatly from one another. although not all responses he received were correct, he enjoyed reading the individual opinions present in them before discussing the correct answers with the class during the following lecture. economy a students were, however, from a collectivist culture and valued sharing their responses with their group first before reaching a consensus on a particular answer choice. - the professor noticed that, although he had received only one response per question, it was more or less correct, although there was not a way for him to ascertain which of his students had provided the response, how the learning had occurred, and what the viewpoints of those who disagreed might be. - teaching tips for iew 2010 provided by tesol - teaching tips for iew 2009 submitted by teachers throughout the asia - pacific region - videos from the apec - relc international language seminar presentation " creating prosperity : using the internet to revolutionize language learning " - new paths of communication through : - technology providing access to content beyond books - video from the apec - relc international language seminar presentation " changes in our field : where are we going? " - e - language learning for students - a collection of online language learning resources from various apec members - related tips for teaching 21st century workplace skills more content from international education week 2010
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subdomain_quantum_field_theory
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2025-12-19T07:35:32.797690
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education and health outcomes for social minorities in india : an analysis using sur model abstractthe current study analyzes the health and education outcomes of fifteen year old children in india and investigates the question of inequality of such outcomes for socio - religious categories. to study the effect of health on education, sur estimation has been undertaken. the comparison of sur and ols results shows that sur estimates have smaller standard errors than the ols estimates. of the three categories analyzed in the data, sts have worst outcomes for both education and health and scs lag behind in the health field. the results have important implications for policy regarding education and health of the socio - religious minorities. download infoif you experience problems downloading a file, check if you have the proper application to view it first. in case of further problems read the ideas help page. note that these files are not on the ideas site. please be patient as the files may be large. bibliographic infopaper provided by agricultural and applied economics association in its series 2012 annual meeting, august 12 - 14, 2012, seattle, washington with number 124840. date of creation : 2012 date of revision : contact details of provider : postal : 555 east wells street, suite 1100, milwaukee, wisconsin 53202 phone : ( 414 ) 918 - 3190 fax : ( 414 ) 276 - 3349 web page : http : / / www. aaea. org more information through edirc health economics and policy ; this paper has been announced in the following nep reports : please report citation or reference errors to, or, if you are the registered author of the cited work, log in to your repec author service profile, click on " citations " and make appropriate adjustments. : - sonalde desai & veena kulkarni, 2008. " changing educational inequalities in india in the context of affirmative action, " demography, springer, vol. 45 ( 2 ), pages 245 - 270, may. - vani borooah & sriya iyer, 2005. " vidya, veda, and varna : the influence of religion and caste on education in rural india, " the journal of development studies, taylor and francis journals, vol. 41 ( 8 ), pages 1369 - 1404. - vani k. borooah & sriya iyer, 2002. " vidya, veda, and varna : the influence of religion and caste on education in rural india, " icer
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subdomain_quantum_field_theory
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pages 1369 - 1404. - vani k. borooah & sriya iyer, 2002. " vidya, veda, and varna : the influence of religion and caste on education in rural india, " icer working papers 32 - 2002, icer - international centre for economic research. - behrman, jere r, 1996. " the impact of health and nutrition on education, " world bank research observer, world bank group, vol. 11 ( 1 ), pages 23 - 37, february. - dreze, jean & kingdon, geeta gandhi, 2001. " school participation in rural india, " review of development economics, wiley blackwell, vol. 5 ( 1 ), pages 1 - 24, february. - jean dreze & geeta gandhi kingdon, 1999. " school participation in rural india, " sticerd - development economics papers - from 2008 this series has been superseded by economic organisation and public policy discussion papers 18, suntory and toyota international centres for economics and related disciplines, lse. - jean dreze & geeta gandhi kingdon, 1999. " school participation in rural india, " working papers 69, centre for development economics, delhi school of economics. - ashwini deshpande, 2000. " recasting economic inequality, " review of social economy, taylor and francis journals, vol. 58 ( 3 ), pages 381 - 399. - case, anne & fertig, angela & paxson, christina, 2005. " the lasting impact of childhood health and circumstance, " journal of health economics, elsevier, vol. 24 ( 2 ), pages 365 - 389, march. for technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact : ( agecon search ). if you have authored this item and are not yet registered with repec, we encourage you to do it here. this allows to link your profile to this item. it also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about. if references are entirely missing, you can add them using this form. if the full references list an item that is present in repec, but the system did not link to it, you can help with this form. if you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. if
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2025-12-19T07:35:32.805377
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this is an old lecture by linguist and political activist noam chomsky ( professor at mit ) given at uc berkeley in 2003. for that evening in the charles m. and martha hitchcock lecture series, chomsky examined biolinguistics - the study of relations between physiology and speech. a second video of chomsky is featured below, which is the second half of this talk. fair warning - this is not easy material - chomsky is speaking to people who are well - versed in this field. chomsky has been one the most influential scholars over the last three or four decades - between 1980 and 1992, he was cited as a source more than any other living scholar, and ranked eighth overall. as background for this lecture, wikipedia offers a good summary of his influence in linguistics ( below the video ). chomskyan linguisticschomskyan linguistics, beginning with his syntactic structures, a distillation of his logical structure of linguistic theory ( 1955, 75 ), challenges structural linguistics and introduces transformational grammar. this approach takes utterances ( sequences of words ) to have a syntax characterized by a formal grammar ; in particular, a context - free grammar extended with transformational rules. perhaps his most influential and time - tested contribution to the field, is the claim that modeling knowledge of language using a formal grammar accounts for the " productivity " or " creativity " of language. in other words, a formal grammar of a language can explain the ability of a hearer - speaker to produce and interpret an infinite number of utterances, including novel ones, with a limited set of grammatical rules and a finite set of terms. he has always acknowledged his debt to panini for his modern notion of an explicit generative grammar although it is also related to rationalist ideas of a priori knowledge. it is a popular misconception that chomsky proved that language is entirely innate and discovered a " universal grammar " ( ug ). in fact, chomsky simply observed that while a human baby and a kitten are both capable of inductive reasoning, if they are exposed to exactly the same linguistic data, the human child will always acquire the ability to understand and produce language, while the kitten will never acquire either ability. chomsky labeled whatever the relevant capacity the human has which the cat lacks the " language acquisition device " ( lad ) and suggested that one of the tasks for linguistics should be to figure out what the lad is and what constraints it puts on the range of possible human languages. the
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subdomain_quantum_gravity
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HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu
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<urn:uuid:249ad1f9-cb8f-42dd-b955-c4814c5a2452>
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2025-12-19T07:35:32.844828
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relevant capacity the human has which the cat lacks the " language acquisition device " ( lad ) and suggested that one of the tasks for linguistics should be to figure out what the lad is and what constraints it puts on the range of possible human languages. the universal features that would result from these constraints are often termed " universal grammar " or ug. the principles and parameters approach ( p & p ) — developed in his pisa 1979 lectures, later published as lectures on government and binding ( lgb ) — makes strong claims regarding universal grammar : that the grammatical principles underlying languages are innate and fixed, and the differences among the world ' s languages can be characterized in terms of parameter settings in the brain ( such as the pro - drop parameter, which indicates whether an explicit subject is always required, as in english, or can be optionally dropped, as in spanish ), which are often likened to switches. ( hence the term principles and parameters, often given to this approach. ) in this view, a child learning a language need only acquire the necessary lexical items ( words, grammatical morphemes, and idioms ), and determine the appropriate parameter settings, which can be done based on a few key examples. proponents of this view argue that the pace at which children learn languages is inexplicably rapid, unless children have an innate ability to learn languages. the similar steps followed by children all across the world when learning languages, and the fact that children make certain characteristic errors as they learn their first language, whereas other seemingly logical kinds of errors never occur ( and, according to chomsky, should be attested if a purely general, rather than language - specific, learning mechanism were being employed ), are also pointed to as motivation for innateness. more recently, in his minimalist program ( 1995 ), while retaining the core concept of " principles and parameters, " chomsky attempts a major overhaul of the linguistic machinery involved in the lgb model, stripping from it all but the barest necessary elements, while advocating a general approach to the architecture of the human language faculty that emphasizes principles of economy and optimal design, reverting to a derivational approach to generation, in contrast with the largely representational approach of classic p & p. chomsky ' s ideas have had a strong influence on researchers of the language acquisition in children, though many researchers in this area such as elizabeth bates and michael tomasello argue very strongly against chomsky ' s theories, and instead advocate emergentist or connectionist theories, explaining language
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subdomain_quantum_gravity
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2025-12-19T07:35:32.847603
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chinese researchers have turned to the light absorbing properties of butterfly wings to significantly increase the efficiency of solar hydrogen cells, using biomimetics to copy the nanostructure that allows for incredible light and heat absorption. butterflies are known to use heat from the sun to warm themselves beyond what their bodies can provide, and this new research takes a page from their evolution to improve hydrogen fuel generation. analyzing the wings of papilio helenus, the researchers found scales that are described as having : [... ] ridges running the length of the scale with very small holes on either side that opened up onto an underlying layer. the steep walls of the ridges help funnel light into the holes. the walls absorb longer wavelengths of light while allowing shorter wavelengths to reach a membrane below the scales. using the images of the scales, the researchers created computer models to confirm this filtering effect. the nano - hole arrays change from wave guides for short wavelengths to barriers and absorbers for longer wavelengths, which act just like a high - pass filtering layer. so, what does this have to do with fuel cells? splitting water into hydrogen and oxygen takes energy, and is a drain on the amount you can get out of a cell. to split the water, the process uses a catalyst, and certain catalysts — say, titanium dioxide — function by exposure to light. the researchers synthesized a titanium dioxide catalyst using the pattern from the butterfly ' s wings, and paired it with platinum nanoparticles to make it more efficient at splitting water. the result? a 230 % uptick in the amount of hydrogen produced. the structure of the butterfly ' s wing means that it ' s better at absorbing light — so who knows, you might also see the same technique on solar panels, too.
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subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics
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HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu
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2025-12-19T07:35:32.849873
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of withholding end - of - life medical interventions. once a person is terminal, as determined by a physician who understands the disease process, a caregiver may decide to engage hospice services. the physician must be willing to certify that a person will die within six months. if the person does not die within six months, they are not disqualified from the program. hospice services are usually provided by a local home health agency. hospice services can be provided in the home, assisted living facility as well as a skilled nursing facility. when a family signs up for hospice benefits they agree to forgo extreme invasive procedures and agree to support procedures that alleviate pain for the person with dementia. this is known as " palliative care " or comfort measures. at the final stage of death, water and food are withheld as the individual no longer desires this. this is a part of the natural process of dying. families can anticipate the final stages of death by the various physical stages a person may be going through. barbara karne, a hospice r. n. developed a very comprehensive booklet entitled " gone from my sight : the dying experience " which delineates the various physical stages of death and dying. to obtain a booklet, contact her at the following address : barbara karnes, r. n., p. o. box 335, stillwell, kansas, 60085, 1995. in karnes ' booklet she describes what occurs, one - three months prior to death, one to two weeks before death, days or hours before death, and then the final minutes. this information has been extremely helpful to families and can be summarized as follows : one to three months prior to death · withdrawal from world and people · decreased food intake · increased sleep · going inside self · less communication one to two weeks prior to death · talking with unseen · picking at clothes · physical changes o decreased blood pressure o pulse increase or decrease o color changes ; pale, bluish o increased perspiration o respiration irregularities o sleeping but responding o complaints of body tired and heavy o not eating, taking little fluids o body temperature hot / cold days or hours · intensification of 1 - 2 week signs · surge of energy · decrease in blood pressure · eyes glassy, tearing, half open · irregular breathing, stop / start · restlessness or no activity · purplish knees, feet, hands, blotchy · pulse weak and hard to fine · decreased urine output · may wet or stool the bed · fish out of water
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subdomain_quantum_mechanics
| 0.522335
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HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu
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2025-12-19T07:35:32.868724
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open · irregular breathing, stop / start · restlessness or no activity · purplish knees, feet, hands, blotchy · pulse weak and hard to fine · decreased urine output · may wet or stool the bed · fish out of water breathing · cannot be awakened it is important that individuals be aware of their wishes and that the wishes be formally documented in a legal document that is known as an " advance directive ". each state has different instruments for these directives and the caregiver should contact the local medical facility to determine the appropriate document to be used. the advance directive delineates one ' s wishes regarding medical treatment and appoints a surrogate decision - maker on a person ' s behalf. of course, the important aspect of the advance directive is to discuss end - of - life care before one becomes diagnosed with dementia or has an another debilitating illness. pp. 309 - 311. beckerman, anita g. and tappen, ruth. m. 2000. it takes more than love. health professions press : baltimore, md. 1. review the video clip on death and dying narrated by dixie merrill. dixie merrill is a caregiver who is also taking care of three sets of parents - - in laws, step parents, as well as parents. dixie has been part of a support group and has indicated how information learned in the group has helped her cope with the death and dying. note how she describes the process of death and dying as peaceful and calming. she indicates talking about death and dying has made it less fearful and she also emphasizes the importance of advance directives. 2. consider the following questions for reflection when watching the video : · what strategies helped the merrill family cope with their mother ' s death and dying process? · how can " advance directives " help individuals cope with the dying process? link back to index. html
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subdomain_quantum_mechanics
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HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu
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<urn:uuid:59068a6d-549f-44f0-aa53-e03d6ed54922>
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2025-12-19T07:35:32.869580
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friday, 11 december 2009 mental ray _ adding glow to the window glass the above image was produced whilst at gmj design ltd in our latest book, we have covered a number of ways of emulating light without the need of creating a physical light. production companies often adopt similar methods to reduce the rendering times and retain the overall quality. it is worth pointing out that the usage of ambient occlusion ( i. e. ao ) as a separate pass or / and directly from max is utterly imperative for the final shot. the following exercise will take you through another unique methodology of achieving similar results with reduced rendering times : another quick way of emulating “ glow ” / " light " on windows, is to in fact enable the glow function on the glass panes themselves. to do this, simply go to the main material parameters, under the " refraction " group. 1 - reduce the transparency to about 0. 9 to prevent the surface from being fully transparent. 2 - to add a bit of blur to the transparency, decrease the glossiness to about 0. 78. note that, these values may vary depending on one ’ s camera angle... and the level of transparency / blurriness intended. 3 - next, change the colour swatch from white to a warm yellow. also, the " fast ( interpolate ) " function, can be enabled for quick and fast results, as the glossiness and its samples can often slow down the renders. however, it may create artifacts. 4 - pan down to the " self illumination ( glow ) " parameters and enable the " self illumination ( glow ) " function. 5 - under the " luminance " group, change it from " unitless " to " physical units : cd / m2 ) ". also, pick and choose any relevant bitmap ( i. e. photo ) that has a prominent light source. note : the " unitless " function often creates artifacts on glossy reflections, therefore, to be avoided at all costs. depending on time in hand, one can set the glow to generate light, or not, through the fg, by checking the " illuminates the scene ( when using fg ) " function.... and... “... let there be light... ”!!! the final rendered image below was achieved using this technique. i hope you like it. i hope you have found this post interesting. also check this new article in this blog : 3d realism : practical & easy
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subdomain_quantum_optics
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HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu
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<urn:uuid:7989e71c-c55d-4ab4-b972-24001740790f>
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2025-12-19T07:35:32.872016
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