in two chemically equivalent forms. half are right - handed, and half are left - handed — mirror images of each other. however, amino acids in life, including plants, animals, bacteria, molds, and even viruses, are essentially all left - handed. no known natural process can isolate either the left - handed or right - handed variety. the mathematical probability that chance processes could produce merely one tiny protein molecule with only left - handed amino acids is virtually zero. 7 the point here is that a conscious selection is taking place. therefore, a conscious will possessed of reason and information must be doing the " selecting. " it ' s plain to see that this selection is performed by allah, who creates all living things within a given order, right down to their sub - atomic building blocks, and who possesses a superior intellect, consciousness, knowledge and might. as allah informs us in the qur ' an : he directs the whole affair from heaven to earth... ( surat as - sajda : 5 ) fulfilling all the conditions described so far is still not sufficient for the formation of proteins. for every protein, a particular amino acid sequence is required. amino acids combine together like the links in a chain. as soon as they do, they assume a different shape and enable the protein to assume a three - dimensional form. as you shall see in detail later on, in order for proteins to fulfill their responsibilities, they must have a three - dimensional shape. but for this to be so, not a single amino acid can be deficient in any way or exchange its place in the sequence with a different amino acid. the absence or impairment of a single component will ruin the harmony of the whole and make the protein ' s structure inoperable. similarly, changing a single letter in a word can change that word ' s meaning or make it totally meaningless. for example, the word " grand " written with a t instead of d will produce the word " grant, " which has a completely different meaning. if the letter a is omitted from " grand, " then the meaningless " grnd " results. the same applies to proteins. a single amino acid changing its position will impair the protein " meaning " and make it unable to function. in fact, the protein thus altered will become an entirely different molecule, because every amino acid endows the protein with a particular property, just as a change of letter adds a different significance to a word. with its shape, electrical charge, and manner of entering into chemical reactions, every amino


become an entirely different molecule, because every amino acid endows the protein with a particular property, just as a change of letter adds a different significance to a word. with its shape, electrical charge, and manner of entering into chemical reactions, every amino acid resembles a different letter. i. main chain, ii. lateral chain an amino acid chain shown with aside chain. if any of the amino acids in this chain changes place or is removed, the protein will cease to function. therefore, the sequence here has formed not as a result of chance, but by creation. mediterranean anemia, a genetic form of cancer, is an example of the kind of damage caused by the faulty or deficient writing of an amino acid. it is known that erythrocytes in the blood carry oxygen to all the cells in our bodies. the oxygen molecules are transported by the protein called hemoglobin, which is found in erythrocytes and consists of some 600 amino acids. a difference in just one amino acid in the structure of hemoglobin — if the amino acid known as glutamic acid is replaced by one called valine — gives rise to mediterranean anemia. this one incorrect amino acid makes the hemoglobin protein unable to carry oxygen. when a mistake occurs in just one amino acid out of 600, a fatal disease results. but according to the theory of evolution, all these amino acids came together and arranged themselves by chance. as a result, various types of proteins emerged with thousands of beneficial and superior features and functions. moreover, every one of these proteins " happens " to fulfill its duties accurately, without being redundant, and in coordination with all the others. it is clearly impossible for coincidences to establish any system that works with such immaculate order and displays such magnificent planning and programming. coincidences can only give rise to disorder, confusion and chaos. they can never produce machines, products of advanced technology and a superior genius. clearly, the fact that varieties of amino acid must be set out in a specific number and in a specific order in order to form useful proteins makes the darwinist claim completely untenable. this order belongs to allah alone, who created the atoms and molecules together with all the living things on earth. the spesial bonds that join amino acids together the various chemical bonds that join atoms and molecules are classified as ionic, covalent and weak. covalent bonds hold together the atoms in amino acids, the building blocks of proteins. weak bonds keep the amino acid chain in the three - dimensional form


together the various chemical bonds that join atoms and molecules are classified as ionic, covalent and weak. covalent bonds hold together the atoms in amino acids, the building blocks of proteins. weak bonds keep the amino acid chain in the three - dimensional form it has assumed through folding. were it not for weak bonds, the proteins formed by the combination of amino acids could not assume their three - dimensional functional forms. in the absence of proteins, life would not bepossible. interestingly, the temperature range that both covalent and weak bonds re quire is exactly that is found on earth. yet the structures and features of weak and covalent bonds are entirely different from each other. there is no natural rea son why they should both need the same temperature level. nonetheless, both chemical bonds can be established only in the temperature range prevailing on earth. if covalent bonds and weak functioned at different temperature ranges, then the formation of the proteins would again be impossible, because protein formation depends on these two chemical bonds being established simultaneously. if the temperature range for covalent bonds were not also appropriate for weak bonds, then proteins would not assume its final three - dimensional forms and would remain a meaningless, in effective chains. in the same way, if covalent bonds could not be formed at the same temperature as weak bonds, the amino acids could not combine and no protein chain could form. i. hydrogen bond, ii. ionic bond, iii. hydrophobic attachment, iv. covalent bond another precondition must be met for proteins to form : in addition to their correct amino acids being in the proper sequence, they must be correctly bound to one another. this bond between amino acids is literally like a bridge. for each individual protein, the angles at which amino acids will be bound to one another on this bridge, their directions, and the variety and number of atoms within them have all been specially calculated. for example, if two amino acids are joined at an angle different than what it should be, this will prevent the completion of the bridge, and thus prevent the formation of the protein — resulting in an entirely different and useless molecule. these special bridges between amino acids are known as peptide bonds. scientists studying the biochemistry knew that almost all the atoms in the molecules in the structure of living things were connected by what ' s known as a covalent bond. however, researches revealed that amino acids combining to form proteins established a special bond previously undescribed. this is an unchanging rule for all proteins. in 1902, hofm


[ from nightlight 5 ( 3 ), fall 1993, copyright, the lucidity institute. ] lucidity research, past and future by stephen laberge, ph. d there is a state of consciousness in which any human being could experience anything imaginable. each of us holds within us infinite possibilities. how many of us ever have the opportunity to taste even a hint of them? if we speak of our fantasies of wider vistas of life, we talk of our " dreams. " in our dreams, we are free. a man in a dungeon can dream he is a king in a castle, and while he dreams, it is so. people have long viewed dreams as blessings or curses beyond our control. however, according to tibetan buddhists, who for a thousand years have been practicing a form of dream yoga, similar to what in the west is called lucid dreaming, it is possible to gain complete mastery over dreaming. recent scientific research at stanford university has begun to provide objective evidence for that claim. as is well known to nightlight readers, lucid dreaming means dreaming while knowing that you are dreaming. everyone has, in theory, the capacity to learn to dream lucidly, because everyone dreams every night. whenever we dream, we find ourselves in complete worlds, as richly detailed, moving and impressive as the world of waking life. this ability to create worlds is the natural endowment of the human mind. in dreams, this wondrous talent is fully demonstrated. the worlds we create in our minds are so convincingly real we cannot easily tell them from the " real " world of waking. lucid dreamers develop a frame of mind that allows them to recognize when they are dreaming. from that point, they are free to do as they choose. this freedom, hard to imagine in our highly constrained waking reality, is astonishing, exhilarating, and inspiring. the laws of physics and society are repealed. the limits are only those of the dreamer ' s imagination. who would not want such a genie at their command? today, lucid dreaming is a reality, currently being enjoyed and explored by thousands of people. however, for it to achieve its potential of expanding the horizons of all humanity, research advances are necessary. current training in lucid dreaming takes more time and effort than most people are able to commit. technology exists to assist people in attaining the state, but although it can greatly enhance a person ' s chances of having a lucid dream, cannot yet guarantee it. research into the factors of brain


the applications of lucid dreaming in health improvement. induction of lucid dreams although we have shown that lucid dreaming is a learnable skill ( 8 ), currently available methods, involving mental concentration, require considerable investment of time and effort. therefore, we have sought methods for helping dreamers to realize that they are dreaming by means of external cues applied during rem sleep that become incorporated into dreams and remind dreamers that they are dreaming. we have tested a variety of stimuli, including tape recordings of the phrase " this is a dream " ( 9 ), conditioned tactile stimuli ( 10 ), and light ( 11 ). light appears to be an excellent stimulus. we have developed computerized lucid dreaming induction devices ( the dreamlight, dreamlink, and most recently, the novadreamer ) that have produced highly promising results. by further developing and perfecting these and new devices and techniques, we hope to make lucid dreaming widely available. lucidity cue type and mental preparation : preliminary studies on the dreamlight device have been promising : 55 % of 44 subjects had at least one lucid dream during one study ( 11 ). unpublished research indicates that combinations of the light cue with mental exercises specifically designed to increase one ' s awareness of the nature of dreaming tend to be more effective than using the cue alone. at this point we do not know what rate of flashing will be most effective. therefore we plan to compare four different flash rates ( 1, 2, 4, and 8 flashes per sec ) and three different kinds of mental preparation ( mild, discrimination training to recognize the light stimulus, and post - hypnotic suggestion ) in a group of 40 subjects. we also are planning testing cues in other sensory modalities such as sound and vibration. physiological correlates of dream content and incorporation of stimuli : four channels of eeg and four channels of autonomic physiology is being collected from each of 12 to 24 subjects as they are stimulated with flashes of light during rem sleep. reports of incorporation of light as well as other dream content will then be correlated with the eeg and other physiological measures. sometimes the subjects will see the light flash in their dreams, but sometimes they will not. using a computer, we will analyze the eeg and autonomic physiology immediately prior to the time that the stimulus is triggered, looking for differences between the cases when the light is incorporated, and when it is not. by showing us which are the optimal times for applying cues to the dreamer, this research should teach us how to more


well, in the first place, i ' ve never been able to see more than two or three generations ahead without seeing something that looked like a fairly impenetrable barrier. with any materials made of atoms there is a fundamental limit where you can ' t go any smaller, and before that there ' ll be some kind of a limitation. to me, that ' ll really change the slope again. i changed it once from doubling every year to doubling every two years, and maybe we ' ll slow down to doubling every three to four years. after that they ' ll really make bigger chips. so there is a way out. at that time, we ' ll be putting several billion transistors on the integrated circuit. is there anything coming down the pike that could replace silicon? moore : some of these other things, quantum dots and nanotechnology and that kind of thing - - i will admit to being a skeptic around those things replacing mainstream digital silicon. you can clearly make a tiny little transistor by these techniques with potentially great high frequency, but can you connect a billion of them together? that ' s really the problem ; it ' s not making a small transistor. i view the technology that has developed around integrated circuits to be a fundamental way of building complex microstructures. rather than being replaced, it ' s actually infiltrating a lot of other fields. you have mems and gene chips. some of these microfluidic devices are little chemistry laboratories on a chip. ( silicon ) is a very powerful technology that ' s going to be broadly used, and i don ' t see anything coming along like this and getting a reasonable chance to replace it. that doesn ' t mean that a lot of the things being done won ' t be incorporated. i could imagine incorporating carbon nanotubes to the various metal layers, something like that, but i don ' t feel this is an alternative ( to silicon transistors ). in digital electronics, we ' ve got an accumulative couple of hundred billion ( dollars ) invested in r & d. how many times did people predict the end of moore ' s law, and how many times were you actually concerned it was going to happen? moore : it seems to me in the last 10 years i read a lot of articles that did. there was a time when i believed one micron was probably going to be the limit. we went through that so fast it wasn ' t a barrier at all. then i thought


a matter of relativity? copyright 2006 / 2007 james a. tabb part 5 : entangled particles selecting which atom we use with careful attention to its excitation states can create entangled particles. some atoms emit two photons at a time or very closely together, one in one direction, the other in the opposite direction. these photons also have a property that one spins or is polarized in one direction and the other always spins or is polarized at right angles to the first. they come in pairs such that if we conduct an experiment on one to determine its orientation, the other ’ s orientation becomes known at once. they are “ entangled ”. figure 10 – entangled particles all of this was involved in a famous dispute between einstein and bohr where einstein devised a series of thought experiments to prove quantum measurement theory defective and bohr devised answers. the weirdness, if you want to call it that, is the premise that the act of measurement of one actually defines both of them and so one might be thousands of miles away when you measure the first and the other instantly is converted, regardless of the distance between them, to the complement of the first. action - at - a - distance that occurs faster than the speed of light? some would argue ( me for instance ) that this is more of a hat trick, not unlike where a machine randomly puts a quarter under one hat or the other, and always a nickel under a second one. you don ’ t know in advance which contains which. does the discovery that one hat has a quarter actually change the other into a nickel or was it always that way? some would say that since it is impossible to know what is under each hat, the discovery of the quarter was determined by the act of measuring ( lifting the hat ) and the other coin only became a nickel at that instant. suppose one hat is in chicago and the other in paris. is this action at a distance? it is easy to say that the measurement of the first particle only uncovers the true nature of the first particle and the deduction of the nature of the second particle is not a case of weirdness at all. they were that way at the start. however, this is a hotly debated subject and many consider this a real effect and a real problem. that is, they consider the particles ( which are called einstein ‑ ‑ podolsky ‑ rosen ( epr ) pairs ) to have a happy - go - lucky existence in which the properties are undetermined until measured. measure the


real problem. that is, they consider the particles ( which are called einstein ‑ ‑ podolsky ‑ rosen ( epr ) pairs ) to have a happy - go - lucky existence in which the properties are undetermined until measured. measure the polarization of one – and the second instantly takes the other polarization. a useful feature of entangled particles is the notion that you could encrypt data using these particles such that if anyone attempted to intercept and read them somewhere in their path, the act of reading would destroy the message. so there you have it – weird behavior at a distance, maybe across the universe. or is it a matter of relativity? i wish to suggest this : entangled particles are entangled at the time of emission and, from the relativistic perspective, they are still attached together at the point of emission until the time that one or the other is disturbed or destroyed, however far that is. both ends of their flights are stapled together from the moment of their creation by relativistic space distortion. they both live in a go - splat world where time stands still and everything in their path is zero distance away and zero time lapse away due to the relativistic foreshortening of paths and time distortions to zero. in their time and distance collapsed world, if you can wiggle one, the other knows about it because they are both still stuck against their common emission point at one end until destroyed at the other. there can be “ real world ” time elapsed during flight ( from our perspective ) but the photon is running on null time – relativistic zero time and both are still attached to a common point with both ends separated by zero distance and zero time, even if we measure it at tens of meters and dozens of nanoseconds. in summary – not so weird after all photons and other particles that travel at c have paths that are effectively zero length and time spans that are of zero duration. this applies to the path length and lifetime of the particle due to relativistic space time warping at c. no matter how we measure the time and distance a particle travels in a real - world time frame, the particle has a simultaneous, instantaneous path and duration due to the warping of the space and time at c. we measure the particle in flight at about a nanosecond a foot. no matter. the photon gets there instantaneously – no time elapses for the photon – no ageing


the warping of the space and time at c. we measure the particle in flight at about a nanosecond a foot. no matter. the photon gets there instantaneously – no time elapses for the photon – no ageing takes place. that means no matter how many mirrors or detectors we flip into or out of a path during our calculated flight time, the photon, traveling at c, transverses the entire path in zero time over zero distance. our perspectives are that different. mirrors or detectors that are in the path at the time it reaches a certain point by our measurement, were experienced by the particle at the instant it was emitted. so it knows about it “ in advance ” due to the space time warp factor. it does transverse the experiment, but cannot be fooled as it knows the entire path the instant it is created. suppose a distant exploding star emits a photon that arrives at our telescope 4 billion years later ( by our normal world calculation ). the photon may pass around lensing galaxies on both sides at once because the entire path, including the incredible width of the galaxies, is of virtually zero width and zero depth to the photon which is traveling at c. the detector ’ s position, forward of a focal point or behind it, is also experienced by the photon during that same zero path, zero lifetime defining moment of creation, life, and death. all due to the incredible time and distance warp at c. so we think it is weird that the change in our detector, at or behind the focal point seems to affect the chosen path of the photon around the distant lensing galaxy. not to the photon. it knew all along, since “ all along ” was an instantaneous null time and null distance, warped together. photons moving through a double slit experiment have all the elements in its path effectively ( although not actually ) plastered to its nose and all the elements have zero width and zero depth to the photon during its lifetime. from our perspective, we consider it moving through the experiment, encountering edges, slits, possibly mirrors or detectors. whatever we throw in its path, the photon experiences it as if it were there from the moment of its creation because that is the only moment it has. all because it lives in a relativistic go - splat world. photons moving through crystals and reversed crystals see all the paths simultaneously and its entire flight path as one event – all happening simultaneously. all open paths are valid because they are essentially congruent, allowing the photons to retain


in the earth ' s crust, in every million atoms, around 82 000 of them are aluminum, ( 82 000 ppm1 ), by weight. this is around 8 % or almost one in every 12 atoms. this places aluminum amongst the world ' s most abundant elements, behind only oxygen and silicon. this high level of abundance is not replicated for aluminum in the oceans where it is only 0. 01 ppm. despite being present of earth in such incredibly vast quantities on earth, the metal never occurs on it ' s own in nature. instead of existing free like gold and silver, due to its higher level of reactivity, it is always chemically bonded in compounds when it normally occurs. the most common of these compounds is bauxite, or aluminum ore which contains large quantities of aluminum oxide. typically this is a combination of aluminum and oxygen in the formula al2 o. there are also the impurities fe2, amongst others, present in bauxite, which have to be removed in the bayer process in the production of pure aluminum. bauxite reserves are spread across the world. large deposits include : australia, brazil, guinea and jamaica. around 85 % of all bauxite mined from the earth is used to produce aluminum metal, which goes on to be used for a huge variety of uses. the remaining 15 % goes towards chemical and refractory materials, along with making aluminum compounds. large bauxite quantities aluminum has become an essential metal in our everyday lifestyles and luckily the known reserves of bauxite are thought to be plentiful enough to maintain supplies of aluminum for some centuries to come. a publication by the international institute for environment and development2, states that in the year 1999 there were around 25 billion metric tonnes3 of bauxite ore, that is just about enough for everyone on the planet to have 4000 kg of bauxite each, which means approximately 500 kg of aluminum. they estimate that if the amount of production does not increase, that the supplies could last over 200 years. with this amount of reserves it may seem that recycling aluminum is not only unnecessary, but also pointless. this however is not the case. creating new aluminum from old metal requires just 5 % of the energy needed to create the aluminum in the first place. it also releases just 5 % of the green house emissions. when one kilogram of aluminum is recycled 8 kg of bauxite, 4 kg of chemical products and 14 kilowatt - hours of electricity are saved. recycled aluminum can be recycled again


science fair project encyclopedia in computer science, imperative programming, as opposed to declarative programming, is a programming paradigm that describes computation in terms of a program state and statements that change the program state. in much the same way as the imperative mood in natural languages expresses commands to take action, imperative programs are a sequence of commands for the computer to perform. the hardware implementation of almost all computers is imperative ; nearly all computer hardware is designed to execute machine code, which is native to the computer, written in the imperative style. from this low - level perspective, the program state is defined by the contents of memory, and the statements are instructions in the native machine language of the computer. higher - level imperative languages use variables and more complex statements, but still follow the same paradigm. recipes and process checklists, while not computer programs, are also familiar concepts that are similar in style to imperative programming ; each step is an instruction, and the physical world holds the state. since the basic ideas of imperative programming are both conceptually familiar and directly embodied in the hardware, most computer languages are in the imperative style. assignment statements, in general, perform an operation on information located in memory and store the results in memory for later use. high - level imperative languages, in addition, permit the evaluation of complex expressions, which may consist of a combination of arithmetic operations and function evaluations, and the assignment of the resulting value to memory. looping statements allow a sequence of statements to be executed multiple times. loops can either execute the statements they contain a predefined number of times, or they can execute them repeatedly until some condition changes. conditional branching statements allow a block of statements to be executed only if some condition is met. otherwise, the statements are skipped and the execution sequence continues from the statement following the block. unconditional branching statements allow the execution sequence to be transferred to some other part of the program. these include the jump, called " goto " in many languages, and the subprogram, or procedure, call. the earliest imperative languages were the machine languages of the original computers. in these languages, instructions were very simple, which made hardware implementation easier, but hindered the creation of complex programs. fortran, developed by john backus at ibm starting in 1954, was the first major programming language to remove the obstacles presented by machine code in the creation of complex programs. fortran was a compiled language that allowed named variables, complex expressions, subprograms, and many other features now common in imperative languages. the next


einstein couldn ' t wrap his mind around quantum physics, why should we try? because there are explantations that make sense out of a nonsensical world ; because there are perspectives that clarify mysteries ; because it is fun! but that trick won ' t work with a normal flashlight. you need a laser pointer split by a prism! : ) a flashlight won ' t work because the light isn ' t coherent. a laser pointer will work. here ' s what you do : i should mention, i did this very experiment in college physics lab, something over 40 years ago. kindly note : doing the same thing with electrons is considerably harder! perhaps it could be done with a scanning electron microscope. i ' d consider trying if i weren ' t retired. no, but as loren said, it still can be done at home! as a bonus, your cat will love the laser pointer! i know mine do! : d i wasn ' t able to open this link, but copied and pasted the title and came up with this most interesting film. morgan freeman walks us through an experiment by yves couder and i get a shiver running up and down my spine. particle and wave co - exist! cool! indeed! my 9 - year - old son is... well, he ' s my son, he ' s a geek. in my travels through his science education i ' ve found a few absolutely brilliant gems the first book i got for my daughter - i think of it as " a brief history of time " for kids : http : / / www. amazon. co. uk / time - universe - whats - big - idea / dp / 0340655909 - i cannot rave enough about this book ( that ' s my 2002 review... i ' m still keen on it! ) that book helps to set the stage for this one : http : / / www. amazon. com / this - strange - quantum - world - you / dp / 1577330358 stephen and lucy hawking have a series out - we only have one of them, but it ' s not bad : http : / / www. amazon. com / georges - secret - universe - stephen - hawking / dp / 14... now - time for the big keyboard confessional. i learned how to explain these mind - blowing concepts so much easier ( because i understood them more ) after these kids books... just sayin '... very cool!


variationarticle free pass variation, in biology, any difference between cells, individual organisms, or groups of organisms of any species caused either by genetic differences ( genotypic variation ) or by the effect of environmental factors on the expression of the genetic potentials ( phenotypic variation ). variation may be shown in physical appearance, metabolism, fertility, mode of reproduction, behaviour, learning and mental ability, and other obvious or measurable characters. genotypic variations are caused by differences in number or structure of chromosomes or by differences in the genes carried by the chromosomes. eye colour, body form, and disease resistance are genotypic variations. individuals with multiple sets of chromosomes are called polyploid ; many common plants have two or more times the normal number of chromosomes, and new species may arise by this type of variation. a variation cannot be identified as genotypic by observation of the organism ; breeding experiments must be performed under controlled environmental conditions to determine whether or not the alteration is inheritable. environmentally caused variations may result from one factor or the combined effects of several factors, such as climate, food supply, and actions of other organisms. phenotypic variations also include stages in an organism ’ s life cycle and seasonal variations in an individual. these variations do not involve any hereditary alteration and in general are not transmitted to future generations ; consequently, they are not significant in the process of evolution. variations are classified either as continuous, or quantitative ( smoothly grading between two extremes, with the majority of individuals at the centre, as height in human populations ) ; or as discontinuous, or qualitative ( composed of well - defined classes, as blood groups in man ). a discontinuous variation with several classes, none of which is very small, is known as a polymorphic variation. the separation of most higher organisms into males and females and the occurrence of several forms of a butterfly of the same species, each coloured to blend with a different vegetation, are examples of polymorphic variation. what made you want to look up " variation "? please share what surprised you most...


brian dalder forum moderator 169 posts re : defining " green chemicals " 11 september 2006 at 1 : 29pmgreen chemicals are a class of compounds that are biodegradable. in boiler applications, usually that will be the oxygen scavenger, and perhaps a corrosion inhibitor or two. there is no definition for " green, " unless you are kermit the frog, and even then it ' s not easy. for most boiler water treatment applications, the majority of the chemical compounds used tend to be inorganic and non - biodegradable. this is primarily because the boiler needs a strongly alkaline source to prevent corrosion. as a result, most of the boilers have a ph of 8. 5 or above depending upon the pressure in the boiler. the other thing most boilers need is " soft " water, free of calcium and magnesium ions, and that process is usually performed by ion exchange or sometimes chemical softening. each of those processes has their advantages and disadvantages. the chemical softening produces a chemical sludge which can be stabilized and sent off for inert landfilling. the ion exchange generally uses a sodium chloride as a regenerant, and that gives a volume of liquid brine which is contaminated with calcium and magnesium. if you have some place to put the spent regnerant, that ' s fine. most often, it is diluted and sent into the wastewater treatment plant where it passes harmlessly through the treatment system. boiler blowdown should be sent to the facility waste water treatment plant, as it contains whatever was in the boiler. the key there is the chemicals added to the system. boiler acid cleaning and other chemicals should be contained and neutralized where appropriate. you will be able to find some additional information on specific brands of chemicals in the " green pages, " at www. eco - web. com / index / category / 2. 6. html, or you may want to talk to your local boiler chemicals representative to insure that the compounds he is selling are biodegradable. in order to do that, you will want to inspect the msds for the boiler chemicals. toxicity and biodegradability are listed on the sheets. most boiler suppliers, including nalco, betz and others have a line of " green compounds " for boilers. one final thing is the attempt to be green is more of an attitude and application of existing technology. for example, take a look at your cooling towers and investigate the chemicals. if you are using phosphates, that ' s one thing,


february 9, 2000 java programming, lecture notes # 302 by richard g. baldwin this lesson is primarily concerned with the use of the java. awt. geom. point2d class. it also illustrates the use of nested top - level classes in the java 2d graphics api. this is a concept that was explained in an earlier tutorial lesson. if you aren ’ t familiar with this concept, you should review the earlier tutorial that explains it. the concept of a point is central to most graphics models. a point is a specification of a particular location in space. it has neither height, nor width, nor depth. therefore, it cannot be rendered on your computer screen, although it might be possible to render a pixel on your screen that occupies a space generally specified by the point. although points can exist in three - dimensional space, that is not our interest in the current series of lessons. this series of lessons in concerned with the java 2d ( two - dimensional ) api. hence, a point in our 2d space represents a location in that space commonly specified by a pair of coordinate values, horizontal ( x ) and vertical ( y ). you may already be familiar with the notion of performing graphic operations in cartesian coordinates. this is similar, except in cartesian coordinates, the positive direction of y - displacement is normally up, while in our current frame of reference, the direction of positive y - displacement is down. as in typical cartesian coordinates, the direction of positive x - displacement is to the right. so, an object of the java. awt. geom. point2d class encapsulates a pair of coordinate values that specify a location in our coordinate system. many of the graphic objects that we will encounter later as we continue to pursue the java 2d graphics api are constructed on a foundation of points. for example, four points could be used to specify the corners of a rectangle, and three points could be used to specify the apexes of a triangle. a large number of points could be used to specify a curved line made up of many short straight - line segments. the point2d class demonstrates the use of nested top - level classes, which is an inheritance concept used throughout the 2d api. this is a concept where one or more subclasses are defined as static classes inside their superclass. the details of this concept were presented in an earlier tutorial lesson. while an object of the point2d class encapsulates the coordinates of a location in space, that class


cambridge, mass. - - a team of scientists at mit have discovered a previously unknown phenomenon that can cause powerful waves of energy to shoot through minuscule wires known as carbon nanotubes. the discovery could lead to a new way of producing electricity, the researchers say. the phenomenon, described as thermopower waves, " opens up a new area of energy research, which is rare, " says michael strano, mit ' s charles and hilda roddey associate professor of chemical engineering, who was the senior author of a paper describing the new findings that appeared in nature materials on march 7. the lead author was wonjoon choi, a doctoral student in mechanical engineering. like a collection of flotsam propelled along the surface by waves traveling across the ocean, it turns out that a thermal wave — a moving pulse of heat — traveling along a microscopic wire can drive electrons along, creating an electrical current. the key ingredient in the recipe is carbon nanotubes — submicroscopic hollow tubes made of a chicken - wire - like lattice of carbon atoms. these tubes, just a few billionths of a meter ( nanometers ) in diameter, are part of a family of novel carbon molecules, including buckyballs and graphene sheets, that have been the subject of intensive worldwide research over the last two decades. in the new experiments, each of these electrically and thermally conductive nanotubes was coated with a layer of a highly reactive fuel that can produce heat by decomposing. this fuel was then ignited at one end of the nanotube using either a laser beam or a high - voltage spark, and the result was a fast - moving thermal wave traveling along the length of the carbon nanotube like a flame speeding along the length of a lit fuse. heat from the fuel goes into the nanotube where it travels thousands of times faster than in the fuel itself. as the heat feeds back to the fuel coating, a thermal wave is created that is guided along the nanotube. with a temperature of 3, 000 kelvins, this ring of heat speads along the tube 10, 000 times faster than the normal spread of this chemical reaction. the heating produced by that combustion, it turns out, also pushes electrons along the tube, creating a substantial electrical current. combustion waves — like this pulse of heat hurtling along a wire — " have been studied mathematically for more than 100 years, " strano says, but he was the first to predict that such waves could be guided by a


substantial electrical current. combustion waves — like this pulse of heat hurtling along a wire — " have been studied mathematically for more than 100 years, " strano says, but he was the first to predict that such waves could be guided by a nanotube or nanowire and that this wave of heat could push an electrical current along that wire. in the group ' s initial experiments, strano says, when they wired up the carbon nanotubes with their fuel coating in order to study the reaction, " lo and behold, we were really surprised by the size of the resulting voltage peak " that propagated along the wire. after further development, the system now puts out energy, in proportion to its weight, about 100 times greater than an equivalent weight of lithium - ion battery. the amount of power released, he says, is much greater than that predicted by thermoelectric calculations. while many semiconductor materials can produce an electric potential when heated, through something called the seebeck effect, that effect is very weak in carbon. " there ' s something else happening here, " he says. " we call it electron entrainment since part of the current appears to scale with wave velocity. " the thermal wave, he explains, appears to be entraining the electrical charge carriers ( either electrons or electron holes ) just as an ocean wave can pick up and carry a collection of debris along the surface. this important property is responsible for the high power produced by the system, strano says. because this is such a new discovery, he says, it ' s hard to predict yet exactly what the practical applications will be. but he suggests that one possible application would be in enabling new kinds of ultra - small electronic devices — for example, a devices the size of grains of rice, perhaps a sensor or treatment device that could be injected into the body. or it could lead to " environmental sensors that could be scattered like dust in the air, " he says. in theory, he says, such devices could maintain their power indefinitely until used, unlike batteries whose charge leaks away gradually as they sit unused. and while the individual nanowires are tiny, strano suggests that they could be made in large arrays in order to supply significant amounts of power for larger devices. one area the researchers plan to pursue is the fact that their theory predicts that using different kinds of reactive materials for the coating, the wave front could oscillate, thus producing an alternating current. that opens up a variety of possibilities, strano says


at cavenish kinetics. " we want to put millions and millions on an individual chip. " this should make nanomech memory a viable solution for portable music players and digital cameras. and it could improve battery life dramatically. " the big growth area for large scale non - volatile memory devices is portable consumer applications, such as ipods and cameras, " says jim miles, another nanotechnology researcher at manchester university, uk. " and for these devices, power consumption is the big issue. " miles, however, points out that it is vital to be able to repeatedly read and write to this type of memory. " it ' s important to know rewrite speeds as well as how many rewrite cycles they can survive, " he says. smith says the first increased capacity nanomech chips should be available by the end of 2006. he adds that the memory technology ' s resilience to radiation should also make it suitable for use aboard satellites and other spacecraft. this is because cosmic radiation can cause space - borne computers to suddenly malfunction by flipping bits stored in memory. if you would like to reuse any content from new scientist, either in print or online, please contact the syndication department first for permission. new scientist does not own rights to photos, but there are a variety of licensing options available for use of articles and graphics we own the copyright to. have your say only subscribers may leave comments on this article. please log in. only personal subscribers may leave comments on this article ssd flash memory sat feb 07 03 : 36 : 18 gmt 2009 by james braselton hi there you are right i am a hard core gamer soo that a memory device 1, 000 times faster and uses 100 times less energy would be a gamers dream when will we beable too buy it all comments should respect the new scientist house rules. if you think a particular comment breaks these rules then please use the " report " link in that comment to report it to us. if you are having a technical problem posting a comment, please contact technical support.


physical sciences division the oxygen squeeze play scientists first to discover tetraoxygen on the surface of a common catalyst oxygen molecules fill reactive pockets on the surface of rutile titanium dioxide. when heated, they split apart, with one oxygen staying put and the other filling a nearby vacancy ( top ). when oxygen is added at low temperatures, two oxygen molecules fit into the vacancy. when heated, these molecules form a new species, tetraoxygen. enlarged view results : when it gets cold on the surface of a popular catalyst, four oxygen atoms squeeze into a spot designed for just one, according to scientists at pacific northwest national laboratory. initially, the atoms are paired up as two oxygen molecules or 2 o2. but, when the temperature rises, the two molecules react to form a new species, tetraoxygen or o4. why it matters : if researchers want to design a catalyst from scratch or improve an existing one, they need to predict how oxygen will react with the surface, said pnnl ' s greg kimmel, the principal investigator on the project. this very fundamental study revealed new information that will help predict oxygen interactions. methods : the researchers exposed a sample of rutile titanium dioxide or tio2 ( 110 ) to different amounts of oxygen at very low temperatures. then, they heated the sample and studied the behavior of the oxygen using electron - stimulated desorption and mass spectrometry techniques. the researchers began with a catalyst whose surface contained scattered reactive pockets, or vacancies, where oxygen atoms had left the surface. next, they added ( or adsorbed ) molecular oxygen to see how it would interact with the reactive pockets. the oxygen was adsorbed at about 25 k or - 414 degrees fahrenheit, which required cooling the sample with liquid helium. in one experiment, they added one oxygen molecule per oxygen vacancy. in a second experiment, they added two oxygen molecules per vacancy. for both experiments, no oxygen was released from the surface as it was heated. instead the molecules reacted on the surface, but the type of reactions depended on whether the vacancies had one or two oxygen molecules. for the sample with one molecule per vacancy, the oxygen molecule began to split apart at 150 k : one oxygen atom stayed put filling the vacancy, and the other adsorbed at nearby site on the surface. by 280 k, all of the oxygen had filled in surface vacancies. however, when the sample that initially had two o2 per vacancy was heated above 200


filling the vacancy, and the other adsorbed at nearby site on the surface. by 280 k, all of the oxygen had filled in surface vacancies. however, when the sample that initially had two o2 per vacancy was heated above 200 k, these molecules transformed to tetraoxygen - a 4 - atom arch poking up from the reactive pockets. by 500 k, the tetraoxygen decomposed, filling in nearby reactive pockets. but, to drive off all the oxygen and restore the vacancies, the scientists had to heat the sample to 700 k, about the temperature used to bake bread. what ' s next? this fundamental research leads to more questions about the behavior of the common oxygen molecule on the catalyst ' s surface. the researchers plan to continue their research. acknowledgments : this research was done by greg kimmel and nikolay petrik at pnnl. the doe office of basic energy sciences, chemical sciences division funded the research. experiments were performed in the electron and photon stimulated desorption laboratory located in doe ' s emsl, a national scientific user facility at pnnl. the work supports pnnl ' s mission to strengthen u. s. scientific foundations for innovation by developing tools and understanding required to control chemical and physical processes in complex multiphase environments. reference : kimmel ga and ng petrik. 2008. " tetraoxygen on reduced tio2 ( 110 ) : oxygen adsorption and reactions with bridging oxygen vacancies. " physical review letters 100, 196102. doi : 10. 1103 / physrevlett. 100. 196102.


a belief system. one who accepts physical evidence and reasoned logic, ( p. e. a. r. l ). by default, the individual is not religious and has no faith. however, they have set up a belief system exclusively based on the principal of p. e. a. r. l : the belief follows the evidence, not the other way around. most pearlians are generalized of having the following principals derived from p. e. a. r. l : 1. evolution is not theory by colloquial means of the word theory. evolution is both a theory and a fact, but a theory in the highest order of scientific proof. 2. god is not a personal god. god however, is any one thing and / or more than one thing that created the known universe. be it a foreign civilization, or the big bang. by this definition, god may not exist at all. 3. if evidence exists the pearlians will follow no matter where the evidence leads. person 1 : your an atheist, so you have no beliefs? like you don ' t believe anything? person 2 : no, i ' m a pearlian. i don ' t believe in a deity, i ' m an atheist, but i do have beliefs. person 1 : do you believe in unicorns? person 2 : i ' m a pearlian. therefore unless there ' s evidence, no.


repeatedly encrypting the same message to the same ciphertext is full of practical attacks. encryption is supposed to leak no information about the content of the message other than its length, and there are very real ways to exploit the information leakage you mention. some of them have to do with the fact that plaintext domains are not always very large. others have to do with the fact that an attacker who can perform a chosen plaintext attack ( cpa ) gets to learn a lot about the ciphertext. here are some attacks, assuming that we use a cbc - like encryption scheme that is deterministic ( and thus not semantically secure ) : if the attacker sees the encryption of message a, then later learns message a, he can then know the contents of message a whenever it was sent in the past or the future. that ' s a very real threat if the total messages that could be sent are reasonably small. - example : consider an army that coordinates movement by sending instructions to each other on who is to move where. the attacker might be able to catalog intercepted encrypted communication and then determine what the message meant based on what happened after it was sent. when a duplicate message is intercepted, they will know that what happened the last time the message was sent and thus what is likely to happen this time the message is sent. plaintexts that begin the same way will have ciphertexts that begin the same way. even if two ciphertexts don ' t match, some prefix of them may match. if they do, knowing the contents of one ciphertext can lead to knowing the beginning of another ciphertext. while this isn ' t much different than the previous case, it means that the problem is much worse than simply having ciphertexts that are the same, it extends to ciphertexts that begin the same way. - example : consider a style of document with a person ' s ( alice ) identifying information at the beginning. even if two document contents differ, the attacker will still know the documents belong to the same person. if alice ever sends the attacker one document, he learns how to identify a document encrypted by her. if one of those documents is recovered from another person ' s ( bob ) computer, the attacker learns that alice likely communicated with bob. information about the content of the the document is expected to remain confidential under encryption, failing to do so is a failure for the encryption. it ' s also possible that the small domain of the plaintext will pair with the context of


communicated with bob. information about the content of the the document is expected to remain confidential under encryption, failing to do so is a failure for the encryption. it ' s also possible that the small domain of the plaintext will pair with the context of the ciphertext and reveal information. - example : consider a program like ssh that transmits what a user types, sending small sets of encrypted key strokes at a time. we would have limited number of possible ciphertexts because every key maps to the same ciphertext each time. if every set of messages is stand alone ( no ciphertext chaining across gaps in key strokes ), then an attacker could use frequency analysis to determine which ciphertext mapped to which keys. they could then do a decent job of learning what the user had typed. it would be even worse if every message were stand - alone, in which case it would be ecb. ( in case it wasn ' t obvious, note that deterministic cbc has a similar taste to ecb. ) the attacker may be able to inject chosen plaintext into a live system and see the resulting ciphertext. ( this is a very real attack that we must be able to withstand and motivation for why we consider chosen plaintext attacks. ) he can then brute - force decrypt other ciphertext by simply finding plaintext that encrypts to the known ciphertext. the smaller the plaintext domain, the easier this is. - example : a bank may encrypt the amount of money involved in a transaction in one block of the ciphertext. the attacker may be able to conduct his own transactions and determine what numbers encrypt to what ciphertexts, then be able to learn about other ciphertexts. ( obviously, the specific players in those examples are arbitrary, you could swap them out for any number of other situations. ) the main problem is that we don ' t know how messages are going to be formatted and what kind of content it will contain, and it ' s very possible to pick formatting and content that will leak information through the encrypted ciphertext. encryption is supposed to do it ' s job of protecting all information you give it, and leaving some edge cases vulnerable and telling the user that they ' re only secure if they take extra precautions to avoid those edge cases isn ' t acceptable. nobody wants to use something that is insecure for edge case ( especially not when there ' s the option of eliminating those edge case vulnera


the theory of relativity is quite possibly the greatest modern scientific discovery of all time and yet i would venture to guess that most of us have no concept of it or at the very least fail to see how everyday life is absorbed in the major concepts of the theory. we all know it : but what does that equation really say? it ’ s simply saying that the mass of a body is a measure of its energy constant, where ‘ e ’ stands for energy, ‘ m ’ stands for mass, and ‘ c2 ’ represents the speed of light squared. this equation is often in physics referred to as the mass - energy equivalence concept. we wont get into the math behind it, and lets face it, most of us can ’ t ( myself included ). einstein ’ s theory of relativity consists of two separate theories called special and general relativity. special relativity is an expansion on galilean relativity, which expresses how matter moves through time and space. general relativity is an expansion to his own special relativity theory, which essentially adds gravity into the mix. so many people ask, ‘ how is this a factor in my everyday life? ’ we ’ ll let ’ s take a look at some things that you deal with constantly ( and some i hope we never have to deal with ) that are directly related to these theories. so time travel is pretty sweet and one day maybe we can travel forward, far in time, and experience the future. impossible? well, the thing is … we already have at a smaller scale. you ’ re doing it right now in relation to anyone that is at a lower elevation than you on earth, though it ’ s a small enough measure that you and i would never be able to tell without extremely sensitive equipment. basically what time dilation describes is that the stronger the force of gravity the slower time moves for you in relation to someone who is experiencing weaker gravity. that being said, time for you wont seem to be moving slower relative to you, just as time for the other person experiencing weaker gravity wont seem to move any faster. now only is this mathematically proven, but we have recorded the effect in real life and it is essential to one piece of equipment we all use daily now. gps is a staple technology found in almost all phones and every car. we use it to help us get to places we are unfamiliar with, however if gps satellites didn ’ t account for time dilation, we would never get where we needed to go. imagine the earth with a gps satellite coasting in motion far in orbit


peer instruction : engaging students one - on - one, all at once catherine crouch, jessica watkins, adam fagen and eric mazur in reviews in physics education research, ed. e. f. redish and p. cooney export citation this chapter from volume 1 of " research - based reform of university physics " presents the background, design, and impact of peer instruction. peer instruction is an instructional strategy for engaging students during class through a structured questioning process that involves every student. here we describe peer instruction ( hereafter pi ) and report data from more than ten years of teaching with pi in the calculus - and algebra - based introductory physics courses for non - majors at harvard university, where this method was developed. our results indicate increased student mastery of both conceptual reasoning and quantitative problem solving upon implementing pi. gains in student understanding are greatest when the pi questioning strategy is accompanied by other strategies that increase student engagement, so that every element of the course serves to involve students actively. we also provide data on gains in student understanding and information about implementation obtained from a survey of almost four hundred instructors using pi at other institutions. we find that most of these instructors have had success using pi, and that their students understand basic mechanics concepts at the level characteristic of courses taught with interactive engagement methods. finally, we provide a sample set of materials for teaching a class with pi, and provide information on the extensive resources available for teaching with pi.


five months ago or so, honeywell organized a series of lectures by the nobel laureate sheldon glashow at the czech technical university ( cvut ) in prague. the lecture you can watch now asked the question whether science evolves by chance or by design. it ' s a sort of a fun, light, philosophically and historically loaded talk. maybe the number of the historical episodes will be boring for you : he could be a professional historian of science right away. typical czech engineering students are listening to glashow. ; - ) but if you like the first part, continue with part 2 and part 3. if you make it to the third part, there will be some examples of his point from modern physics. around 18 : 00, he also talks about gell - mann and quarks ' and string theorists ' delight when they deduced that string theory predicted gravity. glashow doesn ' t count it as a prediction because he had known about gravity before string theory was born. of course, from the viewpoint of the history of science, it wasn ' t a ( new ) prediction : the chronology guarantees that. however, from the viewpoint of science and the strength and validity of its hypotheses, the fact that string theory implies general relativity is exactly as important and consequential as a prediction! the chronology is just a part of the history, social science, it was accidental, and a scientist simply can ' t pay attention to such things. on the other hand, i agree that both accidental discoveries as well as " planned research " have been important and will be important. some other not - too - demanding physics news : australia opened the world ' s fastest radio telescope. robert christy, a physicist who worked on the manhattan project and the first one who became hostile against edward teller after he identified oppenheimer as a communist, died. an 11 - year - old malchik ( = russian boy ) discovered the mammoth of the century ( the best preserved one in 100 years ).


the above is a pretty good “ solution. ” however, it could be defeated if the array allows access to undefined locations. this shows how careful one must be in designing such “ solutions. ” i think whether this particular idea is useful or not is less important than the idea that we may be able to use crypto like methods to protect software. the malware could learn the value of as follows. it would access some yet - undefined location and get back where was the value left in the location. for example, if, then the malware would learn, and this would defeat the method. even if were arbitrary, the malware could use this approach to try to learn the secret random value. to avoid this attack there are at least two methods. we could assume that the data type does not allow the access of undefined values. it can return “ undefined value, ” but must monitor whether a location is defined or not. the other possibility is to use a more complex crypto solution. the advantage of the latter is the data type need not watch and check that no read occurs to a location that is undefined. i will discuss this method and related issues in a later post. stopping heap spray — other approaches there are several other methods for protecting against heap spray attacks. one project is called nozzle and is work of paruj ratanaworabhan, benjamin livshits, and benjamin zorn of microsoft. this method is really an intrusion detection method : it watches the memory and reports if it detects the presence of objects that contain executable code. one problem with this method is the existence of false positives. they note that often data stored by programs is legal code. another project is called bubble and is the work of francesco gadaleta, yves younan, and wouter joosen. they use a method very close to one i am suggesting. they replace parts of memory by random pieces — these random pieces cause the memory left by the attacker to be gone. this will cause the malware to cause an exception when it attempts to execute that part of memory. one problem is they only modify some of memory, and second is they need additional storage for the actual values of the modified memory. can theory help in other ways in building secure operating systems? does the idea here have any use in fighting heap spray attacks? can we use more crypto in making secure systems?


colored hearing : synesthesia as an enhanced reality every human being has a different perception of the world ; these contrasting perceptions, including interactions with colors and sounds, have influenced many artists in producing remarkable works of art and literature. the great russian writer vladimir nabokov describes in his autobiography the intriguing relationship he has with letters and colors, something he refers to as " colored hearing " : " the color sensation seems to be produced by the very act of my orally forming a given letter while i imagine its outline. the long a of the english alphabet has for me the tint of weathered wood, but a french a evokes polished ebony. this black group also includes hard g ( vulcanized rubber ) and r ( a sooty rag being ripped ). oatmeal n, noodle - limp l, and the ivory - backed hand mirror of o take care of the whites... since a subtle interaction exists between sound and shape, i see q as browner than k, while s is not the light blue of c, but a curious mixture of azure and mother - of - pearl. " ( nabokov, 34 ). nabokov ' s colored hearing is in fact the phenomenon of synesthesia - where two or more of the physical senses evoke concomitant feelings or perceptions. synesthesia is defined as a neurological state, although it is not an ailment and does not interfere with a synesthete ' s ( one who experiences synesthesia ) daily life or cognitive abilities. it is merely a case of perceptual difference, and most synesthetes think their experiences are neither positive nor negative, but sometimes even enjoyable. there are five common types of synesthesia : grapheme - color, lexical - gustatory, ordinal - linguistic personification, musical - color, and number form. in grapheme - color synesthesia, the most common type of all, one perceives individual letters and numbers to have distinctive colors or hues, though no two synesthesia experiencing people will have the same colors for each letter. the much rarer lexical - gustatory synesthesia evokes different tastes of spoken words, like the word table triggering the taste of egg. within ordinal - linguistic personification synesthesia, a synesthete links personalities for ordered series, like days of the week, letters, and months. for them, tuesday might be passive, female, and colored pink, or 1984 might suggest a violent, untrusting personality. because


every moment of awareness is a pile of interpretations all insuperposition. a single state of mind is layered with harmonics of meaning - yet somehow remains one experience - susan blackmore reading and understanding language is a skill that most people take for granted. processing language in the brain is very complex and entails many variables. most language is processed in the left hemisphere and the right hemisphere processes visual and motor activities - states stanislas dehaene. " when we look at a text photons are bouncing off those black squiggles and lines - - the letters in the particular sentence - - and colliding with a thin wall of flesh at the back of your eyeball. the photons contain just enough energy to activate sensory neurons, each of which is responsible for a particular plot of visual space on the hole image. the end result is that, as you stare at the letters, they become more than mere marks on a page. you begin to read " - says jonah lehrer. - seeing the letters is just the start of the reading process. although our eyes are focused on the letters, we learn to ignore them. instead, we perceive whole words, chunks of meaning. once we become proficient at reading, the precise shape of the letters - - not to mention the arbitrariness of the spelling - - doesn ' t even matter, which is why we read word, word, and word the same way. - until now most assumed that when we read both eyes look at the same letter of a word concurrently. but it was found that our eyes look at different letters in the same word and then combine the different images through a process known as fusion. we were able to clearly show that we experience a single, very clear and crisp visual representation due to the merging of the two different images from each eye. - language tends to be stored in the brain to be processed in audio format, so besides reading the text we automatically convert it to speach in our own heads. after that the process of making sense takes place. - studies have shown that when a word is checked against the storehouse of words in the brain - whether it is a written word or a word - sound - only the main part of the word is checked first, and then the ending is processed separately. for example, ' sing ', ' singing ' and ' singer ' would all be checked against the base word ' sing '. - once we recognized the printed words we need to make sense out of them. understanding how meaning arises from those


grains of one or more other minerals such as calcite, magnesite, dolomite, talc, chromite, and magnetite. other names : serpentine means different things to different people, and its application has changed with time in both mineralogical and petrological publications : in mineralogy, serpentine, once a widely accepted mineral name, is now accepted only as a codesignator of the kaolinite - serpentine group : this group includes 20 minerals, several of which have long been considered to be so - to - speak subspecies of serpentine - - e. g., antigorite ; clino -, orth - and para - chrysotile ( each usually spelled without the hyphen ) ; and lizardite ( see mandarino, 1999 ). in addition, materials formerly given names such as bowenite and williamsite have been shown to be varieties of recognized species - - e. g., these two are varieties of antigorite - - so these names are not recognized by professional mineralogists. in petrology, until about the middle of the 20th century, rocks composed largely of one or more of the serpentine minerals were usually also called serpentine. then, in order to distinguish between the mineral ( s ) and the rock, some petrologists thought it only prudent to call the rocks serpentinite. unfortunately, this change in nomenclature - - perhaps because it was neither loudly nor widely expounded - - has not been embraced by many geologists. therefore, masses that consist largely of serpentine minerals have been referred to in both older and recently published geological reports by names such as the staten island serpentine ( of staten island, new york and adjacent new jersey ) as well as by names such as the cedar hill serpentinite ( of maryland, pennsylvania and delaware ). in the marketplace, the terminology has been more consistent over the years : the term serpentine has been and continues to be applied almost exclusively.. in addition, however, names of species, varieties, and trade names have been given to several serpentine - rich gemrocks. more than 30 names were listed by the early 1960s - - 29 by faust and fahey ( 1962 ) and three additional ones by johannsen ( 1928 ). several of these names have been shown to have been applied to non - serpentine minerals, to mixtures or to indicate only slight differences in color and / or texture. a few fairly frequently used names for gemrock serpentine follow : uses


him who by the dragon ' s fang hath bled, on the dire wound serpentine powdered spread, and in the stone his sure reliance place, for wounds inflicted by the reptile race. " several adjectives have been applied to diverse serpentines, especially those used as gemrocks ; noble, precious, and common are examples. i consider nearly all of them quite subjective, if not ambiguous, and suggest that whenever anyone encounters or is confronted with such terminology, ( s ) he should try to get the marketer, or whomever, to supply a more definitive name or serpentine is sometimes dyed and / or otherwise treated. serpentine not otherwise identified is the official state rock of california, and in 2010 this designation has been a subject of widespread discussion because a state legislator has suggested that it should have this designation dropped because of its association with asbestos. bowenite from its type locality in rhode island has been referred to as rhode island jade and, in 1966, was decreed the official state mineral of rhode island. in 1967, a bowenite cabochon cut and polished by mrs. john c. rogers of warwick, rhode island became part of the " our mineral heritage brooch, " presented to then first lady mrs. lyndon johnson by the american federation of mineralogical societies. this brooch is now in the collections of the smithsonian institution. miskeyite - " compact chlorite ( pseudophite ) used as an ornamental stone from st. gallenkirch, vorarlberg, austria " ( mitchell, 1985 ) ; i have been told that this rock closely jade ". actually several compact, massive green - colored chlorite rocks resemble serpentine and could serve as serpentine simulants. - [ may require non - macroscopic means ]. nephrite - although this seems incredulous, considering the values placed on these two materials, it warrants mentioning that wentzell ( 2004 ) records and describes a carving as " nephrite that mimics serpentine. " - [ despite the superior hardness of nephrite, which should suffice to distinguish nephrite from serpentine, apparently the fact that this material was coated led to wentzell ' s belief that it was necessary to submit the material to several laboratory tests in order to establish the material ' s true identity. ]. * * * serpentine ware - a wedgwood china made to resemble serpentine, including verde antique - [ appearance should suffice. ]. references : no general up - to - date reference


key : " s : " = show synset ( semantic ) relations, " w : " = show word ( lexical ) relations display options for sense : ( gloss ) " an example sentence " - s : ( n ) part, portion, component part, component, constituent ( something determined in relation to something that includes it ) " he wanted to feel a part of something bigger than himself " ; " i read a portion of the manuscript " ; " the smaller component is hard to reach " ; " the animal constituent of plankton " - s : ( n ) part, portion ( something less than the whole of a human artifact ) " the rear part of the house " ; " glue the two parts together " - s : ( n ) part, piece ( a portion of a natural object ) " they analyzed the river into three parts " ; " he needed a piece of granite " - s : ( n ) part ( that which concerns a person with regard to a particular role or situation ) " it requires vigilance on our part " ; " they resisted every effort on his part " - s : ( n ) region, part ( the extended spatial location of something ) " the farming regions of france " ; " religions in all parts of the world " ; " regions of outer space " - s : ( n ) function, office, part, role ( the actions and activities assigned to or required or expected of a person or group ) " the function of a teacher " ; " the government must do its part " ; " play its role " - s : ( n ) character, role, theatrical role, part, persona ( an actor ' s portrayal of someone in a play ) " she played the part of desdemona " - s : ( n ) share, portion, part, percentage ( assets belonging to or due to or contributed by an individual person or group ) " he wanted his share in cash " - s : ( n ) part, section, division ( one of the portions into which something is regarded as divided and which together constitute a whole ) " the written part of the exam " ; " the finance section of the company " ; " the bbc ' s engineering division " - direct hyponym / full hyponym - s : ( n ) frame ( one of the ten divisions into which bowling is divided ) - s : ( n ) beginning ( the first part or section of something ) " ` it was a dark and stormy night ' is a hackneyed beginning for a story "


it appears that hayes ' s premises are that the primitive reasoning of a child suffices for framing and that the superior reasoning of a highly educated adult should do better. this does not nesessarily follow, however, since, paraphrasing from neumann ( 1958 ), brains do logic poorly, and logical devices do framing poorly. framing is the natural outcome of the dynamic process by which meaning is created in the forebrain under the influence of sensory flow, past experience embedded in synaptic change, and the immediacy of impending action and expected reward. 1. 1 my own experience with animal intelligence indicates that framing is a dynamic process ( freeman 1991 ). rabbits trained to discriminate odors give evidence, during learning, that synaptic changes occur selectively throughout the olfactory system. recordings of electrical activity of the bulb and cortex show that spatiotemporal patterns of neural activity recur with each act of discrimination and that the patterns reflect not the stimulus properties but the meanings of the stimuli for the individual subjects. each new conditioned stimulus or change in a reinforcement contingency is accompanied by changes in all the known pre - existing central activity patterns relating to odors. 1. 2 from these findings it follows that centrally stored information about the environment is not invariant - - nor could it be, in a true associative memory, which links each new class of discriminanda with all those that precede it. it also follows that sensory learning must be accompanied by motor learning, and that stimulus - response invariance is maintained by successful actions into and through the environment. 1. 3 these properties and the chaotic dynamics that underlie them have been simulated in primitive form with networks of nonlinear ordinary differential equations, suggesting that nonlinear systems techniques may offer a new route to understanding brain function, and, in that way, can open new approaches to the study of artificial intelligence, including the frame problem. 1. 4 hayes writes ( paragraph 1. 0 ) : " any child knows that the brick is now held in the air, there is one fewer object on the ground, and that ' s all. " that is not all. the child may not " know " or care that it has a " brick " in hand or that " one fewer " remains, but it knows ( see gibson, 1979 on affordances ) that it has picked up an object to build a play house, strike a threatening snake, break a window, or merely please an adult who has a hypothesis it cannot comprehend. framing


superlattice to nanoelectronics provides a historical overview of the early work performed by tsu and esaki, to orient those who want to enter into this nanoscience. it describes the fundamental concepts and goes on to answer many questions about todays ' nanoelectronics '. it covers the applications and types of devices which have been produced, many of which are still in use today. this historical perspective is important as a guide to what and how technology and new fundamental ideas are introduced and developed. the author communicates a basic understanding of the physics involved from first principles, whilst adding new depth, using simple mathematics and explanation of the background essentials. topics covered include * introductory materials * superlattice, bloch oscillations and transport * tunneling in qws to qds * optical properties : optical transitions, size dependent dielectric constant, capacitance and doping * quantum devices : new approaches without doping and heterojunctions - quantum confinement via geometry and multipole electrodes. issues of robustness, redundancy and i / o. researchers, course students and research establishments should read this book, written by the leading expert in nanoelectronics and superlattices. * the author is one of the founders of the field of superlattices * the first historical overview of the field * provides a basic understanding of the physics involved from first principles, whilst adding new depth, using simple mathematics and explanation of the background essentials we do not deliver the extra material sometimes included in printed books ( cds or dvds ).


the center, the moving dot turns to green. now, concentrate on the black ' + ' in the center of the picture. after a short period, all the pink dots will slowly disappear, and you will see only a single green dot rotating. it ' s amazing how our brain works. there really is no green dot, and the pink ones really don ' t disappear. this should be proof enough, we don ' t always see what we think we see. reshare this to all of your friends and amaze them. abstraction is the power of stating with precision ( 1 ) which elements you want to consider and ( 2 ) which elements you want to ignore ( or to " abstract out " ) in the observation of a given system at a given timepoint, for a given purpose. thanks for + antonio vallecillo for reminding the quote from edsger w. dijkstra : the purpose of abstracting is not to be vague, but to create a new semantic level in which one can be absolutely precise reshared text : plug it on the window. brilliant idea! the window socket offers a neat way to harness solar energy and use it as a plug socket. so far we have seen solutions that act as a solar battery backup, but none as a direct plug - in. simple in design, the plug just attaches to any window and does its job intuitively. carnegie mellon university 19. 8 microsoft research 19. 0 university of washington 17. 3 stanford university 17. 1 massachusetts institute of technology 13. 3 cornell university 9. 9 university of california berkeley 9. 9 university of toronto 9. 4 university of illinois at urbana - champaign 8. 3 ibm research 7. 9 university of british columbia 7. 8 university of texas at austin 7. 4 university of oxford 6. 2 georgia institute of technology 5. 8 weizmann institute of science 4. 5 yahoo! research 4. 4 mcgill university 4. 4 university of maryland 4. 3 at & t laboratories 4. 1 university of california irvine 4. 0 google 3. 4 brown university 3. 3