ignorance, an error in which people privately disapprove but publicly support what seems to be the majority view ( regarding a norm or belief ), when the majority in fact shares their ( private ) disapproval. while the false consensus effect leads people to wrongly believe that they agree with the majority ( when the majority, in fact, openly disagrees with them ), the pluralistic ignorance effect leads people to wrongly believe that they disagree with the majority ( when the majority, in fact, covertly agrees with them ). pluralistic ignorance might, for example, lead a student to engage in binge drinking because of the mistaken belief that most other students approve of it, while in reality most other students disapprove, but behave in the same way because they share the same mistaken ( but collectively self - sustaining ) belief. in a parallel example of false consensus, a student who likes binge drinking would believe that a majority also likes it, while in reality, most others dislike it and openly say so. major theoretical approaches the false - consensus effect can be traced back to two parallel theories of social perception, " the study of how we form impressions of and make inferences about other people ". the first is the idea of social comparison. the principal claim of leon festinger ’ s ( 1954 ) social comparison theory was that individuals evaluate their thoughts and attitudes based on other people. this may be motivated by a desire for confirmation and the need to feel good about oneself. as an extension of this theory, people may use others as sources of information to define social reality and guide behavior. this is called informational social influence. the problem, though, is that people are often unable to accurately perceive the social norm and the actual attitudes of others. in other words, research has shown that people are surprisingly poor " intuitive psychologists " and that our social judgments are oftentimes inaccurate. this finding helped to lay the groundwork for an understanding of biased processing and inaccurate social perception. the false - consensus effect is just one example of such an inaccuracy. the second influential theory is projection, the idea that people project their own attitudes and beliefs onto others. this idea of projection is not a new concept. in fact, it can be found in sigmund freud ’ s work on the defense mechanism of projection ( 1956 ), d. s. holmes ' work on " attributive projection " ( 1968 ), and gustav ichheisser ’ s work on social perception ( 1970 ). d. s. holmes, for example,


" we connect to the source of life, not through its reflected light, not through evidence and proof, not through rye - ah, but rather through ree - ah, through gazing directly into the light. and when we do that, this world of reflection vanishes from our sight. the light in exile chanuka, the festival of light, represents the freedom from an exile. the exile of ancient greece. unique among the exiles which the jewish people have suffered, the exile of greece was the only exile in which the jewish people never left their land. and yet an exile it still was. it was the exile of the light. the wisdom of the torah was exiled by greek philosophy. to the ancient greeks, what is beyond the mind of man does not exist. the greek view of the world is a world of evidence, of rye - ah, of proof. it is a world of reflected light alone. a world of en - lightenment. the greek eye is blind to a source that is brighter than the eye of man can bear. thus it grasps the reflection as being the source. what i can see, exists. beyond that, beyond concrete evidence, in that place where the human eye cannot penetrate, there can exist nothing. the greeks engaged the sages of the talmud over and over again, challenging them to give incontrovertible evidence for the efficacy of the torah. prove to us, they said that brit mila causes some empirical improvement in a person ; that keeping shabbat changes someone, something. the sages could not give these proofs. not because of any lacking in the torah, but because the greeks misunderstood the nature of the torah itself. if we wanted to prove the efficacy of an antibiotic, we could go to a laboratory, take a blood sample and analyze it empirically. we could evaluate how many white blood cells there were, how many red. we could take finite measurements which would lead to empirical conclusions. there is, however, no empirical measurement for a mitzva. the torah is lacking in empirical proofs because it is not a description of that which already exists. it is the source of that which is to be. it depicts an existence which has yet to be. it is the source, not the outcome. it is the light, not its reflection. the torah doesn ' t conform to greek thought. it doesn ' t observe the world. it is the source of the world. it is not a reflection of the light. it is the light itself.


bundle. if we assume a constant curvature of the arms, the radius of curvature can be translated in an angle φ ( see fig. 18 ). fig. 18 fluctuation angle φ. the area moment of inertia of a rod is given by now we ' re able to calculate the area moment of inertia of the 10 helix bundle with the parallel axis theorem ( see fig. 19 ). fig. 19 : cross section of one of the 10 helix bundle arms. the distances for the parallel axis theorem and the direction of the fluctuation we are looking at are indicated in red. and therefore the energy needed to bend one arm by the angle φ as well as the probability. fluctuation of the measured angles since the fluctuation of the arms is stochastically independent, we have to take the convolution of the two probabilities : with δφ = φ2 − φ1 with all this follows therefore we get a standard deviation of the measured angles of double stranded dna has a persistence length of about and the arms of the u have a length of about ( predicted by the json file ). this gives us a width of the distribution of about experimental considerations for fret fig. 20 fret efficiency over the torsion α certain combinations of dyes exhibit a phenomenon called forster resonance energy transfer ( fret ) when in close proximity. for this to happen, their spectra must match so that the emission of the one dye can excite the other. in short, this means that if the dye with shorter excitation wavelength is excited, it can transfer its energy onto the other dye with the longer excitation wavelength in a radiationless fashion resulting in a shift of emission to longer wavelengths. the extent to which it happens is called fret efficiency efretand is a sharply decreasing function of the distance between the dyes. the distance d ( as derived from the arm twist theory above ) where efret is exactly 0. 5 is defined as the forster radius rf. the following equation describes efret as a function of the torsion angle of twisted arms according to the arm - twist theory : for d = rf = 6, 5 nm ( see below ), d = 13 nm and r = 4 nm ( both parameters derived from theu ' s structure ), α = 23, 5°. knowledge of this value is somewhat important for estimating the right experimental conditions to measure within the linear fret range. as fret labels we use the fluorophores


the mach principle and the origin of inertia from general relativity anew conformal theory of semi - classical quantum general relativity quantum mechanics from general relativity : p. gibbs - covariant energy momentum conservation in general relativity with cosmological constant the meaning of relativiety, with new introduction by brian greene... relativity : the special and general theory theory for quantization of gravity use coupon below to get discount at ecampus. com! $ 3 off textbook orders over $ 75 $ 4 off textbook orders over $ 90 $ 5 off textbook orders over $ 100 copy the coupon code before clicking the button! the genesis of general relativity the aim of this groundbreaking new book is to bring general relativity into the undergraduate curriculum and make this fundamental theory accessible to all physics majors. using a " physics first "... the aim of this book is to introduce the reader to research work on a particular aspect of rotating fields in general relativity. a concise, direct examination of general relativity and black holes, exploring black holes provides tools that motivate tools that motivate readers to become active participants in... hermann minkowski recast special relativity as essentially a new geometric structure for spacetime. this book looks at the ideas of both einstein and minkowski, and then introduces the theory of... student - friendly, well illustrated textbook for advanced undergraduate and beginning graduate students in physics and mathematics. covers the initial value problem for einstein ' s gravitational field equations with fluid sources and shock wave initial data. this monograph aims to prove a certain local existence theorem. it is... albert einstein ' s theory general relativity canonical quantisation and loop quantum gravity theory for graduate students of quantum field theory. spacetime and geometry : an introduction to general relativity provides a lucid and thoroughly modern introduction to general relativity. with an accessible and lively writing style, it...


c2006 / f2402 - - 2008 - - outline of lecture # 14 – electrical communication # 2 version a - - includes more space for taking notes ( c ) stuart firestein, columbia university, new york, ny. last update 03 / 31 / 2005 04 : 46 pm. notes by chris kelly click here for a shorter version without the spaces. some links to animations and additional information on neuroscience are on the study guides for lectures 16 & 18 from 2004. see lecture 16 & 17 and lecture 18. if you need a back up text for the material that isn ' t in becker, you might want to try kimball ' s on line text. i. action potential - brief review - action potentials are invariant and rapid changes in membrane potential used for signaling. - depolarization ( initial ) - stimulus causes the ligand - gated sodium channels to open, causing a passive spread of depolarization inside - rising phase - if that depolarization is sufficient ( 10 to 15 mv more positive ), voltage - gated sodium channels at the axon hillock suddenly open, causing an enormous influx of sodium and the rapid - this is essentially a positive - feedback cycle : sodium entering the cell causes it to depolarize. these depolarized conditions cause more sodium to enter the cell ( because voltage - gated channels open ). this depolarizes the cell even more, making more sodium channels open, and so on. - falling phase - two factors contribute to the cell then racing back down toward negative potential : - 1 ) voltage - gated sodium channels inactivate after being open for a certain time. so, those channels that opened, permitting the depolarization, slam shut and cannot be opened again until the cell has “ reset ” itself back to rmp. - 2 ) voltage - gated potassium channels, which were tripped during the depolarization ( around – 20 mv ), begin to open. why did they not open as soon as the voltage hit – 20 mv? they are slow to undergo the proper conformational changes. - the net effect is that the permeability to potassium once again far outweighs that to sodium, so the cell - the potassium permeability is so high, in fact, that the cell goes closer to ek than during rmp – it hyperpolarizes. this brief hyperpolarization can be divided into - absolute refractory period ( negative - voltage - gated sodium channels are still inactivated


technical progress in the automobile industry is unbroken. but, the sector has still some hard nuts to crack : " lead - free materials " is one of the challenges — hidden behind this challenge is a eu environmental directive which, based on a step - by - step plan, gradually bans all lead - containing materials and components from automotive vehicles — such as piezoelectric components. these elements are important for diesel engine injectors, for example, which control the supply of fuel to the combustion chamber. the problem : up to now lead - zirconate - titanate ( pzt ) is the material of choice when fast switchable piezoelectric applications in cars are concerned. to find alternatives without containing the heavy metal of lead is not an easy task, however, because in raw condition all alternatively used materials still do not have the desired properties. a simulation approach which the researchers of fraunhofer institute for mechanics of materials iwm have developed gets the search going now : " we have to chemically and physically modify the potential candidates in such a way that in the end the replacement materials behave similarly well as the pzt ", says professor dr. christian elsasser, group leader at the iwm. a candidate such as this is potassium - sodium - niobate ( knn ). like pzt it is a ferroelectric monocrystal, but as technical ceramics with uncontrolled atom vacancies and grain boundaries in the crystal lattice, knn is initially useless as a material. " for this reason, we have to make a virtue of necessity and have to introduce the right doping, i. e. foreign atoms, in order to improve the properties of the ceramic knn, " says christian elsasser. where and how these doping atoms have to be introduced is figured out by the researchers by means of computer simulation : different ferroelectric properties are obtained depending at which position of the crystal lattice the foreign atoms — such as copper — are placed. " at one position, the copper donates electrons, at another position it prefers to accept them. dipoles are formed or they are not formed depending on the lattice position, " explains christian elsasser. these solid - state physical parameters and a number of others shall be determined in advance. researchers do this with the help of " physics in the computer ". this is by no means a trivial task because the quantum mechanical computations require complex atom model systems and big computer capacity. but on the other hand, a


parasite : any organism which in its natural habitat feeds and lives on or in a different organism. plasma : the clear fluid of blood and lymph in which cells are suspended ; it also contains dissolved proteins. plasma membrane : a delicate structure which encloses the cell, separating the contents of the cell from the surrounding environment. plasmids : any extrachromosomal replicating unit or hereditary determinant, also called paragene. polio : a highly contagious infectious disease caused by a filterable virus and occurring most commonly in children ; in its acute form it involves the spinal cord causing paralysis. protease : any enzyme which acts upon the peptide bonds of proteins and peptides ; a protein - splitting or hydrolyzing enzyme. prevalence : the number of people with a specific condition in a given population. protein : proteins are nitrogen - rich compounds that are formed from complex series of amino acids. they are fundamental to many of the processes of life, and are the fundamental building blocks for much of the substance of cellular and non - cellular life. provirus : a virus that has become and integral part of the host cell chromosome and is transmitted from one cell generation to another. rate of infection : the degree of speed or progression of an epidemic. receptor site : a structure of protein on the outside of the cell membrane - receptor sites allow cells to identify each other and serve as attachment points for biological substances that produce a alterations in cell function. viruses use receptor sites to identify a host cell and attach to it. retrovirus : a large group of rna viruses. rhinovirus : the virus that causes the common cold. ribosome : one of the minute granules free in the cytoplasm or attached to the endoplasmic reticulum of a cell, containing a high concentration of rna. ribosomes are the cell ' s " factories " - they are the place where all protein synthesis occurs. messenger rna ( mrna ) messages from the nucleus are translated by the ribosomes, which build the encoded proteins. rna : the abbreviation for ribonucleic acid, a form of genetic material. rna is much less stable than dna, and mutates frequently during its reproduction. for this reason, all life forms ( with the exception some viruses ) use it only as a temporary messenger molecule to carry information that is permanently stored in dna. rna virus : a specialized set of viruses that use rna, rather than dna, for the storage of their genetic information. " sense " strand : most


viruses ) use it only as a temporary messenger molecule to carry information that is permanently stored in dna. rna virus : a specialized set of viruses that use rna, rather than dna, for the storage of their genetic information. " sense " strand : most genetic material, both dna and rna, appears as two chains or strands of nucleotides wound together into a double helix - the common picture of dna. each nucleotide - a, t, c and g - has an attractive opposite ( a attracts t, c attracts g ). as a result, one strand, the " sense " strand, contains the information ( for example, atg - aaa ) and the other strand, the " antisense " strand contains the opposite of this information ( tac - ttt - according to the pairing rules ). antisense rna is the " antisense " half of a complete double rna strand. rna viruses consist of two types - " sense " rna viruses, whose genetic material consists of the " sense " half of a complete strand, and " antisense " rna viruses, which have the " antisense " half. sense rna viruses can have their genetic material read out directly by the ribosomes of their host cells - antisense rna viruses must first copy themselves into a " sense " strand of rna. serum hepatitis : a form of viral hepatitis transmitted by injection or exposure to human blood or blood products contaminated with hepatitis viruses. shingles : infection of the ganglia of the posterior roots of the spinal nerves or the fifth cranial nerve by the varcella - zoster virus ( shingles ), which also causes chicken pox ; it is marked by a painful eruption of vesicles usually on one side of the body along the course of one or more cutaneous nerves. subcelluar : below the level of a complete cell. the various organelles and structures that make up a complete cell exist at the " subcellular " level. strain : a group or stock of microorganisms made up of descendents of a single isolation in a pure culture. synthesis : the formation of a new compound by putting together simpler compounds or elements.


worked, the teacher circulated among the students : the teacher moved to another group where the students had represented their problem as shown in figure 5. 32. listening carefully to the discussions, the teacher rephrased ned ' s suggestion in order to make sure she had accurately captured his thinking, to help him focus on the important mathematical concepts, and to guide him in considering how this problem is related to those more » familiar to him. ned ' s response gave her important assessment information about whether he understood his method for adding whole numbers. although he was able to use an algorithm to add whole numbers, he lacked an understanding of the concepts behind the procedure and therefore was unsure if or how it could be used or adapted for this new purpose. in talking with jaron ' s group, the teacher asked a question that led students to think about the reasonableness of their response by considering it in relation to its real - world context. the realization that their response didn ' t make sense caused the students to revisit the problem. in this particular instance, the teacher chose to let students work through their confusion. the teacher ' s decisions about what to say or not say, what to ask or not ask, were based on her observations of the students and their conversations. for example, what strategies were they using? were misconceptions being challenged? her goal was to nudge the students to reflect on their answer and to do further mathematical reasoning. after the groups finished their work, the class as a whole had a discussion. rob reported that the students in his group represented the problem as shown in figure 5. 33 ( p. 116 ). | malik paid close attention during ben ' s explanation, nodding that he understood. teresa was also interested in the explanation, noting the significance of how zero was represented. after this presentation, the » students wrote in their journals, explaining what they thought was a correct procedure for adding the numbers. many mentioned that the demonstration had made it clear that tenths had to be added to tenths and hundredths to hundredths for the right answer. some made up new problems and made drawings of the base - ten model. | because discussion of thinking was a regular occurrence in this classroom, students were comfortable describing their thinking, even if their ideas were different from the ideas of their peers. besides focusing on their own thinking, students also attempted to understand the thinking of others and in some cases to relate it to their own. ned, who earlier had been unable to articulate why he lined up whole numbers in a particular


of their peers. besides focusing on their own thinking, students also attempted to understand the thinking of others and in some cases to relate it to their own. ned, who earlier had been unable to articulate why he lined up whole numbers in a particular way when he added, questioned rob about why his group had lined up the numbers the way they did. ned was taking responsibility for his learning by asking questions about a concept that wasn ' t quite clear to him. ben thought about malik ' s dilemma and came up with a solution that became clear to malik. the use of models and pictures provides a further opportunity for understanding and conversation. having a concrete referent helps students develop understandings that are clearer and more easily shared ( hiebert et al. 1997 ). the talk that preceded, accompanied, and followed ben ' s presentation gave meaning to the base - ten model. malik had been " stuck " by viewing the model in one way until ben showed him another way to look at it. throughout the lesson, the interactions among students were necessary in helping them make sense of what they were doing. because there was time to talk, write, model, and draw pictures, as well as occasions for work in small groups, large groups, and as individuals, students who worked best in different ways all had opportunities to learn. with appropriate support and a classroom environment where communication about mathematics is expected, teachers can work to build the capacity of students to think, reason, solve complex problems, and communicate mathematically. this involves creating classroom environments in which intellectual risks and sense making are expected. teachers must also routinely provide students with rich problems centered on the important mathematical ideas in the curriculum so that students are working with situations worthy of their conversation and thought. in daily lessons, teachers must make on - the - spot decisions about which points of the mathematical conversation to pick up on and which to let go, and when to let students struggle with an issue and when to give direction. for example, the teacher in the episode above chose to let one group of students struggle with the fact that their answer was unreasonable. teachers must refine their listening, questioning, and paraphrasing techniques, both to direct the flow of mathematical learning and to provide models for student dialogue. well - posed questions can simultaneously elicit, extend, and challenge students ' thinking and at the same time give the teacher an opportunity to assess the students ' understanding. » periodically, teachers may need to explicitly discuss students ' effective and ineffective communication strategies. teachers can model questioning and explaining, for example


us 4128751 a frozen food in packs, generally of rectilinear configuration, are heated for consumption by being passed through a microwave energy field which generates heat which is substantially uniform across the pack width and which traverses the pack length due to movement relatively between the pack and microwave energy source. the relative movement overcomes thermal runaway since the energy is continuously being dragged away from the zones which have just been heated and where thermal runaway could otherwise occur. 1. an apparatus for heating frozen food packs for consumption, said apparatus comprising a microwave energy source, a microwave energy outlet, energy feed means for feeding microwave energy from said source to said outlet, and conveying means for conveying a pack containing frozen food past said outlet, the movement of said conveying means being in a direction at right angles to the direction of propagation from said microwave energy outlet and also at right angles to the plane of polarisation of the electric field propagation. 2. apparatus according to claim 1 in which the energy feed means is adapted to feed the energy to said outlet in a single mode of propagation. 3. apparatus according to claim 2 including switching means for switching said microwave energy on and off, and triggering means for operating said switching means, said triggering means being actuated in response to movement of a pack by said conveying means across said energy outlet. 4. apparatus according to claim 2 in which said energy feed means is a rectangular waveguide, and including an outlet section connecting said rectangular waveguide to said energy outlet, said outlet being flared in the direction of the plane of polarisation of the electric field propagation to provide an outlet width greater than the width of a standard waveguide. 5. apparatus according to claim 4 comprising at least one longitudinal baffle located within said flared waveguide outlet section to preserve single mode propagation conditions. 6. apparatus according to claim 5 in which said outlet section is a y type power divider. 7. apparatus according to claim 6 comprising a baffle located parallel to the plane of said energy outlet and defining at its edges a pair of slots spaced half a wavelength apart so that energy emerging from said slots is subject to cancellation in the region of said slots and to re - enforcement halfway therebetween. 8. apparatus according to claim 1 comprising an oscillatory conveying means arranged to oscillate a pack across said microwave energy outlet. 9. apparatus according to claim 1 comprising a dielectric insert having a relative permittivity greater than air and a low loss factor disposed within the outlet section. 10. apparatus


arranged to oscillate a pack across said microwave energy outlet. 9. apparatus according to claim 1 comprising a dielectric insert having a relative permittivity greater than air and a low loss factor disposed within the outlet section. 10. apparatus according to claim 1 in which said energy feed means comprises a metal tunnel which is less than half a wavelength high and is parallel to the plane of the microwave energy outlet. 11. a method of heating a pack of frozen food for consumption, which pack is of substantially uniform length and uniform width, comprising effecting relative movement of the pack in its length direction past an outlet fed by a source of microwave energy, and causing said outlet to supply microwave energy to the pack under conditions such that substantially uniform heating occurs across the pack width while in the pack length direction heating is concentrated in a band which is shorter than the pack length, and which through the relative movement between the pack and said microwave outlet, sequentially traverses the pack length. 12. a method according to claim 11 in which the microwave energy is propagated in single mode with the electric field polarised transversely to the direction of movement of the pack. 13. a method according to claim 11 in which microwave energy transmission and pack movement are corelated to ensure even generation of heat at the beginning, intermediate zones and end of the pack length. 14. a method according to claim 13 in which the pack is caused to perform an oscillatory movement back and forth across the microwave outlet, and said movement has an amplitude which ensures even generation of heat at the beginning, intermediate zones and end of the pack length. 15. a method according to claim 13 in which the pack is caused to perform a continuous movement past the microwave outlet, and the microwave source is switched on and off in timed relationship with said continuous movement to ensure even generation of heat at the beginning, intermediate zones and end of the pack length. 16. a method according to claim 11 in which the pack is caused to move within a metal tunnel less than half a wavelength high and parallel to the plane of the microwave outlet. the present invention relates to the microwave heating of foods, particularly for the preparation for consumption of frozen pre - packed meals. institutionalised catering, for example factory canteens or hospital meal services, desirably require the minimum of preparation time, combined with a reasonable quality of product, a fair choice of alternatives and economy. with these aims in mind, the use of pre - prepared frozen packs of food in conjunction with micro - wave heating has been considered


through the relative movement between the pack and said microwave outlet sequentially traverses the pack length. the invention also provides an apparatus for heating frozen food packs for consumption comprising a microwave energy source, energy feed means for feeding energy from said source to an outlet, and conveying means for conveying a pack containing frozen food past said outlet, said outlet, said conveying means and said energy feed means being so positioned in relation to one another that substantially uniform heating occurs across the pack width while in the pack length direction heating is concentrated in a band which is shorter than the pack length. concentration of the length direction heating into a restricted band coupled with relative movement between pack and energy source enables a high heat input into the pack to be achieved without encountering significant thermal runaway problems. this is because the energy source ( the microwave outlet ) is continuously being moved away from zones where thermal runaway would otherwise occur. thus any distortion of the field consequent on frozen material thawing is kept at a minimum, and the only such effect is a slight dragging of the heating zone in the direction of pack movement ( i. e. heating will be at a zone slightly in advance of the centre of the microwave outlet ) ; and this dragging effect will be evened out as the heating zone sequentially traverses the whole of the pack length and each integral zone of the food pack will have received in total substantially the same amount of heating. it will be recognised that the dragging effect will tend to cause uneven heating at the front and rear ends of the food pack. this can be overcome conveniently by either having dummy loads preceding and succeeding the pack as it progresses past the microwave outlet ; or an infinite number of packs juxtaposed without any gap between the front of the first and the rear of the next ( effectively an infinitely long pack ) would also solve the end effect problem. however we have found that the simplest way of avoiding overheating of the ends is by switching the microwave energy on and off in timed relationship with the pack movement. in particular the energy should be switched on as the leading edge of the pack has moved about halfway across the microwave outlet and should be switched off as the trailing edge is halfway across the microwave outlet. in practice owing to slight field distortion switch on should be just after the halfway point and switch off just before the relevant edge reaches halfway. as an alternative to choosing the correct time of switching on and off, which will be effected when a unidirectional single pass takes place, if the pack is to be moved back and


” about theories. the evaluation theory tree that we presented in alkin ' s recent book, evaluation roots [ eisner, e. ( 2004 ). the roots of connoisseurship and criticism : a personal journey. in m. alkin ( ed. ), evaluation roots : tracing theorists ’ views and influences. thousand oaks, ca : sage ; guba, e., & lincoln, y., ( 2004 ). the roots of fourth generation evaluation : theoretical and methodological origins. in m. alkin ( ed. ), evaluation roots : tracing theorists ’ views and influences. thousand oaks, ca : sage ; stake, r. ( 2004 ). stake and responsive evaluation. in m. alkin ( ed. ), evaluation roots : tracing theorists ’ views and influences. thousand oaks, ca : sage ; wholey, j. s. ( 2004 ). using evaluation to improve performance and support policy decision making. in m. alkin ( ed. ), evaluation roots : tracing theorists ’ views and influences. thousand oaks, ca : sage ], is such a framework. just as theorists modify their views over time, in this paper we suggest modifications to the theory tree presented in the roots book, including a repositioning of a few theorists, the addition of theorists, and a reconceptualization of the valuing branch. 19. chicken or the egg : longitudinal analysis of the causal dilemma between goal orientation, self - regulation and cognitive processing strategies in higher education mikael de clercq | benoit galand | mariane frenay abstract : the aim of this study was to investigate the direction of the effect between goal orientation, self - regulation and deep processing strategies in order to understand the impact of these three constructs on students ’ achievement. the participants were 110 freshmen from the engineering faculty at the universite catholique de louvain in belgium, who were followed during the first three years of their university studies. data were analyzed through structural equation modeling. the main finding was that mastery goal orientation increased students ’ subsequent deep processing which in turn enhanced subsequent self - regulation. deep processing and self - regulation also appeared to be mutually influential from year 2 to year 3. the implications of our results for the understanding of the interplay between cognitive and motivational processes in higher education are discussed. ines bruno | leonor santos abstract : the characteristics of written comments on assignments as well as the process of writing them were studied. interviews to three case - study middle school students, observation of


joined : 16 mar 2004 | posted : thu dec 21, 2006 2 : 47 pm post subject : nanoscale capacitor feasibility studied | nanoscale capacitor feasibility studied u. s. scientists say they have discovered why the size of capacitors, often the largest components in integrated circuits, can ' t be cut to nanoscale. researchers at the university of california - santa barbara say their finding answers a 45 - year - old question : why is the capacitance in thin - film capacitors so much smaller than expected? scientists have tried to use high - permittivity materials to achieve more capacitance in a smaller area but nanoscale devices have yielded lower - than - expected capacitance values. those low values have limited the performance of thin - film capacitors and prevented further device miniaturization. university of california - santa barbara professor nicola spaldin and post - doctoral researcher massimiliano stengel used quantum mechanical calculations to prove a so - called " dielectric dead layer " at the metal - insulator interface is responsible for the observed capacitance reduction. spaldin and stengel say the fundamental quantum mechanical properties of the interfaces are the root cause of the problem and show that metals with good screening properties can be used to improve the properties. " our results provide practical guidelines for minimizing the deleterious effects of the dielectric dead layer in nanoscale devices, " they said. this story was first posted on 13th october 2006


methodology which takes a critical approach to existing or hypothetical doctrines, and an emphasis on knowledge that can be acquired by natural means through the senses and the exercise of reason. aristotelian metaphysics places the individual at the center of the realm of existence. in the philosophy of nature, aristotelianism portrays a perfect and economic organization of the natural world, in which heavenly, geocentric spheres driven by intelligent movers carry the stars, the sun, the planets, and the moon, in circular movements, and influence the “ sublunary ” world. from its beginnings, aristotelianism incorporated the concept of gravity, in which light bodies rise away from the center of the earth and heavy bodies move naturally toward it with a speed related to their weight. aristotelian aesthetics hold that poetry and literature are an imitation of what is possible in real life ; and that tragedy in drama and literature can achieve purification ( katharsis ) through artificially constructing a situation which evokes fear and pity. aristotelian ethics emphasize intellectual activity as the primary path to happiness, followed by the practice of virtue. virtue is characterized as moderation and conscious self - control. aristotelian political theory considers the state as a self - sufficient society, necessary to provide the social structure and order in which men can achieve happiness. aristotelian teleology incorporates plato ’ s ideals as goals and “ goods ” internal to natural species, that are realized in activity. sometimes contrasted by critics with the rationalism and idealism of plato, aristotelianism is understood by its proponents as a critical development of plato ’ s theories. history of aristotelianism since aristotle ' s death in 322 b. c. e., there has been an unbroken continuation of schools and individual philosophers who have cultivated the study of his works and adopted and expanded on his doctrines and methods. aristotle ’ s ideas, originally developed in greek, were taken up by latin authors, then by syriac, arabic, and hebrew authors, and beginning in the middle ages, by italian, french, english, and german writers. the greek aristotelian tradition continued for two thousand years along the eastern mediterranean sea, diverging at various times between the fourth and fifth centuries to give rise to or reinforce their traditions. latin aristotelianism originated in rome in the fourth century, and acquired new life from greece early in the sixth century. it was revived in the ninth century and again in the twelfth. in the twelfth century, a new


| oct14 - 04, 04 : 49 pm | | # 1 | rotational energy levels are rotational energy levels of a molecule in general equally spaced or does the spacing increase with energy? how about a diatomic molecule ; i have seen a derivation showing that the rotational levels in a diatomic molecule are equally spaced, but when drawn in an energy level diagram they clearly aren ' t? what is right? and another thing ; in my book the expression for the rotational and vibrational energies of a diatomic molecule is derived in terms of a classical " dumb - bell " - picture? how is this justified taking quantum mechanics into account? | oct14 - 04, 05 : 58 pm | | # 2 | no, even in the most simple diatomic molecule rotational levels are not equally spaced. if you look at any rotational spectrum of such molecules you will clearly appreciate it. you will see how the first lines are separated more or less a 2b distance ( b is the rotational constant ) but they get closer when increasing frequency. but be carefull with this, the energy levels get more separated when you increase j, but the transition frequency values : e ( j + 1 ) - e ( j ) get closer between them when increasing j. this is the real behaviour. the question is what model do you choose to theoretically calculate those energy levels ( and the frequency values ). the most simple quantum model is the rigid rotor ( exuse me if that isnit the correct word, iim spanish ). the energy expression derived from that model is : e ( cm - 1 ) = b j ( j + 1 ) then the frequency expression f = 2b ( j + 1 ). frequencies are equally separated. but this is not real. in order to get a better description elastic rotor is used : [ tex ] e ( cm ^ - 1 ) = bj ( j + 1 ) - dj ^ 2 ( j + 1 ) ^ 2 [ / tex ] this model introduces the " d " constant to allow the variation of bond length ( in fact vibration movement ). the frequency values obtained get closer between them while increasing j, itis more real but it continues being a model. theese expressions are only for diatomic molecules. | oct25 - 04, 05 : 12 am | | # 3 | | similar threads for : rotational energy levels | | kinetic energy and radiant energy levels | | atomic, solid state, comp. physics | | 0 | | rotational spectra - thermal population of rotational levels |


cloning is the process of creating an identical copy of something. in biology, it collectively refers to processes used to create copies of dna fragments ( molecular cloning ), cells ( cell cloning ), or organisms. the term also encompasses situations whereby organisms reproduce asexually. the term clone is derived from κλων, the greek word for " twig, branch ", referring to the process whereby a new plant can be created from a twig. in horticulture, the spelling clon was used until the twentieth century ; the final e came into use to indicate the vowel is a " long o " instead of a " short o ". since the term entered the popular lexicon in a more general context, the spelling clone has been used exclusively. molecular cloning refers to the procedure of isolating a defined dna sequence and obtaining multiple copies of it in vivo. cloning is frequently employed to amplify dna fragments containing genes, but it can be used to amplify any dna sequence such as promoters, non - coding sequences and randomly fragmented dna. it is utilised in a wide array of biological experiments and practical applications such as large scale protein production. occasionally, the term cloning is misleadingly used to refer to the identification of the chromosomal location of a gene associated with a particular phenotype of interest, such as in positional cloning. in practice, localization of the gene to a chromosome or genomic region does not necessarily enable one to isolate or amplify the relevant genomic sequence. in essence, in order to amplify any dna sequence in a living organism, that sequence must be linked to an origin of replication, a sequence element capable of directing the propagation of itself and any linked sequence. in practice, however, a number of other features are desired and a variety of specialised cloning vectors exist that allow protein expression, tagging, single stranded rna and dna production and a host of other manipulations. cloning of any dna fragment essentially involves four steps : fragmentation, ligation, transfection, and screening / selection. although these steps are invariable among cloning procedures a number of alternative routes can be selected, these are summarised as a ‘ cloning strategy ’. initially, the dna of interest needs to be isolated to provide a relevant dna segment of suitable size. subsequently, a ligation procedure is employed whereby the amplified fragment is inserted into a vector. the vector ( which is frequently circular ) is linearised by means of restriction enzymes,


analysis that ’ s been done on it, and all kinds of interesting things to be said about it. but it ’ s a bit like some electro - optic material or something that we might take from the physical universe : we just “ mine ” rule 30, refine it, and use it. for mathematica 6 we actually went further, and considerably optimized the way we do random sequence generation. but it ’ s still the same basic idea as rule 30 : a system mined from the computational universe using nks methods. five years is a short time in the development of a major intellectual direction like nks. but it ’ s been exciting to see all the things that have happened. and to watch the feedback loop close. a direction that was made possible by mathematica is now a major force in advancing the technology of mathematica itself. i am particularly eager to see what the new technology of mathematica 6 will make possible for nks. nks is a particularly good topic for demonstrations because – almost by definition – the code tends to be simple. which makes the demonstrations easy to read and modify — and easy for people to learn not only science, but also mathematica programming from. but the dynamic interface capabilities of mathematica 6 seem likely to allow a qualitatively new level of nks research. it ’ s remarkable to realize that all the several years of early experiments i did on cellular automata — that later launched nks – i can now repeat in a series of mathematica 6 one - liners that would take me only a few minutes to write. so now it ’ ll be exciting to watch just how far nks — and the exploration of the computational universe — can be taken with the new technology we have.


history and production from greek word beryllos, meaning " beryl ". beryllium was discovered as the oxide by l. - n. vauquelinin in beryl and in emaralds in 1798. the metal was isolated in 1828 by f. woehler and independantly by a. a. b. bussy by the reaction of potassium on beryllium chloride. beryllium can be extracted by roasting beryl with na2sif6 at 700°c. it is, however, more commonly produced by reduction of beryllium fluoride with magnesium at 1300°c. the metal is used as an alloying agent and as a structural material for aircraft, spacecraft and satellites. for example, about 2 % of be will increase the strength of copper by sixfold. the alloy is used for springs and electrical connections. beryllium is also used in nuclear reactors as a moderator due to its low thermal neutron adsorption cross section. it is nonmagnetic and steel grey in color and has one of the highest melting points of the light metals. its elasticity modulus is about a third greater than that of steel and with good thermal conductivity. beryllium and its salts are toxic although they are sweetish in nature. attempt must not be made to taste be or its compounds! interatomic distance : 222. 6 pm melting point : 1287°c boiling point : 2471°c thermal conductivity / wm - 1k - 1 : 200 ( 27°c ) density / kgm - 3 : 1847. 7 ( 20°c ), 1690 ( m. p. ) standard thermodynamic data ( atomic gas ) enthalpy of formation : 324 kj / mol gibbs free energy of formation : 286. 6 kj / mol entropy : 136. 3 j / mol k heat capacity : 20. 8 j / mol k electronic configuration : [ he ] 2s2 term symbol : 1s0 electron affinity : ( not stable ) electronegativity ( pauline ) : 1. 57 ionization energy ( first, second, third ) : 899. 4, 1757. 1, 14848 kj / mol the metal is relatively unreactive compared with the other alkaline earth metals, due to its small size and the valence electrons are more tightly bound to the atom. beryllium does not react with water and does not oxidized in air below 600°


classical electromagnetism and special relativity the theory of special relativity plays an important role in the modern theory of classical electromagnetism. first of all, it gives formulas for how electromagnetic objects, in particular the electric and magnetic fields, are altered under a lorentz transformation from one inertial frame of reference to another. secondly, it sheds light on the relationship between electricity and magnetism, showing that frame of reference determines if an observation follows electrostatic or magnetic laws. third, it motivates a compact and convenient notation for the laws of electromagnetism, namely the " manifestly covariant " tensor form. maxwell ' s equations, when they were first stated in their complete form in 1865, would turn out to be compatible with special relativity. moreover, the apparent coincidences in which the same effect was observed due to different physical phenomena by two different observers would be shown to be not coincidental in the least by special relativity. in fact, half of einstein ' s 1905 first paper on special relativity, " on the electrodynamics of moving bodies, " explains how to transform maxwell ' s equations. transformation of the fields between inertial frames the e and b fields this equation, also called the joules - bernoulli equation, considers two inertial frames. as notation, the field variables in one frame are unprimed, and in a frame moving relative to the unprimed frame at velocity v, the fields are denoted with primes. in addition, the fields parallel to the velocity v are denoted by while the fields perpendicular to v are denoted as. in these two frames moving at relative velocity v, the e - fields and b - fields are related by : an equivalent, alternative expression is : where v is the velocity unit vector. if one of the fields is zero in one frame of reference, that doesn ' t necessarily mean it is zero in all other frames of reference. this can be seen by, for instance, making the unprimed electric field zero in the transformation to the primed electric field. in this case, depending on the orientation of the magnetic field, the primed system could see an electric field, even though there is none in the unprimed system. this does not mean two completely different sets of events are seen in the two frames, but that the same sequence of events is described in two different ways ( see moving magnet and conductor problem below ). if a particle of charge q moves with velocity u with respect to frame s


completely different sets of events are seen in the two frames, but that the same sequence of events is described in two different ways ( see moving magnet and conductor problem below ). if a particle of charge q moves with velocity u with respect to frame s, then the lorentz force in frame s is : in frame s ', the lorentz force is : if s and s ' have aligned axes then : component by component, for relative motion along the x - axis, this works out to be the following : the d and h fields analogously for e and b, the d and h form the electromagnetic displacement tensor. the φ and a fields where is the parallel component of a to the direction of relative velocity between frames v, and is the perpendicular component. these transparently resemble the characteristic form of other lorentz transformations ( like time - position and energy - momentum ), while the transformations of e and b above are slightly more complicated. the components can be collected together as : the ρ and j fields collecting components together : non - relativistic approximations for speeds v c, the relativistic factor γ ≈ 1, which yields : so that there is no need to distinguish between the spatial and temporal coordinates in maxwell ' s equations. relationship between electricity and magnetism | “ | | one part of the force between moving charges we call the magnetic force. it is really one aspect of an electrical effect. | | ” | deriving magnetism from electrostatics the chosen reference frame determines if an electromagnetic phenomenon is viewed as an effect of electrostatics or magnetism. authors usually derive magnetism from electrostatics when special relativity and charge invariance are taken into account. the feynman lectures on physics ( vol. 2, ch. 13 - 6 ) uses this method to derive the " magnetic " force on a moving charge next to a current - carrying wire. see also haskell, landau, and field. fields intermix in different frames the above transformation rules show that the electric field in one frame contributes to the magnetic field in another frame, and vice versa. this is often described by saying that the electric field and magnetic field are two interrelated aspects of a single object, called the electromagnetic field. indeed, the entire electromagnetic field can be encoded in a single rank - 2 tensor called the electromagnetic tensor ; see below. moving magnet and conductor problem a famous example of the intermixing of electric and magnetic phenomena in different frames of reference is called the " moving magnet and conductor problem ",


encoded in a single rank - 2 tensor called the electromagnetic tensor ; see below. moving magnet and conductor problem a famous example of the intermixing of electric and magnetic phenomena in different frames of reference is called the " moving magnet and conductor problem ", cited by einstein in his 1905 paper on special relativity. if a conductor moves with a constant velocity through the field of a stationary magnet, eddy currents will be produced due to a magnetic force on the electrons in the conductor. in the rest frame of the conductor, on the other hand, the magnet will be moving and the conductor stationary. classical electromagnetic theory predicts that precisely the same microscopic eddy currents will be produced, but they will be due to an electric force. covariant formulation in vacuum the laws and mathematical objects in classical electromagnetism can be written in a form which is manifestly covariant. here, this is only done so for vacuum ( or for the microscopic maxwell equations, not using macroscopic descriptions of materials such as electric permittivity ), and uses si units. this section uses einstein notation, including einstein summation convention. see also ricci calculus for a summary of tensor index notations, and raising and lowering indices for definition of superscript and subscript indices, and how to switch between them. the minkowski metric tensor η here has metric signature ( + −−− ). field tensor and 4 - current the above relativistic transformations suggest the electric and magnetic fields are coupled together, in a mathematical object with 6 components : an antisymmetric second - rank tensor, or a bivector. this is called the electromagnetic field tensor, usually written as fμν. in matrix form : there is another way of merging the electric and magnetic fields into an antisymmetric tensor, by replacing e / c → b and b → − e / c, to get the dual tensor gμν. where λαν is the lorentz transformation tensor for a change from one reference frame to another. the same tensor is used twice in the summation. the charge and current density, the sources of the fields, also combine into the four - vector called the four - current. maxwell ' s equations in tensor form maxwell ' s equations ( covariant formulation ) where the partial derivatives may be written in various ways, see 4 - gradient. the first equation listed above corresponds to both gauss ' s law ( for β = 0 ) and the ampere - maxwell law ( for β = 1, 2, 3


the partial derivatives may be written in various ways, see 4 - gradient. the first equation listed above corresponds to both gauss ' s law ( for β = 0 ) and the ampere - maxwell law ( for β = 1, 2, 3 ). the second equation corresponds to the two remaining equations, gauss ' s law for magnetism ( for β = 0 ) and faraday ' s law ( for β = 1, 2, 3 ). these tensor equations are manifestly - covariant, meaning the equations can be seen to be covariant by the index positions. this short form of writing maxwell ' s equations illustrates an idea shared amongst some physicists, namely that the laws of physics take on a simpler form when written using tensors. by lowering the indices on fαβ to obtain fαβ ( see raising and lowering indices ) : the second equation can be written in terms of fαβ as : another covariant electromagnetic object is the electromagnetic stress - energy tensor, a covariant rank - 2 tensor which includes the poynting vector, maxwell stress tensor, and electromagnetic energy density. the em field tensor can also be written is the four - potential and is the four - position. using the 4 - potential in the lorenz gauge, an alternative manifestly - covariant formulation can be found in a single equation ( a generalization of an equation due to bernhard riemann by arnold sommerfeld, known as the riemann – sommerfeld equation, or the covariant form of the maxwell equations ) : maxwell ' s equations ( covariant lorenz gauge formulation ) where is the d ' alembertian operator, or four - laplacian. for a more comprehensive presentation of these topics, see covariant formulation of classical electromagnetism. see also - questions remain about the treatment of accelerating charges : haskell, " special relativity and maxwell ' s equations. " - tai l. chow ( 2006 ). electromagnetic theory. sudbury ma : jones and bartlett. p. chapter 10. 21 ; p. 402 – 403 ff. isbn 0 - 7637 - 3827 - 1. - daniel, herbert ( 1997 ), " 4. 5. 1 ", physik : elektrodynamik, relativistische physik, walter de gruyter, pp. 360 – 361, isbn 3 - 11 - 015777 - 2, extract of pages 360 - 361


accelerate the development of new materials and related technologies. ” the paper, “ on the origin of the 265 nm absorption band in aln bulk crystals, ” is published online in applied physics letters. co - authors include benjamin gaddy, zachary bryan, ronny kirste and marc hoffman from nc state, as well as researchers from hexatech inc., tokyo university of agriculture and technology, and the tokuyama corporation. the research was supported with funding from the u. s. department of defense. note to editors : the study abstract follows. “ on the origin of the 265 nm absorption band in aln bulk crystals ” authors : ramon collazo, benjamin e. gaddy, zachary bryan, ronny kirste, marc hoffman, douglas l. irving and zlatko sitar, north carolina state university ; jinqiao xie, rafael dalmau and baxter moody, hexatech, inc. ; yoshinao kumagai and akinori koukitu, tokyo university of agriculture and technology ; toru nagashima, yuki kubota and toru kinoshita, tokuyama corporation published : online may 2012, applied physics letters abstract : single crystal aln provides a native substrate for al - rich algan that is needed for the development of efficient deep uv leds and laser diodes. an absorption band centered around 4. 7 ev ( ~ 265 nm ) with an absorption coefficient above 1000 cm - 1 is observed in these substrates. based on dft calculations, substitutional carbon on the nitrogen site introduces absorption at this energy. a series of single crystalline wafers grown by pvt and homoepitaxially by hvpe were used to demonstrate that this absorption band linearly increased with carbon, strongly supporting the model that cn - is the predominant state for carbon in aln.


nature, two modes of expression... together they form a communion of persons... " to exist mutually one for the other " " the metaphysical foundation of this theory was developed by dietrich von hildebrand and edith stein, and later by personalists like emmanuel mounier and jacques maritain. more recently, the theory was espoused by pope john paul ii as a foundation for a new feminism. in regards to differences in emotions, styles or reasoning, those who follow integral complementary assert that the differences are not divisional - that women only feel or reason one way and men another. rather, they claim the characteristic differences can be found in tendencies and inclinations rather than finite generalizations. for example, author janne haaland - matlary asserts that it " is far more profound than simple biological reductionism... or... social constructivism. " a woman may use her " feminine genius " in practically every profession and vocation. pope john paul ii asserted that the challenge facing most societies " is that of upholding, indeed strengthening, woman ' s role in the family while at the same time making it possible for her to use all her talents and exercise all her rights in building up society. " for feminists who believe in integral complementary, like the new feminists, biology is not " destiny ", but it is essentially important. see also edit - ↑ allen, prudence, rsm. the concept of woman : the aristotelian revolution 750bc - ad 1250. montreal : eden press, 1985 - ↑ allen, the concept of woman. p. 89 - 126 - ↑ allen, " man - woman complementarity ", p. 3 - ↑ allen, " man - woman complementarity ". p. 3 - 5 - ↑ steven pinker, the blank slate, chapter on gender p. 342. - ↑ schumacher, michele m. " the nature of nature in feminism, old and new : from dualism to complementary unity ". p. 17 - 51 in " women in christ ; toward a new feminism ". william b. eerdmans publishing company. grand rapids, michigan. 2003. p. 45 - ↑ von hildebrand, dietrich. marriage : the mystery of faithful love. manchester, new hampshire : sophia institute press, 1991. p. 53 - 55 ; von hildebrand, dietrich. man and woman : love and the meaning of intimacy. manchester, new hampshire : sophia institute press, 1992, p. 91 - ↑ stein


spirit of clintonian optimism roamed the land. computer geeks were going to inherit the earth, and i expected to do cs when i got to college. good times. may 6, 2006 since everyone ’ s doing it, i ’ m going to make an attempt at a “ generally - accessible ” post about a physics topic of interest to me. the particle i ’ m going to talk about is very obscure, even in the particle physics world, so we ’ ll build up to it … cesr, the accelerator that feeds the cleo experiment, collides electrons and positrons at precisely calibrated energies, and from time to time they will annihilate and produce a quark - antiquark pair. the quark produced has to be lighter than half the center of mass energy, since you have to make a pair. at the energies we are running at now, we can make the up, down, strange, and charm quarks. the first three aren ’ t all so interesting for us ( other experiments study them better ), so we concentrate on charm - anticharm production. one tends to have this image of antimatter as being on a single - minded mission to seek out the nearest bit of matter and annihilate with it, but that ’ s not really true. the quark and antiquark will only annihilate each other if, in a sense, they wind up at the same place at the same time. the way we produce them, they essentially go into orbit around each other, and this tends to keep them apart. quantum mechanics means the orbits are fuzzy, and in any amount of time there ’ s some probability that they ’ ll meet up ( or else the pairing would be stable! ), but that behavior is “ suppressed. ” when this happens for charm - anticharm, the orbiting system ’ s lifetime, if it can only decay through annihilation, is on the order of 10 - 20 seconds — an eternity, particle - wise. states of this kind, where matter and antimatter orbit each other, get the suffix “ - onium ” : an electron - positron system is positronium, a bottom - antibottom system is bottomonium, and our case, charm - anticharm, is charmonium. ( - onia is the accepted plural … ) quantum mechanics dictates that certain orbits, and only certain orbits, are possible, and we refer to each one as


, and our case, charm - anticharm, is charmonium. ( - onia is the accepted plural … ) quantum mechanics dictates that certain orbits, and only certain orbits, are possible, and we refer to each one as a separate kind of particle ( we can do this, even though they are composite systems, the same way we can call an atom a particle ). the most famous particle of this family is called the j / ψ, for politico - historical reasons. it is the second lightest charmonium particle, and the lightest that can be easily made at our kind of accelerator. other charmonium particles get names involving ψ, to remind us that they ’ re in this family. when the orbiting pair have enough energy, the system can fall apart another way. the strong interaction, which binds the quarks, doesn ’ t itself care what type of quark is involved, and is perfectly happy to bind a charm quark to a lighter antiquark, a combination called ( for historical reasons ) a d meson. when the charm - anticharm system is heavy enough, what usually happens is a light quark pair ( down - antidown, or whatever ) will be created out of the stew of gluons keeping the charm and anticharm in orbit. since this can happen anywhere, it is much more likely to happen than the two original quarks meeting up and annihilating. the charm and anticharm then pair up with the lighter quarks, and the charmonium state basically falls apart. when this kind of decay can happen, it is by far preferred over the annihilation, and it leads to the heavy states living much shorter lives ( as we pass the threshold, the lifetimes get shorter by a factor of a thousand ). there ’ s one extra decay mechanism that has to be mentioned. a heavy charmonium state can change to a lighter one by changing the charm - anticharm orbit and dumping the energy somewhere. depending on the details, it can emit light ( exactly like the way light is produced in a neon light, for example ), or it can put the energy into gluons, which after some rearranging and quark - popping show up as bound states of light quarks ; in particular decays involving two pions are very popular. the particle ψ ( 3686 ) ( the number indicates the mass in megaelectronvolts ) is too light to decay


popping show up as bound states of light quarks ; in particular decays involving two pions are very popular. the particle ψ ( 3686 ) ( the number indicates the mass in megaelectronvolts ) is too light to decay by producing d mesons, but is heavier than the j / ψ, and its primary decay process produces a j / ψ and two pions. its lifetime is roughly a third that of the j / ψ — the extra decay possibility doesn ’ t change things much in this case. charmonium states that can decay to d mesons can decay this way too, but again they prefer not to because the d channel is faster, and so the probability is very low. so the overall picture here is charmonia heavy enough ( above 3730 mev, give or take ) like to decay to d mesons, if possible, and have short lives ; charmonia lighter than that decay by annihilation or emission of photons or pions, and last for a long while. until last year, all the data we had agreed with this prediction. in july 2005, our colleagues at the babar experiment reported finding a new particle, christened the y ( 4260 ) ( 4260 again for the mass, y for “ we don ’ t know what this is ” ), decaying to j / ψ and two pions. this transition would normally be taken as prima facie evidence that this was in the charmonium family. now, the y ( 4260 ) is heavier than dd threshold, which means it should really want to decay to d pairs ; normally, if we could see the j / ψ π π transition, we would expect to see d pairs at rate orders of magnitude larger. strangely enough, though, the y ( 4260 ) sits in a dip in the production rate for d pairs ; for that reason nobody had ever suspected there might be a charmonium state there. so the y ( 4260 ) decays very strangely. but it doesn ’ t stop there. we understand the force binding the charm - anticharm system pretty well ( we think ), at least for conventional charmonium states, and we can predict what masses the different particles should have. we thought we knew what data objects corresponded to what theoretical objects, and the y ( 4260 ) was an unwanted interloper ( it is rather a “ who ordered that? ” situation ). even after rethinking the assignments from the theory, the y ( 4260


corresponded to what theoretical objects, and the y ( 4260 ) was an unwanted interloper ( it is rather a “ who ordered that? ” situation ). even after rethinking the assignments from the theory, the y ( 4260 ) just doesn ’ t fit in nicely, and although attempts have been made to explain it as a conventional ( albeit very weird ) charmonium state, these aren ’ t terribly well regarded ; the prevailing attitude is that the y ( 4260 ) is not your everyday particle. there ’ s the exciting possibility that it is a “ hybrid, ” a long - predicted but not - yet - seen type of particle, where a gluon is actually a permanent part of the makeup of the particle, instead of just an ephemeral messenger keeping the quarks bound together. so the y ( 4260 ) is exciting. how is cleo involved? babar ’ s result implied that the accelerator could actually tune to right around 4260 mev and produce the y ( 4260 ) directly. since there was only the one babar paper, the result needed confirmation, and we were in a good position to provide it. so we ran there, and in a paper published a few days ago in physical review letters confirmed the babar discovery and added some new information of our own. we searched for decays that babar did not have enough data to go after ; we definitely saw one and had evidence for another, and in fact what we did see has already ruled out at least one model of what the y ( 4260 ) could be. the hybrid explanation is still alive … and the investigations continue! may 3, 2006 the april meeting was a blur while i was there, and it ’ s still a blur a week after. since the talks not given by special people ( e. g. sean carroll ) are ten minutes long, you get through a lot of them. the number of sessions that run concurrently means that you ’ re always missing something. there ’ s also this grad student solidarity curse : you want to make sure that people you know have an audience, even if you ’ ve heard their talk before, which means you fail to go to sessions where you might actually learn something new. very little of shocking significance was revealed at the meeting ; you would have heard about it otherwise. so i ’ m not going to talk about the physics. however, i ’ ll mention the off - beat talk that i found most memorable : yuri orlov ’ s sakharov


| resonant soft x - ray scattering of tri - block copolymers | in principle, tri - block copolymers ( tri - bcps ), consisting of three chemically distinct polymers covalently joined together at the ends of each polymer chain, can serve as scaffolds and templates for fabricating a vast number of nanostructures. while quantitatively understanding the details of the morphology and the manner in which the different blocks interact with surfaces and interfaces is critical to success, previous experiments have been few. now, an international team from the united states, korea, and japan has succeeded in combining resonant soft x - ray scattering ( rsoxs ) at als beamline 11. 0. 1 with transmission electron microscopy tomography ( temt ) and other techniques to unambiguously determine morphologies comprising two nested hexagonally packed arrays of nanoscopic, cylindrical microdomains in the bulk and a core - shell nanostructure in a thin film. not only has this work revealed a new phase of abc tri - block copolymer with complicated morphology, it has illustrated the importance of rsoxs as a unique, powerful tool for examining complex, multi - component systems that could not be characterized with conventional methods. by selectively removing one of the components or by phase - selective chemistries, polymer scientists today can use di - block copolymers ( di - bcps ) in either bulk or thin - film forms as templates or scaffolds for synthesizing nanostructured materials that are finding applications in magnetic storage, dielectric insulation, thermoelectrics and separations media, to name a few. yet, by simply attaching one more polymer that is chemically distinct from the other blocks to the end of the di - bcp and by incorporating specific functionality into the different blocks, researchers can enormously expand the range of well - defined designer - specified morphologies. tri - bcps and multi - block bcps are being considered for use in applications ranging from fuel - cell membranes to hybrid biomolecular materials to structured electrolytes for lithum - ion batteries and supercapacitors. while there have been extensive studies of di - bcps, there have been far fewer of tri - bcps, either in the bulk or in thin films, owing to the more demanding synthesis involved, the complexities of the morphologies, and the inability of available techniques to quantitatively distinguish the different


, there have been far fewer of tri - bcps, either in the bulk or in thin films, owing to the more demanding synthesis involved, the complexities of the morphologies, and the inability of available techniques to quantitatively distinguish the different blocks. the recent development of rsoxs, which combines the elemental and bonding sensitivity of soft x - ray spectroscopy with conventional x - ray scattering methods, provides a novel tool for unambiguously deciphering the complex morphologies of tri - bcps and even more complex multi - block copolymers. tuning the x - ray photon energies to match the absorption spectrum of the different components in the tri - bcp isolates the scattering contributions from the different polymer blocks without any additional chemical labeling, enabling a glimpse into these complex morphologies with unprecedented detail. moreover, by taking advantage of the inherent polarization of the synchrotron beam, the orientation of each block relative to the film interfaces and to each other can be determined independently, providing yet another key for unlocking structure – property relationships. in testing rsoxs on the tri - block copolymer is2vp, which consists of poly ( 1, 4 - isoprene ) ( pi ), polystyrene ( ps ), and poly ( 2 - vinlypyridine ) ( p2vp ) in the bulk and in thin films, the team found a novel bulk structure consisting of two nested, hexagonal arrays of p2vp and pi microdomains. the p2vp cylindrical microdomains were hexagonally packed on the larger of the two lattices and surrounded by six small cylindrical pi domains located at the interstitial sites of the p2vp lattice. the researchers complemented their rsoxs measurements with scanning force microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, small - angle x - ray scattering, and grazing - incidence small - angle x - ray scattering. for example, transmission electron microscopy tomography ( temt ) provided an independent assessement of the local structure of the is2vp triblock copolymer in the form of a three - dimensional image of the morphology. reconstructing the images at different tilt angles of the sample with respect to the incident electron beam yielded the 3d structure. research conducted by : c. wang and a. hexemer ( als ), d. h. lee ( dankook university, korea ), m. i. kim ( university of california, berkeley ), w


actually, that ' s a very good question. from the laws of form by g. spencer brown : " if a content is of value, a name can be taken to indicate this value. thus the calling of the name can be identified with the value of the content. " we name things in order to be able to refer to them without having to explicitly state their characteristics and the nature of their interactions with other things in the world around them. if you are conversant in special relativity, i can jot down e = mc * * 2 and you will know that i ' m referring to the fact that a given quantity of matter contains a potential amount of energy that ' s equal to the mass of the matter times the square of the speed of light in a vacuum. so having explained the nature of the unification of mind and body via words, exercises and practical demonstrations, and named it ki, i can tell a student to " extend ki " and she will immediately know what i am looking for and how to do what i am asking her to do without me having to explain it every time. it would be better not to use an ambiguous word like ki. it is clear from what i ' ve written, david, that i agree with you ( although ron makes a strong point ) ; what other words / phrases might we use?


significance and use accurate definition of boundary conditions is an essential part of conceptualizing and modeling groundwater flow systems. this guide describes the properties of the most common boundary conditions encountered in groundwater systems and discusses major aspects of their definition and application in groundwater models. it also discusses the significance and specification of boundary conditions for some field situations and some common errors in specifying boundary conditions in groundwater models. 1. 1 this guide covers the specification of appropriate boundary conditions that are an essential part of conceptualizing and modeling groundwater systems. this guide describes techniques that can be used in defining boundary conditions and their appropriate application for modeling saturated groundwater flow model simulations. 1. 2 this guide is one of a series of standards on groundwater flow model applications. defining boundary conditions is a step in the design and construction of a model that is treated generally in guide d5447. 1. 3 this standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. it is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. 1. 4 this guide offers an organized collection of information or a series of options and does not recommend a specific course of action. this document cannot replace education or experience and should be used in conjunction with professional judgment. not all aspects of this guide may be applicable in all circumstances. this astm standard is not intended to represent or replace the standard of care by which the adequacy of a given professional service must be judged, nor should this document be applied without consideration of a project ' s many unique aspects. the word “ standard ” in the title of this document means only that the document has been approved through the astm consensus process. 2. referenced documents ( purchase separately ) the documents listed below are referenced within the subject standard but are not provided as part of the standard. d653 terminology relating to soil, rock, and contained fluids d5447 guide for application of a groundwater flow model to a site - specific problem aquifers ; boundary condition ; groundwater model : aquifers ; boundary conditions ; ground - water model ; stress - dependency ; water table ; ics number code 07. 060 ( geology. meteorology. hydrology ) ; 13. 060. 10 ( water of natural resources ) astm international is a member of crossref. citing astm standards [ back to top ]


higgs bosonarticle free pass higgs boson, also called higgs particle, hypothetical particle that is postulated to be the carrier particle, or boson, of the higgs field, a theoretical field that permeates space and endows all elementary subatomic particles with mass through its interactions with them. the field and the particle — named after peter higgs of the university of edinburgh, one of the physicists who first proposed this mechanism — provide a testable hypothesis for the origin of mass in elementary particles. in popular culture, the higgs boson is often called the “ god particle, ” after the title of nobel physicist leon lederman ’ s the god particle : if the universe is the answer, what is the question? ( 1993 ), which contained the author ’ s assertion that the discovery of the particle is crucial to a final understanding of the structure of matter. the higgs field is different from other fundamental fields — such as the electromagnetic field — that underlie the basic forces between particles. first, it is a scalar field — i. e., it has magnitude but no direction. this implies that its carrier, the higgs boson, has an intrinsic angular momentum, or spin, of 0, unlike the carriers of the force fields, which have spin. second, the higgs field has the unusual property that its energy is higher when the field is zero than when it is nonzero. the elementary particles therefore acquired their masses through interactions with a nonzero higgs field only when the universe cooled and became less energetic in the aftermath of the big bang ( the hypothetical primal explosion in which the universe originated ). the variety of masses characterizing the elementary subatomic particles arises because different particles have different strengths of interaction with the higgs field. the higgs mechanism has a key role in the electroweak theory, which unifies interactions via the weak force and the electromagnetic force. it explains why the carriers of the weak force, the w particles and the z particles, are heavy while the carrier of the electromagnetic force, the photon, has a mass of zero. experimental evidence for the higgs boson would be a direct indication for the existence of the higgs field. it is also possible that there is more than one type of higgs boson. experiments searched for the massive higgs boson at the highest - energy particle - accelerator colliders, in particular the tevatron at the fermi national accelerator laboratory and the large hadron collider (


example ohm ' s " law ", has a limited number of terms and corresponding operators. it therefore selects a subset of all such simultaneously true. we in such cases are the agents responsible for the selections and suppressions : is there a similar selection in whatever brings about the real situation that the equation is intended to describe? in other words, is selection a part of non - approximate reality, and if so, what agents are responsible for it? if an object, such as a hand, is to appear ( that is, to be distinguishable at all, and recognisable, and discrete ), there must be an " equilibrium of selections " ( to phrase it loosely - and provisionally ), belonging to that object. i suppose it might be visualised somewhat like a region as in a venn diagram, as a thing within a thing, having a boundary. but what agent sets that boundary? boundaries may arise from a limiting process : we spill a cup of coffee, and see a stain spread. the stain develops a boundary ( so time is a feature ), defined in large measure, we suppose, by the amount of coffee available, and by the terrain encountered locally by it during its spread. so we think about initial and subsequent conditions, and these conditions are presumably the agents we seek. they, we believe, make the selections that set the stain boundary, and alone determine its limits. is this correct? if correct, is this complete? a hand exposed to heat is changed by it. it acquires a new boundary, another selection is made, a fresh equilibrium is found, new limits, and another equation must be written to describe it. well and good. but what wrote the original, pre - burn specification? i am saying that the boundaries of buds, if not hands, are at least in part set by an outworking of the laws of incidence - that these laws make some of the selections. but a bud is " stuff ", and stuff has its own regulations ( selections ). we must have some kind of synthesis. i am wondering whether or not that synthesis applies to the coffee - stain, too. when i contemplate a pure line, i comprehend it as a " whole thing ". that is, it is not decomposable, since it is a quality, as a colour is a quality. it is an element of consciousness not unlike a perception, but it cannot be a sense perception. it is taken to be a representative element of space ( though it may not in fact be


website detail page written by david mcintyre spins is an interactive computer program that simulates stern - gerlach measurements on spin 1 / 2 and spin 1 particles. this software is used as part of the " paradigms in physics " curriculum. this can be used as an example to study general problems in quantum measurement and time dependence. compadre is beta testing citation styles! disclaimer : compadre offers citation styles as a guide only. we cannot offer interpretations about citations as this is an automated procedure. please refer to the style manuals in the citation source information area for clarifications. citation source information the apa style presented is based on information from apa style. org : electronic references. the chicago style presented is based on information from examples of chicago - style documentation. the mla style presented is based on information from the mla faq. spins java homepage : is required by ph425 : spin and quantum measurement the spins java software is the foundation of the ph425 course. relation by bruce mason is based on a computer - simulated stern – gerlach laboratory the spins java software is based on an earlier application written for the macintosh computer. relation by bruce mason is the basis for qm spins program the spins program is the basis for the qm spins program. relation by mario belloni references the nobel prize in physics 1943 - otto stern the spins java software can be used to build virtual experiments based on the work initially done by stern and gerlach. relation by bruce mason covers the same topic as quantum physics online : spin 1 / 2 " spin 1 / 2 " explores the dynamics of a single spin in static and time - dependent magnetic fields. relation by bruce mason know of another related resource? login to relate this resource to it. is required by


full disclosure of all the measures, demands, or eventual concessions which may have been proposed or contemplated would be extremely impolitic ; for this might have a pernicious influence on future negotiations, or produce immediate inconvenience, perhaps danger and mischief, in relation to other powers. it has been said that president nixon initially was not going to attempt to stop the new york times and other newspapers from publishing the " pentagon papers. " however, the executive branch was then in secret diplomatic negotiations with, and henry kissinger " is said to have persuaded the president that the chinese wouldn ' t continue their secret parleys if they saw that china couldn ' t keep its secrets. " washington intelligence information includes information gathering and covert operations. collecting military and diplomatic information about other nations involves the use of photoreconnaissance airplanes and satellites, communication intercepts, the review of documents obtained openly, and other overt methods. however, information gathering also includes the use of undercover agents, confidential sources, and other covert methods. for those covert activities, secrecy is usually imposed on the identity of agents or sources, on information about intelligence methods and capabilities, and on much of the information received from the covert sources. few clandestine agents could be recruited ( or, in some instances, would live long ) if their identity were not a closely guarded secret. information provided by a clandestine agent must frequently be classified because, if a government knew that some of its information was compromised, it might be able to determine the identity of the person ( agent ) who provided the information to its adversary. successful intelligence - gathering methods must be protected so that the adversary does not know the degree of their success and is not stimulated to develop countermeasures to stop the flow of information. intelligence information from friendly nations is generally classified by the recipient country. allies would be less willing to share intelligence information if they knew that it would not be protected against disclosure. cryptology encompasses methods to code and transmit secret messages and methods to intercept and decode messages. writing messages in code, or cryptography, * has been practiced for thousands of years. one of the earliest preserved texts of a coded message is an inscription carved on an egyptian tomb in about 1900 b. c. the earliest known pottery glaze formula was written in code on a mesopotamian cuneiform tablet in about 1500 b. c. the spartans established a system of military cryptography by the 5th century b. c. persia later used cryptography for political purposes. cryptography began its steady development in western civilization starting


a mesopotamian cuneiform tablet in about 1500 b. c. the spartans established a system of military cryptography by the 5th century b. c. persia later used cryptography for political purposes. cryptography began its steady development in western civilization starting about the 13th century, primarily in. by the early 16th century, italy ' s ruling council of ten had an elaborate organization for enciphering and deciphering messages. venice restrictions on cryptologic information are necessary to protect communications. diplomatic negotiations could not successfully be conducted at locations other than the seat of government if safe communications could not be established. cryptologic information must also be protected to prevent an adversary from learning of a nation ' s capabilities to intercept and decode messages. if an adversary learns that its communications are not secure, it will use another method, which will require additional time and effort to defeat. [ ‡ ] the allies ' world war ii success in breaking the german codes contributed to shortening that war. that success was kept secret until 1974, about 34 years after the german code had been broken and about 29 years after world war ii had ended. the u. s. army ' s success in breaking a world war ii u. s. s. r. code ( the venona project, which began in 1943 and continued until 1980 ) was not made public until about 1995. that was about 50 years after the first such message had been deciphered ( and about 45 years after the u. s. s. r. had learned through espionage of the army ' s success ). u. s. basis for classification in the united states the need for governmental secrecy was directly recognized in the u. s. constitution. article i, sect. 5, of the constitution explicitly authorizes secrecy in government by stating that " each house shall keep a journal of its proceedings, and from time to time publish the same, excepting such parts as in their judgment require secrecy. " also included in the constitution, in article i, sect. 9, is a statement that " a regular statement and account of the receipts and expenditures of all public money shall be published from time to time. " a u. s. court of appeals has determined that the phrase " from time to time " was intended to authorize expenditures for certain military or foreign relations matters that were intended to be kept secret for a time. the constitution does not explicitly provide for secrecy by the executive branch of the u. s. government. however, the authority of that executive branch to keep certain information


germans developed an acoustic torpedo designed to home in on a ship ' s propellers. however, the allies obtained advance information about this torpedo so that when it was first used by the germans, countermeasures were already in place ( b. and f. m. brodie, from crossbows to h - bombs, indiana university press, bloomington, ind., 1973, p. 222 ). * in 1921, the united states, britain, france, italy, and japan held a conference to limit their naval armaments. the united states had broken japan ' s diplomatic code and thereby knew the lowest naval armaments that japan would accept. therefore, u. s. negotiators had merely to wait out japan ' s negotiators to reach terms favorable to the united states ( j. bamford, the puzzle palace, houghton, mifflin co., boston, 1982, pp. 9 - 10 ). * the breaking of codes is termed cryptanalysis. [ ‡ ] even " friendly " nations get upset if they know that one of their codes has been broken. as noted earlier in this chapter, the united states deciphered japan ' s diplomatic code in 1921. herbert o. yardley, who was principally responsible for breaking this code, wrote a book, the american black chamber, published in 1931, which included information on this matter. yardley ' s book did not contribute to developing friendly united states - japanese relations. a consequence of this revelation was enactment of a u. s. statute that made it a crime for anyone who, by virtue of his employment by the united states, obtained access to a diplomatic code or a message in such code and published or furnished to another such code or message, " or any matter which was obtained while in the process of transmission between any foreign government and its diplomatic mission in the united states " ( 48 stat. 122, june 10, 1933, codified at 18 u. s. c. sect. 952. ) b. and f. m. brodie, from crossbow to h - bomb, indiana university press, bloomington, ind., 1973, p. 172. hereafter this book is cited as " brodie. " brodie, p. 233. new york times v. united states, 403 u. s. 713, 728 ( 1971 ). j. d. richardson, a compilation of messages and papers of the presidents. 1789 - 1897, u. s. government printing office, washington, d. c., vol. i, at


. 713, 728 ( 1971 ). j. d. richardson, a compilation of messages and papers of the presidents. 1789 - 1897, u. s. government printing office, washington, d. c., vol. i, at 194 - 195 ( 1896 ). richard gid powers, " introduction, " in secrecy - - the american experience, by daniel patrick moynihan, yale university press, new haven, conn., 1998, p. 32. d. kahn, the codebreakers, macmillan, inc., new york, 1967, p. 71. hereafter cited as " kahn. " kahn, p. 75. kahn, p. 82. kahn, p. 86. kahn, p. 106. kahn, p. 109. see, for example, f. w. winterbotham, the ultra secret, harper & row, new york, 1974. halperin v. cia, 629 f. 2d 144, 154 - 162 ( d. c. cir., 1980 ). u. s. constitution, article ii, sect. 2. see, for example, totten v. united states, 92 u. s. 105 ( 1875 ) ; united states v. reynolds, 345 u. s. 1 ( 1952 ) ; weinberger v. catholic action of hawaii, 454 u. s. 139 ( 1981 ). f. e. rourke, secrecy and publicity : dilemmas of democracy, johns hopkins press, baltimore, 1961, pp. 63 - 64. d. b. woodbridge, " footnotes, " j. natl. class. mgmt. soc. 12 ( 2 ), 120 - 124 ( 1977 ), p. 122. r. j. boberg, " panel - - classification management today, " j. natl. class. mgmt. soc. 5 ( 2 ), 56 - 60 ( 1969 ), p. 57. e. j. suto, " history of classification, " j. natl. class. mgmt. soc. 12 ( 1 ), 9 - 17 ( 1976 ), p. 13. james j. bagley, " ncms - now and the future, " j. natl. class. mgmt. soc. 25, 20 - 29 ( 1989 ), p. 28. t. s. church, " panel - - science and technology, and classification management, " j. natl. class. mgmt. soc


pre - manufactured structure, often constructed of metal, that is designed to be transported to a site and semi - permanently attached. site where mobile homes are located in a subdivision of plots designed for these homes as mandated by municipal zoning laws. they provide necessary utilities and often include recreational facilities. 1. moveable or able to be moved. 2. ability to be fluid. 3. rapidly or easily changeable. model built to scale for display or study. framing system which uses 24 inch centers instead of 16 - inch centers. the joists, studs and rafters are aligned into a series of modules or in - line frames. racking stability is aided by plywood or fiberboard sheathing. structural member alignment provides in - line transfer of structural loads through a direct and strong path, saving in labor and material costs. 1. a small copy of an existing object. 2. a preliminary representation of something. 3. a pattern. interior furnishing included in a model unit, which are chosen to highlight the features of the model unit to show it to its best advantage. a representative home, apartment, or office space used as part of a sales campaign to demonstrate the design, structure and appearance of units in a development. modeled after the english georgian style, this architecture is a perfectly scaled grand symmetrical structure, which is extremely formal and conventional in style. to upgrade a facility by installing up - to - date equipment, making contemporary cosmetic improvements, and deleting obsolete facilities. 1. change in the terms of an agreement. 2. an alteration to a building. term given to two depreciation systems defined by the internal revenue service. the primary system is called the general depreciation system ( gds ). under gds, most property is assigned to eight property classes based on their class lives. these property classes provide the recovery period to be used by establishing the number of years over which the basis of an item in a class is recovered. the alternative depreciation system ( ads ) generally provides for a longer recovery period and uses only the straight line method of depreciation to figure the tax deduction. both systems establish conventions determining how many months property can be depreciated in the first year it is placed in service and in the year of disposition. examples of property classes : ( a ) 20 - year property. this class includes property such as farm buildings. ( b ) residential rental property. this class is comprised of rental buildings or structures ( including mobile homes ) for which 80 % or more of the gross


liquid causing a slight wetness or dampness. a layer of foil, plastic or paper used in the construction of exterior walls, ceilings and foundations to prevent moisture penetration into wooden members or insulation. measure of the amount of moisture held in any substance. s - dry lumber has a moisture content of 19 per cent or less. s - green lumber has a moisture content of more than 19 per cent. graph showing the soil moisture content as compared to the density of the soil that can be achieved with that moisture content. moisture content of the soil is important to the amount of compaction possible. the ability to support a load is increased by the density of the soil, which is achieved through compaction. application of an asphalt content barrier on the outside wall of a basement so that water is not absorbed into the concrete. dry wall panels, also known as water - resistant panels or greenboard, which have water - resistant compounds added to the gypsum core and covered with water resistant paper so they are usable in areas such a bathrooms, where moisture is present. fiberglass mesh tape is just on the joints and then they are sealed with water - resistant joint compound. using perms to measure the amount of water vapor able to pass through a material. perm = one grain of water vapor per square foot, per hour, per inch of mercury pressure differential ( 0. 491 psid ).