describes a direction, not a measurable entity. “ does anything really exist? ” " how can we experience the collective unconscious directly? " a really tricky version of missing the point is the appeal to logic ( argumentum ad logicam ) : this is the " fallacy fallacy " of arguing that a proposition is false because it has been presented as the conclusion of a fallacious argument. remember that fallacious arguments can arrive at true conclusions. yes it does, even though the math is wrong. very common are half truths ( suppressed evidence ) : an statement usually intended to deceive that omits some of the facts necessary for an accurate description. and one of the worst versions of missing the point is false an analogy or metaphor illustrates or elaborates ; it doesn ' t prove " the american indian had to make way for western civilization ; after you can ' t make an omelette without breaking a few eggs. " are the lives and cultures of millions comparable to eggs? what does making omelettes have to do with history and morality? " since the mind is essentially a wet computer, our task is to figure out how we can best program it! " there are many fallacies that involve the misuse of words. very common is special pleading : here, we use a double - standard of words. " the ruthless tactics of the enemy, his fanatical, suicidal attacks have been foiled by the stern measures of our commanders and the self - sacrifice of our troops. " are ruthless tactics different stern measures? fanatical, suicidal attacks from devoted self - sacrifice? journalists do this all the time! " ellis ’ s therapy is authoritarian and aggressive! " " rogers ’ s therapy is laissez faire, even lazy! " this is not far from the fallacy of equivocation : use of ambiguous words. a key word is used with two or more different meanings in the same argument. shifting the meaning of the words. " what could be more affordable than free software? but to make sure that it remains free, that users can do what they like with it, we must place a license on it to make sure that will always be freely redistributable. " one way to avoid this fallacy is to choose your terminology carefully before beginning the argument, and avoid words like " free " which have many meanings. the " no true scotsman... " fallacy : suppose i assert no scotsman puts sugar on his porridge. you counter this by pointing that your friend angus


key : " s : " = show synset ( semantic ) relations, " w : " = show word ( lexical ) relations display options for sense : ( gloss ) " an example sentence " - s : ( n ) front, front end, forepart ( the side that is forward or prominent ) - s : ( n ) battlefront, front, front line ( the line along which opposing armies face each other ) - s : ( n ) front ( the outward appearance of a person ) " he put up a bold front " - s : ( n ) front ( the side that is seen or that goes first ) - s : ( n ) front man, front, figurehead, nominal head, straw man, strawman ( a person used as a cover for some questionable activity ) - s : ( n ) front ( a sphere of activity involving effort ) " the japanese were active last week on the diplomatic front " ; " they advertise on many different fronts " - s : ( n ) front ( ( meteorology ) the atmospheric phenomenon created at the boundary between two different air masses ) - s : ( n ) presence, front ( the immediate proximity of someone or something ) " she blushed in his presence " ; " he sensed the presence of danger " ; " he was well behaved in front of company " - s : ( n ) front ( the part of something that is nearest to the normal viewer ) " he walked to the front of the stage " - s : ( n ) movement, social movement, front ( a group of people with a common ideology who try together to achieve certain general goals ) " he was a charter member of the movement " ; " politicians have to respect a mass movement " ; " he led the national liberation front " - s : ( v ) front, look, face ( be oriented in a certain direction, often with respect to another reference point ; be opposite to ) " the house looks north " ; " my backyard look onto the pond " ; " the building faces the park " - s : ( v ) front, breast ( confront bodily ) " breast the storm " - s : ( adj ) front ( relating to or located in the front ) " the front lines " ; " the front porch "


lori matassa and max domeika are the authors of break away with intel atom processors : a guide to architecture migration good software design seeks a balance between simplicity and efficiency. performance of the application is an aspect of software design ; however correctness and stability are typically prerequisite to extensive performance tuning efforts. a typical development cycle is depicted in figure 1 and consists of four phases : design, implementation, debugging, and tuning. the development cycle is iterative and concludes when performance and stability requirements are met. figure 1 further depicts a more detailed look inside of the tuning phase, which consists of single processor core optimization, multi - core processor optimization, and power optimization. one key fact to highlight about the optimization process is that changes made during this phase can require another round of design, implementation, and debug. it is hoped that a candidate optimization would require minimal changes, but there are no guarantees. each proposed change required as a result of a possible optimization should be evaluated in terms of stability risk, implementation effort, and performance benefit. similarly, the tune step is also iterative with the goal of reaching a satisfactory equilibrium between single core, multi - core, and power performance. the components of the tune step are summarized as follows : - single processor core tuning. optimization of the application assuming execution on one intel atom processor core. this step focuses on increasing performance, which is typically the reduction of execution time. - multi - core tuning. optimization of the application taking advantage of parallel technology including intel hyper - threading technology and multiple processor cores. this step focuses on increasing performance, which is typically the reduction of execution time. - power tuning. optimization of the application focusing on power utilization. this step focuses on reducing the amount of power used in accomplishing the same amount of work. single processor core tuning single processor core tuning focuses on improving the behavior of the application executing on one physical intel atom processor core. intel hyper - threading technology is not considered during this phase ; it enables one physical processor core to appear as two cores and introduces issues more related to multi - core processing. this tuning step isolates the behavior of the application from more complicated interactions with other threads or processes on the system. this step is not entirely focused on what traditionally is called serial tuning because parallelism in the form of vector processing or acceleration technology can be considered. the foundation of performance tuning is built upon complementary assertions that of the pareto principle and amdahl ' s law. the pareto principle, colloquially known as the 80 / 20 rule, states


of vector processing or acceleration technology can be considered. the foundation of performance tuning is built upon complementary assertions that of the pareto principle and amdahl ' s law. the pareto principle, colloquially known as the 80 / 20 rule, states that 80 percent of the time spent in an application is in 20 percent of the code. this observation helps prioritize optimization efforts to the areas of highest impact, namely the most frequently executed portions of the code. amdahl ' s law provides guidance on the limits of optimization. for example, if your optimization can only be applied to 75 percent of the application, the maximum theoretical speedup is 4 times. single processor core tuning is itself comprised of multiple steps, which are characterized as first gaining an understanding of the application and then tuning based upon general performance analysis and tuning and then analysis and tuning specific to the intel atom processor. the single processor core tuning process is summarized by the following steps : - benchmark. develop a benchmark that represents typical application usage. - profile. analyze and understand the architecture of the application. - compiler optimization. use aggressive optimizations if possible. - general microarchitecture tuning. tune based upon insight from general performance analysis statistics. these statistics, such as clock cycles per instruction retired, are generally accepted performance analysis statistics that can be employed regardless of the underlying architecture. - intel atom processor tuning. tune based on insight about known processor " glass jaws. " these include statistics and techniques to isolate performance issues specific to the intel atom processor. multi - core processor tuning the focus of multi - core processor tuning is on the effective use of parallelism that takes advantage of more than one processor core. this step pertains to both intel hyper - threading technology and true multi - core processing. there are some issues specific to each ; where appropriate these differences are highlighted. second, at the application level, two techniques allow you to take advantage of multiple processor cores, multitasking and multithreading. multitasking is the execution of multiple operating system processes on a system. in the context of one application, multitasking requires the division of work between distinct processes and special effort is required to share data between processes. multithreading is the execution of multiple threads and by default assumes memory is shared, which introduces its own set of concerns. this article limits itself to discussion of multithreading because multitasking is a more mature technology and one where the operating system governs much of the policy of execution. multithreading in the


plug load " power. a measure of power drawn from an outlet as the embedded system executes. plug load power is typically measured in watts. - battery power draw. a estimate of power drawn from a battery as the embedded system executes. typically, battery power draw is stated in watts and is based upon estimates from acpi. your project requirements will guide which of these power measurements to employ and what goals will be set with regard to them. the intel atom processor enables a number of power states, which are classified into c - states and p - states. c - states are different levels of processor activity and range from c0, where the processor is fully active down to c6 where the processor is completely idle and many portions of the processor are powered down. p - states, known as performance states, are different levels of processor frequency and voltage. to determine if optimizations improve power utilization, a tool is required to measure power utilization. there are two categories of tools to measure power on an embedded system. the first category provides a direct measurement and employs physical probes to measure the amount of power used. these probes could be as simple as a plug load power probe between the device and the electrical outlet. they could require more extensive probes placed on the system board monitoring various power rails such as those required to execute the eembc energybench benchmark. the second category, power state profiling tools, employs an indirect method of measuring power utilization. instead of directly measuring power, this class of tool measures and reports on the amount of time spent in different power states. the objective when using these tools is to understand what activities are causing the processor to enter c0 and to minimize them. the goal of power tuning is two - fold : - minimize time in active state. - maximize time in inactive state. on the surface it may seem like these goals are redundant ; however in practice both are required. power is expended in transitioning into and out of idle modes. a processor that is repeatedly waking up and then going back to sleep may consume more power than a processor that has longer periods in an active state. in general, the end result is for the system to be in idle mode 90 percent of the time. of course, this end result depends on the specific workload and application. techniques to meet this goal follow one of two tuning strategies, which are summarized as follows : - race to idle. the tasks are executed as quickly as possible to enable the system to idle. this approach typically entails aggressive performance


these are poly - aromatic compounds, insoluble in n - heptane, with a number of carbon atoms greater than 50. the asphalthene content of a crude may be the cause of deposits in inter - changers and / or lines. in fact, the mix of a crude having a high asphalthene content with a paraffinic crude can displace the balance of the asphalthenes, precipitating them. a high asphalthene content ensures that the vacuum pitch will be suitable for producing asphalt. astm d86 distillation is a test that measures the volatility of gasoline, kerosene and diesel. basic sediment and water ( bsw ) the bsw relates to the content of free water ( not dissolved ) and sediments ( mud, sand ) in the crude. it is important that its reading is low in order to avoid dirtiness and difficulties during the crude processing, in which the steam produced by the free water can damage the oven. it is reported as a percentage in volume over the crude. this is the weight of the residue remaining after the combustion of a fuel sample. it represents the facility of a heavy fuel to produce particles during combustion. this is the measurement of the mass of a volume. it is expressed in kilograms per liter, or grams per cubic centimeter. density depends on the temperature as this affects the volume of the substances. temperature at which a liquid stops flowing when cooled, through the precipitation of crystals of solid paraffin. the draining temperature is very important as, in the unloading of paraffinic crudes using sea terminals with underwater pipelines of a certain length, the temperature of the crude can fall below the draining point, creating deposits of wax or solid paraffin in the pipelines, thus obstructing the flow. this is the minimum temperature at which the vapors of a product flash or detonate momentarily when a flame is applied in controlled conditions. it represents the maximum temperature at which a product can be stored or transported in safe conditions. this is the temperature at which the crystals formed during the cooling of a product sample disappear completely when the temperature rises in a controlled way the metals content of a crude, vanadium and nickel, gives us an indication of their content in the heaviest products obtained in the refining. this is important because, for example, the metals in gas oil in vacuum are poison for the catalytic and hydro - cracking catalysts. a high vanadium content or metals in the combustible oil may cause oven and


fundamentals of thermal - fluid sciences rrp us $ 123 us $ 69. 97 save us $ 53. 03 ( 43 % ) free shipping worldwide ships from uk supplier | format : | | paperback, 1152 pages, international studen edition | | published in : | | united states, 01 january 2012 | the fourth edition in si units of " fundamentals of thermal - fluid sciences " presents a balanced coverage of thermodynamics, fluid mechanics, and heat transfer packaged in a manner suitable for use in introductory thermal sciences courses. by emphasizing the physics and underlying physical phenomena involved, the text gives students practical examples that allow development of an understanding of the theoretical underpinnings of thermal sciences. all the popular features of the previous edition are retained in this edition while new ones are added. this edition features : a new chapter on power and refrigeration cycles ; the new chapter 9 exposes students to the foundations of power generation and refrigeration in a well - ordered and compact manner. an early introduction to the first law of thermodynamics ( chapter 3 ) : this chapter establishes a general understanding of energy, mechanisms of energy transfer, and the concept of energy balance, thermo - economics, and conversion efficiency. learning objectives : each chapter begins with an overview of the material to be covered and chapter - specific learning objectives to introduce the material and to set goals. developing physical intuition : a special effort is made to help students develop an intuitive feel for underlying physical mechanisms of natural phenomena and to gain a mastery of solving practical problems that an engineer is likely to face in the real world. new problems : a large number of problems in the text are modified and many problems are replaced by new ones. some of the solved examples are also replaced by new ones. upgraded artwork : much of the line artwork in the text is upgraded to figures that appear more three - dimensional and realistic. media resources : limited academic version of ees with selected text solutions packaged with the text on the student dvd. the online learning center offers online resources for instructors including powerpoint [ registered ] lecture slides, and complete solutions to homework problems. mcgraw - hill ' s complete online solutions manual organization system allows instructors to streamline the creation of assignments, quizzes, and tests by using problems and solutions from the textbook, as well as their own custom material. table of contents chapter 1 introduction and overview part i thermodynamics chapter 2 basic concepts of thermodynamics chapter 3 energy, energy transfer & general energy analysis chapter 4


- c14n # " / >, identifies the canonicalization algorithm that is used to create a canonicalized form of the information being signed - - in this case, the digest. this step is needed because of the nature of xml documents and the programming tools that work with them. xml documents, in some cases, can have slight textual differences, yet be essentially the same logical document. small variations in the way comments are represented or in the way an xml parser handles line delimiters when serializing / deserializing an xml data structure can create slightly different binary representations of the same content. if the algorithm that verifies the digital signature were to be run against a slightly different serialized version of the data, the result could be a fail when indeed it should be a pass. to avoid this problem, the document is first transformed into its canonicalized form through the use of a canonicalization algorithm. this algorithm, an implementation of the w3c exclusive xml canonicalization version 1. 0 specification ( see resources ), a w3c recommendation, transforms the document into its basic canonicalized form. this allows us to get a consistent binary representation that can be correctly compared and thus yield the correct result. < signaturemethod algorithm = " http : / / www. w3. org / 2000 / 09 / xmldsig # rsa - sha1 " / >, indicates the signature method algorithm. this is the algorithm that is used to convert the output of the canonicalization algorithm into the signature value. our signature algorithm is a combination of a key dependent algorithm ( rsa ) and a hash algorithm ( sha1 ). this algorithm is an implementation of the rsassa - pkcs1 - v1 _ 5 specification described in w3c rfc 2437 ( see resources ). < reference uri = " # sign _ content _ 1043176028580 " >, indicates the reference element. the optional uri attribute of reference identifies the data object that was signed. the reference block includes the algorithm that is used to compute the digest, the digest value that was computed, and the final transform that is performed prior to computing the digest value. lines 8 - 10, < transforms > < transform algorithm = " http : / / www. w3. org / 2001 / 10 / xml - exc - c14n # " / > < / transforms >, indicate the transformation algorithm, while lines 11 and 12 specify the digest algorithm and the computed digest value, in our application, the


february 18, 2011, 12 : 38 pm — yale university scientists have built what they call the first anti - laser, a device that can cancel out beams of light generated by a laser. such a device could be an integral element in optical computers, a long promised successor to today ' s computers that would use light instead of electrons to process information. while scientists have long known of different ways to absorb light, this work is unique in that can absorb light of a particular wavelength, the researchers claim. " after some research, we found that several physicists had hinted at the concept in books and scientific papers, but no one had ever developed the idea, " said yale university physicist a. douglas stone, who along with fellow researcher hui cao led a team of researchers to build the anti - laser. the device was based on the theoretical work stone published last summer. a summary of their work appears in the feb. 18 issue of science. lasers, short for light amplification by stimulated emission of radiation, generate coherent light, which is to say a stream of light photons that all have the same frequency, amplitude and wave pattern. the researchers built what they call a coherent perfect absorber ( cpa ), a silicon wafer that traps and dissipates incoming coherent light of a predefined wavelength. in other words, just as a laser generates coherent light, the cpa absorbs coherent light. the light ' s energy is dissipated as heat. such an anti - laser switch could help solve one of the toughest challenges in building an optical computer, namely the management and manipulation of the light used to encode information. for instance, a cpa could be used in an optical switch, one that would absorb light of a particular wavelength while letting light with other wavelengths pass. it could also be used to detect incoming light, or as a waveguide to direct beams of light along certain routes. that could lead to optical switches replacing transistors in future computers. optical computers could potentially be much more powerful than today ' s computers, given that the size of components could be shrunk beyond the limits of today ' s electron - based technologies. as with any prototype, the cpa has some limitations, which the researchers feel can be overcome with more work. the current cpa absorbs 99. 4 of all light it receives, but they would like to get that number up to 99. 999 percent. also the current cpa is one centimeter wide, which they say can be shrunk to a much


that definition is trying to say. thus, it seems likely that something else is going on to cause so much difficulty, something to do with what the definition means. but what, exactly? let ' s start with the intuitive idea of continuity that we started out with, the idea of a function that has no gaps, interruptions, or sudden changes. this is essentially the conception newton and leibniz worked with. so too did euler, who wrote of " a curve described by freely leading the hand. " notice that this conception of continuity is fundamentally dynamic. either we think of the curve as being drawn in a continuous ( sic ) fashion, or else we view the curve as already drawn and imagine what it is like to travel along it. this means that our mental conception has the following features : 1. the continuous function is formed by motion, which takes place over time. aspects of this dynamic view are still present when we start to develop a more formal definition : we speak about the values f ( x ) approaching the value f ( a ) as x approaches a. the mental picture here is one of preserving closeness near a point. 2. the function has directionality. 3. the continuity arises from the motion. 4. the motion results in a static line with no gaps or jumps. 5. the static line has no directionality. notice that the formal definition of a limit implicitly assumes that the real line is continuous ( i. e., gapless, or a continuum ). for, if it were not, then talk about x approaching a would not capture the conception we need. in this conception, a line or a continuum is a fundamental object in its own right. points are simply locations on lines. when we formulate the final cauchy - weierstrass definition, however, by making precise the notion of a limit, we abandon the dynamic view, based on the idea of a gapless real continuum, and replace it by an entirely static conception that speaks about the existence of real numbers having certain properties. the conception of a line that underlies this definition is that a line is a set of points. the points are now the fundamental objects, not the line. this, of course, is a highly abstract conception of a line that was only introduced in the late nineteenth century, and then only in response to difficulties encountered dealing with some pathological examples of functions. when you think about it, that ' s quite a major shift in conceptual model, from the highly natural and intuitive idea of motion (


in the late nineteenth century, and then only in response to difficulties encountered dealing with some pathological examples of functions. when you think about it, that ' s quite a major shift in conceptual model, from the highly natural and intuitive idea of motion ( in time ) along a continuum to a contrived statement about the existence of numbers, based on the highly artificial view of a line as being a set of points. when we ( i. e., mathematics instructors ) introduce our students to the " formal " definition of continuity, we are not, as we claim, making a loose, intuitive notion more formal and rigorous. rather, we are changing the conception of continuity in almost every respect. no wonder our students don ' t see how the formal definition captures their intuitions. it doesn ' t. it attempts to replace their intuitive picture with something quite different. perhaps our students would have less trouble trying to understand the cauchy - weierstrass definition if we told them in advance that it was not a formalization of their intuitive conception - - that the mathematician ' s formal notion of a continuous function is in fact something quite different from the intuitive picture. indeed, that might help. but if we are getting into the business of open disclosure, we had better go the whole way and point out that the new definition does not explicitly capture continuity at all. that famous - - indeed, infamous - - epsilon - delta statement that causes everyone so much trouble does not eliminate ( all ) the vagueness inherent in the intuitive notion of continuity. indeed, it doesn ' t address continuity at all. rather, it simply formalizes the notion of " correspondingly " in the relation " correspondingly close. " in fact, the cauchy - weierstrass definition only manages to provide a definition of continuity of a function by assuming continuity of the real line! it is perhaps worth mentioning, if only because some students may have come to terms with the idea that a line is a set of points, that in terms of that conception of a line - - which is not something that someone or something can move along - - the original, intuitive idea of continuity reduces simply to gaplessness. in short, however you approach it, the step from the intuitive notion of continuity to the formal, cauchy - weierstrass definition, involves a huge mental discontinuity.


graphene membranes may lead to enhanced natural gas production, less co2 pollution, says cu study engineering faculty and students at the university of colorado boulder have produced the first experimental results showing that atomically thin graphene membranes with tiny pores can effectively and efficiently separate gas molecules through size - selective sieving. the findings are a significant step toward the realization of more energy - efficient membranes for natural gas production and for reducing carbon dioxide emissions from power plant exhaust pipes. mechanical engineering professors scott bunch and john pellegrino co - authored a paper in nature nanotechnology with graduate students steven koenig and luda wang detailing the experiments. the paper was published oct. 7 in the journal ’ s online edition. the research team introduced nanoscale pores into graphene sheets through ultraviolet light - induced oxidative “ etching, ” and then measured the permeability of various gases across the porous graphene membranes. experiments were done with a range of gases including hydrogen, carbon dioxide, argon, nitrogen, methane and sulphur hexaflouride - - which range in size from 0. 29 to 0. 49 nanometers - - to demonstrate the potential for separation based on molecular size. one nanometer is one billionth of a meter. “ these atomically thin, porous graphene membranes represent a new class of ideal molecular sieves, where gas transport occurs through pores which have a thickness and diameter on the atomic scale, ” said bunch. graphene, a single layer of graphite, represents the first truly two - dimensional atomic crystal. it consists of a single layer of carbon atoms chemically bonded in a hexagonal “ chicken wire ” lattice - - a unique atomic structure that gives it remarkable electrical, mechanical and thermal properties. “ the mechanical properties of this wonder material fascinate our group the most, ” bunch said. “ it is the thinnest and strongest material in the world, as well as being impermeable to all standard gases. ” those characteristics make graphene an ideal material for creating a separation membrane because it is durable and yet doesn ’ t require a lot of energy to push molecules through it, he said. other technical challenges will need to be overcome before the technology can be fully realized. for example, creating large enough sheets of graphene to perform separations on an industrial scale, and developing a process for producing precisely defined nanopores of the required sizes are areas that need further development. the cu - boulder experiments were done on a relatively small scale